Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuqondwa njengokwethulwa kwezinqubo zemvelo ngenxa yomphumela wethonya lezinto zezinto eziphilayo ezingaphili (izidalwa ezinamagciwane, amagciwane, njll.) Ezikhulisa izimo zokuphila zemiphakathi yemvelo engathandeki noma ezithinta kabi impilo yabantu.
Imithombo ebalulekile yomthelela wezinto eziphilayo kungamanzi amdaka avela kumabhizinisi wokudla nowesikhumba, ukuthathwa komhlaba okufuywayo kanye nezimboni, amathuna, amanethiwekhi okuhambisa indle, amasimu okunisela, njll. Kuvela kule mithombo, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezinambuzane ezincane ze-pathogenic zingena emhlabathini, emadwaleni nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokusho kwemininingwane yokuhlanzeka kanye ne-epidemiological, ama-Escoichia coli we-pathogenic atholakala emanzini omhlaba ekujuleni kwama-300 m ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba.
Okuyingozi enkulu ukungcola okungokwemvelo kwemvelo ngamagciwane wezifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nezifo ezihlaselayo. Izinguquko ezibalulekile zezemvelo ngenxa yomthelela we-anthropogenic ziholela emiphumeleni engalindeleki ekuziphatheni kwabantu abaningi bama-pathogens kanye nabathwali bezifo eziyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Inani lokuqubuka komkhuhlane we-swine classical fever, i-smallpox ezimvini, i-encephalitis enomkhaza kanye nomkhuhlane we-hemorrhagic phakathi kwabantu uyanda. Ngokusho kwabalobi be-State Report (1995), kulesi simo, ukuqala kwengculazi kuyisixhumanisi sokuqala soxhaxha lwezifo ezingaba khona zezifo zangaphambili ezingaziwa ze-etiology viral. I-Cytomegalavirus, ebingayanga ingozi enkulu eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule, ingaba yingozi enkulu maqondana nokuhanjiswa kwezitho nezicubu, kanye nokutheleleka ngegciwane lengculaza. Igciwane lomkhuhlane weChikungunya, i-hemorrhagic fever virus ene-renal syndrome (igciwane leHantaan) nabanye, ukubhujiswa kwalo okunzima kakhulu, nakho kuyingozi enkulu.
Imininingwane etholwe eminyakeni yamuva isivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngokubaluleka kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwenkinga ye-biosafety. Ngakho-ke, ingozi entsha yemvelo yenziwa maqondana nentuthuko ye-biotechnology nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo. Uma izindinganiso zokuhlanzeka zingaqashelwa, ama-biorganism kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezingaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu emiphakathini ene-biotic, impilo yabantu, kanye ne-gene echibini lawo zingadedelwa elabhoratri noma isitshalo zingene emvelweni.
Ngaphezu kwezici zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, phakathi kwezingqinamba ze-biosafety ezihamba phambili ezibalulekile ekugcinweni kwezinto eziphilayo, kukhona futhi:
ukudluliswa kwemininingwane yezakhi zofuzo kusuka ezinhlotsheni zasekhaya kuya ezinhlotsheni zasendle,
ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezinhlobo zasendle nezinhlobo ezingaphansi, kufaka phakathi ingozi yokungcoliswa kofuzo echibini lohlobo lwezinhlobo ezingandile nezisengozini,
imiphumela yezakhi zofuzo nezemvelo yokwethulwa ngamabomu kwezilwane nezitshalo ngenhloso noma engahlosile.
Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo
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Izakhi ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, amagciwane kanye nama -organorganikhi angena ngaphezulu kanye nasemanzini aphansi, angena emkhathini nasemhlabathini, asakaze futhi alimaze nemvelo. Amagciwane izifo zezifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nezifo enza usongo. La mabhaktheriya omzimba athinta kabi impilo yabantu nezilwane, angaholela emiphumeleni engenakuphikwa.
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Izinhlobonhlobo zokungcoliswa kwemvelo
Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kube nomthelela ekutheni kuqhamuke ubhubhane wesifo nobhubhane, umkhuhlane kubantu nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezinyoni. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, la magciwane alandelayo abangele ingozi:
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- i-anthrax,
- isifo,
- ingxibongo
- Umkhuhlane we-Ebola hemorrhagic,
- isifo sezinkomo
- pyriculariosis yelayisi,
- Igciwane leNeah
- i-tularemia,
- ubuthi be-botulinum,
- Igciwane leChimera.
La magciwane ayabulala abantu nasezilwaneni. Ngenxa yalokhu, udaba lokungcola kwendalo kufanele luphakanyiswe. Uma kungamiswa, khona-ke elinye igciwane lingabulala kakhulu futhi ngokushesha ukubulala izigidi zezilwane, izitshalo nabantu ngokushesha kangangokuba usongo lokungcola kwamakhemikhali noma okwenziwa ngemisebe lubonakale lunamandla kangako.
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Izindlela Zokulawula Ukungcola Kwendalo
Kulula kubantu: ungagonyelwa amagciwane amabi kakhulu. Ukutheleleka kwezitshalo nezilwane ezinama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene kanye namagciwane akunakulawulwa. Njengesinyathelo sokuvimbela, izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuhlanzeka nobhubhane kufanele zibhekwe yonke indawo. Okuyingozi enkulu ukwakhiwa kobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-biotechnology. Ukusuka elabhoratri, ama-microorganisms angangena kwimvelo futhi asakaze ngokushesha. Okunye okusunguliwe kuholela ekuguqukeni kwezakhi zofuzo, kuthinta hhayi kuphela isimo sokwakheka kwabantu abathize, kepha futhi kunomthelela ekuwohlakalweni kokuzala, ngenxa yokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingeke zikwazi ukuphinda ziqale izinombolo zazo. Kwenzeka okufanayo nasebantwini. Ngakho-ke, ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kungashesha futhi ngezinga elikhulu kuqede konke okuphilayo emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi abantu.
Izinhlobo zokungcola
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuyinkinga ebalulekile engaxazululwa ngesikhathi esifushane. Kuvela ekukhishweni kwemiphumela nemikhiqizo yezimpilo zabantu kumhlaba wangaphandle.
