Ama-acorns olwandle
I-Semibalanus balanoides ebusweni betshe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Balanomorpha Pilsbry, 1916

Isimilo esivamile

Izidalwa ezindala zenza kube lula ukuhambisa umzimba futhi zihole indlela yokuphila, ezinamathela ebusweni bamatshe, amatshe, izitshalo zasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezithile - ama-arthropods, izidalwa zasolwandle (izimfudu zasolwandle) kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo. Isikhathi esithile, izibungu zikhona kukholamu yamanzi, ziyondla, futhi, lapho sezifinyelele esiteji se-ciriform larva, zihlala esakhiweni esingaphansi komhlaba.

Iningi labameleli besifunda esingaphansi komhlaba libekelwe nje ezindaweni ezingenamanzi olwandle; izinhlobo eziningi ziye zafinyelela endaweni efanelekile. Ama-acorns olwandle, anqwabelana emabhodleleni wemikhumbi, anganciphisa kakhulu isivinini.

Ahlala kuphi ama-acorn olwandle?

Inani elikhulu lamagobolondo nama crustaceans linamathele ezansi kwemikhumbi. Umkhumbi omusha uyantanta ngesivinini esithile, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uyawohloka. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuthatha isikhathi esithe xaxa ukunqoba izindlela ezedlule. Siyini isizathu salokhu? Ngaphansi komkhumbi kumbozwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle, ngakho kwakhiwa izingqimba ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukungqubuzana ngokumelene namanzi kuyanda, futhi izinkomba zesivinini ziyancipha. Phakathi kwezilwane zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene ezinamathele emikhunjini yasolwandle, iningi lazo ingama-crarnaceans asezimbali, okungukuthi ama-acorn olwandle.

Lawa ma crustaceans akahlali nje emikhunjini, anamathela ematsheni nasogwini, anamathela kumagobolondo ogebhezi, ama-mollusks, imikhomo, izinhlanzi kanye nezinto ezahlukahlukene eziwela emanzini. Ziyakwazi ukuhlala emgodini womkhomo futhi nasemazinyweni omkhomo wesidoda. Ukuma kwama-acorns olwandle kuyefana nezinkomishi ezincane ezimhlophe eziqukethe amacembe amaningi. Isigaxa sakhiwa kusuka emaphikweni ambalwa. Lesi sikhonkwane sakhiwe njengezinyo. I-acorn yolwandle ingavula amapheshana futhi iphume ngokuvuleka komlenze.

I-crustacean uqobo ihlala ngaphansi “komucu” wayo.

Phansi kwendlu, okwakhiwe kusuka kumacembe aqinile, kukhona i-crustacean uqobo. E-acorn yolwandle, ikhanda ligobeka ngaphansi komzimba ukuze izintuthwane zitholakala phakathi kwe- “sole”. Umlomo wesikhuhlu ungaphezulu, kanti ingemuva lekhanda liyanwebeka. I-acorn yolwandle idonsa imilenze yayo emiqhudelwaneni, iyivule ngefeni bese iyigoqa. Ngenxa yokunyakaza okunjalo, kudalwa umfudlana wamanzi, ungena ngaphakathi endlini.

Ukudla kwalezi crustaceans kwehluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imilenze ye-acorn yolwandle imbozwe ngezinsimbi zezindawo ezixineneyo: ngemuva ayivelakancane kunangaphambili, ngenxa yalokho imilenze ihlunga izinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ama-acorn asolwandle adla ama-bacterium, i-algae kanye nezidalwa ezahlukahlukene ze-planktonic. Ukudla okuningi kwenziwa yizihlobo eziseduzane - ama-Copepods. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-acorn asolwandle adla izibungu zawo, kepha izibungu ezindala azigaywa, kepha ziphume zingenamuntu.

"Amakholoni" ama-acorn asolwandle maningi kakhulu.

Njengoba ama-acorn olwandle kuyo yonke impilo yawo yobudala engaphakathi kwendlu, awazidingi izitho zemizwa ezikhule kahle. Kepha la ma-crustaceans, noma kunjalo, anemizwa ethile, ngokwesibonelo, angakwazi ngosizo lweso elilodwa lokuqala ukuthi ahlukanise ubumnyama nokukhanya. Ama-crustaceans awadingi ukunquma isikhathi sosuku; i-peephole ifeza injongo ehluke ngokuphelele. I-peephole isiza i-crustacean ukuthi ibone ushintsho olususayo okhanyayo, okungukuthi, ukuqonda ukuthi isithunzi siwela echibini, elingaba futhi lisuka kumhlaseli. Lapho ukukhanya kukhanya, i-sea acorn ibuyisa imilenze ngokushesha bese ivala ngokuqinile amaphiko endlu.

Uma uhlala umboza i-acorn yolwandle, lapho-ke ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi kuzoyeka ukuphendula kulokhu, ngoba kuzokuqonda ukuthi akusengozini. Umlutha ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-acorn asolwandle kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezixakile ngokwengeziwe azisakholelwa ukuthi ingozi ayizisongeli, kanti ezinye ziqala ukungakunaki ukumetheka ngokushesha okukhulu. La ma-crustaceans ahlala eqondisa indlu yakhe ukuze umnyango wendlu utholakala ubheke ekukhanyeni. Uma izibungu zolwandle ziwela ngokungaphumeleli olwandle, i-crustacean ekuqaleni kwempilo yayo yokuhlala ingaqhubeka ikukhulise kancane ukuze umnyango ungene lapho ubheke khona.

Kuma-acorns olwandle, akubalulekile kuphela indawo yendawo ekukhanyiseni. Bazama nokuzinamathisela entweni yasolwandle ukuze ukungena kuqondiswe okwamanje, kulokhu, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuzoletha izinhlayiya eziningi zokudla. Abanye abantu bavilapha kangangokuba bayayeka ngokuphelele ukwenza ukunyakaza ngemilenze yabo, bangasebenzisi amanzi echibini, kodwa balengise imilenze yabo phambi komfudlana, njengenetha, futhi bahlala bengashukumi.

I-acorn yolwandle iqala ukwakha "indlu" yayo ukusuka esigabeni se-larval.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-acorn yolwandle

Iningi lezinhlobo zalawa ama-crustaceans ziyizinto eziphilayo ezinamakhemikhali, kepha ukuzicwala ngokwazo kulezi zidalwa kuyaqabukela. Ama-acorn olwandle ayakwazi ukushada ngaphandle kokushiya indlu. Ukuzala okunjalo phakathi kwama-acorns olwandle kungenzeka kuphela lapho ama-crustaceans ehlala eduze komunye nomunye. La ma-crustacean anesitho sokuqina eside kakhulu sokuqina, ngakho-ke i-acorn ingafinyelela kuwo endlini yangomakhelwane bese ingenisa isidoda kuyo. Uma i-acorn yolwandle ihlala yodwa, ingavundiswa ngokuzimela. Amaqanda asembanjeni eyodwa yesitinous futhi aqukethe emgodini wendlu.

