Ukukhonjwa kwezimpisi kuleli khulu lama-20 kwasusa inkumbulo eningi. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, lesi silwane sithathwa njengesifanekiselo sokukhohlisa, isihluku; emasikweni amaningi, impisi yayibhekwa njengembili phakathi kwezwe labaphilayo nezwe labafileyo.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, impisi yayibonwa njengophawu lwamandla, isibindi, ukuthembeka. Isimo esimbili esinjalo somfanekiso wempisi kanye nokuntuleka kwedatha ekuziphatheni nasekuphileni kwalezi zilwane ezimeni zemvelo kwaveza imibono eyiphutha mayelana nezimpisi futhi isikhathi eside sasebenza njengomcimbi wokubasola ngonya olwedlulele, ubudlova nokulinganiselwa.

U-Yason Konstantinovich Badridze, owazalelwa eGeorgia, emndenini lapho imvelo yathandwa futhi yahlonishwa khona, wanquma ukunikela ngokuphila kwakhe ku-ethology, isayensi efunda ngokuziphatha kwemvelo yezilwane. Ukukhetha kwakhe kwehla ocwaningweni lokuziphatha kwezimpisi. Ngokushesha, isazi sezinto eziphilayo sabona ukuthi ulwazi lwesayensi mayelana nezimpisi luncane kakhulu, futhi sidinga ukutholwa okwengeziwe nokuhlolwa. Kwakunokwenzeka ukutadisha impilo yezimpisi kuphela endaweni yazo yemvelo, futhi uBadridze waya e-Borjomi gorge, ajwayelekile kuyo kusukela ebuntwaneni, lapho aqala khona ukubona impilo yephakethe lempisi, hhayi nje ngaphandle, kepha ehlanganyela emisebenzini yomndeni wesilwane.

Emndenini wezimpisi

Ukujwayela kancane, ngokuqapha nezimpisi, umlutha, nobungani, kwavumela uBadridze ukwenza umsebenzi omkhulu wesayensi futhi, ngokuya ngemiphumela yako, wabhala incwadi ekhuluma ngezimpisi nokuziphatha kwabo futhi wacebisa ulwazi lomuntu ngokuziphatha kwezimpisi ngokwemvelo.

Okunye okuphawuleka kakhulu ngokuphila kwephakethe lezimpisi kwaba yikhona lapho izimpisi zivikela umzala wazo onemilenze emibili ebhere - yize iqiniso lokuthi esimweni 'senkosi yehlathi', izimpisi zithanda ukudlula futhi zingangeni empini. Noma kunjalo, lapho ibhere ihlangene ngephutha yisazi sebhayoloji ikhombisa ukunaka kuye, ipakethe lisabele laqhubeka nokuhlaselwa, liphoqa ukuthi ibhere lihambe.

UJason Badridze uchaze uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana kwiphakethe lempisi - okubukwayo, iphunga, umsindo, kanye naleyo ayibiza nge-telepathic. Leli khono lezilwane lokuvumelana ngokubuka nje ekuqaleni libonakala lingenangqondo, kepha kamuva izivivinyo zikasosayensi uqobo, olwenziwe ezimweni zaselebhu, zaqinisekisa ikhono lempisi lokudlulisela imininingwane “ngamehlo ngamehlo”.

Ngemuva kokubuyela empilweni yakhe ejwayelekile, uBadridze wanikela iminyaka eminingi ukusebenza kabusha kwezimpisi, okungukuthi, amawundlu ezimpisi asindiswa nemindeni yawo yabuyela endaweni yayo yemvelo.

Isipiliyoni sikaFarley Mowet nabashadikazi boDutcher

Umlobi waseCanada futhi isazi sebhayoloji uFarley Mowet waziwa ngencwadi yakhe ethi: "Ungazidlali:" Izimpisi! "Okuthi, yize liqukethe isilinganiso esithile sezinganekwane, kodwa nokho sibonisa impilo yezimpisi ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseCanada.

Le ncwadi i-autobiographical in nature, futhi iqukethe okuqashelwayo neziphetho ezenziwe ngusosayensi izinyanga ezimbalwa zokuphila endaweni eseduze nepakethe lezimpisi. Ukusondelana nomhlambi endaweni efundwe kabi yaseCanada kunikeze uMowet imininingwane eminingi ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi izimpisi azithandi ukuba nolaka kubantu, futhi ekunciphiseni isibalo sezinyamazane ezinama-caribou, izimpisi azinankinga kangako kunokuthi zizingele lezi zimbongi. imiphetho.