Ubunzima ukuthi ukutheleleka ngamagciwane akunakwenzeka ukulawula. Ukonakala kwesimo semvelo semvelo kuholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ngoba "udoti" obangela ukuphazamiseka emsebenzini wokuzala wezilwane nezitshalo. Okufanayo kuya kumuntu. Ngaphandle kokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo, izinhlobo zethu zibhekene nokuqothulwa.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ziyahlukaniswa:
- Ukukhishwa kwezinkampani zokuqamba kwe-microbiological. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amabhizinisi akhiqiza izidakamizwa: ama-antibiotics, imigomo, njll. Esikhathini sokukhiqizwa ngama-bacterium we-pathogenic bacteria kanye nezingxenye zezidakamizwa kuphuma, okuyisakhi esiphakathi kwezakhi zamagciwane ayingozi.
Isibonelo imvamisa ukuzama ukwenza amaprotheni okufakayo kusuka kwimvubelo yokudla. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lo mbono wayekwa, ngoba ukuhanjiswa kwezulu kwehla ngenxa yokuphuma komoya, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bakhubazeka. Ezindaweni lapho kwenziwa khona le nto, izakhamizi zasemakhaya kanye namadolobha aqala ukuba nesifo somoya i-asthma, ukungazitholi kwezingane kunciphile, kwavela nezinye izinkinga. - Izikhali ze-bacteriological. Phezu kokuba khona kokuvinjelwa kwamanye amazwe, kunemibiko yemizamo yokuyakha ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Ingozi ibangelwa izizathu eziningana. Owokuqala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uthole kumalabhoratri amancane ngokuqiniseka okuqinile. Okwesibili ubunzima ekutholeni. Okwesithathu, izingqimba zihlala zisebenza iminyaka emi-2 noma ngaphezulu. Umzekeliso oshukumisayo yigciwane le-anthrax virus elangena emnyuziyamu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
- Ukungcoliswa “kofuzo” okuhambisana nokwakhiwa konjiniyela bofuzo. Kuzoba nzima ukunikeza ukuhlolwa kwezemvelo kokungcola okunjalo, njengoba izakhiwo zezinto ezintsha zingacacile. Uma sekumvelo, ubunzima budala ukuhlaselwa yisifo esingaziwa. Ukungcoliswa “kofuzo” kungadala izinguquko ezilandelayo: ukudluliselwa kohlobo lwesilwane kusuka kwesinye isilwane kuya kwesinye, amathuba okungcola echibini lezihlobo zezilwane ezisengozini kanye nezilwane.
Ukusuka emoyeni, enhlabathini nasemanzini, lokhu okugcina kuthambekele kakhulu ekungcoleni komoya. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamagciwane alimazayo, izidumbu zamanzi ziqala "ukuqhakaza". Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa izinto ezinobuthi, kuphuma iphunga, amanzi abe engakufanele ukuphuzwa. Ososayensi bahlonze amagciwane angaphezu kwama-20 abangela ubuthi bamanzi amasha.
Imithombo yokungcola
Izakhi zemvelo ezithinta kabi abantu, abamele izimbali nezilwane, zibizwa ngokuthi yizici zokungcola. Zihlukaniswe ngokulandelayo:
- eziphilayo izidalwa ezingezona ezinobuthi
- ama-microorganisms anemisebenzi yokutheleleka,
- amagciwane angama-pathogenic futhi anemibandela ethile ye-pathogenic,
- ubuthi begazi
- I-GMMO (ama-microorganism aguqulwe ngofuzo),
- ukutheleleka.
Izici ze-anthropogenic, izinhlekelele zemvelo nezingozi zezimboni zibhubhisa imvelo. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo:
- indle evela ezitshalweni,
- ukuthathwa komhlaba okusetshenziswa ezindlini nasezimbonini,
- amanethiwekhi okuhambisa indle
- amangcwaba
- Ukunisela kwezinkambu.
Amagciwane asemagciwane nezifo ezithathelwanayo avela. Ukuvela kwama-parasites kuvuselela ingxibongo kwizimvu, umkhuhlane we-hemorrhagic, kanye nesifo kubantu.
Ngokusho kososayensi, ukuvela kwengculazi isigaba sokuqala phakathi kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zemvelaphi ezingaziwa.
Ukungcoliswa kwamandla
Ukungcoliswa kwamandla kwe-technologies kuwuhlobo oluhlukile lomthelela we-anthropogenic emvelweni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imiphumela ye-radionuclides, i-radiation kanye namasimu we-electromagnetic, vibration. Phakathi kwemithombo ebalulekile yamadolobha, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zezimboni, okulandelayo kuyahlukaniswa:
- izikhungo zamandla
- izitshalo zezimboni
- izintambo zokuhamba.
Izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwamandla:
- I-Electromagnetic Imisebe isetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana emsakazweni, embonini: ukufudumeza okuvama kakhulu kwezinto ngesikhathi kuncibilika, ukomiswa hhayi kuphela. Inani lemithombo yokufakelwa liyakhula. Emvelweni wemvelo, imisebe ye-electromagnetic ayikho.
Amagagasi omsakazo angaba nomthelela ongemuhle enhlalakahleni yomuntu nasemsebenzini obalulekile wezinye izidalwa. - Okushisayo. Amandla akhiqizwayo ayahlakazwa kumvelo. Ezinye zezizathu ezikhona yi-fire combustion, ukusebenza kwezitshalo ezishisayo zamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto, izitshalo zamandla.
Ubungozi bemisebe yokushisa akuqondakali ngokuphelele, kepha ukukhipha ukushisa ngokweqile kungxenyeni ehlalekayo kungadala ushintsho ekusebenzeni kwemvelo. - Acoustic. Amandla omsindo aqala ukuguqula abe yinkinga enkulu. Umsindo wedolobha uthinta isimo somuntu. Ukuphumula okunganele, i-neurosis, ukungaphatheki kahle - lokhu nokunye ukwephulwa kubangela ukuvezwa kwemisindo ephakeme ngokweqile.
Ukuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwamahhovisi, izikole nezinye izakhiwo akukwazi ukwahlukanisa abantu kulolu hlobo lwamandla. Umphumela onjalo ubangela ukulimala okukhulu empilweni.