Ama-acorn olwandle adla ukudla kwezilwane.

Ama-acorn asolwandle aqala izimpilo zawo ngendlela efanayo nezihlobo zawo - ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza. Lapho izibungu zibamba eqandeni, kuholela indlela yokuphila yamahhala, incibilike kaninginingi, bese iguqula ibe yisibungu esinegobolondo le-bivalve. Igobolondo lisesimweni esijwayelekile, kanti imilenze yendawo lapho ibhukuda ibonakala khona. Lapho izibungu zihlala phansi, ziqala ukuhlala unomphela, zizinikezela ngosizo lwazo zikhathi zonke. Amandla wokufaka ngokushesha aqinisekiswa yimfihlo yokunamathela kwezindlala zesimende. Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu zilahla echibini bese ziqala ukwakha indlu eqinile nethembekile izizungeze.

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Izitho zokuzala zezilwane: obukhulu obukhulu

Nazi izilwane ezi-7 ezinobukhulu obukhulu bepenisi obuhlobene nosayizi womzimba

Umkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ungaziqhenya ngobuningi obukhulu emhlabeni. Ubungako obuphakathi bepenisi yomkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngamamitha ayi-2,4 kuya kwayi-3 . Ubungako obuqondile abunakunqunywa, ngoba ubukhulu bepenisi esesimweni sokwakhiwa ku-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bungabonakala kuphela ngesikhathi sokukopishwa.

Kodwa-ke, maqondana nosayizi womzimba wayo, lesi sitho esikhulu sokuzala whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka silinganiswa impela. Isilinganiso sobude bepenisi emzimbeni we-blue whale ngu-1: 10, kuyilapho emadodeni isilinganiso esijwayelekile singu-1: 12.

I-Ostracode Colymbosathon ecplecticos

Lesi sidalwa esincane sasendulo sinephenisi elikhulu kangangokuba negama laso lesiGrikhi Colymbosathon ecplecticos uhumusha ngokuthi "ukubhukuda okumangalisayo nge-dick enkulu." Lapho abavubukuli bethola izinsalela zalesi sidalwa ngo-2003, bamangala kakhulu ngobudoda bayo.

Isilinganiso sobude bepenisi emzimbeni wakhe sasingu-1: 5 . Kuhunyushwe kubantu, isilinganiso esinjalo besingasho usayizi wepipi ongaba ngamasentimitha angama-38. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidalwa sasinayo isidoda eside kakhulu - cishe 1 cm , ngenkathi ubungako besidalwa ngokwaso bungangeqi ku-5 mm.

Ubukhulu bepenisi yendlovu yase-Afrika ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 . Ukulinganiswa kwephenisi kuya kosayizi womzimba wale maminy enesithunzi esikhulu ngu-1: 4 noma cishe ngo-45 cm kubantu.

I-squid ejulile Amagciwane e-Onykia

Lama-squid aphila ngokujula kwamamitha ayi-3000, futhi ubukhulu bokutholwa kwawo bufinyelela kubude bomzimba wakhe. Isilinganiso sobude bepenisi amayunithi womzimba wakhe ngu-1: 1. Futhi eyodwa yabamba isikwidi samasentimitha angama-38 sigcine umugqa lapho usayizi wepenis wafinyelela ku-67 cm .

Ama-banana slugs afinyelela ku-25 cm ubude, kanti isilinganiso sobudoda emzimbeni ngu-1: 1, okusho ukuthi ubude besithunzi sabo bucishe bufanane nobomuntu .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-banana slugs angama-hermaphrodites. Ngamunye wabo unesitho sowesilisa esiseceleni kwekhanda, abangakwazi ukufaka umquba ngaso linye kubo bakhulelwe.

Yize amadada engekho amakhulu ku-genitalia, kukhona umuntu omelele emndenini wamadada onobumba bawo obukhulu kunanoma iyiphi i-vertebrate esemhlabeni. I-Argentina Savka iyaqhosha umthondo obude obuphindwe kabili kunomzimba wenyoni . Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bezinyoni buba ngama-20 cm, kanti ubude bepipi bufika ku-42,5 cm.

Lesi silwane sihamba kanjani nesitho esikhulu kangaka? Into yokuthi isithunzi sowesilisa seShaka sinaso ukubuka komoya . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi zinobumfazi obude obuvulekile obujikelana buzungeza okuphambene nalo, bumsize ukuvimbela ukuzalanisa, ngoba abesilisa bathambekele ekufakweni okuphoqelelwe.

Lawa ma-crustaceans angama-motor angashintsha usayizi wezitho zawo zangasese ngokuya ngemvelo. Zinezinzalo ezinkulu kakhulu ezihlobene nosayizi wazo womzimba, ziyafinyelela 40: 1 isilinganiso . Njengoba isikhathi esiningi abasichitha etsheni, bakhulisa ipipi elide ukwandisa amathuba okuzala.

Ama-acorn asolwandle ayizihlobo zeziphambano namanye ama-crustaceans.

Ziphila impilo enamathiselwe, futhi ngosizo lwamalungu ahlanganisiwe, ukuhlunga ukudla okuvela emanzini.

Ukubukeka

Ngobubanzi, i-crustacean ayidluli ku-cm amathathu, igobolondo liqukethe amapuleti we-calcareous 4-6 (ngokuya ngezinhlobo), apendwe mhlophe kubantu abasha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igobolondo lomhlali wasolwandle ligcotshwe ngomlotha obomvana.

Lezi zidalwa zasolwandle, ezihlala emanzini acacile futhi endaweni evulekile, zinamagobolondo amade, futhi lezo ezihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe zingcolile.

Amafulethi e-Shell aphethwe futhi alawulwa yimisipha eqinile. Lapho izicubu zithola inkontileka, izinyawo ziyafihla ekugangeni, igobolondo liyavalwa.

Emkhathini ophansi, lesi silwane siwavala ngokuqinile amafulethi egobolondo. Izimbambo zinde, imilenze ehlanganisiwe edonsa amanzi ngezinhlayiya zokudla echibini. Lapho kwenzeka lokhu kukhuphuka komhlaba, ama-crustaceans acwiliswa emanzini, avula imbobo echibini bese ekhipha imilenze.

Indlela yokuphila

Ngokubukeka, izilwane zasolwandle ziyafana nama-mollusks, noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokubukeka okukhohlisayo, zingemyalelo we "Crustacean". Ngaphakathi komuzi wakhe, i-crustacean, efana nesiphambano, itholakala ngohlangothi lwayo lwangaphansi phansi.

