Indawo ehlathini kancane kancane, ngokunqamula ehlathini-steppe, idlulela endaweni yemvelo engenalutho - isitebhisi. Kubukeka njengenkambu enkulu lapho ama-forbs amnandi akhula khona.
I-steppe zone itholakala endaweni eshisayo yesimo sezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ilanga elomile, nelomile liyabusa lapha. Le ndawo iphawulwa yimimoya eyomile - imimoya eshisayo eshisayo engaphenduka izivunguvungu ezinamandla zothuli.
Ihlobo esitebhisini lihlala isikhathi eside, libalele, futhi kunetha imvula encane. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingama-20- degree Celsius, kepha kwesinye isikhathi lingakhuphuka liye kuma-40 degrees. Ubusika bufishane futhi bufudumele. Ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lehlela kuma-degrees angama-40.
Entwasahlobo, i-steppe ibonakala ivuka: imibukiso enika impilo inyusa inhlabathi, futhi imbozwe ngokhaphethi wezimbali eziqhamile ze-steppe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisa ilanga, amanzi emvula awanaso isikhathi sokungena ajulile emhlabathini. Igeleza iye ezindaweni eziphansi futhi ihwamuke ngokushesha.
U-fig. 1. ISteppe entwasahlobo.
Umcebo oyinhloko we-steppe zone yindawo evundile, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-chernozem. Ukufa, amakhambi akha ungqimba ophezulu wezakhi - i-humus, enezakhiwo ezingafani zokudla okunempilo.
Umhlaba onemifino
Ngenxa yenani elincane lomswakama ezintabeni, izihlahla ezimbalwa kakhulu ziyakhula. Izitshalo ezinkulu kule ndawo yemvelo zizo zonke izinhlobo zamakhambi nezinhlamvu.
U-fig. 2. Izitshalo zeSteppe.
Izici ezilandelayo ziimpawu zezitshalo ze-steppe:
- amaqabunga amancanyana - ukukhipha umswakama omncane,
- umbala wamahlamvu akhanyayo - kukhombisa kangcono imisebe yelanga,
- izimpande eziningi ezincane - gcoba kangcono futhi ugcine umswakama obalulekile.
Ama-peonies, ama-irises, ama-tulips, utshani be-feather, i-fescue kanye nezitshalo eziningi zokwelapha zikhula e-steppe.
Umhlaba wezilwane
Isembozo semifino esivamile sidale izimo ezinhle empilweni yezinambuzane, okuhlala kuzo inani eliphakeme. Ama-Grasshopper, ama-mares, ama-bumblebees, izinyosi nabanye abaningi bahlala emaqeleni.
Njengoba kunezinambuzane eziningi e-steppe, kusho ukuthi izinyoni eziningi zihlala lapha: ama-partparges, ama-steppe lark, ama-bustards. Bahlomisa izidleke zabo phansi.
Izilwane ze-Steppe zivumelaniswa kakhulu nokuphila ensimini: zonke zincanyana ngosayizi, zinombala okhanyayo ohlangana nezimila. Ema-steppes ahlalwa ngamagundane amaningi nezirhubuluzi.
Ama-Gophers ayizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zama-steppes. Bacitha isikhathi esiningi bemi emilenzeni yabo yangemuva futhi bebheka ngapha nangapha. Ngengozi encane kakhulu, bacasha ngesigaxa esothusayo emiseleni yabo. Eminyakeni engemihle, ngesomiso esibi nokuntuleka kokudla, ayazidla, angahlala izinyanga eziyi-9.
Izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes
Inkinga enkulu yendawo yama-steppe ukulima kwayo ngezidingo zezolimo. Inhlabathi evundile nokungabikho kwezihlahla kwakusebenza njengesizathu esihle sokuthi kungani abantu baqala ukulima izihlahla ze-steppe bakhule izitshalo ezitshaliwe kuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkomo zidla ezindaweni ezingenamiphazamiso, futhi lokhu kuholela ekubhujisweni kwenhlabathi eyingqayizivele.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu, izilwane nezilwane eziningi ze-steppe zazisengozini yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Yini esiyifundile?
Lapho sifunda umbiko wohlelo lwe-4 lekilasi lomhlaba elisizungezile, sifunde ukuthi kunjani isigaba se-steppe. Sithole ukuthi yisiphi isimo sezulu esivamile kule ndawo yemvelo, lapho izitshalo nezilwane zihlala khona endaweni enkulu ye-steppe, nokuthi yini inkinga enkulu yemvelo yama-steppes emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukubuka kuqala:
Isikhungo semfundo sezimali sikamasipala
Inombolo yesikole 1 yaseYasninskaya
Umsebenzi weProjekthi ngesihloko:
"I-Ecology of the steppe: ukubheka ikusasa"
Kuqediwe: umfundi webanga lesine
Ikhanda: A. Yachmeneva
Ingxenye eyisihlanu
Isahluko 1. Izinyathelo zeTrans-Baikal Territory 5
Isahluko 2. Amakhasi encwadi ebomvu yeTrans-Baikal Territory 7
Isahluko 3. Izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes weTrans-Baikal Territory nezinyathelo zokuzinqoba 9
Izikhombo 17
Cha. 1. Iphrezentheshini "I-Ecology yesinyathelo sokutholwa: ukubheka ikusasa"
Cha. 2. Imiphumela yemibuzo "I-Ecology of Transbaikalia steppes"
V. G. Mordkovich wabhala mayelana nesiphetho esibuhlungu sama-steppes: “Uma kuvulwe incwadi ebomvu yohlelo lwe-ecosystem, lapho-ke i-steppe izolethwa kuyo kuqala. Kuzo zonke izinto zemvelo emhlabeni, isiphetho samaphethelo yisimanga esikhulu kunazo zonke. I-protagonist yezenzo zakamuva zale drama ngumuntu. Umlando wempucuko uhlangana kakhulu nokuxakaniseka nokuphila kwendalo yokuthi abantu baphoqelekile ukuthi bancame ukuzidela kwabo ukuze kulondolozwe lo mhlaba osengozini ... "
Ngihlala eTrans-Baikal Territory, lapho ama-steppes kungewona nje kuphela uphawu olukhulu lwenkululeko nobuhle, kodwa futhi nengcebo eyinhloko yabantu. Kepha manje umkhondli unezinkinga zemvelo eziholela kule nqubo yezinto eziphilayo ekunyamalalisweni kwangempela, ukulahleka kobunikazi bayo kanye nokufakwa kwayo yihlathi nethafa eliwugwadule. Ngakho-ke, ingqikithi yomsebenzi wami wokuqamba ithi "i-Ecology yesinyathelo sokutholwa: ukubheka ikusasa". Ukufana kwalo kulele ekutheni namuhla wonke umuntu kufanele acabange ngombuzo wokuthi ungasindisa kanjani i-steppe ekuqothulweni, ngoba lezo zigcinakalo zemvelo kanye nemvelo ezigcinwe endaweni eyiTrans-Baikal Territory (Daursky Nature Reserve, Sokhondinsky Nature Reserve, reservationvelo "Mountain Mountain Steppe", "Tsasucheysky i-boron "), sekuvele akwanele ukuxazulula le nkinga.