Ezindaweni ezingagcinwanga muntu, cishe akukho mithombo eyenziwe umuntu yomsindo omkhulu, kepha umsindo wendiza noma indiza enophephela emhlane ungazesabisa izilwane. - Irediyo. Ubungozi bokushiswa ngemisebe kubantu buqukethe i-ionization yotshwala, ukuqhekeka izibopho zamangqamuzana, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, ushintsho esakhiweni samaseli, ukubukeka kwesimila somdlavuza nokuningi. Izinguquko zingavela ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo: ukuqothulwa noma ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Okufanayo kuhamba nezilwane.
Ukukhathazeka komphakathi inani lezikhali zenuzi ezikhona eMhlabeni. Lapho kushaywa umoya, kuzobhubhisa ubuntu kanye nemvelo. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zilwa naye ngokungakhathali. Kwakunqatshelwe ukuvimbela hhayi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali kuphela, kepha futhi kunoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa okungenzeka okungadala ukulimala ebuntwini.
Amabhomu ama-athomu amabili kuphela aqhume emhlabeni: ngaphezulu kweHiroshima neNagasaki. Kuze kube manje, lo mcimbi ukhunjulwa njengosizi olukhulu. Ngemizuzwana embalwa, amakhulu abantu anyathele uthuli.
Umthelela wezinto ezinobungozi kanye nezehlakalo ezenzeka ephilayo zibangela ushintsho olubi olungenakuphikwa. Ngalesi sizathu, izindlela zokulwa nokukhipha i-anthropogenic ziyakhiwa.
Izindlela Zokulawula Ukungcola Kwendalo
Ukuvimbela ukungena kwamagciwane ungene emvelweni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane abangela ukuguquka kwezifo nezifo, konke kungenzeka kwenziwe.
Izindlela ezilandelayo zokubhekana nokubhujiswa zihlukaniswa:
- umthetho wabantu,
- hlala yedwa (uma kunesidingo),
- ukubonwa njalo kwesimo sendalo kanye nokuqalwa kwezifo,
- ukuncishiswa kwe-foci yezifo eziyingozi zamagciwane kanye nokulawula kwazo,
- ukuncishiswa kokungcoliswa kofuzo okungenzeka kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingavamile ezibalwe encwadini ebomvu,
- ukubhekisisa okuqhubekayo okwenziwa ngabasebenza ngezifo zokulimala ekwakheni amagciwane,
- ukuvikelwa kwendle yendawo.
Izindlela ezifakwe kuhlu ngeke zilethe umphumela ofanele, uma imbangela ingaqediwe. Kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa uhlelo ukuvikela ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla enobungani bemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlawulo kumabhizinisi aphonsa imfucuza emvelweni. Ukuhlonipha imvelo kufanele kube yinzuzo kubo bonke abakhileyo emhlabeni.
Ukungcoliswa okuyingozi
Izinhlobo zokungcola ngokomzimba nangamakhemikhali ziyingozi kakhulu. Ukungcoliswa kwe-anthropogenic eRussia kudlula okujwayelekile. Kuyingozi kakhulu ebantwini.
Ukungcoliswa ngokomzimba - ukungasebenzi kahle emazingeni okushisa, ngokomzimba, emisebeni nakwezinye izinkomba. Zingaba ezishisayo, ezisebenza ngogesi, zomsakazo, ezemvelo.
Izinguquko ezishisayo zenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphuma kokushisa ezindlini nasezinsizakalweni zomphakathi, ukufakwa kwendle yokushisa endaweni yangaphandle. Phakathi kwemithombo ikufanele ukugqamisa abaqoqeli abahleliwe kanye nemizila yokushisa, amapayipi kagesi wezimboni angaphansi komhlaba.
Ama-electromagnetic abangela ukufakwa kukagesi, imigqa yamandla kagesi ephezulu, imisebe evela emishini kagesi. Lokhu kugcina kuthinta umsebenzi wenhliziyo nobuchopho, kubangele isimila, ukuphazamiseka kwehomoni, izinqubo eziwohloka zesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi. Izingcingo nemishini yekhompyutha kubhekwa njengemithombo eyingozi yokuvezwa okunjalo.
Umonakalo womsakazo obangelwa ukukhuphuka kwemisebe ngenxa yezingozi ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi, ukuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi, ukusetshenziswa kwama-radionuclides.
Enye yezinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ngumsindo wemvelo, ophakeme kunendalo yemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kucasulwa ukuvela kwezakhi zamakhemikhali ezindaweni ezingalungile. Zingaba imbangela yezifo eziningi zabantu: ubuthi, izinkinga ezingamahlalakhona, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izakhi zokwakha zithinta kabi isimo samanzi, umoya nenhlabathi.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kwenzeka ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezimoto, izindlu ezi-boiler, iziteshi ezishisayo, imfucumfucu yezimboni. Umkhathi uvame ukuphazamiseka ngezizathu zemvelo: ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, imililo yehlathi, izivunguvungu zothuli.
Ibhalansi yemvelo yemvelo iphazanyiswa ukukhishwa kwemikhumbi, izinsimbi ezinobuthi, ezingaboli, kepha ziqongelela ezintweni eziphilayo zabahlali basolwandle.
Phakathi kwemithombo yokubhujiswa kwe-lithosphere kwasekuqaleni kukhona imfucuza yendlu neyolimo, izinkampani zezimboni, amandla ezishisayo nezokuthutha.
Ukungcoliswa kokuqothuka kwesiteshi nakho kuhlukaniswa, ngenxa yalokho okuma komhlaba nezinhlelo zemvelo kuguqukayo. Ukubhujiswa kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemithombo yemvelo: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukufuduka kwabantu emadolobheni, ukulawulwa kwezimpophoma nezinye.
Isimo sezinkinga zezemvelo kufanele sibe nesibopho. Lapho zingekho izindlela zokuvimbela umthelela owonakalisayo womuntu emvelweni, ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuzoholela ekunyamalaleni kwabameleli abaningi boMhlaba. Izinguquko zesimo sezulu zizokwenzeka, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, amanzi nomoya kuzokwehla. Okushiyekile kulolu daba kuyingozi ngokuba khona komuntu uqobo, ngenxa yalokho, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa isimo semvelo yomhlaba.
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo - ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngama-microorganisms we-pathogenic, amagciwane, amagciwane, i-protozoa, isikhunta, i-algae encane, njll.
