Ososayensi bathole umqondo wokuzalwa kabusha kwalezi zilwane emfuyweni yedayinaso yezinhlanzi ehlobene. Kwakunemibungu eyi-11 esiswini sowesifazane wesilwane lesi.
Isakhiwo somzimba se-ichthyosaur sibonisa ukuthi ubengeke akwazi ukuya ogwini, ngakho-ke kusobala ukuthi la ma-dinosaurs azala amawundlu apilayo. Ukuzalwa okuphilayo phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuyinto evame ukwenzeka. I-Viviparous cishe zonke izinyoka zolwandle zanamuhla.
Izitha
Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu asolwandle adla inyama - ama-plesiosaurs kanye nabanye abazingeli abakhulu bezinhlanzi bangabamba ama-ichthyosaurs amancane ngoba babehlome imihlathi enamandla. Ukuphela kokuvikelwa kwama-ichthyosaurs kwakungukushesha futhi umbono omangalisayo, ngenxa yokuthi abasakuqaphelile bekude nengozi esondelayo. Ama-ichthyosaurs amancane ayevame ukuba yizisulu zabasakazi nabadala bezinhlobo zabo. Izinsalela zokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezincane ezitholakala esiswini sabantu abadala ichthyosaurs ziqinisekisa izinsolo zokuthi i-cannibalism phakathi kwalezi zilwane.
Ngabe udleni nokuthi iyiphi indlela yokuphila
Yize izinsalela zokuqala zatholakala eRussia (osebeni lweVolga), ukutholakala kwalezi zidakamizwa ezinkulu kakhulu kwatholakala eJalimane (Holzmaden, ongaphansi kwezokuphatha eStuttgart).
Ama-dinosaurs Amanzi ahlala futhi azingelwa emaphaketheni, ukuze akwazi ukulwa kalula nanoma yimuphi ohlaseli, futhi kwakulula nokuthola ukudla. Wayenomzimba, edla izinhlanzi nezilwane, ehlasela kuphela lezo ezazibalungele ngosayizi, ama-belemnites ("izihlobo" zama-squid) ayethathwa njengesitsha esikhulu, inani elikhulu lamathambo abo atholakala esiswini sedayinaso.
Ukuzalwa kwamawundlu kwenzeka emanzini, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ama-itthyosaurs "amancane" ngokwawo asevele azi ukubhukuda kahle nokuzitholela ukudla.
Imininingwane yesakhiwo somzimba
Ukwakheka komzimba kufana nehlengethwa, umehluko kuphela ekwakhekeni kwe-vertebra (uhlobo lwenhlanzi, i.e. ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, ukugoba kwenzeka endizeni evundlile, umsila we-lobe endizeni ebheke phezulu). Ngakho-ke, uma uhlangana nesithombe ndawo ndawo lapho i-zavr igxuma iphuma emanzini, yazi ukuthi akakwazanga ukwenza lokhu (ngenxa yesakhiwo sakhe somgogodla). Emhlane, kanye nasemsileni, i-ichthyosaurs yayinamaphiko. Isikhumba besingesilo isikhumba, kepha ukunyakaza okungcono bekuhlanganiswe ngamafutha.
ISICELO
Okhokho bama-ichthyosaurs kwakuyizilwane zasendle, ezihuqayo, ezingafaniswa nezimbila zanamuhla. Lezi zilwane kancane kancane zajwayela impilo emanzini. Izandla zeminwe ezisezinsaleleni zamathambo zivame ukungabonakali. Kodwa-ke, ukutholwa okuvela eJalimane kuqukethe ukuvela okucacile kwama-dorsal kanye nama-caudal fins. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe kabusha ukubonakala kwe-ichthyosaur. I-ichthyosaurus yayinekhanda elikhulu elingunxantathu elinemihlathi emide eyeluliwe ngaphambili. Isidumbu sakhe besisesimweni esifana nethanga, isikwati esingunxantathu sasesilinganisweni sofaka ushaka, ugongolo olungezansi lukakholifari okwenziwe ngo-crescent lwaluqiniswa isifunda sogologo lomgogodla. Lokhu kwavumela isilwane ukuthi sihambe emanzini ngesivinini esikhulu.
