Umuntu ozokhethwa kwi-Biological Sayensi L. SEMAGO (Voronezh). Izithombe ngu-I. Konstantinov.

Undlunkulu inyoni ephilayo, ejabule, enempilo futhi enobungane. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukubukeka kwedolobha kunjengokungathi kuthintwa ukuthinteka kokuqaqamba. E-Tiksi ebusayo, angihlatshwanga yilanga phakathi kwamabili, hhayi ngenxa yezindonga ezivulekile zamawa phakathi ehlobo, hhayi ngamapopipies, kepha ukungabikho ngokuphelele kondlunkulu emigwaqweni. Idolobha, kepha akunazi undlunkulu!

Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili eyedlule, kuNo 3 kumagazini wango-1986, kwashicilelwa indatshana yami nge-House Sparrow. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ukubonwa okusha kuqoqiwe, kuye kwenziwa iziphetho ezintsha, engifuna ukuwabelana nomfundi. Uyini - undlunkulu wakithi?

Uhlala njalo futhi yonke indawo ibonakala, kepha akekho umakhelwane oneminyaka emakhulu, noma ocwaningwe okhethekile kuze kube manje onikeze isithombe esiphelele somndeni wakhe nesakhiwo senhlalo. Akakubekezeleli ngokuphelele ukunakwa kuye. Sesibe omakhelwane isikhathi eside, kodwa yini esiyaziyo ngale nyoni? Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi sonyaka insikazi ibeka amahlandla amathathu noma ngisho namaqanda aphindwe kane kunalokho okudingekayo ekuzaleni empilweni ezolile. Impela, impilo edolobheni eliseduze komuntu igcwele ukuguquka okungalindeleki nezingozi. Melana nanoma yikuphi ukumangala, mhlawumbe undlunkulu usiza indlela yokuphila yomndeni eqinile. Yebo, yebo, ungamamatheka.

Ukuziphatha kwabazali bakaSparrow kufanele sikuhlonishwe futhi kudunyiswe. Indoda nomndeni onjalo kufanele usafunwe ezweni lezinyoni. Angikhumbuli kahle ukuthi ngubani ongumnikazi womqondo wokuthi lapho kwakheka umndeni ngendlela yesimanje, umuntu waboleka okuningi okuwusizo komndeni nokuziphatha kwabazali ezinyoni, kubandakanya umakhelwane wakhe osondele kakhulu - undlunkulu. Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kothando lomshado nokuthembeka kundlunkulu wendlu kuvinjelwe kakhulu futhi kungabonakali kunendlunkulu yensimu. Ngisho nokubandakanyeka ekwindla, lapho sonke isizwe sondlunkulu sihlala emaphaketheni, kwenzeka singanakwa, njengoba besho, ngaphandle kofakazi, izivakashi, imidanso nokucula.

Kepha-ke yini imisindo enomsindo, cishe unyaka wonke ngamakhefu amafushane, imisakazo yasemgwaqweni yabesilisa abadala? Kuzo zonke izinyoni zasendaweni ezifudukayo nezihlala zodwa, okwendlulayo kunqunyelwe ngesikhathi nangesikhathi, ngenkathi undlunkulu uqala ngosuku lokuqala lwethanga lapho kukhula ubusika, bukhula entwasahlobo, lufa lapho izinsikazi zihlala emaqanda, zivuka ngamandla zivuselelekile emva kokuphuma kwamachwane. Kepha lapha undlunkulu babuye babe yizikhukhukazi, yize ingasakwazi ukuvumelanisa njengokuqala, futhi abesilisa abaphumule baziphatha ngokuthula. Futhi lapho i-molting iqala ngoJulayi, isembatho sigqoka, wonke umuntu wehlisa umoya: hhayi ngaphambi kwalokho. Egqokeni elisha, abesilisa baphinda bathathe injabulo yentwasahlobo, engagugi ubusika obungaphambi kobusika.

Ukweluka komdlandla ngaphandle kokuqunjelwa kungabizwa ngokuthi ukuqomisana, ngoba kuhlala kwenzeka kuphela lapho kungowesifazane. Uma kukodwa, ngakho-ke yonke into ibukeka inesizotha. USparrow, esebone undlunkulu onomzwangedwa emhlabathini, esihlahleni, ophahleni, uyandizela phezulu kuye futhi, ngokungathi uthuthumela, uphonsa ikhanda lakhe, wehlise amaphiko akhe futhi edonsa nomsila wakhe, uqala ukunyenyeza ngokuzungeza okukhulu: manje, bathi, engiyikho! Noma kunjalo, kukhona uhlobo oluthile lomugqa olungenqamula: ungathola ukushaywa ngamandla, ngaphezu kwalokho, okungathi sína. Ngake ngabona undlunkulu ngokushesha okukhulu ngokungenankinga wagxumela egatsheni lapho kwakuhleli khona owesifazana, wasenamathela kulo ngentukuthelo enkulu kangangokuba bobabili bawa kusuka ekuphakameni okungamamitha ayisithupha. Ungasemhlane wakhe. Futhi wamhlukumeza, eqamba amanga, kube sengathi uyagabadela ngeteyipu elibomvu. Ephunyukile, kepha engapholisi maseko, waqhubeka nokuzilolonga, kepha ebangeni elihloniphayo, kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokuvuma, wahlangana nokusongelwa okusha kuye. Ngasizathu simbe, u-Sparrow akakaze akhombise ukuthandwa.

Ukubonakala kwesoka akunandaba. Kungaba okuhlanzekile, njengesigaxa selanga, noma kumnyama ngothango lwensipho emafutheni omfusa kusuka ezikhungweni, kungagijimela kowesifazane osedonse amehlo ekunakekeleni kusukela emgudwini womgwaqo: umphumela uzofana.

Imvamisa, undlunkulu ababili bagxumela ngasikhathi sinye kundlunkulu owodwa, benganakekeli omunye komunye, futhi, benamathela ngaphandle emabeleni abo, bayagxuma, bacishe babambe amaphiko abo asakaza isigamu. Omunye uphonsa ngaphambili, omunye uvela emsileni. Kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nezimbili, kanti insikazi, ithula ngokuthula nangokuxaka, izikhala endaweni. Abesilisa bashintsha umsila wakhe, kanti ubamba omunye wabo ngembumbulu. UTom kumele ukuthi wayelimele, futhi, ephenduka. Uyandiza ahambe, kepha okwesibili uyandizela, abambelele emsileni wakhe. Kodwa-ke, indlela enjalo ayisizi ukuthola ngisho umbono wokuthandwa.

