Ozokhethwa Kwisayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo Nikolai Vekhov. Isithombe somlobi

Ngiqale ukufika eBering Island, ilungu le-Archipelago yeziqhingi zaseKomandorski, ehlobo lika-1971, njengomfundi ofunda esikhungweni semfundo ephilayo eMoscow State University, ngangiqoqa imithombo yolwazi. Kusukela lapho ngibe nentshisekelo kukho konke okuhlobene nama Commanders, futhi angishiyanga iphupho lami lokuba kulezi zingxenye futhi. Eminyakeni emithathu eyedlule, ngesimemo sobuholi beKomandorsky Reserve, ngavakashela isiqhingi sesibili ngobukhulu kunalesi siqhingi - iMedny, lapho ngafundela khona izakhiwo zemvelo.

Uhlobo lweziqhingi luphethe izimfihlakalo eziningi. Enye yazo ixhumene nomlando wokutholwa kanye nentuthuko yalezi zindawo. Ababephula i-Commander Islands bathola emanzini abo isilwane sasolwandle esimangalisayo, okuthi, ngayo yonke imithetho yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, sasingakwazi ukuhlala emanzini abandayo engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific.

Siyini lesi silo futhi yini eyakhelwelwa ikamva?

Amasu wesigaba sokugcina se-Second Kamchatka Expedition ka-1733-1743 ngaphansi komyalo wamatilosi angavezi futhi umhloli wamazwe omisiwe uKaputeni-Commander Vitus Bering (bheka iSayensi ne-Life No 5, 1981) aba mahle kakhulu: ukuhlola ugu lwe-Arctic lwaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, ukuthola okungaziwa amatilosi asolwandle izindlela eziya olwandle olusenyakatho nentshonalanga Melika, futhi afinyelele ogwini lwaseJapan. Impumelelo evelele yalolu hambo olungenakuqhathaniswa okwatholakala ukutholwa kwe-Commander Islands.

NgoJuni 4, 1741, izikebhe ezimbili zamaphakethe, "uMphostoli oNgcwele uPeter" ngaphansi komyalo kaVitus Bering kanye "noMpristi oNgcwele uPaul", ukaputeni wakhe waqokwa u-Alexey Ilyich Chirikov, basuka ogwini lweKamchatka endaweni yePetropavlovsk Ostrog, lapho kwakhula khona idolobha lasePetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Ngokushesha balahleka enkungwini eminyene futhi baphulukana. “USanta Peter”, ngemuva kokusesha okungaphumeleli kwezinsuku ezintathu ngomkhumbi wesibili, wahamba yedwa ehamba ngomkhumbi. Naphezu kwesivunguvungu nomoya ovuthuzayo, isikebhe sepakethe sifike e-Kodiak Island ngasogwini lwaseMelika. Endleleni ebuyayo, umkhumbi wabathumbi abanesibindi, obasukelwa yisimo sezulu esibi, wehluleka ukulawula futhi bathola umonakalo omkhulu. Ukufa kwakubonakala kungenakugwenywa, kepha ngokuzumayo amatilosi ashaqekile abona ubuhle besiqhingi esingaziwa emphemeni futhi afika kuso ngoNovemba 4, 1741. Ubusika esiqhingini bekuyivivinyo elinzima. Akubona bonke abakubonayo lokho. UKapteni-Commander Vitus Bering ushonile. Lapha wangcwatshwa. Lesi siqhingi ngemuva kwalokho saqanjwa ngaye, futhi sonke isiqhingi, kubandakanya iziqhingi ezine (iBering, iMedny, i-Ariy Kamen neToporkov) sabizwa ngokuthi iziqhingi zaseKomandorski.

Umkhumbi wesibili wokupakisha “uSanta Apostle Paul”, ngaphansi komkhuzi wamaphoyisa, u-Alexei Chirikov, wafika ogwini lwaseMelika kwathi ngo-Okthoba 11 walowo nyaka wabuyela eKamchatka.