UKUFINYELELA KULWAZI. UNYAZI LOKHO.
- Igama le-ichthyosaurus yemvelaphi yamaGreek futhi elihunyushwe lisho "umzingeli wezinhlanzi" ("ichthios" lisho "inhlanzi").
- Ngekhulu le-19, kwafunyanwa izinsalela eziningi kangaka ze-ichthyosaur eduzane nedolobha elincane laseMgwaqweni eSomerset, e-England, ukuthi lesi silwane sakhonjiswa ngisho nasejokeni lengalo lomuzi.
- Amathambo agcwele we-ichthyosaur, angabonakala eminyuziyamu yaseBrithani neyaseJalimane, ahlobene ngokuqondile nama-ichthyosaurs.
- Ama-Ichthyosaurs anyamalala ngaphambili kunama-dinosaurs, nokho, ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kwenzeke, izilwane zahlala isikhathi eside nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zomhlaba.
IZIPHUMA ZESIFUNDO SE-ICHTHIOSAUR
Imihlathi: yayinesimo esinjengendandatho yomlomo, efana nomlomo, eyayinciphisa ukumelana kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Zazinezintambo ezimbili zamazinyo amancane ezazibamba kalula inyamazane ehexayo.
Umgogodla: Ingxenye yomlomo wesibeletho yacunulwa ngokuqinile, ukuphela komsila kwagoba ngamandla phansi.
Inhlawulo yeDorsal: unxantathu, njengoshaka, uzinzise isikhundla sesilwane emanzini.
Amehlo: indandatho yamapuleti ezimpondo yasekela iso elikhulu. Ngosizo lombono obukhali, i-ichthyosaurus yabona kahle ngisho nasemanzini anodaka.
Imali yomsila: imithelela yemisila yokusiza umdobi ukuthi aqhubekele phambili. Uhlaka olunamandla oluphansi lwaluqiniswa yingxenye yomgogodla egobile.
Ukwakheka komzimba: umzimba wawunemisipha futhi unesimo se-fusiform.
Ukubikezela: yaphenduka imicibisholo yasebenza ukuhamba emanzini.
- Izindawo lapho zitholakala khona izinsalela zezinduku
LAPHO FUTHI LAPHO I-ICHTHIOSAURS LIPHILILE
Amathambo ama-ichthyosaurs, agcinwa kakhulu, atholakala emijondolo emnyama yaseJurassic eJalimane naseSouth England, lezi zindawo zazimbozwe amanzi olwandle eminyakeni engama-200-210 ezigidi edlule. Okunye okutholakele kuvela e-Alberta naseBritish Columbia eCanada, kanye nase-Oregon e-United States.
I-Ichthyosaurus
I-Ichthyosaurus - "Umzingeli wezinhlanzi"
Isikhathi sokuba khona: Isikhathi se-Jurassic - eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 edlule
Isigcawu: Ama-Ichthyosaurs
Izici ezivamile zama-ichthyosaurs:
- wayehlala emanzini futhi engazange aye emhlabathini
- Umzimba ofana nenhlanzi
- Ukuzalwa bukhoma
Ubukhulu:
ubude - 0,4 m
ukuphakama - 4 m
isisindo - 100 kg.
Umsoco: inhlanzi, ama-mollusks
Kutholakele: 1822, Russia
I-Ichitosaurus - iqembu lama-dinosaurs avumelaniswa nokuphila emanzini. Isimo somzimba siyefana namahlengethwa. Ichthyosaurus enkulu kunazo zonke echaziwe shonizauruhlala ngaphakathi isikhathi esingunxantathu.
I-Ichthyosaur Head:
Ikhanda ichthyosaurus wahlangana nomzimba njengenhlanzi. Esigodini somlomo kwakukhona amazinyo amaningi ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.