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kubangelwa ukungena ngaphakathi (kwemvelo noma ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu) ezintweni zemvelo nokufakwa kobuchwepheshe kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziqhele kule miphakathi nezitshalo ezivame ukungabikho lapho. Izinto ezingcolisayo ze-biotic kanye ne-microbiological ziyahlukaniswa. Ukungcoliswa kwe-biotic (biogenic) kuhlotshaniswa nokusatshalaliswa kokuthile, okuvame ukungafuneki, kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwabantu, izakhi zomzimba (izidumbu, izidumbu, njll.) Endaweni kanye (noma) endaweni yamanzi lapho ibingakaze ibonwe khona phambilini. Ukungcoliswa kwe-Microbiological (microbial) kuvela ngenxa yokuvela kwenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ngokungajwayelekile emvelweni, ezihambisana nokuzalwa kwazo okuningi ezindaweni eziguqukile phakathi nemisebenzi yabantu.
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo - isingeniso semvelo nokuzalwa kuso kwezinto ezingafuneki kubantu. Isibonelo, ukusakazeka kwama-microorganisms we-pathogenic (amagciwane, amagciwane, njll.), Ukhula, izilwane eziyingozi emisebenzini yabantu (amagundane egundane, amagundane, isikhonyane, njll.).
Izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo (ulwelwe, amagciwane, amagciwane, njll.) Kungasuswa ngezinga elikhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kwamanzi nge-electrocoagulation kanye ne-electroflotation kumaseli e-electrolytic nge-aluminium noma i-iron electrodes. Kulokhu, izinto ezingcolisayo zidonswa yi-hydroxides eyakhelwe ngama-aluminium nensimbi, bese ihlukaniswa ukudilizwa, ukufafaza nokuhlunga. Maqondana nokuba khona kwezinhlayiya zokungcoliswa kwemvelo kokukhokhiswa kukagesi, kungenzeka ukuthi ubasuse emanzini futhi usebenzise i-inert electrodes. Ukucwaninga kulezi zindawo ezithokozisayo akwenzeki emkhakheni wamanzi Chemistry and Technology we-Institute of Chemical Chemical Chemistry, i-Academy yeSayensi ye-SSR yase-Ukraine.
Ukungcoliswa kokungena endaweni yasemanzini kuhlukaniswa ngokwezindlela, imibandela nezinhloso. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukukhipha ukungcoliswa ngamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji. Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kushintsha izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zemvelo ngokwandisa okuqukethwe okungcolile okukuwo, zombili izakhi (usawoti wamaminerali, ama-asidi, ama-alkali, izinhlayiya zobumba) nemvelo yezinto eziphilayo (imikhiqizo yamafutha neyamafutha, izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo). Ukungcola kwendalo: amagciwane, amagciwane, amanye ama-pathogens, i-algae, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta sesikhunta, Okuyisiqalo: izakhi zomsakazo, izinsimbi ezilengisiwe, ukushisa, i-sludge, isihlabathi, isilika, ubumba, i-organoleptic (umbala, iphunga).
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kuhlotshaniswa nokungeniswa kwemvelo nokusakazwa kwezinto ezingafuneki kubantu, ngokwethulwa noma kungeniswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezindalweni zemvelo, okudala ushintsho olubi kuma-biocenoses.
Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ikakhulukazi kungumphumela wokuphindaphindeka kwama-microorganisms kanye nemisebenzi ye-anthropogenic (amandla ezishisayo, imboni, ezokuthutha, izenzo zamabutho ahlomile). Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokwakha kunikela cishe ku-10% wakho konke ukungcoliswa. Inani elikhulu lokungcola lingena emkhathini ngesikhathi sezimboni zikasimende, ngesikhathi sokukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwe-asbestos.
Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwamanzi asemhlabathini kungabangelwa ngamagciwane ahlukahlukene - ulwelwe, amagciwane, amagciwane. Okuyingozi kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane angena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni zokugcotshwa kakhulu nokuhlala isikhathi eside kwamanzi asendlini - avela emasimini wokuhlunga, amasekhethi, amasheya, amanethiwekhi okuhambisa indle angasebenzi kahle, njll. amanzi asemfuleni akhangwa wukuphuza kwamanzi.
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kwemvelo - ukukhula komncintiswano, - kungenzeka ukuphazamiseka kwechibi lezakhi zofuzo, ukwenzeka kwama-epizootic.
Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo akunakuba yingozi kangako: sekwanele ukukhumbula ubhubhane lwezifo ezinjengekholera, umkhuhlane noma isifo, izimbangela zazo ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane. Amanzi amdaka asekhaya aphethwe ngendlela efanele futhi aqothulwe aqukethe inhlanganisela enkulu yamagciwane we-pathogenic abangela isikhumba, amathumbu nezinye izifo. Kwezinye izimo, izilwane noma izitshalo (ukungcoliswa kwemvelo yemvelo) zangeniswa ngengozi (zenziwe kabusha) ngendlela entsha emvelweni kungadala umonakalo omkhulu emnothweni. Lokhu kwenzeka, ngokwesibonelo, eYurophu ngebhungane lamazambane leAmerican Colorado, eseyaba inkathazo enkulu yama-nightshade lapha. I-Europe "yakhokha" iMelika ngokungenisa ngephutha i-harworm engafakwanga ehlathini le-oki, eyanda ngokushesha, ithola i-niche yayo yemvelo, futhi yaba inkathazo eyingozi iminyaka eminingi.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi eziphilayo. Amanzi wemvelo agcwele kakhulu ngamagciwane, i-algae, i-protozoa, izibungu nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukungcola kwendalo kuthuthuka kakhulu, izakhi eziningi emanzini. Izilwane ezivame kakhulu ngamagciwane asuke ebambe iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwayo yonke imiphakathi yasemanzini. Akhula ngobuningi besilika nakweminye inhlabathi, ngokuba yingxenye yabantu abangaphansi, amagciwane angakha inqwaba yezinto ezinamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi (periphyton). Ngendlela ye-bacterioplankton, bayingxenye yomphakathi weplankton ongowengxenye encane kakhulu ye-plankton (nannoplankton). Amagciwane enza ukumiswa okuzinzile, ngoba asondelene nobukhulu bamanzi ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu komswakama esitokisini (cishe ama-85% amanzi).
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kuqukethe ukuguqula isimo sendawo yasemanzini ngenxa yokwanda kwenani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izitshalo nezilwane (amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, iprotozoa, izibungu) ezethulwe ngaphandle ezingezona isimilo sazo.
Izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile zimelelwa ngamagciwane, amaqanda we-helminth (izibungu), imvubelo nesikhunta, i-algae encane, amagciwane, ngakho-ke amanzi angcolile abeka ingozi enkulu yokuqhekeka kwabantu nasezilwaneni zasendle.
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo kwemvelo noma imiphakathi, kuhlukaniswe kube yi-biotic (biiogenic) kanye ne-microbiological (microbial).
Ukungcoliswa kwendalo akuyona ingozi kangako kunokungcola kwamakhemikhali Ama-Epidemics womkhuhlane nezinye izifo ayizibonelo zokubonakaliswa kokungcola kwe-microbiological okubangelwa ama-microorganisms. Ukusakazeka kwamagciwane ngamanzi angcolile bekulokhu kunjalo futhi kuyaqhubeka imbangela yobhubhane.
Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuqondwa njengokwethulwa kwezinqubo zemvelo ngenxa yomphumela wethonya lezinto eziphilayo ezingaphili (izinto ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, njll.) Ezikhulisa izimo zokuphila zemiphakathi yemvelo engathandeki noma ezithinta kabi impilo yabantu.
Ukungcoliswa komoya. Eminyakeni engama-20-30 eyedlule, lolu hlobo lwethonya emizimbeni yamanzi nasezindaweni zamanzi zaqala ukwanda kakhulu ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezitshalo ezinkulu ezishisayo nezamandla enuzi. Onjiniyela bamandla banombono wokuthi amanzi asetshenziswa iziteshi ukunikeza ukupholisa awaqhubeki naluphi ushintsho / 3, 5 /. Kodwa-ke, kwatholakala ukuthi amanzi adlula emayunithi e-TPP ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphakeme aguqula usawoti wawo, igesi kanye nokwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo / 108 /. Ukungena kwalawa manzi ezindaweni zokugcina izinhlanzi kubangela ushintsho olukhulu ezikhundleni ze-hydrothermal, hydrochemical and biological regislation / 109-112 /. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa emzimbeni wamanzi kwenzeka kumfutho wegesi nakwimali esetshenziswayo. Ebusika, lo mphumela uyathuthukiswa. Ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezivulekile kunomthelela ekugcotshweni kwamanzi kanye nomoya-mpilo, okuvimbela ukuqubuka kobusika ebusika. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa, izinqubo ze-physicochemical kanye ne-biological zokuhlanzwa kwamanzi kusuka ekungcolisweni okuyinhloko ziyaqina, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-microorganisms, i-phytoplankton kuyenziwa kusebenze, i-photosynthesis kanye ne-mineralization yokukhuphuka kwezinto ze-organic. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukufa nokuqongelela kwezinto ezisanda kwenziwa (i-algae, ama-microorganisms) kuholela ekukhuculweni kokungcoliswa kwesekondari (okuyisibalo) futhi ngenxa yalokho, kukhuphuka kakhulu kombuso we-oksijini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphansi / 110 /. Ngokushisa okuqinile (ngaphezu kwe-5-6 °), ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-hydrobiocenoses kuyabonwa: izinqola ezithanda ukubanda zezinto eziphilayo ziyaxoshwa, umkhiqizo weflora nezilwane, ikakhulukazi ama-protococcal diatoms, ancishisiwe, ukuqhakaza kwamanzi kuyathuthukiswa, futhi nokwakheka kwezinhlobo ze-zooplankton ne-zoobenthos kuncishisiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubukhulu bokunika ukudla buncipha futhi ukukhula kwezinhlanzi kuncipha, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zazo kuyashintsha (inani lezinhlanzi ezinenani eliphansi liyenyuka). Ithonya elibi lamanzi afudumele lithinta i-trophicity yokugcinwa kwamanzi. lenyuka isikhathi sokugcina / 108, 110 /. Uma imibundu yokushisa idlulwa (ngokwesibonelo, ukusuka ku-25 ° C kuya ku-35 ° C), kufa kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Izigaba zokungcoliswa kwamanzi omdalo okuzalwa kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kokuhlola ubungozi bokubekeka kwamanzi amdaka. Ukudluliselwa kwegciwane ngamanzi ngenxa yokutheleleka okuthile kuhambelana ngqo neqhaza elihlala likhula lezidumbu zamanzi empilweni yomuntu. Ukwanda kokungcoliswa komoya we izidalwa zamanzi kuhlotshaniswa nokuhamba kwamanzi amaningi amdaka, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kwemicimbi yokubhukuda yezemidlalo. Izifo eziningi zegciwane (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, tularemia) zinokudluliselwa komgudu wamanzi. Kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (polio), ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kudluliselwe ngemvelo yasemanzini nakho kufakazelwe.
Izinto ezingcolisa imishini zingama-aerosols, ama-solids nezinhlayiya eziqukethwe emanzini nasemhlabathini. Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali - izinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali ezinhlobonhlobo, eziwuketshezi nezinamandla ezihlangana ne-biosphere Ukungcoliswa kwendalo - ama-microorganisms kanye nemikhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile. Izinhlobo zezamandla zifaka zonke izinhlobo zamandla - ezishisayo, ezemishini, ezikhanyayo, ezi-electromagnetic, zamandla we-ionization.
Izinto ezingcolisa imishini zifaka izinto ezingathathi hlangothi ezingangeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ezingena ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali ngezinto ze-biosphere (amanzi, umoya, inhlabathi). Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kuyizinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezisebenzisana ne-biosphere. Izinto ezingcolisayo zebhayiloji zingama-microorganisms nemikhiqizo yomsebenzi wazo ophansi. Ukungcoliswa kwamandla kufaka zonke izinhlobo zamandla - ezishisayo, ezomshini (zokudlidliza, zomsindo, ze-Ultra), ukukhanya (okubonakalayo, okungamakhompiyutha, nemisebe ye-laser), amasimu ka-elekthronikhi nemisebe ye-ionizing (i-alpha, i-beta, i-gamma, i-x-ray ne-neutron) . Ezinye izinhlobo zezinto ezingcolisayo, ezifana nokungcola kwemisebe, zombili zingumsebenzi! ® futhi zinamandla.