Inhloso yomsebenzi wami ukutadisha imvelo yesilo, ukuthola izinkinga eziphambili zemvelo kanye nezindlela zokuzixazulula. Imisebenzi:
- funda izincwadi ngalesi sihloko,
- sungula izici nokubaluleka kohlu lwendlu njengemvelo yezemvelo,
- jwayela izitshalo nezilwane ezifakwe ku-Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory,
- khomba izimbangela zezinkinga zemvelo ku-steppe,
- dala incwadi yezimfumbe ngezinhlobo eziyingqayizivele nezisengozini zokushalwa kwezilwane nezilwane zeTrans-Baikal Territory.
Isihloko sokucwaninga kwami yi-ecosystem of the steppe.
Into okufanele ifundwe yizinkinga zemvelo ze-steppe.
I-Hypothesis: uma uzazi izimbangela zengozi yemvelo ku-steppe, ungagcina lokhu kugcinwa kwemvelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ukuze ama-steppes anganyamalali ngaphandle kokuthola umkhondo ebusweni boMhlaba, kumele avikeleke! Kepha kuphakama imibuzo: “Ungavikela kanjani futhi ubani okufanele akwenze?” Kungani i-steppe, njengesinye sezidalwa ezihlukile kakhulu zemvelo, yaqala ukulahlekelwa inkululeko yayo? Ubani okufanele asolwe? Ungasindisa kanjani i-steppe? ” Ngizamile ukuthola izimpendulo zale mibuzo ngenkathi ngicwaninga.
Isahluko 1. Izinyathelo zeTransbaikal Territory
Izitebhisi zeTransbaikal Territory zimelela umngcele osenyakatho-mpumalanga webhande elikhulu le-stepasia, lisuka eMpumalanga Yurophu uye eManchuria futhi elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iGreat Steppe.
Ngifunda izincwadi, ngithole ukuthi i-Transbaikalia steppe ingahlukaniswa ngombandela njengezifunda ezimbili: ama-Aginsky nama-Daurian steppes, adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni impilo emhlabeni.
Ngaseningizimu yeChita eningizimu-empumalanga yeTransbaikalia, phakathi kwemifula ye-Onon ne-Agi, kwasakazeka indawo yama-Agin. Igcina ukwakheka okungafani nemvelo, ezinye zazo zisakhulekelwa abantu bendawo, ngoba lezi yizinto okufanele zikhulekelwe. Ukusuka ekucabangeni kwesikhathi, entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ngesikhathi izindiza eziseLwandle i-Nozhi, esisendaweni ye-Aginskaya Steppe reservation, swans-white swans stop.
Lesi siqiwi esinendawo engamahektare angama-45,72 samiswa ngo-2004 futhi sisendaweni yesifunda sase-Aginsky phakathi kwemifula i-Onon ne-Aga. Inhloso yaleli gadi bekuwukugcina nokubuyisela esimeni sendalo nemvelo yasemanzini ye-Agin steppe. Ingxenye enkulu yalesi siqiwu iqukethe amathafa amancane anamagquma ahlala imiphakathi eyahlukahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu lapha ngotshani bezimpaphe kanye ne-steppees. Ama-Steppes kanye nemishayo kasawoti agcinele izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingandile njenge-Ural licorice, i-physalis vesicle, i-nitrate yaseSiberia. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo eziyi-17 zezitshalo ezisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu yeTrans-Baikal Territory.
Ukuba khona kwamachibi amaningi kuheha izinyoni ezahlukahlukene eziseduze namanzi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo. Lapha, emachibini asesitebhisini, umuntu angahlangana nezimbila (abamhlophe kanye nabaqwayizi), ama-mallard, duck ompunga, idada elinamakhanda abomvu, i-whooper swan, kanye nezinhlobo ezingandile njengamarhanisi awomile. Ama-cranes abuye aqoqane eduze namachibi - i-belladonna, i-daurian, emnyama, grey futhi emhlophe (ama-Cranes aseSiberia).
Kunama-rodices amaningi ku-reservation - i-gopher emide enomsila, i-jerboa, ama-voles amakhulu futhi acinene, iTrans-Baikal hamster, iDaurian yakor. Esikhathini esedlule, ama-marmots (ama-tarbagans) aseMongolia nawo ayekhona kabanzi, kepha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje inani lawo belilincane kanti lolu hlobo seluvikelekile. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezise-Agin steppe, kukhona impisi, impungushe, ukhokho, imanul, i-steppe polecat, i-solonga, i-badger, ne-Daurian hedgehog. Kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi eduze kwehlathi likaphayini i-Tsyrik-Narasun, kutholakala izingulube zaseSiberia. Sekukonke, cishe zingama-35 izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezirekhodwe kuleli gadi.
Isitebhisi saseDaurian sisatshalaliswa endaweni yaseMongolia, China neRussia. Isifunda saseRussia se-steppe sithatha indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-64. Ihlala iDaursky Biosphere Reserve, etholakala eTrans-Baikal Territory. Izindawo zamaSeppe zihlala amathafa namaphethelo ezinyawo, izintaba eziphansi nemigodi yamachibi. Zitholakala ngenxa yezikhukhula zemifula; imigodi kasawoti, amahlathi esiqhingi nezinkulungwane zamachibi zitholakala kuzo. Ngasohlangothini olusenyakatho, izihlahlana kanye ne-birch spikes zikhula emithambekeni. Izinga eliphakeme lokwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo esifundeni kungenxa yokuhlukahluka okukhulu komhlaba kanye nokuphumula. Amaxhaphozi aseMpumalanga Transbaikalia acebisa kakhulu isifunda sama-steppe. Indawo enhle yokusiza nendawo, isibalo esikhulu samachibi nezixhaphozi sinomthelela ekutheni le ndawo ibe yindlela enkulu yokufuduka lapho izinyoni eziseduze kwamanzi, i-waterfowl nezinyoni ezidlulayo zidlula khona.