Hhayi-ke, kuthi lapho abesilisa abathathu, abahlanu, abesilisa noma abanqenqema abaningi bephonsa isalukazi esisodwa, akukho mkhondo wokubonisana nobulungiswa obunenhlonipho: isimo esibi sidlalwa ngokhalo, ama-tweaks, izimpaphe ezijeqayo. Abantu bathatha isiko lale nyoni ngokulwa emgwaqweni. (Lapha, kuzobe kufaneleka ukusho ukuthi ondlunkulu bavame ukulwa bodwa noma, kuyaqabukela, babhangqe ngababili futhi buthule, futhi omakhelwane abaze babe nentshisekelo kunoma yikuphi ukulwa uqobo noma umphumela walo: akusiyona eyethu, ibhizinisi.) Ukubona lesi sehlakalo kwabangazihluphi kukhumbula ukuthi kunento ethile ethukutheliswe yisenzo esithile esingahambelani nokuziphatha kwezinyoni, umphakathi wondlunkulu uhlabe undlunkulu ongathandeki ngokugqabha okukhulu. Kepha ukukhala kanye nama-tweaks, esikhundleni sokuthobeka nokuthobeka, kubangela ukufutheka okunjalo kuondlunkulu kangangokuthi ngemizuzwana emihlanu noma eyisithupha yonke le nqwaba-mala isakazekele lapho.

Ngandlela thile ngabuka lesi sehlakalo. Omakhelwane ababili abathule babezungezwe abesilisa abane abakhokhiswa abamnyama. Omunye wabesifazane wasuka ngokushesha, wahudula omunye wabo, kodwa wabuyela ngokushesha - eyodwa - wema ngezinyawo ehlombe nomakhelwane. Abathathu abasele baphenduka inkani, nesigaxa esinezimpiko eziyishumi saphela cishe umzuzwana wonke sigijinyiswa ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabantu abedlula ngendlela, ngaphansi kwezimoto ezazimi eceleni kwendlela.

Ukuchazwa komgwaqo omkhulu “okwenza umdlalo” kancane kancane kwacaca ngemuva kweminyaka yokubalwa kondlunkulu bendlu emadolobheni nasemizaneni yaseRussia Plain, ePoland naseBulgaria. Ekupheleni kobusika, lapho bonke ondlunkulu sebebadala, lapho bonke bebona, lapho kufika impumuzo empilweni yalezi zinyoni (ondlunkulu nezikhova, inkokhiso entsha evela kondlunkulu, iqhwa liyanyamalala, isikhathi samahhala sivela ekufuneni ukudla), zabalwa ngokwahlukana abesilisa nabesifazane. Sithole izinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Futhi yonke indawo kwakukhona abesilisa abaningi kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, kwavela ukuthi undlunkulu abalikhulu namashumi amahlanu ekuqaleni kwesizini yokuzalanisa bathinta ondlunkulu abayikhulu namashumi amahlanu. Kepha undlunkulu uyinto eyodwa, izinyoni ezimbhangqwana ziye zathembeka komunye nomunye iminyaka, nomcabango wokuthi lezi zinsikazi, ngenkathi zishintshana, zibukeka, njengezimpukane eziqhanyelwe, entombazaneni yesibili yokuphila, zinyamalale zodwa. Futhi ongazange abe nomndeni selokhu kuwele noma owesifazane efa ebusika, uphethwe isizini elandelayo njenge-bachelor, futhi uzosebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuncenga intokazi enesizungu ukuba ihlale ndawonye. Kwenzeka, ngenhlanhla - i-bachelor izohlangana nenyoni yomfelokazi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokuxhuma okungatheni komdanso omfushane, indiza iya endaweni ebiyifunela isidleke noma ikwazi ngisho nokwakha, bese undlunkulu undiza ngemuva. Futhi akukho nhlanhla - ngakho-ke uye kwelamanje.

Ekwindla wonyaka wesibili, lapho izintokazi ezisencane zesizukulwane esisha ziba yizinyoni ezizimele, ama-bachelors amadala (undlunkulu ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila wamukeleka ngokuphelele ukubiza ikhehla) ngeke lisakhumbula. Kepha ontanga abaningi balaba besifazane, ondlunkulu bonyaka wokuqala, bazozithola besesikhundleni “somalume” wabo futhi bazozama, njengalabo, ukuhenda lowo undlunkulu obonakala ekhululekile kubo. Ngaphandle, owesifazane ongashadile akahlukile kowomndeni, kepha oshadelwe ngokuziphatha kwakhe kwenza kucace ukuthi sikabani isikhundla sakhe. Ngakho-ke, "i-matchmaking" yesikhashana kangaka: yonke i-fuse ishisa ngokushesha kunomdlalo.

Kodwa-ke, ukwehluleka kondlunkulu akumkhiphi ngaphandle kokusebenza, futhi ngeze azame ukulahlekelwa yisikhathi. Nguye kuphela ongabeka phansi isidleke ngokwemithetho yonke, engakabi nomndeni. Akusikhona ukuthi lonke iqhwa selincibilikile, akukho okungathathwa emhlabathini, kepha usevele ukhetha isigaxa segatsha elomile, ethatha izimpaphe endaweni yomzabalazo wejuba, ithikithi eligoqiwe esitobhini sethilamu. Wakha ngokuphelele, hhayi, futhi ngesikhathi sekhefu amafushane umemeza kakhulu isimemo sakhe - "chim-chim-chili". Le yingoma yakhe yasentwasahlobo yonke. Lo mbhangqwana usebenza ngokubambisana, futhi ehlobo, ulungiselela ukufakwa kwesibili noma okwesithathu, insikazi uvame ukwenza ngaphandle kosizo lowesilisa. Esidlekeni esiphelile, uyinkosikazi. Lapho kufanele ashiye isidleke ngesikhathi sokufakwa, uhlala njengonogada emnyango.

Ondlunkulu onesibindi futhi ongesabi ngenkathi evikela indlu. Anganikeza ukubuyiselwa okunjalo kumhlaseli onamandla futhi oyingozi wezidleke zabafokazi nalowo mbulali - anqume ukuthi aphunyuke ngobuhlakani kumnikazi othukuthele. Zizwe ukhululekile ukulwa nomuntu ofana nenkanyezi, kungashaywa ngesihluku, kepha akalaleli umuntu omkhulu futhi onamandla. Izimpi ezinesifiso phakathi kondlunkulu uqobo azijwayelekile njengoba izinyoni zivikela insimu yezidleke, futhi izizathu zazo zicace kwabangabodwa ngokwabo, kodwa kubonakala sengathi umhawu, uma usebenza njengesiqalo somuntu oqinile, ukude nendawo yokuqala. Sparrow ngandlela-thile ngaphandle kwenzalo ubheka ubumnandi bezithandani kowesifazane wakhe, eqiniseka ngokungafinyeleleki kwakhe nokuba qotho kwakhe. Kepha uma kungekho zimbambo ezimbili noma ezintathu, ugijimela ukuyosiza, ehudula ephikelela kakhulu ngezimpaphe, kepha akaguquki lolu sizo lube yimpi. Akukho ukulwa kwangempela okubonwe ngenxa yokuphakelwa, lapha lolu daba aludluleli ngaphezulu kwezinsongo ezikhohlisayo. Uma ucezu kungondlunkulu ngamandla, khona-ke uyayibamba, indize ibaleke, futhi akekho omjaha emva kwakhe, njengegwababa. Akekho ozozama ukuphanga umakhelwane uma nje ekugcina kuqhwaku lwayo: lokhu kungokwakhe. Kepha uma ehla, bonke bayaphuthuma. Futhi uma kunokuphaka okuningi, khona-ke undlunkulu ngeke asheshe ukujaha amabele noma amabele kuphela - ekuqaleni indiza ngemuva kokukodwa.