Phakathi kwabahlanganyeli bakaBering, aba nodlame oluphoqelekile, wayengudokotela waseGermany futhi eyisazi semvelo, umlingani wesayensi yemvelo eYunivesithi yaseSt. Petersburg uGeorge Wilhelm Steller (bheka iSayensi ne-Life No 11, 2002). Kuqala wangena ekufundisweni komhlaba ngaloluhambo, kodwa waphupha ngokuthatha iqhaza kulolu hambo oluzayo lwasolwandle. Ngo-1741, uGeorge Steller wahlanganiswa nabasebenza esikebheni sePaketi “Saint Apostle Peter”. Usosayensi wafakaza futhi wabamba iqhaza ekutholakaleni kwe-Commander Islands kanye nomqoqi wokuqala wolwazi lwesayensi ngezitshalo, izilwane zasolwandle - ama-fur seals (amakati), amabhubesi olwandle kanye nama-otter olwandle (olwandle beaver), isimo sezulu nenhlabathi, izintaba nezindawo ezisogwini, amadwala asogwini nezinye izakhiwo zemvelo zalawa mazwe .

USteller uthole kuma-Commanders isilwane sasolwandle esiyingqayizivele - inkomo yasolwandle (iHydrodamalis gigas), eqanjwe ngegama lokutholwa kwayo uSeller. Igama lesibili - iklabishi (Rhytina borealis) - lasungulwa ngusosayensi wemvelo. Izilwane ezincelisayo zabuthana emihlanjini kumadlelo eklabishi abizwa ngokuthi phakathi kwamathanga amaningi asolwandle, ikakhulukazi i-kelp brown ne-alaria, eyaziwa ngokuthi izilwane zasolwandle. Ekuqaleni, uSteller wayekholelwa ukuthi ubhekene nama-manatees, okwathi lapho eNyakatho Melika abizwa ngokuthi ama-manate noma ama-manatis (kamuva leli gama laqala ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezibonakala ngasolwandle ezifanayo, kufaka phakathi inkomo yasolwandle). Kepha washeshe wabona ukuthi wayephutha.

USteller wayewukuphela komuntu wemvelo owabona lesi silo esikhulu, wabuka isimilo sakhe futhi wamchaza. Ngokuya kudayari okushicilelwe nguL. S. Berg encwadini ethi “Discovering Kamchatka and Exhibition kaKamchatka's Bering. 1725-1742 ”(L: Ukushicilela Indlu yeGlavsevmorputi, 1935), ungacabanga ukuthi lesi silwane sasibukeka kanjani.

“Ku inkaba, ibukeka njengophawu, futhi ukusuka enkabeni kuya emsileni, ibukeka njengenhlanzi. Isigaxa sakhe sifana kakhulu nehhashi, kepha ikhanda lakhe limbozwe yinyama noboya, lifana, ikakhulukazi nezindebe zakhe, ikhanda le-buffalo. Emlonyeni, esikhundleni samazinyo, ohlangothini ngalunye kukhona amathambo amabili abanzi, awokugcina, athambile futhi aqine. Enye yazo inamathele kulwanga, enye iye emhlathini ophansi. Emithanjeni yalawa kukhona ama-grooves amaningi ahlangana ngokungenantambo ekhoneni kanye nama-convex corns lapho isilwane sigaqa ukudla kwaso okujwayelekile - izitshalo zasolwandle ...

Ikhanda lixhumeke emzimbeni ngentamo emfushane. Okuphawuleka kakhulu yimilenze yangaphambili nesifuba. Imilenze ingeyamajoyinti amabili, okugcina kuyo kufana impela nomlenze wehhashi. Ngezansi kwale milenze yangaphambili ifakwe isikebhe samabhuleki amaningi ahlala phansi. Ngalezi minwe nezinzipho ezihluthwe iminwe yazo, lesi silwane sibhukuda, sishiya izitshalo zasolwandle ematsheni bese [...] sibhaqa isithandwa saso [...].

Ngemuva kwenkomo yolwandle kunzima ukuyihlukanisa ukusuka emuva kwenkunzi, umgogodla ugqamile, ezinhlangothini kukhona ukucindezelwa okuphelele kobude bonke bomzimba.

Isisu siyindilinga, seluliwe futhi sihlala sigcwala kangangokuba, ngenxeba elincane, amathumbu akhala ngaphandle. Ngezilinganiso, kubukeka njengesisu sexoxo [...]. Umsila, njengoba usondela emaphethelweni, ubuyisela imilenze yangemuva, uba mncane, kepha ububanzi bawo ngqo phambi kwe-fin buye bufika engxenyeni yemitha. Ngaphezu kwefini ekugcineni komsila, lesi silwane asinawo amanye amaphiko, futhi lokhu kuyehluka ngemikhomo kulokhu. Amaphethelo ayo athe xaxa njengawemikhomo namahlengethwa.