Inani elikhulu lezinyoni ezingavamile zihlala e-Daurian steppe: i-relict gull, i-bustard, i-goose eyomile, i-crane emnyama ne-daur nabanye. Le nsimu ibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ukuze kulondolozwe ezinye zazo, ngakho-ke iDaursky Nature Reserve idalwe lapha - omunye wemimangaliso yemvelo.
Isahluko 2. Amakhasi encwadi ebomvu yeTrans-Baikal Territory
Isiphetho seTransbaikal Territory yehlukile futhi ingenakutholakala. Simelelwa izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, okungekho okungaqhathaniswa. Kepha iningi labameleeli bemvelo emangalisayo libhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu njengoba isengozini futhi idinga ukuvikelwa. Ngubani futhi kufanele sivikele futhi sivikele kanjani?
IManul isilwane sikhulu kancanyana kunekati lasekhaya. Ihlala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-biotopes we-steppe, kanye nasehlathini nangaphandle kwebhande lehlathi. Uphila impilo yokuhlala phansi, enze izinguquko zobude obude ngenkathi engenangqondo futhi, mhlawumbe, ngesikhathi sokuhlala kabusha. Ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni kunethonya elikhulu kakhulu ezinombolweni. Amakati amaningi abhubhisa izinja. Izitha eziphambili emvelweni yizimpisi, ukhozi nezikhozi. Isibalo semishini ebusika ebusika eneqhwa incishiswa kakhulu. Esigcinweni u- "Daursky" uhlala kuze kufike kumanuls ayi-200. Ukuze ulondoloze imanyolo, kubalulekile ukudala izindawo ezigciniwe, ukulawula ukugcinwa kwezinja, ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwama-loops wokukhishwa kwezilwane esifundeni se-steppe kanye ne-step-steppe, futhi kunciphise izinga lokuzingela.
I-Dzeren - isithombe sentambo, kodwa ukwengeza okuhle emilenzeni emincane, emincane futhi eqinile. Isitha esikhulu emvelweni iyimpisi. Ubusika kanye nesomiso seqhwa kubangela ukulimala okukhulu kubantu; ngezikhathi ezithile, kuba nezifo zezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangela ukufa kwezilwane ngobuningi. Kulula ukuhambisana nemfuyo, kepha izindawo ezinamasheya ngokweqile ngenxa yokuvakasha kokudla okuphindwe kaningi. Isizathu esikhulu sokunyamalala kwalezi zinhlobo kusuka endaweni yaseRussia naseTransbaikalia ukuqothulwa komuntu ngqo. Ivikelwe endaweni yokugcina i-Daursky. Ukuze uhlanganise ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane eTrans-Baikal Territory, kuyadingeka: ukuqinisa ukulwa nokuzingela izimoto, ukwandisa indawo yezokuvikela yeSokhondinsky Reserve. Imfundo yokuzivikela nemvelo phakathi kwabantu ibalulekile.
ICrane - i-belladonna iyinyoni enkulu (amaphiko angama-150-170 cm), kepha incane kunezinye izinhlobo ze-crane. Amapayipi ali-grey grey, umphambili ngaphambili nezinhlangothi zekhanda zimnyama. Izimpaphe ezinde ezimnyama zilenga kusuka esifubeni. E-nesting belladonna iyona eningi kunayo yonke indawo ethafeni laseTorey nasegabeni eliphakathi komgodi womfula. Onon. Izimbangela zokuqothuka: ukuthomba sekwephuzile, ukuntuleka kwezindawo ezidlekayo nokuwohloka kwezimo zokudla lapho kunesomiso, imililo esejwayelekile yasentwasahlobo, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, ingxenye yamachwane kanye nezintethe ziyafa ngenxa yezinja zomelusi, futhi ngenxa yokuphazanyiswa kwezinyoni ngabantu ngesikhathi sokudleka, ezinye izidleke ezisezweni elilimekayo ushona ngesikhathi somsebenzi wezolimo. Ukuchithwa kwezinyoni nezidleke zazo kunqatshiwe, izinhlobo zivikelekile endaweni yokugcina imvelo yaseDaursky. Kuyadingeka ukwenza umsebenzi ochazayo phakathi kwabazingeli, uqinise ukuvikelwa ezindaweni zokuzingela, uqinise izindlela zokuvimbela nokucima i-steppe nemililo yehlathi, ukwethula izindlela zokusebenza ngomusa ezenzweni zezolimo (ukulima izidleke), kanye nokwenqabela izinja ezingamalusi ezingagcineki lapho zigcinwa khona.
Ukhozi lwenyoka enkulu inyamazane edla imindeni yomndeni wezinyoni. Isimo samanje sabantu eTransbaikalia asiphumelelanga. Ngaphezu kokudla okunganele (ngenxa yenani elincane kakhulu lezimbaza), imililo yama-steppe ejwayelekile ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizinkozi, lapho izidleke zifa khona. Kuvela nezimo ezivame kakhulu zokukhathazeka kwezinyoni ezidlekeni (ngokufa okulandelayo kwenzalo evela ku-hypothermia), ukucekelwa phansi kwezidleke nokudutshulwa kwezinkozi ngabazingeli.
I-Physalis Bubble - isitshalo sangezimbali ezinempilo ezinwabuzelayo. Izidingo ezinciphile zezici zezemvelo kanye ne-biology, inani elincane kakhulu lezinhlobo esifundeni zenza ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zihlanganyele kunoma yiluphi ushintsho emvelweni. I-physalis vesicle ifakiwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu futhi idinga ukuvikelwa.