Umnyango we-thoracic we-crustaceans unamabili ayisithupha wemilenze efihliwe. Ngosizo lwabo, izilwane ziyathola. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngesilinganiso esiphansi, azikhipha ngaphandle kwendlu, ziqonde njengothandi futhi zibenze baguqukele ekulandeleni. Ngesikhathi somnqumo, i-crustacean ivala wonke amaqabunga amane, ngakho-ke ivikelekile ekomeni ngaphandle uma igobolondo selivezwa umoya noma ilanga.

Igobolondo lohlobo lwe-crustacean lolwandle luqukethe amapuleti amane noma ayisithupha anonwele. Amagobolondo ama-crustaceans asemasha apendwe ngombala okhanyayo, noma kunjalo, ngobudala, imibala yabo iyashintsha, iba nsundu.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingaphezulu kwegobolondo ligcwele i-microscopic algae. Imithambeka yemifantu yamanzi ekuqaleni ayiphili ngokuphelele, kepha ihlalwa ngama-acorn olwandle. Amadwala akhiwe endaweni yomhlaba, enamachaphazelo ngokoqobo nawo. Emaphethelweni amaningi, izakhamuzi zasolwandle zakha umugqa oqhubekayo, obonakala ngokucacile kusuka kumude omhlophe webanga.

Okuqukethwe kwekhalori kwe-sea acorn balianus 80 kcal

Inani lamandla we-marine acorn balius (Isilinganiso samaprotheni, amafutha, ama-carbohydrate - bju):

Isilinganiso samandla (b | w | y): 0% | 1% | 0%

Abafisa ukubona lezi zilwane eziyinqaba badinga kuphela ukuza ogwini lolwandle: amatshe asogwini, amadwala, amafulethi egobolondo asakazwa ngezindlu zabo ezincane ezi-conical. Ama-acorns asolwandle, noma, njengoba abizwa nangokuthi, i-balianus, angawokulandelana kokwembala kwezinhle zomkhumbi, yize ebukeka nje awubukeki njengama-crustaceans esaziwa ngathi.

Ama-crustaceans we-barnacle, afaka i-acorn yolwandle, aphawuleka ngezindlela eziningi futhi awabukeki njengokhakhayini.

Ebudaleni, baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, banamathele kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi - amadwala, amatshe, izinqwaba, amabhodlela omkhumbi. Isidumbu sesiboshwa sifakwe endlini eqinile enamapuleti ngamanye. Ingxenye yalawa mapuleti ixhunyaniswa ngokuxhunyaniswa, ngakho-ke, i-crustacean ingasunduza amapulethi ngaphandle futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, imilenze ye-thoracic, yenza ukuguquka kwesici, iphonswa kugebe eliphumela. Ngasikhathi sinye, amanzi anezinto eziphilayo ze-planktonic aqhutshwa ngaphakathi kwendlu. Yile ndlela okwenziwa ngayo izondlamzimba nokuphefumula.

Ukuba khona kwegobolondo elinzima nokuphila kokuhlala isikhathi eside kuye kwaphoqa ososayensi ukuba bahlukanise lezi zilwane njengezimbumbulu. Kuphela ngokuthola izibungu zesikhonkwane, ezifana nesakhiwo nakwamanye ama-crustaceans, ososayensi bathola ukuthi lezi zilwane ziye esigabeni sama-crustaceans.

“Uma uphila impilo yakho, izinhlobo eziningi zamagobolondo angcolile azonamathela ezinhlangothini zethu” - UMayakovsky wasebenzisa lelinganiso, eqhathanisa impilo yomuntu nempilo yomkhumbi. Ngempela, ake sithi umkhumbi osanda kwakhiwa ushiya itheku bese uqala ukuhamba ngomkhumbi. Ijubane layo liyaziwa, lifanela ohlelweni. Kodwa-ke, nsuku zonke ukunyakaza kuncipha. Isikhathi esithe xaxa kanye nophethiloli sichithwa ukunqoba indlela efanayo. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Ngaphansi komkhumbi kuzungezwe izilwane zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene, zakha izingqimba ezinamandla, ngenxa yokushayisana kokunyuka kwamanzi, bese ijubane lihlehla.

Isisekelo sokufiphazwa komkhumbi sakhiwe ngama-crustaceans we-barnacle - ama-acorns olwandle.

Abahlali kuphela ngemikhumbi. Zigudluzwe ngamatshe asogwini nangamatshe, zinamathele kumagobolondo emollusks, kuma-crab amagobolondo, zihlala esikhumbeni semikhomo, emgodini whale futhi ngisho nasemazinyweni omkhomo wesidoda, ezinhlangothini zezinhlanzi nezinye izinto ezimangalisa kakhulu ezibanjwe emanzini. Ama-acorns olwandle abukeka njengendebe encane emhlophe, equkethe "amacembe" amaningana. Ngaphakathi kwendebe, kubonakala isigaxa samaphiko ambalwa, simiswe njengezinyo. Amachashazi aleli zinyo ayakwazi ukuvula, futhi imilenze ye-crustacean iphuma emgodini owakhe.

Phansi kwendlu enjalo, ivalwe ngokuphephile ngamaqabunga kanzima, i-crustacean ilele ngemuva kwayo. Ingaphambili lekhanda lakhe ligobile ngaphansi komzimba ukuze izintuthwane ziphakathi “kokuphela”. Ngemuva kwekhanda kukhulisiwe, ngakho umlomo we-acorn ubheke phezulu. I-crustacean, inamathela ngaphandle emilenzeni embozwe ngamabhulashi amade ukusuka endlini, ibasakaza njenge fan, bese beyigoqa. Leminyakazo idala umfudlana wamanzi oqondiswe ngaphakathi endlini.

Ukudla kwama-acorn asolwandle kwehluka kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi imilenze imbozwe ngemithambo yamazinyo ahlukahlukene: emilenzeni yangaphambili ihlala kaningi, futhi emilenzeni yangasemuva kaningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, imilenze ehlukene ihlunga izinhlayiya ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ama-acorn asolwandle adla i-algae, ama-bacteria nezinye izidalwa eziningi ezincane ze-planktonic, ngokuyinhloko izihlobo zabo - ama-Copepods. Ziginya izibungu zazo, kodwa-ke, izibungu ezindala zezithelo zasolwandle ezenziwa ngabazali bazo azigayi, ziphume zingavikelekile.