Impilo yeSparrow inothile emicimbini emikhulu nemincane, esingayiboni, esingayazi. Isibonelo, "omalume", abathi entwasahlobo bangaba izimbangi zezinsizwa, ehlobo banakekele imihlambi yezilwane ezisencane. Abazijezisi muntu ngokungalaleli, bafundisa wonke umuntu futhi bahola ngesineke ekuthini kukhiphe umyalo othi "Alamu!" futhi "Bopha!". Kwakukuleli minyaka, ngenkathi abancane besagqoke izingubo zezingane, kwaqanjwa leso sixwayiso esikhulu sabadlula ngendlela. Ungawudambisa undlunkulu obambeke entendeni yesandla sakho, kepha owesifazana, ofunda isikole esincane esidlula ngendlela, uzohlala endle kuze kuphele izinsuku zakhe. Lokhu akusona isihlahla. Ondlunkulu abazi ukuthi ukufa kwesihlobo kuyini, futhi abanandaba nondlunkulu ofile. Ukufa komuntu oyedwa noma abaningi phambi kwawo wonke umuntu futhi akufundisi lutho. Lezi akuzona izingwe.

Edolobheni lakithi bekufanele ngiphendule umbuzo ofanayo kunesikhathi esisodwa: "Kungani ondlunkulu baba mbalwa kangaka, ingabe imisebe ekhubazekile imindeni yabo?" Cha, hhayi imisebe. IVorobyov yancipha ngempela edolobheni, kodwa ngoba abantu bomuzi uqobo bayekile ukubondla ngomusa ofanayo. Khumbula, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi kwakunjani futhi kunamafutha, kepha ondlunkulu abondlekile kahle babegcwala ezitolo nasezitebeleni, bexabana ngokuxabana omunye nomunye nangamajuba ngenxa yokugoqana kwamaphayi nepings. Manje kusalokhu kuphila ngokulahlwa phansi komhlaba kanye nokulahlwa kukadoti.

Ondlunkulu, ngokuzizuzela okukhulu, basebenzisa ithuba lokuvikelwa okuthandwayo kwamajuba asephelile ngemuva komkhosi waseMoscow wonyaka wamashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa. Amashumi ezinkulungwane aminyanisa kuwo yonke indawo lapho ebondla khona amajuba. Kusihlwa, hhayi ukundiza ubusuku, bakhala ngokubabaza kwamatholethi amadala ngamathilethi abo. Ekuseni, i-asphalt ngaphansi kwendawo yobusuku yayinjengesitezi ngaphansi kwekholaji evulekile yenkukhu. Kepha ngokushesha uthando lwezimpawu zomhlaba 'ezihahayo nezingenamsebenzi' zaqala ukuphola, futhi esikhundleni sezikhwama zokusanhlamvu, amajuba aqala ukuthulula amajuba. Futhi nakhu undlunkulu basekhaya yibo ababelahlekile. Ngemuva kwalokho kwaba kubi. Kepha yize singasayiboni imihlambi emidala, isizwe esinomsindo asifanga, futhi ehlobo abaningi bethu abasavunyelwe ukubuka amaphupho angaphambi kokusa okunamandla ngaphansi kwamafasitela.

Indlu Sparrow Owesifazane

Inyoni eyondlunkulu eyaziwayo ibukeka ijwayelekile futhi ayifisi kangako kwabaningi. Okwamanje, ubuhlobo bethu naye buyisibonelo esicacile sobunkimbinkimbi nobunqenqemeni bokunquma ukulimala noma inzuzo yezinhlobo ezithile zezidalwa eziphilayo kubantu.

Ondlunkulu bangabomndeni wezinyoni owalukile (Plocidae), iningi lawo elihlala e-Afrika. Ukudla okuthandekayo kwabaluki emvelweni yimbewu yamabele, futhi kuvame ukulimaza ezitshalweni zamasiko zalezi zitshalo. Abaluki, njengomthetho, bayizinyoni ezihlala phansi, kwesinye isikhathi ziyandiza futhi ziyazulazula, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zivame ukugcina emihlambini emikhulu nezidleke emakoloni. Lezi zici zivame ukutholakala ezinhlotsheni eziyi-15-17 zondlunkulu bangempela - abamele uhlobo Umgibeli.

Esethu undlunkulu wendlu (Umgibeli wasekhaya), mhlawumbe ngenye yezimo ezivumelaniswe kakhulu nokuphila eduze kwabantu izinyoni. Emgqondweni oPhakathi, eYurophu, undlunkulu wendlu kude nabantu empeleni awenzeki. Ngenkathi abantu bephinda besuswa esifundeni saseChernobyl ngemuva kwengozi esakhiweni samandla enuzi ngo-1986, undlunkulu wendlu wayeka ukuhlangana lapho, yize ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zazisahlala kule ndawo.

I-House Sparrow isasazeke kakhulu: kulo lonke i-Eurasia (ngaphandle kwe-Arctic, inyakatho-mpumalanga, mpumalanga nesikhungo sase-Asia), kufaka phakathi i-Britland Islands, iNorway, i-Asia Minor kanye ne-Hindustan peninsula. Uhlala e-Arabia, eNyakatho naseMpumalanga Afrika. Ekhulwini le-XIX. le nhlobo yalethwa eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, eziqhingini eziningi eziseCaribbean, eningizimu ye-Afrika, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, futhi kamuva yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo lapho. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XX. I-House Sparrow yavela e-Iceland, Kenya, Senegal, nase-Azores. EMelika, yandisa amabanga ayo ngesivinini esingama-20-50 km ngonyaka: iminyaka engama-40 yazinza eMexico, iminyaka engama-55 yasakazeka isuka eChile yaya e-Ecuador.

Undlunkulu wendlu nowesilisa nowesifazane

Ukwanda kwebanga londlunkulu wendlu kuyaqhubeka e-Eurasia. Lapha kuhlala kanyekanye enyakatho naseningizimu-mpumalanga, eCentral Asia. Eningizimu, undlunkulu wendlu usungatholakala esifundeni sase-Aral Sea kanye nasesigodini saseSyr Darya. Uvele manje eMpumalanga Ekude: esifundeni sase-Amur, ePrimorye.