Isahluko 3. Izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes
nezinyathelo zokuzinqoba
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, izintethe zaseTransbaikal zisongelwa ngomonakalo nokubhujiswa kwezimila nokumboza inhlabathi, kanye nezilwane zasendle. Kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okuholela emimoyeni eyomile, ekuzingeleni, okufaka isandla ekubhujisweni komhlaba wezilwane, imililo eguqula inyoka ibe yihlane, umsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu uwonke ungaholela ekunyamalaliseni kwe-steppe njengendlela yezemvelo.
Imvamisa, imisebenzi yabantu yenza izinguquko eziningi ezibalulekile embozweni wemvelo yama-steppes, futhi eziningi zalezi zinguquko ziyahlehla, okuholela ekubhujisweni kanye nokunyamalala kwezinto eziningi zesitshalo se-steppe.
Okokuqala, lokhu kulima kwezindawo ezinkulu ze-steppe. Kubangele izivunguvungu zothuli nokufa kwezigidi zamahektha omhlaba ovundile. Abantu baphenduka izitebhisi zaba ngamasimu. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukulima inhlabathi isikhathi eside kuholele ekunciphiseni kwabo okukhulu futhi kwaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kokuguguleka kwamanzi kanye nomoya. Konke lokhu kunomthelela ekuqubukeni komhlaba ongenalutho, ongafanele noma ngubani wokutshala izilimo noma nokubuyiselwa kwezimila. Ngokuqina kokukhiqizwa, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokunisela. Futhi bona, ngaphezu kokuhle, banemiphumela emibi. Njengokuthi: ukukhishwa kwenhlabathi kanye nezindikimba zamanzi, ukungcoliswa kwazo nokukhucululwa kwendle, ukuguguleka komhlaba, ukwehluleka komhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kobuthi kanye ne-nitrate, ukuncishiswa kwemithombo yamanzi, kubandakanya umhlaba kanye nangaphansi komhlaba.
Okwesibili, kudlalwa emadlelweni esigangeni. Izinkomo zinomthelela ekushintsheni ukuma kotshani be-steppe ngokudla nangokunyathela izitshalo. Amadlelo aphakathi nendawo athinta kahle okusanhlamvu kwamahhashi futhi anciphisa ukwehlukahlukana kotshani. Amadlelo ezimvu awalunganga kakhulu emadlelo aluhlaza.Izinkomo zixuba inhlabathi, zinomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwazo, zinyathele izitshalo ngezinselo, eziyingozi kakhulu kuma-turfgrains. Ukudla ikakhulukazi izimpaphe zotshani ne-fescue, okubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni, kunciphisa ngokuphelele i-steppe yothisha bayo abaphambili. Ngokuvamile,
amadlelo ezinkomo ngokweqile aholela ekubhujisweni komhlaba. Kulokhu, isilinganiso sezitshalo ezinoshevu kanye nomhlonyane phakathi kokuhlukahlukana kwemihlambi kukhule.
Okwesithathu, ukuqoqwa kwenqwaba yezitshalo ezithile okufakwe ku-Red Book kubangela ukulimala okukhulu kokuqhakaza kweziphethu kwentwasahlobo.
Okwesine, ezimweni zesomiso saphakade, izindlela zendabuko zokulawulwa kwemvelo zingqubuzana kakhulu nezintshisekelo zokulondolozwa kwendalo. Ngo-2000-2007 nengxenye yokuqala ka-2008 yayomile kakhulu. Ngo-2007, cishe ama-98% emvula, okuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yohlelo lwama-steppe, lase lase loma endaweni eyi-Daurian steppe. Kwakukhona ukushoda okubukhali kwezindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2007, okungenani ama-70% ezindawo zokudlela ama-cranes nama-goose ayengakulungele ukuhlala, futhi izinyoni zaphoqelelwa ukugxila ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi ezimbalwa ezisindayo. Esikhathini sesomiso, izimila ze-steppe ziba mpofu kakhulu, kanti izindawo ezake zaba manzi zemvelo zemihlume kanye namahansi zoma bese ziphenduka izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zoklaba. Izilokazana zitholakala kalula, hhayi nje kuphela ezilwaneni nasezinja, kodwa futhi nakwabangenacala futhi zivame ukunyathelwa ngamadlelo ezimhlambi.
Ngakho-ke, isomiso sangemuva kwesikhashana asifanele kahle imikhoboka, amakati kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, kanye nezilwane.
Muva nje, kwenziwa umkhankaso ezindaweni eziseTransbaikalia ngenhloso yokuhlonza inani labantu abakhozi abanjengendathane. Imiphumela yayo ayiduduzeki - ukhozi lwe-steppe lwaphenduka uhlobo lwe-Daurian steppes, kunalokho inani layo lehlile eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, njengoba kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwezidleke eziningi zakudala zalolu hlobo ezindaweni ezingenalutho. Iqembu okuwukuphela kwalo esidlekwa yokhozi lwe-steppe ogibeleni lwe-Arguchak, lapho kwembulwa khona ukuzalelwa okuphumelelayo kumasayithi ambalwa angomakhelwane. Iningi lamabhangqwana abonwa lalinezinyoni ezincane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emi-4 kuya kwengama-5, okukhombisa ukushona okukhulu kwezinyoni zaseDaurian.
Enye yezizathu zokufa okuphezulu kwezinkozi zokutholwa esifundeni yindawo eminyene yezintambo zikagesi eziwu-6-10 kV, ebambe cishe zonke izindawo zokuhlala zaseDauria.
Uhlelo lwezinkukhu ezinamandla ayingozi luthinta kabi zonke izinyoni ezingandile esifundeni hhayi izinyoni ezidla kuphela. Ngisho izingquza ezimnyama ziyafa ezigodini zikakhonkolo zezintambo zikagesi kusuka ekushayiseni kukagesi. Ezindaweni ezivikelayo zesigcini seDaursky ngaphansi kokuxhaswa komugqa wokuhambisa amandla, kutholwa isidumbu saker, esisanda kuhlala esidlekeni. Ubuningi obunjalo bezintambo zamandla ezinobungozi njengaseDauria abukho kunoma yisiphi esinye isifunda saseSiberia esiseNingizimu, ngakho-ke, ukugcina izinyoni ezidla inyama, izindlela zokuhlomisa lezi zintambo zamandla ngamadivayisi okuvikela inyoni kufanele kube ngomunye wemisebenzi ephambili yemvelo.