Njengoba i-crustacean ichitha yonke impilo yayo yabantu abadala ngaphakathi kwendlu, ayizidingi izitho zomzimba ezikhuliswe kahle, kepha kukhona okusele kuyo. Ama-acorn asolwandle ayakwazi ukwahlukanisa ukukhanya nobumnyama ngosizo lweliso elilodwa lokuqala. Kuyiqiniso, ama-crustaceans akanandaba ukuthi manje kusebusuku noma ubusuku, futhi isixhobo sokubhoboza isilondolozi asigcinelwanga lokhu. Ngosizo lwayo, ama-acorns asabela ekushintsheni okusheshayo kokukhanya, i.e. babona isithunzi siwela phezu kwegobolondo labo, kepha futhi singasukela kumhlaseli. Uma kwenzeka kwenzeka, basusa imilenze ngokushesha futhi bavale izimpiko zendlu. Uma isikhathi eside ukucasha igobolondo le-acorn ngefrikhwensi engaguquki, i-crustacean iyeka ukuphendula kulokhu kukhuthaza, isetshenziswa ukuthi isithunzi asibonisi ingozi.Phakathi kwama-acorn asolwandle, kunezinhlobo lapho umlutha kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-crustaceans abesabeka ngokwengeziwe 'awakholelwa' isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuthi awabi sengozini, kuyilapho lawo “anesibindi” asheshe ajwayele ukungaphenduli emjondolo.

Ngokwemvelo, ama-acorn asolwandle aqondisa izindlu zawo ukuze ukungena kuwo kuqondiswe ukukhanya. Uma kwenzeka kungaphumeleli ukufakwa kwesibalo, i-crustacean iyakwazi ekuqaleni kwempilo yayo yokuhlala lapho izungeza indlu kancane ukuze ukukhanya kuwele ngqo efasiteleni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akubeki imingcele yezidingo zama-acorn asolwandle lapho ukhetha isikhundla sendlu. Bazama ukubeka ikhaya labo ukuze umnyango uqondiswe kumaphethelo. Bese ukugeleza kwamanzi njalo kuletha izinhlayiya eziningi zokudla. Amanye ama-acorn “abuvila” kangangokuba ngokuvamile ayeka ukuhambisa imilenze yawo ukuze afake amanzi echibini, futhi aqhubeke anganyakazi, elenga imilenze yawo eshwabeneyo, njengenethi, lapho kugeleza khona.

Izinhlobo eziningi zama-acorns asolwandle ziyizinto eziphilayo ezinobuntu obuthile, kodwa ukuzizalisa akuvamile kuzo. Ama-crustaceans ayakwazi ukushada ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya, kanti omunye enza owesilisa omunye omunye njengowesifazane. Imishado enjalo inokwenzeka kuphela ezindaweni lapho izindlu ze-acorn zisondelene komunye nomunye. Isitho esihlanganisiwe sama-acorns olwandle mude kakhulu futhi singafinyelela endlini engomakhelwane ukuze sidlulise isidoda lapho. Ama-crustaceans ahlala eyedwa ayakwazi ukuzicelela. Amaqanda agcotshisiwe afakwa kolwelwesi olujwayelekile lwe-chitinous futhi agcinwe emgodini wendlu.

Ebuntwaneni, ama-acorn asolwandle asebenzisa imali ecishe ifane nezihlobo zawo - amanye umdlavuza. Ukuqothuka eqandeni, izibungu ziholela endleleni yokuphila yamahhala, zincibilike kaningana bese iphenduka isibungu ngegobolondo le-bivalve. Ihlala i-ajar, futhi imilenze ye-crustacean iphuma kuyo, ngosizo lwayo ukubhukuda. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, izibungu zihlala futhi zizinze zokuhlala ngokuphelele, zinamathele endaweni engaphansi yezintuthwane zangaphambili. Ukwethembeka kokunamathiselwa kuqinisekiswa ngokufihla kokunamathela kwezindlala zesimende. I-larva ilahla igobolondo layo le-bivalve yesikhashana bese iqala ukwakha indlu eqinile ezungeze yona.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Njengamanje, imindeni eyi-12 ihlukaniswe njengengxenye yeqembu, ehlanganiswe imindeni eyisithupha ebheke phezulu:

• IChionelasmatoidea Buckeridge, 1983
  • IChionelasmatidae Buckeridge, 1983
• Pachylasmatoidea Utinomi, 1968
  • Pachylasmatidae Utinomi, 1968
• Chthamaloidea Darwin, 1854
  • Catophragmidae Utinomi, 1968
  • Chthamalidae Darwin, 1854
• Coronuloidea Leach, 1817
  • UChelonibiidae Pilsbry, 1916
  • Coronulidae Leach, 1817
  • UPlatylepadidae Newman et Ross, 1976
• ITetraclitoidea Gruvel, 1903
  • Bathylasmatidae Newman et Ross, 1971
  • I-Tetraclitidae gruvel, 1903
• I-Balanoidea Leach, ngo-1817
  • U-Archaeobalanidae Newman et Ross, 1976
  • Balanidae Leach, 1817
  • I-Pyrgomatidae Grey, 1825

I-Suborder Carapace - iThoracica

Ama-crustaceans aguqulwe kakhulu ngenxa yendlela yokuphila enamathiselwe. Isidumbu sifihlwe endlini yelamula, enamapuleti ngamanye - amapuleti. Amapuleti ahlukaniswa indawo engaphezulu kwesikhumba “sobumbano” - isembatho esigqoka umzimba wonke wesilwane.Amanye amapuleti axhumeke ngokuqondile komunye nomunye futhi enza izindonga zendlu (Fig. 66, A), amanye akha isembozo sawo futhi angavala futhi avule.Ngokusebenzisa igebe phakathi kwamapuleti ashukumisayo isilwane esixhumana nawo inendawo yangaphandle, i-crustacean ilele phansi kwendlu, uhlangothi lwayo dorsal lubheke phansi, ikhanda layo linezinambatho zomlomo, izingxenye ezigcwele zezingxenye eziyi-6, ngayinye ithwele izimbambo zemilenze eyinqwaba - amakhanda, isisu esakhiwe ngaphansi. ukubanjwa kuphenduka isitho sokunamathisela: kumadada wasolwandle (i-Lepadomorpha superfamily) - kuya esiqubeni esidla inyama esinomzimba (Fig. 66, B), kwezinye (iBalanomorpha neVerrucomorpha superfamilies) - ibe yindawo ebanzi ebanzi kakhulu. Iningi le-hermaphrodites. , ohlezi emgqonyeni wezigqoko zabesifazane noma i-hermaphrodites .Ukukhiqizwa kwangaphakathi. Isibungu esintantayo samahhala - i-nauplius siphuma eqandeni, okuthi, lapho sincibilika amahlandla amaningi, siguqukele sibe njengezihlahlana ezinjenge-cirice ezifana nezinduna kuphela.

Bahlala kuzo zonke izilwandle nolwandle kusukela ethambeni kuya ekujuleni kuka-7000 m.