UJim noJamie Dutchers bangumbhangqwana oshadile osehlale iminyaka engu-6 ethendeni emahlathini e-Idaho, futhi endaweni eyakhiwe yipaki yezimpisi. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, babhala incwadi ebizwa ngeLife with Wolves futhi benza ifilimu elinegama elifanayo, elathola amagama amaningi emiklomelweni yethelevishini ehlukahlukene futhi lanqoba Umklomelo we-Emmy Award for Best Documentary Films.

Isisusa esikhulu sabakwaDutchers kwakuyindlela eyinqaba yokucabanga kwezimpisi, egxilile emphakathini waseMelika, kuphela njengabazingeli abalimaza umnotho. Impilo enezimpisi ikhombisile ukuthi izimpisi zinezinga eliphakeme ngokwenhlangano, ngenkathi zizwa imizwa ehlukahlukene efana kakhulu neyabantu, futhi zisebenzisa isethi ecebile yamathuluzi okuxhumana. Izimpisi zepakethi Ama-Dutchers anikezwa amagama, yingakho izindaba eziphathelene nobudlelwano phakathi kwephakethe baba njenge-sagas yomndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhangqwana uphikise uhlobo olubi lwemiphumela eyingozi yezimpisi ku-ecosystem, okufakazela ukuthi, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi inani lokuhlaselwa kwalezi zilwane kubantu eminyakeni eminingi namashumishumi eminyaka libalwa emayunithi, ngokungafani nokuhlaselwa kwezinye izilwane zasendle.

Njengamanje, umbono wezimpisi ngokubazi kweningi uguquka kancane kancane, lesi silo asisewona uphawu olwesabekayo lwehlathi, kepha isilwane esihlakaniphile nesingokomzwelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele singakhohlwa ukuthi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule kwakuyimpisi eyaba ngumngane othembekile womuntu ekuzingeleni nasekuvikeleni indlu, ekugcineni yaphenduka inja yasekhaya.

Umhlaba wezilwane zasendle awugcini nje ososayensi kuphela, kepha abadwebi abakha imidwebo emangalisayo yezilwane engahlukaniseki ezithombeni.

Uyayithanda i-athikili? Ngemuva kwalokho asisekele cindezela:

Isiza

Intombazane u-Ellie wase Kansas nenja yakhe ethembekile uTotoshka bawela eFairyland. Isiphepho, esidalwe ngumthakathi omubi uGingem, sithwale ukhokho no-Ellie noTotoshka bedabula ogwadule nasezintabeni. Umthakathi onomusa uWillina waqondisa iveni kangangokuba yafika ngqo ekhanda likaGingema futhi wayichoboza. UVillina utshela u-Ellie ukuthi umthakathi omkhulu uGoodwin, ohlala futhi obusa e-Emerald City, angambuyisela eKansas. Ukubuyela ekhaya, u-Ellie kumele asize laba bantu abathathu ekugcwalisekeni kwezifiso zabo abazithandayo. Ihambisana noToto ekhuluma ngokuyisimangaliso, intombazane iya ngomgwaqo ophuzi wezitini uya e-Emerald City. (Ngaphambi kokushiya, uTotoshka uletha u-Ellie izicathulo zesiliva zeGingham.) Endleleni, u-Ellie uhlangana nesabisi elivuselelweyo, iScarecrow, osifiso sakhe esikhulu ukuthola ubuchopho, i-Iron Lumberjack, ophupha ngokuthola inhliziyo yakhe elahlekile, neNgonyama yeCowardly, engenaso isibindi sokuba inkosi eyangempela yezilwane. Ngokubambisana baya eDolobheni lase-Emerald kumthakathi uGoodwin, Omkhulu noQophileyo, ukuyomcela ukuthi afeze izifiso zabo abazithandayo. Njengoba besinde ezenzakalweni eziningi (ukuhlaselwa kwe-Ogre, ukuhlangana neSabretooth Tiger, ukuwela umfula, ukuwela insimu ye-poppy ekhohlisayo) nokwenza abangane ngasikhathi sinye, bafika Emerald City. (Ekupheleni komdlalo wesithathu, u-Ellie ujwayelana nendlovukazi yamagundane amasimu uRamina, omnikeza impempe yesiliva ukuze intombazane ikwazi ukumbiza uma kudingeka.) Kodwa-ke, uGoodwin uyavuma ukufeza izifiso zabo ngesimo sinye - kufanele bakhulule uViolet Land emandleni omthakathi omubi uBastinda, udadewethu umufi uGingham. U-Ellie nabangane bakhe bacabanga ukuthi ibhizinisi elinjalo alinamathemba, kepha banquma ukulizama.