Ukungcola kwegciwane kanye nokuphilayo kuyizinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo: imvubelo nesikhunta esincane, ulwelwe oluncane kanye namagciwane, kufaka phakathi ama-pathogens - ama-causative agents we typhoid fever, paratyphoid, dysentery, njll. Lolu hlobo lokungcola luphawu ikakhulukazi lwamanzi asekhaya kanye nezinye izinhlobo zamanzi amdaka asezimboni (indle amanzi ezindawo zokuhlatshwa, izithuthuthu, ama-washers woboya, ama-biofactories, njll.). Ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, angabokungcola okuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo, kodwa avelele eqenjini elihlukile ngenxa yokuhlangana okukhethekile nezinye izinhlobo zokungcola.
I-AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION (SZ) - ukwethulwa emvelweni wamakhemikhali anobuthi wamakhemikhali noma ama-pathogenic microorganisms (bheka ukungcoliswa kwebhayoloji) kwinqubo yokukhiqiza yezolimo. Imithombo eyinhloko ye-S.z. zingukubulala izinambuzane, umanyolo, imfucuza yezifuyo. Ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane kanye nezinsalela zawo kunciphisa inani labantu abahlala kuwo bese kunciphisa inqubo yokuvuselela izakhi zomzimba ngesikhathi sokubola kwezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo. Ukufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungadala ukugula okuyisidalwa komuntu, kubandakanya nomdlavuza. E-Russian Federation, imikhiqizo yezolimo ivame ukungcoliswa ama-pesticides eqembu angama-2,4-D.
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ingamanzi amdaka avela ezimbonini zokudla nezesikhumba, ukuthathwa komhlaba okufuywayo kanye nezimboni, amathuna, amanethiwekhi okuhambisa indle, amasimu okunisela, njll. Kule mithombo, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo kanye nezinambuzane ezincane ze-pathogenic zingena emhlabathini, emadwaleni nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Ngokusho kwemininingwane yokuhlanzeka kanye ne-epidemiological, ama-Escoichia coli we-pathogenic atholakala emanzini omhlaba ekujuleni kwama-300 m ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba.
Zonke izinhlobo ezihluziwe zokungcola ziyaxhuma futhi ngayinye futhi? zingaba umfutho wokuvela kwezinye izinhlobo zokungcola. Ikakhulu, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali komoya wezinhlamvu zemali kunomthelela ekwandeni., "Umsebenzi we-viral, futhi, ngokubabazekayo, ukungcoliswa kwendalo. Ingculaza ingumphumela wokungcola kwe-anthropogenic kwe-bio ery.
Ukungcoliswa komoya wezinto zenhlabathi ezihambisana nokwanda kokusakazeka kwezifo eziqashile kubaluleke kakhulu. Imbangela enkulu yokungcoliswa kwemvelo yemvelo yenhlabathi kungukucekelwa phansi komhlaba, ukufakwa kwamapayipi (ukungcolisa umhlaba) kwemfucuza yasendlini. Ukuhlolwa kokuhlanzeka kwale nto yokungcoliswa komhlaba kwenhlabathi kuhlinzeka ekunqumweni kwezimo zokuqongelela imfucuza kanye nesigaba sobuthi babo, kanye nezici zokuqoqwa kwabo, ukulahlwa kwabo (indawo esendaweni yasedolobheni), ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokucubungula2.
Imithombo yokungcoliswa kwe-anthropogenic, okuyingozi kakhulu kubantu abaningi kunoma yiziphi izidalwa ezakha imvelo, ngamabhizinisi ezimboni (amakhemikhali, i-metallological, uginindela nephepha, izinto zokwakha, njll.), Amandla okushisa, ezokuthutha, ukukhiqiza ezolimo nobunye ubuchwepheshe. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokufudukela emadolobheni, izindawo zamadolobha amakhulu nezinhlangano zezimboni zingcolile kakhulu. Izinhlobo zokungcola zikhipha ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji (Fig. 12.1 ngokusho kweN.F. Reimers, 1990, njengoba kuchitshiyelwe).
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwento, ukungcoliswa kuhlukaniswe ngezinto ezibonakalayo (isithako), amandla (parametric) namandla e-ezibonakalayo. Eyokuqala ifaka ukungcola kwemishini, kwamakhemikhali kanye nasebhayoloji, okuvame ukuhlanganiswa ngumqondo ojwayelekile - ukungcola, owesibili - okushisayo, umkhuhlane, imisebe kagesi kanye ne-ionizing, kanye nemisebe ye-optical, eyesithathu - i-radionuclides.
Okuyingozi enkulu ukungcola okungokwemvelo kwemvelo ngamagciwane wezifo ezithathelwanayo kanye nezifo ezihlaselayo. Izinguquko ezibalulekile zemvelo ngenxa yemiphumela ye-anthropogenic ziholela emiphumeleni engalindeleki ekuziphatheni kwabantu abaningi bama-pathogens kanye nabathwali bezifo eziyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni. .
Ngokungcola okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bamanzi angaphezulu emkhakheni wezwe lonke wokuphuza ukunikezwa kwamanzi emashumini eminyaka amuva, kube nokuthambekela kokushintshela ekusebenziseni kwamanzi we-artesian (ngaphansi komhlaba). Amanzi we-Artesian aqhathaniswa kahle nengaphezulu: izinga lamaminerali, i-organic, ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane kanye nokuphilayo kungaphansi kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, lawo manzi ahlangabezana ngokuphelele nezidingo zokuhlanzeka futhi anganikezwa abathengi, bedlula ukulungiswa kwendabuko.Kodwa-ke, uma amanzi we-artesian engenawo umoya-mpilo ngemvelo yawo ye-hydrochemical (engaqukethe i-oksijini encibilikisiwe), khona-ke angaqukatha izithako zokunciphisa (i-ion Mn2 +, Fe2 + ne-hydrogen sulfide) ekugxileni okudlula amazinga avumelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuhlanzwa kuyadingeka, okunciphisa ukwelapha amanzi ngama-oxidizing agents, isibonelo, i-potanganum permanganate, i-ozone, i-oxygen compounds ye-chlorine. Njengomphumela wokucutshungulwa, lokhu kungcola kuba ngokungasebenzi bese kususwa kalula ngokuhlunga.
Inkinga enkulu kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zemvelo, ukulwa nayo nemiphumela yako kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi, njengoba kungukuvinjwa kwezifo ezinhlobonhlobo ezithinta izifo nezifo ezihlaselayo.