Amadada Olwandle Womndeni - ILepadidae

Idada lolwandle - I-Lepas anatifera (L.) (Fig. 66, B). Ikhanda ngamapuleti ama-calcareous amancane ayi-5, kukhona isiqu eside. Amapuleti abushelelezi. UKarina wenza isandiso esinqunyelwe ngezansi. I-scutum yangakwesobunxele ithwala izinyo le-umbilical ngaphakathi (inkaba yisizinda sokukhula kwepuleti ngalinye). Ngokucatshangelwa kwabantu abadala, kukhona izinto ezi-2 (ngesinye isikhathi) zokufakelwa emzimbeni. Ubude bekhanda bufika ku-5, ukhuni kuze kufike ku-60 cm, imvamisa ephansi kakhulu.

Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezisendaweni ephansi nezishisayo yolwandle. Iphila indlela yokuphila engabambeki. Kwesinye isikhathi ezintweni ezikhudayo nakuma-bottoms wemikhumbi kulethwa oLwandle lwaseJapan.

Umndeni wama-Sea Acorns - uBalanidae

I-Triangular Sea Acorn - U-Balanus trigonus Darwin. Indlu igcwele, ithambile, iboshwe, ipendwe ngombala opinki noma obomvu. URadii ulula, kwesinye isikhathi simhlophe. I-scutum incane, ngaphandle ngemigqa engu-1-4 yezimbobo ezijulile, inendawo ende yokuqamba, isitofu esincane esijulile futhi esijulile, kanye ne-crest emfushane ye-adductor (ukuvala izicubu). I-Tergum ibanzi kune-scutum, enesikhala esifushane esibanzi. Amapulangwe asemaceleni angena iziteshi ezinde ngaphandle kokudlula okuhlukanisayo, kepha phezulu iziteshi ziyagcwaliswa futhi. Ububanzi besisekelo sendlu bufika ku-25 mm.

Kusakazwa kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinamanzi asezindaweni eziphansi. Ngo-1970, yatholakala lapho kufakazelwa khona izinto ezibucayi ehholo. Peter Omkhulu. Imvamisa etholakala emikhunjini yemikhumbi eya emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi.

Ulwandle i-Acorn Amphitrite - U-Balanus araphitrite amphitrite Darwin. Indlu igcwele, inemidwebo emide e-brown-violet, amapheshana nawo apendwe ngokwengxenye. I-scutum enama-creular crest athuthuke kahle afinyelela maphakathi komgwaqo we-tergal. I-Tergum ene-spur ebanzi futhi onqenqemeni olungaphansi olwaqondile. Ububanzi besisekelo sendlu bufika ku-16, ukuphakama kufinyelela ku-9 mm.

Kusakazwa kabanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezinamanzi asezindaweni eziphansi. Ihlala endaweni engaphansi. Ehholo. UPeter the Great uzungezwe ngamabhodlela omkhumbi nezakhiwo ze-hydraulic.

I-Ivory marine acorn - U-Balanus eburneus Gould. Indlu iphuzi ngombala, i-conical, ngesinye isikhathi inodonga lwe-convex, kumafekthali amadala anamapuleti aminyene. Ama-Radii abanzi ngeziqongo ezilinganiselwe ezisikiwe. Izibhebhe kanye nesisekelo se-lime sendlu zingena ngamashaneli anezigaba eziguqukayo. I-Scutum ngaphandle enemigqa yokukhula echazwe kahle kanye nokushiswa kwemisebe. I-Tergum enomugqa ophansi oqinile ohlangothini lwe-carinal nangokobuningi obubanzi. Ububanzi nokuphakama kwendlu kufinyelela ku-30 ​​mm. Kusatshalaliswa kahle kumabhodlela wemikhumbi emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo, asezingeni eliphansi nasolwandle. Ehholo. UPeter the Great waqalwa okokuqala ngo-1969. Uhlobo lwenhlobo yi-thermophilic, ikakhulukazi amanzi angamakhi.

I-acorn engafani nolwandle - I-Balanus minimvisus Darwin. Indlu imhlophe, i-conical noma i-hemispherical-conical, enezindonga ezibushelelezi kakhulu ezibushelelezi, ezindaweni ezigcwele abantu, ezi-cylindrical. URadii mncane, unamaphawundi amile alandelana. Izimpiko zibanzi. Izibhebhe kanye nesisekelo se-lime sendlu zingena iziteshi ezinama-partitions. I-scutum ngaphandle enemigqa yokukhula eyenziwe kahle, kepha ngaphandle kokushiswa ngemisebe, ngaphakathi kune-crest eqondile eyenziwe kahle ne-crest ende ende, ecishe iqonde. Umphetho ophansi we-tergum uqondile noma ucishe uqonde, i-spur icishe ibe mancane. Ububanzi nokuphakama kwendlu kufinyelela ku-23 mm.

Emashumini eminyaka edlule, amabhodlela wemikhumbi asabalale umhlaba wonke. Eziqhingini zaseJapan ezatholakala ngo-1962, ehholo. Peter the Great - ngonyaka we-1969. Uhlala esiqeshini. Inhlobo inamanzi angenamkhawulo ikakhulukazi, yize ingahlala kosawoti kusuka 2 kuya ku-60%, iyakubekezelela ukungcoliswa kahle.

Ulwandle olukhokhiswa u-Beac - U-Balanus rostratus Hoek. Indlu ilula, i-grey, ibushelelezi, kwesinye isikhathi igoqwe. Amathebhulethi e-Carino-lateral mancane. Isisekelo sinamanzi amancane, mncane, sinemisebe enemisebe. I-scutum ene-creular ephansi ye-articular, i-groove emincane ye-articular, i-lowuct ye-adductor ephansi kanye ne-fossa ejulile ye-misuli-depressor. I-Tergum ene-corexid, i-apex engafani. Ngaphandle ngemigqa yokukhula ebonakalayo ebonakalayo kanye nokuqina komoya okubuthakathaka. I-spur imfushane, ibanzi esisekelweni futhi iqonde ngasekupheleni, emaphethelweni ayo aphansi aqonde kancane. Amapuleti aseceleni wendlu aboshwe ngaphakathi. Iziteshi ngaphakathi kwamapuleti anezinhlukanisi eziguqukayo, okungenani ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamapuleti. Ububanzi bendlu bufika kuma-85, ukuphakama kufike ku-60 mm.

Sisatshalaliswa oLwandle oluLuhlaza kanye nolweJapan, ngasogwini olusempumalanga yeziQhingi zaseJapan, oLwandle i-Okhotsk, uLwandle iBering kanye nasogwini lwePacific lwaseNyakatho Melika eningizimu kuya eBritish Columbia. Ukuphila endaweni ehlukanisiwe, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala lapho kutholakala khona imikhumbi nezakhiwo ze-hydraulic.