Amehlo ichthyosaurus ezinkulu kakhulu zahluka ngokuhleleka okungaziwa: iso leso lalizungezwe yindandatho yamapuleti amathambo, njengamanje into efana nale siyithola kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama nezimfudu. Ngokusobala idivaysi enjalo yamehlo iyadingeka ichthyosaurusukumelana nengcindezi yamanzi lapho ucwiliswa ekujuleni.
Isakhiwo somzimba se-ichthyosaur:
Ama-Ichthyosaurs lezi ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivumelaniswa nokuphila olwandle, kepha ngasikhathi sinye nezirhubuluzayo. Intamo yabo yancishiswa kakhulu, i-snout yandiswa futhi ikhanda lacishe lakhula kanye nomzimba. Imilenze yaphenduka imicibisholo, kwakungekho minwe emihlanu, kepha miningi kuya kweyishumi, neminwe ngokwayo yayiqukethe ama-phalanges amaningi. Amanzi akhiwa ngemuva nasemsileni. Isikhumba besingambozekwanga esikalini njengezinhlanzi, kodwa kusobala ukuthi sasihlanganiswa no-grease ukuze sitshelwe ngamanzi.
Isimo somzimba ichthyosaurs ifana kakhulu namahlengethwa anamuhla. Ngokungafani namahlengethwa ekwakhekeni komgogodla. Isipinashi ichthyosaurs uhlobo lwenhlanzi futhi lapho lubhukuda, lwalugobeka endizeni evundlile. Ngokulandelana, ibala lokugingqa emsileni ichthyosaurs kwakheka indiza emile. Kumahlengethwa, kunalokho, umgogodla ugoba endizeni ebheke phezulu, nesigaxa somsila - ngokuqondile.
Ama-Ichthyosaurs imvamisa kukhombisa ukuphuma emanzini, kepha ukwahlulela ngesakhiwo somgogodla, abakwazanga ukuphuma emanzini. Ama-Ichthyosaurs uphefumula umoya futhi bakwazi ukubamba umoya wabo isikhathi eside.
Ukuzingela nendlela yokuphila:
Uyazingelwa ichthyosaurs kuma-mollusks nezinhlanzi ezingadliwa ngokuya ngosayizi. Omunye umehluko obaluleke kakhulu ichthyosaurs kwaba ukuzivumelanisa nokuzalwa bukhoma, njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukubeka amaqanda emanzini, kodwa emhlabeni ichthyosaurs akaphumanga. Ngokusho kwabanye be-paleontologists, ichthyosaurs babeka amaqanda, kepha yahlala esibelethweni sowesifazane kuze kufike ukuvuthwa kwesilwane esizimele.
Ukuthola:
Ama-Ichthyosaurs kwavela enkathini ye-Triassic futhi kwafinyelela ukwehluka okukhulu ngesikhathi se-Jurassic. Ukuqothulwa ekugcineni kweCretaceous, kanye nama-pliosaurs, ama-plesiosaurs, ama-dinosaurs nama-pterosaurs.
Njengamanje, zingaphezu kuka-50 izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezichazwe ngokufakwa kwedolobha laseMesozoic eNgilandi, Swabia naseFrance ichthyosaurs. E-Russia, izidumbu zazo eziningi zatholakala ku-phosphorite (nugget) yohlelo lweCretaceous lwezindebe zakwaKursk. Ucwaningo oluningilizayo kanye nencazelo yamaRussia ichthyosaurs imisebenzi eminingana ebanzi futhi enemininingwane kaKipriyanov, obefundela izinsalela zeminyaka eminingi, uzinikele ichthyosaurs.
I-Dinosaur ichthyosaurus
I-Dinosaur iyi-ichthyosaurus, ehunyushwa isuselwa esiGrekini njengomzingeli wezinhlanzi. Lokhu kungumeleli ongapheli wezilwane ezihuquzelayo zasolwandle. Ubukhona emhlabeni isikhathi eside, kuyo yonke inkathi ye-Mesozoic. Le nhlobo yavela kuthiwa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yeJurassic futhi yanyamalala ekugcineni kweCretaceous. Esikhathini sesikhathi, kuyinto eyizigidi ezingama-250 - 90 edlule.