Njengabanye abaluki - izinyoni zamazwe aseningizimu, undlunkulu awunakho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zomzimba ukuze uhlale esimweni sezulu esibandayo esenyakatho (yize le nyoni ibonwa phezulu nasezintabeni - eSwitzerland Alps endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayinkulungwane, i-Himalayas - 4.6 inkulungwane m). Kepha, unamathela lapho kuhlala khona umuntu, undlunkulu ungena ngempumelelo ngisho nasendaweni ye-tundra engenamsebenzi futhi manje utholakala enyakatho yeYakutia, umlomo wePechora, esifundeni saseMurmansk. Emizaneni nasemadolobhaneni, undlunkulu wendlu nalapha, ezindaweni ezibandayo, uthola izimo zokuphila ezinhle: it izidlekeni emifantwini nasekuvulekeni kwezakhiwo, idla imfucumfucu, izinsalela zokusanhlamvu, imbewu, isinkwa esivela emahholweni, ezindlini zokugcina ezindlini. Lapho undlunkulu wendlu uhlala eduze nenyakatho, unamandla kakhulu ukuxhumana kwawo nabantu, kepha eCentral Asia, eningizimu yeTurkmenistan, ungahlala futhi kude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu.

E-Europe, inani lemndlunkulu wendlu kwezinye izindawo lingafinyelela ngamabili angama-400 nge-1 km2. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ondlunkulu bezindlu abangama-60-200 ezigidi bahlala eYurophu. E-Russia - ngababili abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 (mhlawumbe kuze kube izigidi eziyikhulu). Emadolobheni ase-Ukraine, undlunkulu wendlu, mhlawumbe, ungaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinyoni ezihlangene, okwesibili kuphela amajuba kanye nama-corvid akuma-biomass.

Kodwa-ke, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XX. inani londlunkulu ezifundeni eziningana zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu (ikakhulukazi, eJalimane, eHolland, eGreat Britain naseCzech Republic) laqala ukwehla. Ngakho-ke, eNgilandi kusukela ngo-1970 inani lalezi zinhlobo linciphe ngokungaphezulu kuka-2/3, futhi lo mkhuba uyaqhubeka, ngakho ondlunkulu bezindlu nabo bavikelekile. Ukwehla kwenani kondlunkulu kwabonwa nasemadolobheni ethu amaningi.

Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu. Ukufaka esikhundleni samahhashi nezimoto kuholele ekunciphisweni kwenani lentengo - izindawo ezilungele ukudla (izinsalela ze-oat) kanye nezidleke. Imiklamo emisha yezindlu, lapho kukhona izikhala ezimbalwa nokuvuleka, ondlunkulu abaphuca izindawo ezilungele ukwakha izidleke.Ukunciphisa inani lezikhala eziluhlaza emadolobheni, ukuvuna zakuqala kwezilimo zokusanhlamvu bese kuthathelwa indawo yazo izilimo zemifino, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo kunciphisa isisekelo sodoti - imbewu yezitshalo zasendle nokusala okusanhlamvu emasimini wezinyoni ezindala nezinambuzane ezidlabha zidla inzalo. E-Kiev, ezindaweni zokuthuthuka, izindlu ezinamabhlokhi anezindawo eziningi ziyindida lapho izidleke zisetshenziselwa khona, lapho imidwebo yomhlaba ibonakaliswa notshani obedlulile ngomuthi ngamunye ophansi, inani londlunkulu lincane kakhulu: bagxila emaphethelweni, eduze kwezimakethe, ezindaweni ezingenamuntu noma ezindaweni ezisezindala.

Ukwakhiwa kwama-storages okusanhlamvu okuvaliwe kanye nezitolo zokudla, inhlangano yamapulazi ezinkukhu lapho okusanhlamvu kungasali khona, nakho kunciphisa ondlunkulu bokudla: phambilini babezizwa bekhululekile ekuphakelweni kwenkukhu nemfuyo emapulazini.

Kuliqiniso, ukuziphatha kondlunkulu kuyipulasitiki impela, futhi ngokuvamile bazijwayela kahle impilo ezindaweni zokuhlala zesimanje. Ezinye izinyoni zindizela emaphasishi angaphansi komhlaba, futhi noma esiteshini se-metro, ezitholakala eduze komhlaba. Emadolobheni, ondlunkulu bantshontsha ngempumelelo ubhekilanga namabele amabele ezimakethe, ngqo ezandleni zabathengisi. Ngokushesha, ngokuhlaselwa, bamba okusanhlamvu bese undiza uhambe. Ondlunkulu abesabi ukuzama ukubaxosha: bazovele benyukele eceleni futhi kungekudala bazophinde bazame ukweba okusanhlamvu. Abanye babo, ikakhulukazi ebusika, bangene ezindlini ezimakethe ezimboziwe nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo, lapho bezikhona isikhathi esithile. Ezingadini zokugcina izithombo, zona zidonsa izithombo kanye nemiqumbe. Kumarobhothi, ondlunkulu bandizela emakhejini badle okusanhlamvu nesinkwa.

Ngaphandle kokungabikhona kwesaba kwabantu (ukubheka ukudla, lezi zinyoni zivama ukugxuma ngqo ngaphansi kwezinyawo zabantu, zithatha izinyathelo ezi-1-2), lapho zizama ukubamba noma ukuzidubula, ondlunkulu basheshe basuke endaweni eyingozi, banqume kahle isifiso esikhulayo nesingenamusa kubo. Ngakho-ke, ukubamba ondlunkulu akuyona into elula kangako. Kodwa izinyoni ezincane zishesha ukujwayela ukudingiswa futhi zizale kahle ezindizeni. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abathandi bezinyoni eNgilandi, eBelgium naseNetherlands baqala ukugcina imibala emhlophe engajwayelekile (ukukhanya) njengezinyoni zokuhlobisa emgedeni kondlunkulu.

Emvelweni, ondlunkulu bavame ukuba izidleke emigodini ehlukene, emifantwini yezakhiwo, emiseleni emiseleni, imvamisa ezindongeni zezidleke zezinyoni ezinkulu - izingwamza, okokhozi, imichilo. Eseningizimu kuphela (ngokwesibonelo, eCentral Asia) ondlunkulu bezindlu kwesinye isikhathi bakha izidleke ezivulekile ezihlahleni.

Lezi zinyoni zivame ukudlela ngababili, kepha ezindaweni ezithile, ngokwesibonelo eNgilandi, zikhombisa ukuthambekela okucacile kokuthola izidleke zamakholoni.