I-Scalloped Acorn - Balanus crenatus Bruguiere. Indlu imhlophe noma i-grey, i-bushelelezi noma inama folda angaphandle, ine-top jagged top. URadii mncane, amaphiko abanzi. Amapuleti aqhekekile ngaphakathi, iziteshi ezingaphakathi kwamapuleti ezinezabelo eziguqukayo. I-scutum ene-crest evezwe ngokuqinile, kufakwa i-adductor, kepha akukho-adductor crest. I-Tergum ene-spur ebanzi ebanzi. Ububanzi besisekelo sendlu bufika ku-40 mm. Ngokugcotshwa okuqinile, izindlu zithola ukwakheka kobukhulu obuphakama.

Sisatshalaliswa engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic Ocean, kuzo zonke izilwandle ezisolwandle ze-Arctic Ocean, iBering, Okhotsk neJapan Seas. Ngasogwini lwePacific lwaseNyakatho Melika kuza eSan Francisco. Ihlala endaweni engaphansi. Okuvamile ekuxakaneni. Ehholo. UPeter the Great ujwayelekile ukusuka emaphethelweni amanzi nokujula.

I-Ribbed sea Acorn - Balanus cariosus (Pallas). Indlu imhlophe-imhlophe, imvama ihlala ibunjiwe, ezindaweni eziminyene abantu ingaba ngamaphayiphalapholi futhi ibe-lilac. Ngaphandle imbozwe ngemigqa yezimbambo ezincanyana efana nophahla olufulelwe ngotshani. Amapuleti endlu awugqinsi, ahlabwe ngumbala omncane, ahlelwe imigqa eminingana yeziteshi ezinezigaba eziguqukayo. Kwesinye isikhathi iziteshi ziyagcwaliswa futhi. Izimbobo zokumboza zifakwe ngaphakathi kwendlu. Isikena esine-crest encane eveziwe, i-adductor crest "ivame ukuthuthuka kahle, ukuvezwa kwesimo sokudambisa izicubu sijulile futhi sibanzi. I-tergum incane, inesikhutha eside eside kuze kube sekupheleni, imvamisa ine-apex ebukhali eyenziwe njengombala onsomi (ngenxa yokugqwala, i-apex ingasongwa futhi imfushane) Ububanzi besisekelo sendlu bufika ku-50, ukuphakama kwamafomu we-cylindrical aze afike ku-100 mm.

Sisatshalaliswa engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle iPacific kusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo YaseKorea kuya oLwandle iBering kanye nasogwini lwaseMelika ngaseningizimu ukuya e-Oregon. Ihlala littoral. Ehholo. UPeter the Great uhlala ngaphansi kwesembozo semigodi ehlukahlukene, emifantweni eseceleni kwamawa abheke ngasosebeni.

I-acorn ejwayelekile - Balanus balanoides (L.). Indlu inombala onsundu, obumbene, obunjwebu noma obumbeke kanyawo, obushelelezi noma oboshiwe. URadii mncane. Isisekelo webbed. Iziteshi zokubhoboza izindebe zincane, zivame ukugcwaliswa. "I-scutum enobuhlakani obakhiwe kahle obufinyeleleka maphakathi nomugqa we-tergal, ukubonakala kwemisipha ye-adductor ne-depressor kubonakala kahle. I-tergum ene-spur emfushane futhi ebanzi, ene-crest enamandla evezwe ngunxantathu, ama-scallops abonakala ngokucacile ngokufakwa kwe-depressor. Ububanzi bendlu bude bufika ku-20, kufika kuma-22 mm.

Kusatshalaliswa eNyakatho Atlantic, eBarents, eMhlophe nakulo lonke ulwandle oluseFar East. Izinhlobo ze-Littoral, kwesinye isikhathi zingena ku-subrittoral. Ehholo. UPeter the Great utholakala ikakhulu endaweni yemikhumbi.

Giorn sea acorn - U-Balanus evermanni Pilsbry. Indlu igcwele, inkulu kakhulu. Amathebulethi axhunywe ngokuqondile, awugqinsi, aminyene (ikakhulukazi i-carino-lateral), onamandla wokuphonsa phezulu. Izintambo zibanzi, i-radii incane. Imbobo ivame ukubanzi, ijulile, igxiliwe. I-Tergum enesiqongqo esibukhali esigoqiwe kanye nesikhala esilinganiselwe. Isisekelo sendlu sinenkinga yabantu abadala, futhi kwabancane - be-webbed noma abane-calcareous, kepha mncane kakhulu. Ububanzi besisekelo sendawo engezansi kwendlu bufika ku-100, ukuphakama kufike ku-200 mm.

Sisatshalaliswa eBering, e-Okhotsk nasezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga zoLwandle lwaseJapan ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-500, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamasondo aqinile aphansi. Imvamisa kwakhiwa imicibisholo emikhulu. Ehholo. UPeter the Great akakatholakali.

Imicu yemisipha ye-Giant ku-adductor kanye nemisipha ye-depressor ingasetjenziswa nguma-physiologists kanye nama-histologists ocwaningweni olukhethekile lwesayensi. Inyama ingadliwa.

Umndeni wakwaHtamalida - Chthamalidae

Htamalius Dolla - UChthamalus dalli Pilsbry. Indlu iphansi, igcwele, kwesinye isikhathi ibe yinqolobane, igoqwe, ibe mpunga noma ibe nsundu. Njengabanye abameleli bohlobo lweChthamalus, i-rostrum enamaphiko. Amacwecwe aseceleni 6 (njengamabhaluni). Isisekelo sendlu sinwebhu. Is scutum iyakhuphuka, inezindawo zokwengeza ezikhuthele kahle, ezinama-combs ambalwa ekufakwa kwe-depressor. I-tergum ibanzi, inesikhashana esifushane, esicishe singabambeki, esine-crest ebanzi ebanzi. Ububanzi besisekelo sendlu bufika ku-9.5, ukuphakama kufike ku-7 mm.

Isatshalaliswa ukusuka engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandle oluLwandle kuya olwandle iBering kanye nasogwini lwaseMelika kusuka e-Unalashka kuya esifundeni saseWashington. Ihlala emadwaleni phezulu kwaphezulu.

Ehosteni elinye lamachweba amaCrimea kwakumi ibhaji yakudala eyayinqunyelwe. Okukhulu, okuqinile, okumnyama. Ngime isikhathi eside. Futhi ngokuzumayo, akunasizathu, ngaphandle kwesizathu, lo "mpesheni" wabamba waminza. Bacabanga ukuthi kunikeza ukuvuza, futhi ngenxa yalokho "bathuthela" ekujuleni kolwandle. Kwavela ukuthi ugcwele izikhukhula ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokunamathiselwa okungamenyiwe, ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans, futhi phakathi kwawo - i-crustacean yasolwandle, i-sea acorn noma i-balianus. Abaningi babo banamathela ezansi kangangokuba isigaxa saba nzima ngamathani amaningana.