Isizathu esikhulu sempumelelo ephansi yokuzalanisa nokufa kwezidleke ngumlilo we-steppe. Okungenani isigamu sezindawo okwakuhlala kuzo abantu aziphumelelanga ngenxa yokushiswa kwezidleke zokhozi ngesikhathi sokuwa. Umlilo usishayo sangempela seDauria. Hhayi kuphela ama-steppes, kodwa futhi namahlathi asha lapha. Ikakhulu, umucu we-steppe osesiteji oseceleni komngcele wesisekelo se-steppe, okuyi-biotope enkulu yenyathi enye - indawo yokungcwaba, imbozwe ngokuphelele ngomlilo nezihlahla esidlekeni sezilokhe zishiswa lapha. Indawo yokungcwaba ibisalondolozwa esidlekeni emahlathini okugcina ebunjiwe osezingeni eliphakeme emaphethelweni emadlelo amakhulu asedepho, kodwa indawo yayo lapha iphansi kakhulu.
Imvelaphi yemililo ingachazwa ngokuphathwa ngokungakhathali komlilo ngumuntu ngesikhathi kushiswa utshani obomile ngonyaka odlule. Umoya ushayela ilangabi elidlula kulo lonke i-steppe ngodonga lomlilo, izinhlanga ezivuthayo, izihlahlana ezomile notshani, kuziguqula zibe ngumlotha. Ukhuphukela esibhakabhakeni ngamathumbu omusi obukhulu.
Enye inkinga ukuzingela. Abantu abacabangi ngekusasa nakancane, bebhubhisa izilwane ezibalwe kwi-Red Book. Kwesinye isikhathi bayabulala ngenxa yenjabulo, ngoba bathanda ukudubula, futhi kuyethusa kakhulu lapho izingane zishonelwa ngabazali bazo futhi zifa.
Ngakho-ke, abantu kufanele okokuqala, ukuze basindise i-steppe, banake imisebenzi yabo. Ukwenza imisebenzi efana:
- Ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezolimo ukulwa nesomiso nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi,
- ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo komhlaba wezolimo (ukunikeza umhlaba "ukuphumula" ukuze balulame),
- Ukusebenziseka ngobuhlakani kwamadlelo,
- ukudalwa kwemichilo yehlathi ukuvikela amasimu emimoyeni nasekugcinweni kweqhwa,
- Ukuhlelela kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile, izindawo zokusiza, izindawo zemvelo, ezokulondolozwa kwemvelo ukuvikela imvelo,
- Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlu zezinhlobo zezimbali nezimila ezingafani nenye ezisengozini yokuthola incwadi ebomvu,
- umkhawulo wokukhishwa kwezwe le-chernozem
- Ukulungiswa kwemishini yezolimo,
- Ukubuyiselwa komhlaba ongaphazanyiswa ngesikhathi sezimayini, owoyela negesi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu namapayipi,
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa nokusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwezindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlalisa izinyoni, ukuhlela lapho indawo yokuphumula yezinyoni nezindawo zokufuya nokunisela imfuyo ukuze kusinde ngenkathi eyomile.
Ukuze kudonswe ukunaka kwentsha enkingeni yemvelo ye-steppe, ngenza ucwaningo ngisebenzisa inhlolovo phakathi kwabafundi besikole sethu (amabanga 4 - 11: ingqikithi yabantu abangama-60). Uhlu lwemibuzo lwethule imibuzo emi-3:
- Ubani obona njengophawu lwezinkinga zemvelo ku-steppe?
- Iyiphi inkinga oyibona ifaneleka kakhulu?
- Yiziphi izindlela zokuvikela izinkinga zemvelo ongaziphakamisa?
Izimo zesimo sezulu
Izindawo ze-Steppe zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zezwekazi kanye nezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu. Ihlobo liyashisa, ngesinye isikhathi likhulu kakhulu, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka +40. Kunemvula encane. Ubusika bungaba mnene futhi bube namandla. Kuneqhwa elincane. Umboza kahle umhlaba, uvame ukuhamba ngeqhwa.
Izilwane nezitshalo
Ngaphambi kokuchaza izinkinga zemvelo ze-steppe zone, kuyadingeka ukusho ukuthi yiziphi izilwane nezitshalo ezingatholakala lapha. Izimbali zama-steppes zimelelwa ngopeleti wotshani obahlukahlukene. Emigqeni yama-steppes, utshani, izimpaphe zotshani, utshani obuhle, izimvu kanye nenqwaba yezilwane ezinamandla ziyakhula. Izitshalo ze-Steppe zivumelaniswa nezikhathi ezinde zesomiso, ngakho-ke zikhula ngenkuthalo entwasahlobo, zisebenzisa inhlabathi emanzi emva kobusika.
Izilwane ezisezintanjeni eziseqeleni zihlala ebusuku kakhulu, ngoba ziphoqelelwa ukuba zilinde izinsuku ezishisayo. Ama-antelopes, izinduku eziningi, amajezi, izinkozi, izihlakala, izintambo zitholakala lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inani elikhulu lezinyoka nezinambuzane. By the way, izinyoni eziningi zibalekela kwezinye izindawo ebusika. Izitshalo nezilwane zizizwa ngokuphelele izinkinga zendawo yokutholwa, futhi ngeshwa, umuntu kufanele asolwe kakhulu ngalezi zinkinga.
Izimbangela Zokukhathazeka Kwezemvelo
Izindawo ze-Steppe zishintshwe kahle umsebenzi wezolimo. Le ndoda yathola umhlaba owakhiwe owenziwe kahle namadlelo anelisayo. Kepha ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwalawa mazwe kususa ngokushesha izinsiza zawo. Izinkinga zemvelo yendawo ye-steppe iholela ekubhujisweni kwama-steppes kanye nokuthathwa kwalezi zindawo ngogwadule lwamahlathi kanye nogwadule. Ngisho kwethulwe igama elikhethekile elithi “ukuzanywa”. Le yinqubo yokuwohloka kwendalo, ukonakala kwamandla ayo emvelo.