Isikhumba salesi silwane sinemvelo embaxambili. Isikhumba esingaphandle simnyama noma simnyama-onsundu, singange-intshi futhi siwugqinsi, sicishe sifane ne-cork, kunama-folds amaningi, imibimbi nokuxineka kwekhanda [...]. Isikhumba sangaphakathi sikhulu kune-bovine, sihlala isikhathi eside futhi simhlophe. Ngaphansi kungqimba lwamafutha azungeze wonke umzimba wesilwane. Isendlalelo esinamafutha sineminwe emine kuqinisile. Ngemuva kwalokho kulandela inyama.

"Ngilinganisa isisindo sesilwane esinesikhumba, izicubu, inyama, amathambo ne-viscera ngamakhilogremu angama-200."

USteller wabona amakhulukhulu izidumbu ezinkulu ze-humpback zigcwala ngenkathi kukhuphuka kakhulu, okuthe uma eqhathanisa naye, kwakubukeka sengathi izikebhe zaseDashi zibhekiswe phansi. Ngemuva kokuzibuka isikhashana, usosayensi wemvelo wabona ukuthi lezi zilwane zingokunye kwezinhlobo zemvelo zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezivela eqenjini lezinhlabamkhosi. Ebhukwini lakhe wabhala: “Ukube bangibuza ukuthi bangaki engibabona e-Bering Island, bengingeke ngiphuze ukuphendula - ngeke babalwe, abanakubalwa ... Ngengozi, ngathola ithuba izinyanga eziyishumi zokubheka indlela yokuphila nemikhuba walezi zilwane ... Zonke izinsuku zazivela phambi komnyango wekhaya lami. "

Ubukhulu beklabishi babufana nezindlovu kunezinkomo. Isibonelo, ubude besikebhe samathambo aboniswe eSt. Petersburg Zoological Museum, ngokusho kososayensi, ineminyaka engama-250, ngamamitha ayi-7.5. Izinhlobo zasenyakatho zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezivela emndenini wasendulo wezinhlabamkhosi zazinamandla amakhulu: ukufinyelela kwesifuba sohlobo olunjalo kwakudlula amamitha ayisithupha!

Ngokuya ngezincazelo ezisindayo zabahlanganyeli abasuka eVitus Bering futhi kamuva abavakashela abadobi be-Commander, indawo yenkomo yaseSteller yakhawulelwa eziqhingini ezimbili ezinkulu zesiqhingi - iBering neMedny, yize izazi zesayensi yezokwelapha zanamuhla zithi ibanga lazo lalibanzi ngesikhathi sokuqala. Ngokumangazayo, izilwane zitholakale emanzini abandayo, nje eningizimu emngceleni weqhwa lasebusika, yize izihlobo zazo eziseduze - ama-dugongs nama-manatees - zihlala olwandle olufudumele. Ngokusobala, isikhumba esigaxekile esifana namagxolo esihlahla kanye nengqimba yamafutha ahlaba umxhwele kusize inkomo yakwaSteller ukuthi iqhubeke ifudumele ezindaweni ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba.

Kungashiwo ukuthi izinyoni zeklabishi azikaze zihambe ngomkhumbi kude nasogwini, ngoba zazingenakudonsa ngokujulile zifuna ukudla, ngaphezu kwalokho, olwandle oluvulekile zaba yisisulu semikhomo yokubulala. Izilwane zazihamba ngemijondolo ngosizo lweziqu ezimbili ngaphambili komzimba, zifana ne-paws, futhi emanzini ajulile aziphokophelele phambili, zenze iziteleka eziqonde ngqo phezulu ngomsila omkhulu wazo. Isikhumba seklabishi sasinge bushelelezi, njenge-manatee noma i-dugong. Kuvele nemifantu eminingi nemibimbi kuyo - yingakho igama lesine lesilwane - iRhytina Stellerii, ngokwezwi nezwi elisho ukuthi "Steller Steller".