I-Balanus, ama-acorns olwandle (amaqembu ezithombe.ya.ru)

Abantu baqala ukulwa nalaba bantu abathandanayo isikhathi eside nangezindlela ezihlukile. Babeka umkhumbi esikhumulweni semikhumbi futhi bagibeza abagibeli abangamenyiwe ngezikhuhli, bapenda izingxenye ezingaphansi kwamanzi zemikhumbi ngemidwebo ehlukahlukene enobuthi ekuxakaneni. Bazama ukusebenzisa i-ultrasound yalokhu, kepha indlela yakudala kunazo zonke ukushayela umkhumbi usuka olwandle ungene emanzini amasha, lapho kufe bonke laba bathandi bamanzi kasawoti.

Kuyadingeka ukubhekana nazo, njengoba imikhumbi ilahlekelwa isivinini, amandla, idla uphethiloli owedlulele, ilalela ukuqhutshwa okubi kakhulu, bese umkhumbi wensimbi uzilolonge ngokwawo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks emikhunjini emikhulu akhula ngamakhulu amathani, futhi amatilosi kade aqaphela ukuthi emikhunjini yasentwasahlobo ahamba ngesivinini esikhulu kunalokho ekwindla, lapho inani lalezi zinto linamathiselwe landa. Abazithandi izibhakela nabadobi. Amanetha okudoba agcwele izingwembe, ukuzisula kuyindaba ekhathazayo, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi enza lokhu: ukusabalalisa amanetha ogwini bese eshayela imoto eshayisa amagobolondo e-balyanus emuva naphambili ngathi. Ngokuvamile, abenzeli bobuciko bezindiza bangena ezifundazweni ezehlukene ngenani elifanele. E-America, lezi zindleko zidlula ama- $ 100 ezigidi ngonyaka.

Kunezinto eziningi ezixakile lapho kuhlala khona abahlali abahlukene bolwandle: imikhomo, oshaka, izikebhe, izinkalankala, iziponji. Uma namanje lezi zinqolobane zivuthwa kancane futhi zanda, kepha zombili zisezingeni eliphakeme. Izinsuku eziyi-10-15 ngemuva kokuqandusela eqandeni, zifinyelela osayizi abadala, futhi lapho sezinezinyanga ezintathu sezikulungele ukwenza ucansi.

Izitha ze-balanus ziyasaba kuphela lapho zikusimo sezibungu. Izigxobo zabantu abadala ezindlini zabo ezinezivikelo eziqinile azitholakali kubazingeli abaningi. Uma zinganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwengozi, zihudula ngokushesha izingxenyana ezincane ngaphakathi, zihambise ngokuqinile izingxenyana zezinsimbi zeminyango futhi ngale ndlela zingenakuhlaselwa. Benza okufanayo lapho kukhona ama-ebbs ngezikhathi ezithile nokugeleza. Silinde ukuthi kube naluhambo oluzovala amakhaya abo. Kusele amanzi ne-oksijini eyanele kuwo ukulindela ukukhuphuka kwempilo ephelele. Kulesi simo, bayakwazi ukuphila izinsuku eziningana. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ogwini, ngesikhathi lapho ulwandle luqala ukuhlehla, kuzwakala ukumemeza kwe-balyanus - ukuqhuma okuthule. I-crustaceans igxaza iminyango "yezindlu" zabo, njengomnini sitolo ovalela izicabha ebusuku.

Awukwazi ukukhetha i-balyanus emadwaleni nasemigodini, futhi ngeke ungene ngaphakathi, emzimbeni wawo omncane. Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-sturgeon gnaws noma i-zubarik enamazinyo ayo aqondile e-chisel, abukhali aya phambili. Ngakho-ke, lapho isigxobo sikhulu impela, ukuphakama okungama-cm cm, umuntu obaqoqela ukudla kungabhekwa njengezitha zale crustaceans. Isibonelo, eChile.LamaChile ngokuvamile anenhlanhla. Bona, njengoba uJulian Semyonov abhalile, “badla izimbaza esikhundleni sesinkwa, imvuthuluka esikhundleni senyama, i-caviar esikhundleni soshizi, ne-chicha esikhundleni samanzi” - newayini le-apula elikhanyayo. Ama-bialia ethu oLwandle Olumnyama nawo anambitha, kepha mancane kakhulu, ukuphakama hhayi ngaphezu kuka-1 cm.

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-balanus kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kweli-7. Ukuzala kowesifazane oyedwa amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10-13. Kungabonakala kuningi, kepha ama-balyanus amancanyana adla ngokuzithandela izinkalankala, gazinga nenhlanzi endala, i-anemones yolwandle, i-jellyfish kanye nolunye u-ayisikhilimu. Usosayensi waseMelika uH. Moore walinganisela ukuthi izibungu ezingama-150 kwezingu-13,000 zifinyelela esigabeni sokugcina sentuthuko. Kwabangu-150, abangama-26 bangena ezansi, futhi ngabantu abangu-15 kuphela abasindayo izinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Ngamanye amagama, izinga lokusinda lingama-0,1% futhi lokhu akulincane kangako, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ngamunye kwabangu-15 angazalela amaqanda ayi-13,000 ngenyanga. Ezinhlanzini, izinga lokusinda liphansi kayishumi - ngamakhulu ngamaphesenti.

Manje mayelana biology yale crustaceans. Isibungu se-balyanus, lapho isikhathi sokuxhaswa sifika ezansi, sinamathele emaphethelweni ekhanda emadwaleni, ematsheni, olwandle, emabhodleleni noma emanethini. Ikhula iqine. Kulokhu, izibungu zinezindlala ezikhethekile zesimende, futhi usimende olukhiqizwe yizo unekhwalithi enhle kakhulu. Isiphetho sekhanda siguqulwe saba yisisekelo, sangena ngaphakathi, futhi i-balyanus ilele emhlane wayo, ngokungathi kunjalo, ngamabhangqa ayi-6 emilenze ye-pectoral embozwe nge-whisker bristles. Le milenze ebhaleni ibizwa nge- "cirrus" encane.