Njengoba isomiso kanye nemimoya eyomile kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezise-steppe, abantu abaqalelanga ukulima nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokunisela izindawo ezinkulu zama-steppes. Ukunisela kubizwa ngokuthi ukuchelela okwenzekile kwenhlabathi. Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi, izinhlelo zokunisela kanye nezakhiwo ze-hydraulic ziyakhiwa. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhule izilimo ezinzile, kepha kunemiphumela esongelayo:
- Ukuwohloka kwendawo kuqala
- ukwenziwa kwe-salinization kwenhlabathi nezindawo zokugcina zemvelo,
- Ukungcola kwamanzi kubeka engcupheni ukungcoliswa kwezidalwa zamanzi zemvelo,
- kwakhiwa amachibi kasawoti ezindaweni zokukhuculula amanzi,
- ukwehluleka komhlaba kuyenzeka
- Inhlabathi kanye nezidumbu zamanzi kungcoliswa ubuthi kanye nama-nitrate (kufaka phakathi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye namanzi aphansi komhlaba).
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ukuchelela kunikeza umthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho kwezolimo, kukhulisa izinkinga zezemvelo zethage. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu udinga ukucabanga ngezindlela zokunciphisa izinkinga.
Ungawunciphisa kanjani umthelela omubi owesilisa
Ukuze ulondoloze izigaba ze-steppe, kwenziwa imisebenzi ethile. Zenzelwe ukunciphisa inkinga nokubuyisa ukulinganisela kwemvelo. Izinkinga zemvelo ze-steppe zone zixazululwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- izindawo ezivikelwe nezimali zokongiwa kwemvelo ziyakhiwa,
- uhlu lwezitshalo ezisengozini nezilwane zihlanganiselwe ukufakwa kwi-Red Book,
- kuthathwa izinyathelo zokugcina nokubuyisela izinhlobo ezisengozini zezitshalo nezilwane ezisengozini,
- khawulelwa kokuthathwa kwenhlabathi emnyama ukuze isetshenziswe kabi,
- kwenziwa imishini yezolimo,
- umhlaba uyabuyiselwa
- Izindawo eziphazanyiswa lapho kwenziwa imisebenzi yezomnotho ziyabuyiselwa.
Izinkinga zemvelo ze-steppe zone zidinga ukunakwa okuphezulu, njengoba izinyathelo zisuka kancane kancane ebusweni bomhlaba.
Incazelo yendawo yehlathi ne-steppe
E-Russia, ama-steppes amahlathi kanye nama-steppes anwebeka njalo ngokuqhubekayo emingceleni yonke yaseningizimu nasempumalanga, futhi kwezinye izindawo angena shí ezweni. Bahlala insimu enkulu, kwezinye izindawo behlangana namahlathi nemifula engapheli.
Isimo sezulu kule ndima sihle impela empilweni - yezwekazi elipholile. Imvula yaminyaka yonke icishe ibe ngu-600 mm ngonyaka, okukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze isilinganiso somswakama esanele sezitshalo ezingatheneki. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lingehla ku-20 degrees Celsius. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlobo avame ukushisa futhi abe wome.
Kulokhu, inhlabathi ivundile impela, futhi ifaka phakathi i-chernozem. Izitshalo zemvelo zimelelwa ikakhulu ngamaforamu amelana nesomiso nokubanda (utshani bentshe, umfeketho, izimvu, ezinemilenze emincane futhi ezinobukhulu), kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla, ikakhulukazi oki, i-linden, umlotha, isifuba, njll. Izinhlobo zehlathi ziyoncika esifundeni lapho ihlathi le-steppe likhona . Izilwane zimelelwa kakhulu ngamagundane (i-gopher, i-groundhog, njll.), Kanye nama-artiodactyls, aba ngokushesha aba yizilwane ezifuywayo (amahhashi, izimvu, izimbongolo, njll.). Kukhona abathile abamele isilo sehlathi eliphakathi nendawo futhi ngokukhethekile.
Izinkinga zemvelo zehlathi-steppe ne-steppe
Uma kukhulunywa ngezinkinga zezemvelo, izingxoxo zesici somuntu azinakugwenywa. Ngokwemvelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo zilungile, kodwa zenzeka endaweni yakini futhi azinabo umlingiswa oqhubekayo. Umsebenzi womuntu, ngokuhlukile, ubonakala ngokukhuthazela nokungaguquguquki. Ngeshwa, kuze kube muva nje, abantu ngokungaguquguquki nangokuqhubekayo bathunqisa ibhalansi yemvelo, kuze kwaba yilapho imiphumela emibi ibonakala kuye.
Akunazinkinga eziningi kangaka zemvelo ehlathini-steppe ne-steppe zone, noma kunjalo, ngayinye yazo isemhlabeni jikelele.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwama-steppes wezidingo zezolimo
Amaphezudlwana ekuqaleni ayehloselwe kakhulu ukwalusa amadlelo nokufuya imfuyo. Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi umuntu asebenzise lezi zindawo kuphela ngenhloso eyenzelwe zona. Ngenxa yokuncipha komhlaba wokulima owake wasetshenziswa kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu, kwakudingeka ukuthuthukisa amasimu amasha. Ngakho-ke, ama-steppes angakwazi ukuthola izidingo ezintsha: ukukhulisa ukolweni, ummbila, izimbotshana ezinoshukela kanye nezinye izilimo. Kulokhu, baqala ukunisela inhlabathi ngentshiseko ngamanzi, futhi baqothula izinduku ze-steppe ezingalimaza isivuno. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu basebenzisa izengezo ezahlukahlukene ze-biochemical, okufanele zibe nomthelela ekukhiqizweni, kepha empeleni ezilimaza kakhulu izindawo zama-steppe.
Esikhathini esizayo, isenzo esinjalo siholela enkingeni yesibili.
Le futhi ngenye inkinga abahlangabezana nayo eRussia, futhi ihlobene nemisebenzi yezolimo yabantu.
Ukuchithwa kwehlathi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuguguleka kwenhlabathi ngenxa yomiswa komfula, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi aseduze nokusebenzisa umanyolo onobungozi. Ngaphansi kwesigamu sekota, indawo yomhlaba engaphansi kokusongelwa kokonakaliswa komhlaba ikhuphuke isikhathi nesigamu futhi ifinyelela kumahektare ayizigidi eziyikhulu. Kepha phela, luhlobo luni lwesilimo olungavunwa ukube umuntu ubesephathe ngokucophelela izinsizakusebenza zemvelo ngomusa.