Izinkomo zasolwandle, njengoba sesishilo, zazingabadli bemifino. Babuthana emihlambini emikhulu, bakha izikhonkwane ngaphansi kwamanzi “amahlathi e-algal” amade. Ngokuka-Steller, "lezi zidalwa ezingeneliseki, ngaphandle kokuyeka, zidla futhi ngenxa yobukhazikhazi bazo obungapheliyo cishe njalo zihlala zinamakhanda ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho beklaba kanjena, abanazo ezinye izinkathazo, lapho nje imizuzu emine noma emihlanu bakhipha ikhala bese behlangana nomthombo wamanzi ukukhipha umoya uphume emaphashini. Umsindo abawenza ngasikhathi sinye ufana ngasikhathi sinye kwamahhashi aqondana, ehogela futhi edonsa umoya [...]. Banentshisekelo engatheni kulokho okwenzeka nxazonke, abanandaba nokuthi kulondolozwe impilo nokuphepha kwabo. ”

Akunakwenzeka ukwahlulela usayizi wezinkomo zenkomo yakwaSteller ngesikhathi seVitus Bering. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uSteller wabona ukunqwabelana okukhulu kweklabishi elinabantu abangu-1,500-22,000. Abatilosi babike ukuthi babona lesi silwane kuma Commanders "ngamanani amakhulu." Amaqoqo amakhulu abonwa emaphethelweni aseningizimu yeBering Island, ekhefini, kamuva elabizwa ngokuthi yiCape Manati.

Ebusika, izinkomo zasolwandle zazincane kakhulu futhi, ngokusho kukaSteller, zazinomzimba omncane kangangokuba zazingakwazi ukubala wonke ama-vertebrae. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zazingakhuphuka ngaphansi kokwehla kweqhwa, zingabi namandla okubacindezela bese ziphefumula umoya. Ebusika, kuvame ukutholakala iklabishi liqhobozwe yiqhwa ligezwe ogwini. Isivivinyo esikhulu kubo kwakuyisivunguvungu esivamile esiqhingini sase Commander. Izinkomo zasolwandle ezingasebenzi ngokuvamile zazingenaso isikhathi sokuhamba ngesikebhe ziqonde kude nolwandle, bese ziphonswa ngamaza emadwaleni, lapho zife khona ngokushaywa ngamatshe abukhali. Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi kwesinye isikhathi izihlobo bezama ukusiza izilwane ezilimele, kepha, njengomthetho, azizange zisize. "Ukusekelwa okuhle" okufanayo ososayensi kamuva bakubona ngokuziphatha kwezinye izilwane zasolwandle - amahlengethwa nemikhomo.

Kuncane okwaziwayo ngempilo yezinkomo zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, uSteller wamangala ngobuqili obungajwayelekile beklabishi. Bayeka abantu basondele kubo eduze kangangokuba bangathintwa ngesandla bevela ogwini. Futhi hhayi nje uthinte. Abantu babulala izilwane ngenxa yenyama emnandi. Isibalo sokubulawa kwezinkomo senzeka ngonyaka we-1754, kwathi abantu bokugcina banyamalala ngabo-1768. Ngamanye amazwi, inkomo yasolwandle - uhlobo olusenyakatho emndenini wezinhlabamkhosi ezingaqondakali - yacekelwa kuphela iminyaka engama-27 ngemuva kokutholakala kwayo.

Cishe sekudlule iminyaka engama-250 kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kepha ngisho nanamuhla, phakathi kososayensi nabantu abathakazelayo, kunabasekeli abaningi abasekela inguqulo yokuthi i- “siren yasenyakatho” iyaphila, ngoba, ngenani layo elincane, kunzima kakhulu ukuyithola. Kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ukuthi le "monster" ibonwa iphila. Ukulandisa okumbalwa okubonakalayo kunika ithemba lokuthi izinkudlwana ezincane zenkomo yakwaSteller zingaqhubeka ziphila emikhondweni ethule futhi engafinyeleleki. Isibonelo, ngo-Agasti 1976, endaweni yaseCape Lopatka (indawo eseningizimu impela yeNhlonhlo yeKamchatka), izazi zesimo sezulu ezimbili zabona inkomo yakwaSteller. Babesho ukuthi bayazi imikhomo, imikhomo yokubulala, izimpawu, amabhubesi asolwandle, izibonakaliso, izikebhe zasolwandle kanye nama-walruse kahle futhi abakwazi ukudideka isilwane esingaziwa nabo. Babona isilo sintanta kancane emanzini angacishe abe amamitha amahlanu ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababukeli babika ukuthi ihamba emanzini afana negagasi: kuqala kwavela inhloko, kwabe sekuba nomzimba omkhulu onomsila. Ngokungafani nezimpawu zasolwandle kanye nezimbotshana, ezinemilenze yazo yangemuva icindezelwe komunye nomunye futhi ifana namaphepha, umsila wesilwane abasibonayo wawunjengomkhomo. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, ngonyaka ka-1962, imininingwane ngomhlangano ne-manat yaqhamuka kososayensi emkhunjini wokucwaninga waseSoviet. Amatilosi aqaphela izilwane eziyisithupha ezimnyama ezingajwayelekile ezidla emanzini angajulile eduze kweCape Navarin, ezigezwe yiBering Sea. Ngo-1966, iphephandaba laseKamchatka labika ukuthi abadobi baphinde babona izinkomo zasolwandle eningizimu yeCape Navarin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikeza incazelo eningilizayo futhi enembile kakhulu yezilwane.