Isidumbu se-balyanus esikhulile sizungezwe ngengubo ekhipha izinto ezinamakhemikhali, lapho i-crustacean yakha khona "indlu" yayo emhlophe eyenziwe ngesigaxa. Izindonga ezinjalo 6. Zixhumekile ngaphandle kokunyakaza komunye nomunye. "Umnyango" wendlu, njengesembozo ngaphezulu, siqukethe amapuleti amane angahlukaniswa futhi ahanjiswe. "Esicabheni" Slots protrude "barbarian". Benza ukunyakaza okusikhumbuza kakhulu ukunyakaza kwesandla somuntu lapho sibiza umuntu ngathi. Ngale maniplication, ama-shanks aqhuba amanzi olwandle ngaphakathi kwendlu, lapho kukhishwa khona umoya-mpilo nakho konke okulungele ukondla i-balyanus: amabhaktheriya, amaqanda, i-unicellular algae, kanye nabo, izibungu zabo nabanye abantu. Awuboni owakho, ngeke uwukhafule.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngokuxazulula enye indawo emakoloni, bonke abantu bayo ngokushayela bangena amanzi endaweni efanayo. Lokhu kudala umthamo wamanzi oqinile, ulethe ukudla kubo bonke ngokulingana nangokweqile. Kuyavela ukuthi wonke umuntu kulula ukondla ndawonye, ​​futhi abalingani bezothando baseduze. Ngakho-ke, kunenzuzo enkulu ukuthi izibungu zihlale phakathi kwabazali, futhi ukuze "babe nolwazi lwabo", abantu abadala bakhiphe izinto ezinephunga emanzini, futhi "izingane", zisebenzisa "indlela yokuhogela", zihlala phakathi kwabantu abadala koloni lwabo.

Manje, kafushane ngezinzuzo ezizuzwa ulwandle, futhi ngasikhathi sinye sisuka ekutheni ngiphila nge-balyanusy emanzini ayo. Wonke ama-crustaceans, ama-Copepods nama-Copepods, okondla ngokuhlunga okunamandla. Bedlula amanzi olwandle ezindlini nasezithunzini zabo, bawahlanza ezingcolile nasezakhiwaneni eziningi eziyingozi. Amanzi ayacacisa, athola isimo samanzi olwandle ajwayelekile nazo zonke izinto zawo ezizuzisayo zokuqala ezizuzisayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-gobies amancane nezinja zasolwandle zidonsa ngamaphiko angenalutho we-balius. Iphinde ikhulume ngendlela evumelana nama-crustaceans ukuthi ayafiphala, futhi kuhle kakhulu ukuthi nawo angama-fterrators ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi "akukho luhlaka lwesiliva." Okubi wukuthi bayaxaka, futhi kuhle kakhulu ukuthi bobabili bangumshini wokuhlunga. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukwahlulela ngokungahambisani nezinzuzo noma ukulimala kwanoma yimuphi umhlali wolwandle. Yilowo nalowo ulwandle endaweni yalo, uwenza kanye, nakanjani, umsebenzi abemiselwe wona. Umbusi wase Roma uMarcus Aurelius ukusho lokhu: "Aniboni yini ukuthi isihlahla, nondlunkulu, nomuthwane, isicabucabu nenyosi kufeza injongo yabo futhi baneqhaza ezinhlelweni zabo zokuhleleka komhlaba." Ngakho-ke i-biaryus ifaka isandla ukuhleleka olwandle, futhi ngenxa yalokho emhlabeni wonke, ngoba ulwandle luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo yomhlaba wonke.

Balius oLwandle Olumnyama 5. Ababili babo 'bangabafokazi'. Ngekhulu le-19, bafika olwandle lwethu, umuntu kufanele acabange, emabhodleleni wemikhumbi yangaphandle. Izinhlobo ezintathu zazo, ikhaya lasekhaya, uLwandle Olumnyama.

Umsoco

Abadala bahola indlela yokuphila enamathiselwe, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukufuna ngentshiseko ukudla. Ezimweni eziningi, ukudla kwabo kuncike eqinisweni lokuthi bazoletha amanzi olwandle. Okwamanje lapho amanzi esemboza ama-acorns namakhanda, ama-crustaceans azama ukuvula izichilo zamagobolondo bese enamathela emilenzeni yazo.

Bazama ukuzishutheka ngokushesha emanzini, ukupompa amanzi emgodini wendlu, badle nezinhlayiya ezidliwayo ezingena emizimbeni yabo ngamanzi.

Imilenze eguquliwe yenza imivimbo efinyelela ku-40 ngomzuzu, ihambisa amanzi ezinhlamvwini ezilengiswe kuwo phakathi komgodi wendlu. Bangakwazi nokudla kuphela uma begezwa ngamanzi olwandle. Ngakho-ke, abantu abazinze kude nolwandle badla kangcono kunabalingani babo, abathanda indawo enkulu, lapho bahlala khona isikhathi esithile.

Ama-crustaceans asolwandle, ahlanzwa njalo ngamanzi, akhula ngokushesha, kepha awaphili isikhathi eside.

Isimo sokuphepha

I-acorn yolwandle izwela kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle. Izinsimbi ezisindayo ziqongelela emzimbeni wakhe, ikakhulukazi: ukuhola, ngakho-ke ukuba khona kwazo noma ukungabikho kwazo kulesi sifunda kuyinkomba efanele yokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

• Lezi zilwane zasolwandle zihlala kunoma iyiphi indawo eqinile, ngakho-ke zitholakala kaningi emikhunjini yasolwandle, amagobolondo oshobhe lwasolwandle, amagobolondo ezinombolane, imihlana yezinkalankala ngisho naku-starfish, ophiuras kanye nemikhomo.
• Iningi lalezi zinto zasolwandle ziba yizisulu zezixilongo. Ama-Trumpeter futhi adla izimbaza.
• Ama-acorn asolwandle ahlala ezikoloni ezinkulu, endaweni eyodwa yamamitha skwele engxenyeni engaphansi kwamanzi, ungathola abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu zalezi crustaceans.
• Ukwakheka kwezindlu zabo kunqunywa ngezinga lobuningi bokuhlala kwabo nezinye izinto.

I-acorn yasolwandle ibhekisa kwi-barnacle crustacean. Lezi zidalwa zihlukile ngezindlela eziningi, ngoba azibukeki njengekhrayoni.

Abantu abavuthiwe baphila impilo yokuhlala, bezishutheka ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi - amatshe, amadwala namabhodlela wemikhumbi.

Umzimba we-acorn wolwandle uvikelwe yindlu e-lime eqinile, enamapuleti ngamanye. Ingxenye ethile yamapuleti ixhumeke komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke i-sea acorn ingabaxosha, futhi ifake imilenze ye-thoracic phakathi kwegebe elenziwe, okwenza ukushintshana okubonakalayo. Kuleli qophelo, kungena amanzi kanye nezinto eziphilayo ze-planktonic. Ngakho-ke i-acorn yolwandle iyaphefumula futhi iyondla.

Njengoba ama-acorn olwandle enobumba obunzima futhi ephila impilo yokuhlala phansi, ososayensi sekuyisikhathi eside bethi bangama-mollusks.

Kuphela lapho kutholakala izibungu zama-acorn ezazifana nama-crustaceans, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ama-acorn asolwandle angawesigaba sabantu abasebenza ngopelesi.