Ondlunkulu baqala ukuzala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho kusungulwa indawo yokushisa yomoya - 6-10 ° С. Imvamisa, undlunkulu wendlu unezingane ezingama-2-3 - ukusuka entwasahlobo kuya phakathi nehlobo. Esifundeni esishisayo, lapho ondlunkulu bezindlu bezalanisa unyaka wonke, ama-brood amane ngonyaka ayabhekwa, kepha lokhu akuvamile.

E-clutch yendlu undlunkulu - kusuka 2 kuya ku-10, amaqanda ama-3-7, imvamisa kakhulu eningizimu kuneNyakatho. Kepha, ngokuvamile, amaqanda ambalwa ku-clutch namachwane esidlekeni, maningi amathuba okuthi angafa ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene futhi wonke azophuma esidlekeni. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, amachwane amaningi asinda kunasemadolobheni amakhulu, lapho kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa: ngokwesilinganiso amachwane angama-2-3 edolobheni kanye nama-3-4 emaphandleni.

Ondlunkulu bendlu bafinyelela ukuvuthwa ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha ezinye izinyoni zivuthwa ngokocansi ezinyangeni eziyi-5.5-8. Okusho ukuthi, amaphuphu okuqala entwasahlobo asevele ekhula ngokuwa, aqala ukwenza imizamo yokuzalanisa: ayalwa, azama ukwakha izidleke. Kepha le ndaba ayizi ekuzaleni kwangempela kwenzalo. Ondlunkulu abahlala ekwindla kusukela esidlekeni busetshenziswa ebusika ukuhlala ubusuku obungaphezulu kobusuku, futhi baqala ukuzala entwasahlobo. Ondlunkulu bangasebenzisa isidleke esisodwa iminyaka engu-2-3.

Ngokusho kwemibono eminingana, undlunkulu (nendlu) bakha ngababili cishe impilo yonke. Futhi impilo yabo ayide kakhulu: yize bobabili ondlunkulu abaneminyaka engu-9- no-11 ubudala baziwa, iningi labo aliphili iminyaka emi-4. Izinyoni eziningi ezincane zifa ebusika bokuqala, ngakho-ke isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kondlunkulu ziyinyanga eziyi-9 ukuya kwezi-21.

I-House Sparrow iyizinhlobo ezixazululiwe; imvamisa indiza ngaphandle kwezindawo ezihlala kuyo ngokuvamile ayidluleli ngaphezu kwe-2-3 km. Kepha ebusika, ondlunkulu bayasuka ezifundeni ezisenyakatho ngokwedlulele, kwesinye isikhathi bebanga amabanga amade, futhi baze bandize baye ngase-East East besuka eningizimu yeCentral Asia. Le ukunyakaza kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zezulu eminyakeni ethile, ngokutholakala kokuphakelayo.

Ezinyoni ezincane, ingxenye enkulu isala ukuze ihlale eduzane nezidleke zazo, futhi ambalwa kuphela andiza ngamashumi amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ekupheleni kwehlobo - ekwindla yakuqala, imifudlana yozimele abasebancane bahlanganiswa futhi bathontelana ukubuthana ezindaweni zodoti (imbewu, okusanhlamvu). Ngalesi sikhathi, bachitha ubusuku ngamaqembu amakhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile, emagatsheni ezihlahla nasezihlahleni, futhi yilapho kuphela lapho bengakwazi ukusuka endaweni yokuzalwa. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwendlunkulu yendlu kwenzeka.

Ukondliwa kondlunkulu kuhluke ngokuphelele. Zondla amantshontsho ngezinambuzane, phakathi kwazo kukhona izinambuzane eziningi. Isibonelo, eMoldova, ngaphezu kwama-60% ezinambuzane ezilethwa ngoondlunkulu bazo ezinhlotsheni eziyingozi kwezomnotho. E-Ukraine, ondlunkulu bondla izidleke okungenani ezingama-103 ezinhlobo ezingama-arthropods ahlukene, ama-66% awo ngamabhungane, kufaka phakathi amabhungane, ama-weevil nama-nutcrackers. Ondlunkulu baletha amachwane nezimpukane nezimfene. Kepha Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ondlunkulu asebekhulile bashintshela kuphela ukutshala ukudla, kufaka phakathi imbewu yezinhlamvu ezitshaliwe ezivunwe emasimini. Kulokhu, kukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi entwasahlobo entwasahlobo ziyasebenziseka, njengoba zondla amachwane ngezinambuzane ezinambuzane, kanti ekwindla zingaba yingozi. Impela, ondlunkulu baletha inzuzo enkulu kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo, amaphuphu owesibili (ihlobo), amabhuku, akhula, asethubeni lokushintshela ekudleni ukudla. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ukudla kondlunkulu kungaba ngu-1/5 kube nembewu yezitshalo ezitshaliwe. Ngokusho okwashiwo eMoldova naseHungary, ondlunkulu basendlini badla imbewu yezinhlobo eziyi-8 zezilimo. Ekwindla, undlunkulu wasendlini udla kuze kufike ku-5-6 g wokusanhlamvu ngosuku, okutholakalayo kufaka i-sunflower, i-hemp, ilayisi, i-nokunye okubhakiwe Ngokusho kokuphawuliwe, eWestern Ukraine izindlu ezindlunkulu zibutha okusanhlamvu okuwe okuthe xaxa emasimini kunokuziphonsa ezindlebeni zommbila. Ondlunkulu nabo bangaba yingozi ezivinini nasemasimini amabhele.

Esikhathini sekwindla-ebusika, ukudla kondlunkulu ikakhulukazi imbewu yezitshalo zasendle, izinsalela zokudla komuntu. Ngakho-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, undlunkulu awonakali. Kepha angakwazi ukuncintisana nenkukhu ekudleni emapulazini ezinkukhu, lapho akwazi ukundiza ngamapayipi wokufaka umoya kanye nezimbobo futhi aze azame nokudla isidleke lapho, njengoba kubonwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha. Ezingadini zokugcina izithombo, lapho undlunkulu undizela khona emifantwini ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi, ubeka izithombo zamakhukhamba okuqala.

Kodwa-ke, "usizo" kanye "nokulimaza" kondlunkulu ngezinkathi ezihlukene zonyaka kuyimpikiswano kakhulu. Ondlunkulu bavame ukulimaza entwasahlobo ngokugoqa ama-buds ezihlahleni zezithelo, hhayi izinambuzane eziyingozi nje kuphela, kodwa nezicabucabu eziwusizo ngisho nezinduna zezinkukhu zilethwa amachwane. Empeleni, ondlunkulu baqoqa izinhlobo ezifinyeleleka kakhulu neziningi zokudla okubukhoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuya ngokubona okwenziwe eMoscow, angondla amantshontsho awo hhayi ngezinambuzane, kodwa ngembewu nokunye ukudla kwezitshalo. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yokushoda kwezinambuzane eziphilayo maphakathi nedolobha elikhulu futhi alusizo kumathoyizi - ngenkathi ukukhula kwawo nokusindiswa kwawo bekukuncane kakhulu kunasemakhaya, emadolobheni afanayo.