Kungenzeka yini ukukholelwa imininingwane enjalo? Yize kunjalo, ofakazi bokuzibonela babengenazo izithombe noma amavidyo e-video. Ezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezifuywayo nezaphesheya zithi abukho ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuba khona kwenkomo yaseSteller noma kuphi ngaphandle kwe-Commander Islands. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunamaqiniso athile enza sikwazi ukungabaza ukunemba kwaleli phuzu lokubukwa.

Isazi-mlando uG.F. Miller, obambe iqhaza kulayini wesibili weKamchatka, wabhala: "Kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi (u-Aleuts. - Approx. Author.) Bondla kakhulu ezilwaneni zasolwandle, abazithola olwandle lapho, okungukuthi: imikhomo, imanava (Izinkomo zeSeller. - Ukuphawula komlobi), amabhubesi olwandle, amakati olwandle, ama-beaver (olwandle, noma ama-sea otter. - Ukuphawula kombhali) kanye nezimpawu… ”Imininingwane elandelayo ingasebenza njengesiqinisekiso esingaqondile samazwi kasosayensi: ngekhulu lama-20, amathambo enkomo ka-Steller avela esikhathini sokuqala ( cishe iminyaka engama-3,700 edlule), etholakala kabili futhi zombili izikhathi - okungukuthi e-Aleutsky x iziqhingi. Ngamafuphi, ngaphandle kokuthi uSteller nabadobi babona iklabishi kuphela esiQhingini iBering naseMedny, uhla lwenkomo yolwandle luhlanganisiwe, ngokusobala, amanzi asogwini lweziqhingi ezisempumalanga ye-Aleutian-Commander Ridge.

Indawo

Ngokuya kocwaningo oluthile, uhla lwenkomo yakwaSteller lwanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphakama kwengilazi yokugcina (cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 eyedlule), lapho u-Arctic Ocean ehlukaniswa nomhlaba wePacific, osendaweni yeBering Strait yanamuhla, ebizwa ngokuthi iBeringia. Isimo sezulu engxenyeni esenyakatho nentshonalanga yoLwandlekazi lwePacific besimncane kunesamanje, okwakuvumela inkomo yakwaSteller ukuthi ihlale kude nenyakatho ogwini lwase-Asia.

Ukufika sekwephuzile I-Pleistocene, qinisekisa iqiniso lokusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwezinsizi kule ndawo. Indawo yokuhlala kwenkomo yakwaSteller ebangeni elilinganiselwe eduze kwe-Commander Islands isivele ibhekisa kokucasulayo IHholo. Abaphenyi abakubeki eceleni ukuthi kwezinye izindawo inkomo inyamalala ngezikhathi zaphambi kokushushiswa yizizwe zasekhaya ezizingelayo.

Abanye abacwaningi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi uhla lwenkomo lungancishiswa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabazingeli bakudala.Ngokombono wabo, inkomo yakwaSteller yayisisondele ukuqothulwa ngesikhathi itholwa ngezizathu zemvelo.

Inkomo kaStlerler ngekhulu le-18, ngokunokwenzeka okukhulu, ibuye yahlala eduzane neziqhingi ezisentshonalanga ye-Aleutian, yize imithombo yaseSoviet yangeminyaka yangaphambilini iveze ukuthi imininingwane ekuhlaleni kwezinkomo ezindaweni ezingaphandle kobubanzi bazo ezaziwayo isuselwa ekutholakaleni kwezidumbu zabo kuphela eziphonswe olwandle.