Izinyathelo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezisehlathini nezinyathelo zokutholwa
Mayelana nezinkinga zokucindezela ezemvelo, iRussia yaqala ukusebenzisa amacebo ahlukahlukene kanye namaphrojekthi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo nokuphepha kwezindawo ezihlala amahlathi kanye nezindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Ikakhulu, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha imvelo yesifunda se-steppe ne-steppe. Abanye babo banikezwa isimo sendawo yemvelo evikelwe ngokukhethekile, eyaba amapaki kazwelonke nezindawo ezigcinwe kuzo. Isibonelo, ihlathi lase-Volga-steppe, intaba yaseGalich, i-Voroninsky reservation, njll. Nokho, ezimweni eziningi, izindawo ezigcinwe kuzo zitholakala endaweni ekhuphuka izintaba zase-Ural. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-West Siberian bush -velo imvelo yolondolozo incipha kakhulu. Isibonelo, iTunkinsky National Park eyakhiwe eBuryatia ibingakasebenzi ngokuphelele. Kuyadingeka futhi ukwabela isimo sokubhukelwa ezifundeni zikaZiqu-zintathu kanye nezintaba ze-Akbulak chalk, izintaba zeBaraba neKulunda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze balondoloze imininingwane ephathelene nokuhluka kwalolu hlobo lwensimu, ososayensi baqala ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwabo bonke abameleli bezitshalo nezilwane ezisengcupheni. Lezi zinhlu ziphinde zaphindaphinda incwadi ebomvu. Kodwa-ke, inani lezinhlobo ezinjalo lenza isithombe esidabukisayo: cishe izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ezingama-35 zezinyoni, izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zezindawo ezingama-invertebrates zesimo sehlathi ne-steppe kanye nezindawo ezise-Russia.
Ngenxa yesimo sendawo evikelwe ngokukhethekile, ukufinyelela komuntu ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza endaweni engezansi kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu, okuvimbele ukunyamalala kwalolu hlobo lwendawo. Ngenxa yokungakwazi ukwandisa indawo ehlwanyelwe, isintu siphoqelelwa ukuba sicabange ngokusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa esivele sikhona. Lokhu kunikeze umfutho ekwakhiweni kwemishini yezolimo, ukuzalanisa, nezinye izici zenkimbinkimbi yezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zokugcina ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingeni lomthetho, abasebenzisi bomhlaba baphoqelekile ukwenza imisebenzi yokubuyiselwa komhlaba, okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi yokusebenza kwabantu. Lokhu kuhlobene nemboni yezokumbiwa phansi, ukwakhiwa kwezimoto, amapayipi, njll., Lapho ezimweni eziningi ukutshala amabhande okuvikela nokuvikela eceleni kwendlela kudingeka khona.
Noma kunjalo, ubungako kanye nekhwalithi yemicimbi enjalo eRussia ayanele, ngoba izinyathelo eziningi zithathwa ngesisekelo sezinto ezingokomthetho ezihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokuvinjwa nokujeziswa kwabephula umthetho alusebenzi kahle.
Isici esingenakugwenywa ukunganaki kwabantu abasensimini. Ngeshwa, isici esikhulu sokugcina ibhalansi yemvelo eMhlabeni umthwalo kanye nesifiso somuntu ngamunye sokugcina leli bhalansi. Ukukhuliswa okunjalo kufanele kuqale kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi kuboniswe yibo bonke abantu abasondelene nabo. Ngasizathu simbe, abantu bacabanga ukuthi "uma ungakwazi ukungcola ekhaya, ungaba nomakhelwane."Ngasikhathi sinye, benqaba ngokuphelele ukuvuma ukuthi konke okusendalweni kuxhunyiwe. Futhi ukungahambi kahle komakhelwane kuzothinta impilo yabo, ngoba sinomhlaba namanzi.
Isiphetho
Izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes namahlathi, kanye nezinye izindawo zemvelo emhlabeni wethu, azilona ize kubantu bonke. Izinguquko, ezazibangelwa kakhulu i-anthropogenic factor, zaba nomthelela omkhulu ezikhathini zezulu emhlabeni.
Njengamanje, kunenqubomgomo elandwayo ukuze kulondolozwe izifunda lapho kusasele khona izindawo ezihlukile zezindawo ezinamahlathi asezingeni eliphansi kanye nezinyathelo. Lezi zifunda zinikezwa isimo sezindawo zemvelo ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile, ukuze amathuba okufinyelela kwabantu kulezi zinsizakalo alinganiselwe. Kulokhu, ukuphumelela kokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezisezithuthukisiwe iba ngumsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlinzeka umphakathi ngokudla okudingekayo.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwezindlela zokuvikela ezinikezwe ezindaweni ezisindayo, kuyadingeka nezinyathelo zokubuyisela lezo zindawo ezilimele: ukuphinda usebenze kabusha, ukuma kwamahlathi kanye nokusetshenziswa komanyolo onobungani bemvelo.
Indima ebalulekile idlalwa yimfundo yeningi labantu abanomqondo wokuzibophezela kwemvelo yomhlaba wethu.
Izinkinga eziphambili ze-steppes
Emazwekazini ahlukahlukene omhlaba wethu, ama-steppes asakazeka. Akhiwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu futhi ngenxa yezimpawu zosizo ahlukile. Akukalulekanga ukuthi uqhathanise izitebhisi zamazwekazi amaningana, yize kukhona ukuthambekela okujwayelekile kule ndawo yemvelo.
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Enye yezinkinga ezijwayelekile ukusatshalaliswa kwamahlathi, okusongela iningi lamaphethelo anamuhla omhlaba. Lokhu kungumphumela wesenzo samanzi nomoya, kanye nabantu. Konke lokhu kunomthelela ekuqubukeni komhlaba ongenalutho, ongafanele noma ngubani wokutshala izilimo noma nokubuyiselwa kwezimila. Ngokuvamile, izimbali zesifunda se-steppe azinzanga, ezingavumeli imvelo ukuthi iphinde ilulame ngokuphelele ngemuva kwethonya lomuntu. Isici se-anthropogenic sandisa kuphela isimo sendalo kule ndawo. Ngenxa yalesi simo, isivuno somhlaba siyawohloka, futhi ukwahlukahlukana kwemvelo kuyancipha. Amadlelo nawo aba mpofu, kudangala futhi kube nosawoti emhlabathini.