Ngokuqondene nesikhathi sekwindla, khona-ke imbewu yezitshalo ezingatshaliwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nokhula oluhlukahlukene lubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekunakekelweni kondlunkulu. Ngakho-ke, ngokuya ngokubona eJalimane, imbewu yokhula ifinyelela ku-36% wokudla kwendlunkulu kwendlu yasekwindla. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kokulimala noma ukusebenziseka kondlunkulu wendlu kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala lapho kunesikhathi sonyaka. Emadolobheni amakhulu, ikakhulukazi enyakatho, lezi zinyoni zinamathuba amaningi okuba usizo, ngoba zivikela izikhala eziluhlaza ezilwanyaneni futhi zinciphise ukusakazeka kwezitshalo zokhula. ENingizimu, ezindaweni zezolimo, ondlunkulu bangaba yingozi ngezikhathi ezithile. Kepha, futhi, hhayi yonke indawo. E-Ukraine esentshonalanga, undlunkulu wendlu awuthathwa njengenyoni eyingozi, kanti eningizimu-mpumalanga kungalimaza izilimo zokusanhlamvu nezivini. Emazweni aseYurophu, kanye naseKazakhstan, undlunkulu bendlu buphawulwa njengezinyoni ezidala ukulimala ezivinini nasemasimini: bagoqa ama-cherries, ama-currants, amagilebhisi, ibhali, ukolweni, abhekilanga, njll. Futhi eningizimu yeCentral Asia, lapho isibalo semndlu yendlu singasho lutho, asithathwa njengesiyongo esikhulu.

Ngenxa yobuningi obukhulu kwezinye izindawo, undlunkulu wendlu ubaluleke kakhulu ezifweni eziyingozi. Ezidlekeni zayo, imikhaza iphila - kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20 zezinambuzane. Kufika ku-12% kondlunkulu abangenwe yi-pathogenic microorganisms. Ama-causative agents we-typhoid, paratyphoid, anthrax, dysentery, isifo sofuba, i-tularemia, i-Q fever, kanye ne-staphylococci atholakala kuwo. Kuyiqiniso, ukusakazeka kwezifo zabantu ngondlunkulu akukaze kufakazelwe. Kepha ondlunkulu bangadlulisela izibaya eziyingozi emgodini kumagalaji ngendlela efanayo njengoba besakaza izifo zezinkukhu: ingxibongo, udiphtheria, ukungaboni ebusuku, isifo sofuba.

Emadolobheni amakhulu, undlunkulu wendlu unezitha ezimbalwa - ngezikhathi ezithile amakati nezinyoni zezinyamazane zibanjwa. Ngakho-ke, umlawuli wenani londlunkulu emadolobheni kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuyinhloko ube yizifo namagciwane. Futhi, njengoba sekushiwo, izinguquko endaweni yasemadolobheni, okuholela ekunciphiseni ekuhlinzekweni kokudla kanye nenani lezindawo ezilungele izidleke.

Undlunkulu

Ngaphandle kondlunkulu wasendlini, kubhebhetheke futhi undlunkulu (I-Passer montanus) Kuyaphawuleka ngosayizi wayo omncane - mncane kunalowo ongaxekile nabanye ondlunkulu eYurophu. Ingaphezulu lekhanda lakhe linsundu, owesilisa nowesifazane banombala ofanayo (ngokuhlukile kowesilisa okhanyayo endlini undlunkulu). Ngokwendlela yempilo, undlunkulu ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo ne-brownie, kodwa futhi inezimpawu zayo. Igama elithi “insimu” uqobo libonisa ukwenzeka kaningi kwalolu hlobo emasimini, emadolobhaneni, emadolobheni amancane. Kepha lokhu kuvalelwa kuhambelana kakhulu. Igama lesiNgisi londlunkulu wensimu "undlunkulu wesihlahla." Ngempela, eNtshonalanga Yurophu le nhlobo ivame ukuhlala emahlathini amadala, amapaki, izingadi namapaki amahlathi. Enyakatho nasempumalanga yebanga, imvamisa izidleke emadolobhaneni, futhi kuncipha kakhulu emahlathini. EPrimorye naseSakhalin, undlunkulu uhlala yedwa eduze kwabantu. E-Central Asia, kubo bonke ondlunkulu bendawo, uhlangene kakhulu nabantu, cishe akahlali kude nezindawo ahlala kuzo, futhi lapha wayengabizwa ngokuthi "brownie". Ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, undlunkulu uncamela ukuhlala emadolobheni. Kuliqiniso, emadolobheni kutholakala eYurophu kanye nondlunkulu wasendlini, kepha akuvamisile. Isibonelo, eKitchen, sayibona emaphethelweni edolobha, eduze nasezindaweni zokuphumula nasemapaki amadolobha. Eqinisweni, le nhlobo ihlala kuwo wonke amadolobha ase-Ukraine futhi lapha kufanele igama elithi "emadolobheni". Kepha ngasikhathi sinye udla izigodi zemifula, ezimfundeni lapho kukhula khona izihlahla namabhishi, emigwaqweni, emaphethelweni amadolobhana namadolobhana amancane, ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, emabhandeni amahlathi emasimini, okungukuthi, nokho “uyinsimu” "futhi.

Undlunkulu usatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu ye-Eurasia futhi unwebisa ububanzi bawo ukusuka e-Asia kuya eYurophu, ukusuka eningizimu nasempumalanga uye enyakatho nentshonalanga, okungukuthi, ukuhluka kancane kunendlunkulu yendlu. Akukho enyakatho yeSiberia, enyakatho Ekude, enyakatho-empumalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia, eNdiya, e-Arabia, eningizimu yePhalamende laseBalkan. Ngasenyakatho, undlunkulu wonke ufikelwa ngaphezulu kwe-brownie - ufike ku-70 ° C. w. eNorway, ngasogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe, umlomo wePechora, iNhlonhlo yeKola, enyakatho ye-Urals, kuze kube ngu-64 ° C. w. eYakutia (lapha yena, njengondlunkulu wasendlini, ubonwa kuphela ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu). Silugcine ePamirs naseHimalaya endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3.5.

Undlunkulu wendlu yowesilisa nondlunkulu wasensimini

U-Sparrow ukhetha ukwakhela izidleke emigodini ehlukene, emiseleni emaweni, nasemizaneni - ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu. Njengondlunkulu wasendlini, izidleke ziyizinqwaba zesimila semfucumfucu zezitshalo, izimpaphe noboya. Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda ngaphezulu, owesilisa kuphela owondla yena nenzalo yakhe, avikele isidleke, njengakwezinye izinhlobo zamndlunkulu.