Ngeminyaka yama-1960s nama-70s, amathambo ngamanye enkomo yakwaSteller atholakala eJapan naseCalifornia. Okuwukuphela kokutholakala okwaziwayo kokuqhathaniswa kwezikebhe zamathambo wesikebhe esingaphezu kobubanzi bayo obaziwayo kwenziwa ngo-1969 esiqhingini sase-Amchitka (isikebhe i-Aleutian), iminyaka yemithambo emithathu etholakala lapho ilinganiselwa eminyakeni eyi-125-130 eyinkulungwane.

Kuyathakazelisa! Amathambo abo atholakala esiqhingini sase-Amchitka, yize ayemncane, ayephansi ngosayizi emibonweni yabantu abadala evela e-Commander Islands.

Ngo-1971, kwavela imininingwane ngokutholwa kwembambo yesokunxele yenkomo yasolwandle ngesikhathi kuvubukulwa ekamu lase-Eskimo lekhulu le-17 e-Alaska esigodini soMfula iNoatak. Kwaphethwa ngokuthi ePleistocene ngasekupheleni, inkomo ka-Steller yayibhebhetheke kanye neziqhingi zase-Aleutian kanye nogu lwase-Alaska, kanti isimo sezulu kule ndawo sasifudumele impela.

Incazelo

Ukubonakala kweklabishi kwakuyisici sawo wonke ama-lilac, ngaphandle kokuthi inkomo ka-Steller yayinkulu kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo ngobukhulu.

• Umzimba wesilwane wawugqinsi futhi ungqongqo. Yaphela nge-lobe ebanzi evundlile ye-caudal ene-recess phakathi.
• Ikhanda ngokuqhathanisa nosayizi womzimba wawuncane kakhulu, futhi inkomo yayikwazi ukuhambisa ikhanda layo ngokukhululekile eceleni nangaphezulu nangaphansi.
• Izimbotshana zazingamaphepha amafushane azungezwe ngenhlanganisela phakathi, ziphela ngokukhula okunyantisayo, okuqhathaniswa nenselo yehhashi.
• Isikhumba Inkomo kaSteller yayingenalutho, igoqwa, futhi iminyene ngokweqile, futhi, njengoba uSeller wayibeka, yafana negxolo le-oki elidala. Umbala wakhe wawusuka empunga uye onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi ubenebala elimhlophe nemivimbo.

Omunye wabaphenyi baseJalimane, obefunda ucezwana lwesikhumba lwenkomo kaSteller, uthole ukuthi ngokuya kwamandla nokuqina, kusondele nerabha lamathayi ezimoto zesimanje.

Mhlawumbe le mpahla yesikhumba ibiyithuluzi lokuvikela elisindisa isilwane emanxebeni ngamatshe asendaweni yolwandle.

• Izimbobo zezindlebe zazincane kakhulu kangangokuba zacishe zalahleka phakathi kwesibaya sesikhumba.
• Amehlo futhi zazincane kakhulu, ngokwe-akhawunti yokuzibonela - zazingaphezu kwalezo zemvu.
• Ethambile futhi mobile izindebe zazimbozwe nge-vibrissae eminyene njengesiba senkukhu. Izindebe ezingaphezulu bezingacacisiwe.
• Amazinyo inkomo ye-steller yayingenayo nhlobo. Iklabishi lalinomhlaba ngamapuleti amabili amhlophe okompondo (olulodwa emhlathini ngamunye).
• Ukuba khona kwenkomo ye-steller kuveziwe i-dimorphism yezocansi kuhlale kungacaci. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa ngokusobala babebakhulu kunabesifazane.

Inkomo ka Steller empeleni ibingazwakali. Imvamisa wayehlwitha kuphela, ephefumula umoya, futhi lapho alimale kuphela lapho ekwazi ukukhala ngokuzwakalayo. Ngokusobala, lesi silwane sasinokuzwa okuhle, njengoba kufakazelwa ukukhula okubalulekile kwendlebe yangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, izinkomo cishe azange ziphendule umsindo wezikejana eziya kubo.