Isizathu sokubonakala kwamakhompiyitha e-nitrogen emanzini, ngaphezu kokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulungiswa okuqondile kwe-nitrogen evela emkhathini ngama-bacterium angama-nodule. Umthombo wokucebisa ngamanzi nge-nitrate ubuye futhi ube yi- “nitrogen oxides,” eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokuphuma kombani futhi iwele emizimbeni yamanzi enamanzi emvula.
Izici ezijwayelekile zokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, okwenziwa ngemisakazo nangokwebhayoloji. Eqinisweni, ukungcola okukhulu kwamanzi asemhlabathini ngamakhemikhali. Kuholela ushintsho ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali negesi jikelele kumanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nezimpawu zabo ze-redox ne-acid-base. Konke ukungcola kuhambisana nesingeniso emanzini angaphansi komhlaba wokugxila okuhlukahlukene, izinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo. Ukugxila kwalezi zinto emanzini angcolisiwe angaphansi komhlaba kungaba ngamashumi noma izikhathi eziphakeme kune-MPC.
Ukungena kwamanzi okufuywayo kumanzi amdaka ezimboni kuholela ekungcolisweni kwebhayoloji kokugcina.
Ukuvimbela, ukutholwa kwesikhathi esifanele, ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kanye nokuqedwa kokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kutholakala ngezinyathelo eziphelele ezihlobene nokuvikelwa kwesifo esihlasela abantu. Izinyathelo zifaka ukuvikelwa kwenhlanzeko yendawo, ukwethulwa kokuhlukaniswa, lapho kunesidingo, ukubhekwa njalo kokujikeleza kwamagciwane, ukubonwa kwendawo kanye nokuqashelwa kwezifo, ukulandelela kanye nokuqapha kwe-foci yezifo ezingamagciwane eziyingozi.
Uma isihloko somthetho wezemvelo wubudlelwano bokuvikela imvelo emathonyeni amakhemikhali ayingozi, ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji, kungokwemvelo ukuveza udaba lokugqamisa njengezigatshana zemikhakha lezo zomthetho ezilawula ukuvikelwa emathonyeni amakhemikhali, emathonyeni omzimba kanye nethonya lezinto eziphilayo. Le ndlela yokwakha imithetho yezemvelo, okuyimboni eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisiwe, ibaluleke kakhulu ngokwesayensi futhi isebenza. Ngakho-ke, izidingo zokuvikela imvelo ekungcolisweni kwezinto eziphilayo zitholakala eMthethweni ngokuvikelwa Kwemvelo Yemvelo, umthetho wamahlathi, umthetho wezilwane zasendle, owokuhlanzeka, wezolimo neminye imithetho. Indlela ebambekayo ekuhlaziyweni kwesakhiwo somthetho ikuvumela ukuthi unikeze ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwesimo somthetho kule ndawo, ukukhomba izikhala futhi wakhe iziphakamiso zokwenza ngcono kwazo. Uma igatsha elingaphansi komthetho wezemvelo elihlobene nokuvikelwa ekungcolisweni kwamakhemikhali selifundwe kahle, isayensi alikunakanga kangako ekuhlaziyweni komthethonqubo wezomthetho wokuvikelwa kwemvelo ekungcolisweni ngokomzimba nangokwempilo.
Izinkomba ezingeziwe zesimo semvelo semvelo ezindaweni ezihlala abantu zifaka phakathi i-genotoxicity kanye nezinkomba zokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo (inani le-pathogenic microorganisms inani le-titers nokuqukethwe kwamaqanda we-helminth).
Ekuhloleni isimo senhlabathi yemvelo, izinkomba eziphambili zezinga lokungathandeki kwemvelo yizindlela zokuwohloka komzimba, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali nokuphilayo (Ithebula 67).
Amanzi angcolile ayindlela eyinkimbinkimbi yokungcola okungenzeka ukuthi isesimweni esincibilikisiwe, esinemibala futhi engaphendulwanga. Ukungcola kuhlukaniswe ngamaminerali, i-organic, i-bacterial, i-biological. Amaminerali amelwa ngesihlabathi, izinhlayiya zobumba, i-slag, i-ore, usawoti wamaminerali. Ukungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlukaniswe ngemvelaphi kwezitshalo, izilwane, izinto zamakhemikhali. Ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane kanye nokuphilayo kutholakala emanzini nasezifuyweni nakwimisebenzi yamabhizinisi athile ezimboni. Amanzi amdaka asendlini afaka amanzi avela ezindlini zokugeza, ezamabhizinisi okupheka, ezibhedlela, njll. Aqhamuka ezakhiweni zokuhlala nasezindlini zomphakathi, ezindle. Izinto eziphilayo kuzo cishe zingama-58%, amaminerali - 42%.
Inani elilinganayo lamanzi ancitshisiwe lithululelwa kwezinye izingilazi (control), namanzi ancitshisiwe nawo athululelwa kwezinye izingilazi, kepha kuxutshwe 1/3 ngamanzi aphuma echibini, esigcini noma emfuleni ngenkambo ethule, i.e. okuvela emizimbeni yamanzi exutshwe nezinto eziphilayo. Uma kwenzeka kungcoliswa okunamandla kwe-biological, i-dilution kufanele inyuswe.
Uhlu olungezansi luyisimo sesiphetho izici ezahlukahlukene zomqondo okuxoxwe ngawo we- “8colog 'carnival niche”, echaza izindlela zokuhlangana kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nokwakheka kwezimpawu zemvelo zemvelo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, okuvusa ukungcoliswa kwendalo kwemvelo (bheka chassis yokungcola kwe-anthropogenic).