Ondlunkulu bendlu nabasebenza insimu bangancintisana ngezindawo zokwakha izidleke - indlu enkulu ivame ukugcwalisa insimu ngaphandle kwezindawo ezifinyeleleka kalula. Futhi, ondlunkulu bangazama ukusinda ezinye izinyoni - ama-flycatchers, redstart, cartridge, titmouse - ezindaweni zabo zokukhosela. Kulokhu, ondlunkulu bensimu bavame ukusebenza ngababili: inyoni eyodwa ivikela indawo ebanjiwe ngaphandle, enye ngaso sonke isikhathi ihlala esidlekeni. Undlamu olusebenza kakhulu lusebenzisa izidleke zokufakelwa zezinyoni ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezindlini zezinyoni. Kwezinye izindawo, izindlu eziningi zezinyoni zithathwa ngondlunkulu - lokhu kuyindawo esemqoka futhi eyinhloko yokudlela kwabo. Esifundeni saseMoscow, eduze kwaseSt. Petersburg, eLithuania, kufinyelela ku-70-80% nangaphezulu endlwini eyizidleke ezindaweni zokugcina ezakhiwe nezidleke zezinyoni. Izinkanyezi, nokho, zixosha ngempumelelo ondlunkulu kule ndawo yokukhosela. Imvamisa bangavikela amakhaya abo kanye nama-tipi amakhulu.

Umzabalazo wesiphephelo wenzeka phakathi kondlunkulu nokujikijelana, futhi isibalo esithile sondlunkulu siyafa ngisho nakulezi zimpi. Kunezimo lapho umhlambi wezigwinyo zibiyelwe esidlekeni sondlunkulu okuhlala kuwo.

Ondlunkulu bezikhala zensimu bakha izidleke ebangeni elithile ukusuka komunye nomunye, futhi kuphela ehlobo, kanye namantshontsho asekhulile, bajoyine imihlambi ezindaweni zokudla.

Undlunkulu udla izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesizini (kuze kube izikhathi ezi-4 ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia). E-clutch kukhona ama-3-8, amaqanda ama-5-6. Kepha ekwindla, isibalo sondlunkulu sikhuphuke ngaphezu kwehlobo futhi siyancipha, kwesinye isikhathi kube izikhathi ezi-5 noma ngaphezulu. Ebusika, isibalo esiphelele sondlunkulu endaweni eyodwa singehliswa saba yi-15% yenani labo ehlobo. Ezinye izinyoni ziyafa (yize undlunkulu wenkambu ungabekezelela amazinga okushisa aze afike ku-50 ° C ebusika), ezinye izingane zindizela ezindaweni ezintsha.

Undlunkulu uyasebenza kakhulu kunondlunkulu wasendlini futhi angandiza emva kokudliwayo amakhilomitha amathathu ukusuka endaweni ayechitha kuyo ubusuku. Ukufuduka okujwayelekile kwezinyoni ezincane kufinyelela ku-100 km, eJapan - kuze kufike ku-500 km noma ngaphezulu. Ezinye izinyoni ezivela esifundeni saseLeningrad zandiza zaya ePortugal ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5 ukusuka lapho zazalelwa khona. Lolu hlobo luphinde lube nokufuduka ebusika.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ngazimbili ngazinye zingazisebenzisa izidleke zazo isikhathi sonyaka olandelanayo, ngakho-ke kuphela ingxenye yezinyoni ethambekele ekufudukeni. Emkhondlwini wensimu, laba ngokuvamile abantu abancane, bafuna izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zezidleke entwasahlobo futhi bangazigcini ngesikhathi sokuvuswa kocansi lokwindla (okufana nokwondlunkulu wendlu).

Njenge-brownie, undlunkulu wasensimini udla amantshontsho awo ngezinambuzane nezicabucabu. Ngokusho kokunye okubonwe, kuvikelekile kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi kunondlunkulu wendlu. Kepha ondlunkulu abadala namachwane endiza baphuma esidlekeni bathuthela ekudleni kwembewu yezithelo namajikijolo. Ezindaweni okulinywe kuzo okusanhlamvu, undlunkulu wensimu ubhekwa njengendlala enkulu kakhulu kunondlunkulu wasendlini. Ingabhubhisa kuze kufike ku-90% kakolweni emabhande amahlathi, iningi lesitshalo, amabele, i-sunflower, i-hemp, njll.

Ondlunkulu bensimu bakhetha okusanhlamvu esigabeni sokuvuthwa kwe-wax, bahlala emaqenjini ngeziqu nasezindlebeni bese benika ingxenye yokusanhlamvu phansi emhlabathini ngesisindo sabo, lapho bephamba khona. Kodwa futhi bangathola imbewu kuma-spikelets.

Umhlambi wezindlakadla “ungena” kuyo yonke insimu ngamagagasi - ezinye zezinyoni ziyondla, kanti ezinye ziyabuka futhi uma kwenzeka ingozi ikhipha imisindo ethile, ehlukile ngokuya ngokuthi usongo luvela emhlabathini noma emoyeni. Lapho-ke wonke umhlambi uyasuswa bese indiza ihambe, kungaba phansi ngenhla, kuguquke indlela, noma, ngapha, ikhuphuke ibe phezulu.

Amaqanda undlunkulu

Eningizimu ye-Ukraine, ondlunkulu ngenkuthalo i-peck sunflower, e-Asia - ilayisi. Undlunkulu owodwa ungadla futhi ulimaze okusanhlamvu kwezindlebe eziyi-11 zikakolweni ngosuku. Kepha entwasahlobo, ngosuku lokuphakela amantshontsho, undlunkulu uletha izinambuzane cishe amahlandla angama-300, kufaka phakathi izibungu ezingaba yishumi nezibungu ze-sawonkey - izinambuzane zesitshalo. Kuliqiniso, amachwane adla izinambuzane isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto, bese eshintshela ekudleni okusanhlamvu.

Imvamisa ezindaweni ezifuywayo kunemihlambi ehlanganisiwe yendlu nondlunkulu, kuthi eCentral Asia nabo bajoyine undlunkulu obambe amabele (Passer hispaniolensis), futhi ekwazi ukulimaza izilimo. E-Asia Ephakathi naseKazakhstan, ngaphezulu undlunkulu waseNdiya (Inkomba yokudlula) Kodwa ukuqonda ukuqonda ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zemihlambi emikhulu yezinyoni ezixubekile akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kunzima ukuthola umthwalo wezinhlobo ngamunye ngomonakalo wesilimo.