Ebusika, izinkomo zasolwandle zazincane kakhulu futhi, ngokusho kukaSteller, zazinomzimba omncane kangangokuba zazingakwazi ukubala wonke ama-vertebrae. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane zazingakhuphuka ngaphansi kokwehla kweqhwa, zingabi namandla okubacindezela bese ziphefumula umoya.

Ubudlelwano nezinye izinhlobo

Inkomo kaStlerler ingummeleli ojwayelekile we-siren. Kukhokho wakhe wokuqala owaziwayo Inkomo yolwandle yase-Dugon enjenge-Mocene, okuchazwa izindala zakhe eCalifornia.

Idlozi leklabishi eliseduze lingabhekwa inkomo yolwandle, ebihlala eLate Miocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule.

Isihlobo esiseduze sanamuhla senkomo iSteller kungenzeka ukuthi siyidugong. Inkomo ka-Steller inikezwe umndeni we-dugong, kepha iveze njengohlobo oluhlukile uHydrodamalis.

Indlela yokuphila

Kuncane okwaziwayo ngempilo yezinkomo zasolwandle. Ngakho-ke, uSteller wamangala ngobuqili obungajwayelekile beklabishi. Bayeka abantu basondele kubo eduze kangangokuba bangathintwa ngesandla bevela ogwini. Futhi hhayi nje ukuthinta Abantu babulale izilwane ngenjongo yokunambitha inyama.

Esikhathini esiningi, izinkomo zakwa-Steller zondliwa, zibhukuda kancane emanzini angajulile, zivame ukusebenzisa amabele asekele umhlaba. Abazange bathele, futhi imihlane yabo yayihlala iphuma emanzini.

Izinyoni zasolwandle zazivame ukuhlala emhlane wezinkomo, zibhinca ama-crustaceans (izintwala zomkhomo) ezivela emphethweni wesikhumba.

Imvamisa, insikazi kanye nowesilisa bagcina ndawonye kanye nomncane-omncane kanye nonyaka owedlule, ngokuvamile, izinkomo zivame ukugcinwa emihlambini eminingi. Emhlambini, omncane wayephakathi. Ukunameka kwezilwane komunye nomunye kwakuqinile kakhulu.

Kuyachazwa ukuthi owesilisa wahamba ngesikebhe izinsuku ezintathu kanjani kowesifazane ofile elele ogwini. Iqunga lowesifazane othile, elihlatshwe yizimboni, laziphatha ngendlela efanayo.

Hhawu iklabishi lokuzalela okuncane kuyaziwa. UStlerler wabhala ukuthi izinkomo zasolwandle ziyinto eyodwa, ziyahlangana, kwenzeka entwasahlobo.

Ebusika, kuvame ukutholakala iklabishi liqhobozwe yiqhwa ligezwe ogwini. Isivivinyo esikhulu kubo kwakuyisivunguvungu esivamile esiqhingini sase Commander. Izinkomo zasolwandle ezingasebenzi ngokuvamile zazingenaso isikhathi sokuhamba ngesikebhe ziqonde kude nolwandle, bese ziphonswa ngamaza emadwaleni, lapho zife khona ngokushaywa ngamatshe abukhali.

Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi kwesinye isikhathi izihlobo bezama ukusiza izilwane ezilimele, kepha, njengomthetho, azizange zisize. "Ukusekelwa okuhle" okufanayo ososayensi kamuva bakubona ngokuziphatha kwezinye izilwane zasolwandle - amahlengethwa nemikhomo.

Isikhathi sokuphila Inkomo kaStlerler, njengesihlobo sakhe esisondele kakhulu, ingafinyelela iminyaka engama-90. Izitha zemvelo zalesi silwane azichazwanga.

Ukuzingela

Abasebenza kwezimboni abafike esiQondeni seCommander Islands, abavuna ama-otter olwandle lapho, nabaphenyi bazingela izinkomo zakwaSteller zenyama yabo. Ukucekela phansi izikhumbi kwakuyindaba elula - lezi ezivilaphayo futhi zingasebenzi, izilwane ezingakwazi ukudada zazingasuki kubantu zibaxosha ezikebheni. Inkomazi ebunjiwe, noma kunjalo, yayikhombisa kaningi ukufutheka namandla kangangokuba abazingeli bafuna ukusuka kuyo.