Ukutholwa kokuqala kwalomzingeli wezinsalela zezinsalela zezinyosi kwatholakala emuva ngo-1822 eRussia.
I-Ichthyosaurus
Ukubukeka kwama-ichthyosaurs
Ngokusho kososayensi, i-ichthyosaurs iyinzalo yabamele umhlaba wasendulo wamadayinaso, kancane kancane ajwayela ukuphila emanzini. Njengomphumela walokhu, ukubukeka kwabo sekwenziwe izinguquko eziningi. Ngakho-ke umzimba kancane kancane wazitholela ukwakheka okufana nenhlanzi, isigaxa sanyamalala, imilenze yaphenduka imichilo, isikhumba saphelelwa yisembozo saso esinamandla, futhi mhlawumbe sambozwa nge-mucus, okwasiza kakhulu ukuhamba emanzini.
Ikhanda le-ichthyosaur lalicwebile futhi liphakeme ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwemihlathi. Emlonyeni kwakunesibalo esikhulu samazinyo akhula kusuka kumaseli futhi eduze eduze komunye nomunye. Izikhathi eziningana kuyo yonke impilo kwaba nokushintshwa kwamazinyo. Okufanayo kuyabonakala emikhakheni yesimanje yesidoda.
Iningi lezinsalela zama-ichthyosaurs atholakala zabhangqwa. Ngokusobala lezi yizinsikazi ezinamawundlu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi la ma-dinosaurs ayengabazali abahle.
Amehlo ama-ichthyosaurs ayemakhulu kakhulu futhi ayengafika ku-20 cm ubukhulu. Ukuvikelwa kwabo ngosizo lwendandatho yethambo kubonisa ukuthi lezi ezihuquzelayo zazikwazi ukuzingela ebusuku.
Ngokuqondene nomgogodla, wawakhiwa cishe ama-vertebrae acishe abe ngu-150, iningi lawo (elinganiselwa ku-80) lalisesigabeni somsila, futhi izimbambo zixhunywe kokuphumula, futhi lapho kwakhiwa khona umzimba olandelanayo we-ichthyosaur, ubude bawo babuqala kumamitha ayi-1 kuye kwayi-10 noma ngaphezulu.
Intamo yayimfushane kakhulu, eyadala isithombe sobuqotho bekhanda nomzimba.
Ama-Ichthyosaurs adlala emafwini
Ngokuqondene nombala, wawungokwesimo se- "counter -thunzi" - phezulu omnyama kanye nelambu elikhanyayo, elinombala ogqamile.
Indlela yokuphila yase-Ichthyosaurus
Ama-Ichthyosaurs ayeyizakhamuzi zasemanzini kuphela. Ngenxa yokuvela kwemvelo, imilenze yabo yaphulukana nenhloso futhi, yaphenduka imvini, yaqala ukusebenza njengecebo elisizayo lokuhamba emanzini.
Ama-Ichthyosaurs ayengama-divers ahlukahlukene futhi ayekwazi ukuhamba emanzini ngejubane eliphakeme futhi aguqule indlela yawo ngenxa yomsila.
U-Ichthyosaurus wayenemihlathi emide kakhulu
Ukungakwazi ukungena ezweni, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukubeka amaqanda, kwaholela ekutheni ama-ichthyosaurs abe izidalwa ezi-viviparous.
Kepha empeleni, i-ichthyosaurs yahlala izinyamazane, futhi isisekelo sokudla kwazo kwakuyizinhlanzi nezinhlobonhlobo zama-mollusks.
Ukutholwa okuningi kwale dinosaur yasendulo eCentral Europe, kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi banokufana okukhulu koshaka banamuhla namahlengethwa, okubuye kwaholela abacwaningi emcabangweni wokuthi indlela yabo yokuphila ifana kakhulu.
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