Njengondlunkulu wasendlini, insimu iyasiza enyakatho, lapho kutshalwa khona okusanhlamvu okumbalwa, lapho kukhona izingadi ezimbalwa. Eningizimu, kwezolimo, izindawo zingaba yingozi, kepha ukucolisiswa kuyadingeka lapha. E-Asia Ephakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ondlunkulu basebenza kakhulu emasimini kakotini - abalimazi ukotini, kepha baqoqa izinambuzane. Kepha eduzane, ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu.

Ondlunkulu bavame ukudla emaphethelweni enkambu futhi bangandizeli kuyo ngaphezu kuka-100-150 m. Ngakho-ke, emasimini amakhulu awona umonakalo omncane kunasezindaweni ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezilinyweni zokuzalela isivivinyo, ezivame ukutholakala eduze kwezakhiwo, imigwaqo, amabhande amahlathi - izindawo zokuphumula nezondlunkulu.

Ukutshala okukhethekile kwezitshalo zasendle ezingama-berry nokusanhlamvu eduze kwamasimu kuphazamisa ukunaka kondlunkulu, okunciphisa ukulahleka kwesivuno. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zezemvelo zinganciphisa ukulimala okuvela ezinjeni, ngenkathi ukubhujiswa kwazo okuqondile kuvame ukungasebenzi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eChina maphakathi nekhulu le-XX. Inkampani enkulu yenziwa ukucekela phansi undlunkulu njengemvubu yamabele, ilayisi nokolweni. Kepha emva kwalokho, isibalo sezilokazane zezinambuzane zezilimo ezifanayo zanda kakhulu. Kamuva, kuleli lizwe, imizamo yokubhubhisa ondlunkulu yashiywa futhi yabonwa njengewusizo, futhi ikufanele nokuvikelwa.

Ngenxa yobuningi bawo obukhulu nokusatshalaliswa okubanzi, ondlunkulu badlala indima enkulu ezindalweni zemvelo. Ziyinto yokudla yabazingeli abaningi. Sekukonke, cishe zingama-28 izinhlobo zezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, ezihuquzelayo ezidla ondlunkulu, amaqanda abo namantshontsho. Lawa amakati, izinja, amakati, ama-falcons, izikhova, izikhova, amajuba, izimantshi, amajezi, izinyoka, izinyoka. Kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama - ama-kestrels, izikhova ezinde, izikhova - isilinganiso sezindlondlo ekudleni zingafinyelela ku-10%, naku-derbnik - kuze kufike ku-25%.

Undlunkulu, njengondlunkulu wasendlini, uthwala izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene ngokwazo: Izinhlobo ezi-6 zamakhaza, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 zemikhaza, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-23 zamapharagi angaphakathi futhi, ngenxa yenani lawo eliphakeme, kunokubaluleka okuthile kwezifo, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izinyoni.

Abantu bavame ukuthinta ngqo ukwehla kwezinamba zondlunkulu. Ngakho-ke emigwaqweni yaseFrance cishe i-10% yazo zonke izinyoni ezidutshulwe yizimoto ziyizimvubu zensimu. Ezindaweni zezolimo eningizimu yebanga, izindlela ezikhethekile kwesinye isikhathi zibhubhisa kuze kufinyelele ku-90% wamakhondeni asensimini, futhi eningizimu ye-Asia zivame ukudliwa. Kepha eYurophu, umbono womphakathi manje uthanda undlunkulu bensimu - lolu hlobo luhlelwe ku-Isithasiselo No. 3 sohlu lwe-Berne Convention for the Protection of Animal and Plants in Europe.

Izincwadi

IGolovanova E.N. Izinyoni phezu kwamasimu. - IsiL.: I-Agropromizdat, ka-1987.

Impilo yezilwane. T. 5. - M: Kwezemfundo, ka-1970.

Ilyenko A.I. I-ecology yemndlunkulu wendlu nama-ectoparasites awo. - M: Isayensi, 1976.

Sparrow Passer montanus / Ed. G.A. Noskova. - L: I-Leningrad State University, 1981.

Impendulo

Izinhlobo ezimbili zamndlunkulu: insimu ne-brownie - izinyoni ezihlala phansi, ihlobo nobusika zihlala ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu nemihlambi noma zihlale eduze kwamawa ezifufula. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili: ezinama-Indian and Black-chested - eza kithi kuphela ehlobo. Bavela ngamanani amakhulu ekuqaleni kukaMeyi futhi ngokushesha baqala ukwakha izidleke. Izidleke zabo shaggy kusuka otshanini obomile zihlelwe ngamaqembu ezihlahleni ezinde, imvamisa kakhulu poplars. Isonto elilodwa ngemuva kokufika, izinsikazi ziqala ukubeka amaqanda azo, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili zifakwe, kuqhamuka amachwane. Abazali babondla ngezinambuzane nangamabisi ubisi oluvuthiwe lwezinkwa zamasiko okuqala. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, izingane zishiya isidleke zizindizela zizodla isinkwa, bese abazali beqala ukuzala izingane ezintsha.

Ekugcineni, ekupheleni kukaJulayi, inani londlunkulu landa izikhathi ezingama-6-7. Imihlambi emikhulu yezinyoni ezingeneliseki zamakhulu nezinkulungwane zamakhanda indizela emasimini, idle amabele, ukolweni, ibhali nembewu yezinye izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi wonke undlunkulu udla okungenani amagremu amabili kakolweni ngosuku.

Eduzane nepulazi kubo. IKarl Marx G.S. Umrikhin ekwindla yango-1955 yafinyelela kungondlunkulu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-50, futhi kukhona eminye yayo eduzane nemizana ethile. Umhlambi onjalo ubhubhisa kuze kufike kumakhilogremu ayi-100 esinkwa nsuku zonke. Epulazini elifanayo lombuso, i-hemp ibambezelwe usuku olulodwa. Ondlunkulu bathola lo mkhakha futhi ngosuku bacishe bawususa ngokuphelele imbewu.

Kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile, ondlunkulu bahlala ngokusebenza kwabantu: badla inani elikhulu lokusanhlamvu nembewu yezitshalo zezimboni. Baziphatha kabi kakhulu. Ungawesabisa amasimu nganoma iyiphi indlela: ukumemeza, ukungqongqoza, ukudubula - umhlambi uzandizela ngaphesheya kwensimu futhi uzoqhubeka nomsebenzi wawo.

Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezifudukayo eCentral Asia ngokuqinisekile ziyizinyoni eziyingozi futhi zingaphansi kokuqothulwa.

Ondlunkulu baxhumene nomuntu kangangokuba bazinza emuva kwezindawo zakhe zokuhlala. Awukwazi ukuhlangana nendlunkulu yendlu ephakeme ezintabeni ezimeni zokwemvelo, kodwa eChatyr-Kul, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-4000 ngaphezu kolwandle, uhlala, kodwa uhlala edolobhaneni kuphela. Phambilini bebengekho ondlunkulu abanesifuba esimnyama eSusamir.