Indlela ejwayelekile yokubamba izinkomo zakwaSteller kwakungu harpoon wesandla. Kwesinye isikhathi babebulawa kusetshenziswa izibhamu.

Inhloso enkulu yokuzingela inkomo yakwaSteller kwakuwukukhishwa kwenyama. Elinye lamalungu ohambo lweBering lithe kusuka enkomeni ebulewe kungenzeka ukuthi kukhuphuke amathani amathathu enyama. Kuyaziwa ukuthi inyama yenkomo eyodwa yayanele ukondla abantu abangama-33 inyanga eyodwa. Izinkomo ezihlaselwe zazingadliwa kuphela ngamaqembu ebusika, zazivame ukuthathwa nazo njengezidingo ngemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi. Inyama yezinkomo zasolwandle, ngokuya ngokuthanda, ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu.

Kunolwazi lokuthi ngonyaka we-1755 ubuholi bezindawo zokuhlala buqondene. UBering ukhiphe isimemezelo esenqabela ukuzingela izinkomo zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, abantu bendawo base base becishe bachitha ngokuphelele.

Ukusinda amathambo

Izinsalela ezifuywayo zezinkomo zakwa-Steller zifundwe ngokuphelele. Amathambo abo awajwayelekile, ngoba kuze kube manje sebethole abantu abase Commander Islands.

Eminyuziyamu emhlabeni jikelele kunenani elikhulu lamathambo nezithambo zalesi silwane - ngokusho kweminye imibiko, iminyuziyamu yomhlaba engamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye inemibukiso enjalo. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Umnyuziyamu we-Zoological Museum of Moscow University,
• I-Khabarovsk Museum ye-Local Lore,
• I-Irkutsk Museum Museum of Local Lore,
• Imnyuziyamu kaZwelonke Yomlando Wezemvelo eWashington,
• Umnyuziyamu waseLondon Womlando Wezemvelo,
• Imnyuziyamu kaZwelonke Yomlando Wezemvelo eParis

Izinsalela eziningana zesikhumba senkomo yolwandle nazo ziyagcinwa. Amamodeli wenkomo iSteller, eyakhiwe kabusha ngokunemba okukhulu, ayatholakala eminyuziyamu eminingi. Phakathi kwalesi sibalo semibukiso, kukhona namathambo agcinwe kahle.

Amasampula athathwa emathanjeni agcinwe eminyuziyamu ukuze afunde ngohlobo lwenkomo iSteller.

Akazange afe ngaphandle?

Kuyamangaza ukuthi ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwenkomo kaStenler, umhlaba wesayensi wajabula kaningana ngemibiko yokuhlangana kwabantu ngalezi zidalwa ezihlukile. Ngeshwa, akekho noyedwa kubo osuqinisekisiwe. Izindaba zakamuva zibhekisela kuJuni 2012: ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi eziku-inthanethi, inkomo yakwaSteller iyaphila - inani labantu abangu-30 latholakala esiqhingini esincane esiseCanada Arctic Archipelago. I-ice melting yenza kwaba lula ukungena emagumbini ayo akude kakhulu, lapho izikebhe zatholakala khona. Masibe nethemba lokuthi amahemuhemu ayaqinisekiswa, futhi isintu sizokwazi ukulungisa iphutha laso elibulalayo.

Phakathi kwama-amateurs, kukhona ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iklabishi lenziwe ngamakhandlela ngokusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala kumasampula agcinwe esikhunjeni nasamathanjeni. Uma inkomo kaStlerler yasinda esikhathini samanje-ke, njengoba abalobi bezilwane abaningi bebhala, ngesimo sayo esingenacala, ingaba isilwane sokuqala sasolwandle

Ngokwesiko

Cishe icala elidume kunazo zonke lokukhuluma ngenkomo yakwaSteller emisebenzini yezincwadi zasendulo isithombe sayo endabeni kaRudyard Kipling "White Cat".

Kulomsebenzi, protagonist, a white fur seal, ahlangana nomhlambi wezinkomo zasolwandle osindayo e-Bay of the Bering Sea, ongafinyeleleki kubantu.

Ifilimu ethi "Kwake kwaba nesikhathi lapho bekukhona izinkomo zasolwandle", ezichaza umlando wezinkomo zakwa-Steller bebonke nezinkinga zeKamchatka Territory ze-RSFSR, nazo zinikezelwe kubo.