Enye inkinga ukugawulwa kwezihlahla ezivikela izimbali futhi kuqinise inhlabathi ye-steppe. Ngenxa yalokhu, umhlaba uyafafazwa. Le nqubo iphinda ibhebhethekise isimo sesomiso sezinhlaka. Ngokuhambisana, inani lomhlaba wezilwane liyancipha.
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Lapho umuntu engenela endalweni, izinguquko zenzeka emnothweni, ngoba izindlela zokuphatha zendabuko ziyaphulwa. Lokhu kufaka ukwehla kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu, kukhona ukwehla kokukhula kwesibalo sabantu.
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Izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes ziyaxaka. Kunezindlela zokunciphisa ijubane ekubhujisweni kwesimo sale ndawo. Kudinga ukubhekwa komhlaba kanye nokutadisha kwento ethile yemvelo. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi uhlelele ezinye izenzo. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umhlaba wezolimo ngomqondo ofanele, ukunikeza amazwe "ukuphumula" ukuze alulame. Udinga futhi nokusebenzisa amadlelo ngobuhlakani. Mhlawumbe kufanelekile ukumisa inqubo yokugawulwa kwezihlahla kule ndawo yemvelo. Udinga futhi ukuthi unakekele izinga lomswakama, okungukuthi, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi okuphakela umhlaba endaweni eyodwa noma kwenye. Kepha into ebaluleke kakhulu engenziwa ukwenza ngcono imvelo ukulungisa umthelela womuntu emvelweni futhi udonse ukunaka komphakathi enkingeni yokuchithwa kwama-steppes. Uma uphumelele, kuzokwazi ukusindisa yonke imvelo ecebile ngokuhlukahlukana kwemvelo futhi ibalulekile emhlabeni wethu.
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Ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo zama-steppes
Njengoba usuqonde, inkinga enkulu yama-steppes wukuchithwa kwehlane, okusho ukuthi ngokuzayo i-steppe ingaphenduka ugwadule. Ukuvimbela lokhu kungenzeki, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokugcina indawo yemvelo ye-steppe. Okokuqala, izinhlaka zikahulumeni zingathatha umthwalo wemfanelo, zidale izindawo zokuhlala kanye namapaki kazwelonke. Ensimini yalezi zinto ngeke kwenzeke ukwenza imisebenzi ye-anthropogenic, futhi imvelo izoba ngaphansi kokuvikelwa nokuqashwa kochwepheshe. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zizogcinwa, futhi izilwane zizokwazi ukuhlala ngokukhululeka futhi zizungeze insimu yezindawo ezivikelwe, ezizonandisa ekwandeni kwenani labantu bazo.
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Isenzo esilandelayo esibalulekile ukufakwa kwezinhlobo ezisengozini nezinqabileyo zezilwane nezimila kwiNcwadi Ebomvu. Kufanele futhi zivikelwe umbuso. Ukuze uthuthukise umphumela, kubalulekile ukwenza inqubomgomo yolwazi kubantu, ukuze abantu bazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingavamile futhi yikuphi kuzo ezingabhujiswa (ukuvinjwa kokukhetha izimbali nezilwane ezizingelayo).
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Ngokuqondene nenhlabathi, indawo yama-steppes idinga ukuvikeleka ekulimeni nasekulima. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukunciphisa inani lezindawo ezabiwe ukulima. Ukukhula kwesivuno kufanele kube ngenxa yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezobuchwepheshe bezoLimo, hhayi ngenxa yobungako bomhlaba. Kulokhu, udinga ukuhlakulela kahle inhlabathi futhi ukhule izilimo.
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Kuqinisekiswe yisazi
1 Ukulima okungenamkhawulo kwezindawo ezivundile kuholela ekunciphiseni kwabo ngokushesha ngenxa yezilimo zokusanhlamvu nezilimo zezimboni.
2 Ukuchithwa kwethafa lesitezi sokutholwa.
3 Ngenxa yokunisela okungezwani kwalezi zindawo, ukwenziwa kwe-salinization, ukwakhiwa kwamachibi kasawoti, kanye nokwehluleka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka.
4 Ngenxa yokulima, ukuwohloka komhlaba kuyenzeka.
5 Ukwalusa ngokweqile izilwane zasepulazini kuholela ekunyatheni utshani.
6 Ukuzingela kubangela omkhulu umonakalo ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo zomhlaba wezilwane.
Ukuqothulwa ngokuphelele noma usongo lokuqothulwa kwezilwane eziningi ze-steppe
Izimbangela eziphambili zokuqothulwa kwezinye izilwane ze-steppe yilezi:
- ukucekelwa phansi komuntu kwezindawo zemvelo zezilwane - ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulima komhlaba,
- ushintsho endaweni yokuhlala izilwane ngenxa yokungcola,
- ukuzingela, ukuzingela.
Ama-steppes we-Wormwood-grassppes, okwakungeyona indawo yemvelo yezilwane eziseqeleni, acishe aguqulwa ngokuphelele aba ngamasimu alinyiwe. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni izilwane zilahlekelwe yimizi yazo.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezazibhekwa njengezinambuzane manje sezisengozini. Lokhu yi-vole, gerbil, jerboa, squirrel yomhlabathi, i-hare yobumba.
Ezinye izinyoni, njenge-bell-crane, ama-bustard ayaphoqeleka ukuthuthela emasimini. Kepha imvamisa izidleke zabo ziyafa ngesikhathi sensimu. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane epulazini nakho kuholele ekunciphiseni kwabantu kwezinyoni zezinyoni kanye nezinyoni.
Ukulima nokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Inkinga ukuthi ezindaweni ezigudlwa izinyawo ne-steppe cishe akunawo amahlathi nezinyathelo. Cishe yonke imikhakha iye yathuthukiswa - yasulwa futhi yatshalwa futhi yasetshenziswa njengapulazi. Ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwenhlabathi yama-steppe kuholela ekungcoleni kwabo kwamakhemikhali, ukwehla kokuzala, ukwehla kokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kule ndawo. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa izinyathelo zokuqina kwabo kwemvelo, kanye nezimbali zamahlathi - ukuvikela kwabo.