Ukugxilwa okuvunyelwe okuphezulu kunqunywa ngenxa yocwaningo lwezokwelapha futhi kuvunyelwe nguMnyango Wezempilo waseRussia Federation. Njengamanje, ama-MPCs amakhemikhali angaphezu kwe-1000 emanzini, angaphezu kwama-200 emoyeni wasemkhathini, futhi angaphezu kwama-30 emhlabathini asungulwa. Ukungcoliswa kwemikhiqizo yokudla komuntu nakho kulawulwa. Kumiswa amazinga wethonya lezinto ezibonakalayo - umsindo, ukudlidliza, imisebe kazibuthe ne-elekthronoma, ukuvezwa kwemisebe, ukungcoliswa okushisayo kanye nokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo yi-microflora pathogenic
Izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwa ngamakhemikhali angena emhlabathini ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Umhlabathi uyinto ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo ephilayo, lapho ukungathathi hlangothi kanye nokubhujiswa kwenzeka lapho kwenziwa ukwakheka kwezakhi zomzimba ezingezona ezinobuthi zeningi lokungcola kwendalo okuphathelene nezinto eziphilayo, okungamvelo kanye nezinto eziphilayo. Futhi, izinga lokungcola kwenhlabathi linomphumela obonakalayo kwabezindaba ngokuxhumana nalo: umoya wasemkhathini, amanzi omhlaba kanye namanzi angaphezulu, izitshalo. Kulokhu, ingozi yomhlabathi ongcolile empilweni yabantu ingakhonjiswa hhayi ngokuxhumana ngqo, kepha nangemidiya yokuxhumana nayo. Endabeni yokugcina, ukungafani kokungcola kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni womuntu kungenzeka emaceleni amaningi emvelo: inhlabathi - umoya wasemkhathini - indoda, inhlabathi - amanzi - umuntu, inhlabathi - isitshalo - indoda, inhlabathi - isitshalo - isilwane - indoda, inhlabathi - amanzi - inhlanzi - umuntu, kanye nezinye
Ukuze wenze lokhu, amanzi asetshenziswa ocwaningweni oluvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene (amachibi, idamu, iziphethu), lapho kubekwa khona amaqabunga ezitshalo ezifanayo zokuphikiswa okuncane noma okuphakathi. Lapho usebenzisa amaqabunga ezinhlobo ezikwazi ukumelana kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, iziqhwaga), isikhathi sokuhlola sandiswa kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuvezwa ebumnyameni, ichibi elingcoliswe kakhulu ngokwemvelo liyambulwa, emanzini amaqabunga abhujiswa ngokushesha okukhulu.
Leli phuzu lokubuka lingahlukaniswa ngokwengxenye kuphela, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kungumqondo osemqoka womthetho wezemvelo: enkambweni yempilo, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zomuntu kanye nemithelela yabantu emvelweni, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokushintshwa kwalo okubi, ukonakaliswa, ikakhulukazi kwamakhemikhali akhe. Ukungcoliswa komzimba kanye nokuphilayo kanye nokudangala kwemithombo yezemvelo.
Umbuzo wemisebenzi yendalo maqondana nomuntu ubalulekile ngokomthetho. Kuphansi komthethonqubo osemthethweni wokuphathwa kwezemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo emiphumeleni eyingozi yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuxhaswe umsebenzi wezomnotho wemvelo futhi uvikele ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, umthetho wezemvelo wanamuhla ubeka izidingo zokusetshenziswa komhlaba okunengqondo komhlaba, amanzi, amahlathi, nezinye izinsiza zemvelo, okuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela imvelo ekungcolisweni kwamakhemikhali, ngokomzimba kanye nasebhayoloji ukuze kunikezwe ithuba elifanelekile ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kwemvelo kwemvelo. Ngaphansi kohlaka lomthetho ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile, ubudlelwane obuhlobene nokweneliseka kobuhle, ukuzilibazisa, isayensi, izidingo zamuntu kumuntu ekuxhumaneni kwakhe nemvelo kulawulwa.
Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezitshalo nezitshalo zaphawula iqiniso lokuvumelana kwezilwane zasendle nezitshalo ezimweni zasemadolobheni. Ngokwehlukana, kufanele kushiwo ngezinhlobo ezifuywayo kanye ne-synanthropic. Muva nje, kuye kwavela izinto eziningi ezixakile, futhi lokhu akuyona into ejwayelekile (izinkawu, ama-raccoon aseNingizimu Melika izinkuni, i-kinkaju, njll.), Futhi kujwayelekile okungajwayelekile (ngokwesibonelo, ibhele elinsundu emgodini okhonjiwe esiteshini segesi). Lesi yisisekelo sokuzingela komhlaba wonke, ukuhweba ngobugebengu ezinhlotsheni ezingandile. Inkinga enkulu yezilwane ezingenamakhaya. Inani labangenisi elethulwa ngamabomu nangengazi, ngamabomu, ngeshwa liyakhula, okungukuthi, ukungcola kwendalo kwemvelo kuyakhula, kusongela imiphakathi yendalo kanye nezinhlobo zemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi inomthelela omkhulu empilweni yabantu, inokubaluleka okukhulu kokuhlanzeka futhi: 1) isici esiyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwezifundazwe zemvelo nezokuzenzela, ezibamba iqhaza ekuqubukeni nasekuvinjelweni kwezifo ezingama-2, imvelo enikeza ukujikeleza ohlelweni “lwezemvelo yangaphandle - umuntu ”wezinto zamakhemikhali nezomsakazo, kanye namakhemikhali angaphandle angena emhlabathini nokukhipha okuvela kumabhizinisi wezimboni, izimoto, amanzi amdaka, njll., futhi maqondana naleli qiniso ama-ores athinta impilo yomphakathi, 3) omunye wemithombo yokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali nokuphilayo komoya wasemkhathini, amanzi asemhlabeni kanye namanzi angaphezulu, kanye nezitshalo ezisetshenziswa ngabantu ukondliwa, 4) isici sokudlulisela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, 5) imvelo evamile, efanelekile yokunciphisa uketshezi nokungcola okuqinile.
Umqondo "wokuvikelwa kwemvelo" ("ukuvikelwa kwemvelo") ubhekisele nakwizisekelo eziyisisekelo emthethweni wezemvelo. Ubudlelwano kwezokuvikelwa kwemvelo buyisisekelo somthetho osemthethweni wale mboni. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo nokuphepha kwemvelo, kuya nge-Art. I-72 yoMthethosisekelo weRussian Federation iyindaba engaphansi kokubusa okuhlanganyelwe kweRussian Federation kanye neFrance. Ehlelweni lokuphila, ukwanelisa izidingo ezahlukahlukene zomthelela womuntu nomuntu ezenziwe emvelweni, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokushintshwa kwalo okubi, ukonakaliswa, ikakhulukazi, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali, ukungabonakali komzimba kanye nokudla kanye nokuncipha kwemithombo yezemvelo. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, imvelo ivikelekile ekuwohlokeni, ekushintsheni okubi kwezimpawu zayo zekhwalithi nasekunciphisweni kwemithombo yezemvelo.