Ekuqaleni banenhlanhla: baxosha ukuhlaselwa kwezimpisi, amagwababa nezinyosi ezithunyelwe nguBastinda, kepha amaFlying Monkey, abizwe nguBastinda ngosizo lomlingo weGolide Hat, abhubhise iScarecrow neLumberjack futhi abambe uLeo. U-Ellie uhlala engalimalanga kuphela ngoba evikelwe yizicatu zesiliva zemilingo ezitholwe nguTotoshka emhumeni waseGingema. UBastinda, ngokungafani no-Ellie, uyazi ngamandla omlingo wezicathulo zikadadewabo futhi unethemba lokuyintshontsha intombazane ngobuqili. Wake wacishe waphumelela, kepha u-Ellie wahlikiza uBastinda ngamanzi ebhakedeni, futhi umthakathi omubi wanyibilika (ngoba kwakubikezelwe ukuthi wayezokufa ngamanzi futhi ngenxa yalokho akazange ahlambe ubuso bakhe iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu!). U-Ellie, ngosizo lwamaMiguns akhululiwe, ubuyisa i-Scarecrow kanye neLumberjack empilweni, futhi amaMiguns acela amaLumberjack ukuba abe umbusi wawo, aphendule kuwo ukuthi kufanele aqale athole inhliziyo.

Inkampani ibuye yanqoba, kodwa uGoodwin akasaphuthumi ukufeza izifiso zabo. Futhi lapho ekugcineni bethola ababukeli, kuvela ukuthi uGoodwin empeleni akayona iwisi, kodwa ungumuntu ojwayelekile nje, owake walethelwa eMagnet Land ngebhaluni. Ngisho nama-emeralds amaningi ahlobisa leli dolobha, ubukhulu becala, ingilazi elula ebonakala iluhlaza ngenxa yezingilazi eziluhlaza okufanele wonke umuntu azigqoke kuleli dolobha (okuthiwa zivikela amehlo ngamehlo agqamile emeraldi). Kodwa-ke, izifiso ezithandekayo zabangane baka-Ellie zisazaliseka. Eqinisweni, abakwaScarecrow, uLumberjack noLeo babenesikhathi eside benazo izimfanelo ababephupha ngazo, kepha bavele bangazethembi. Ngakho-ke, isikhwama esingokomfanekiso esinezinaliti nezikhonkwane, inhliziyo e-rag ne-kvass "ngesibindi", esilungiselelwe nguGoodwin, sisiza abangane bathole ubuhlakani, umusa nesibindi. U-Ellie naye ekugcineni uthola ithuba lokubuyela ekhaya: UGoodwin, okhathele ukuthumela njenge wizard, unquma ukulungisa ibhaluni lakhe abuyele ezweni lakubo no-Ellie noTotoshka. Ubeka iScreencrow of the Wise esikhundleni sakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi nje kokuba indize ibaleke, umoya uphula intambo ubambe ibhaluni, futhi uGoodwin undizela yedwa, eshiya u-Ellie eFairyland.

Ngokweseluleko seLong Beard Soldier Dean Gyor yeLong, abangane, kubandakanya iScarecrow, eshiye isihlalo sobukhosi isikhashana, yaqala uhambo olusha - eya eParish Country ekude, kumthakathi omuhle uStella. Kukhona nezingozi ezilindelwe lapho, okuyindlela enkulu okuyisikhukhula esibafice esiqhingini esiphakathi noMfula iBig. Ukuthola omunye nomunye ngemuva kwesikhukhula nokuwela umfula, u-Ellie nabangane bakhe bawela ehlathini, lapho izilwane zifuna isivikelo ku-Spider omkhulu. Ibhubesi eligwala leyisa iSpider futhi izilwane ziyambona njengenkosi yazo. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Ellie udinga ukuwela intaba iMarano, lapho amaFlying Monkey amsiza khona

Ekugcineni, u-Ellie ufika kwi-Pink Country, futhi umthakathi onomusa uStella umembulela imfihlo yezicathulo zesiliva: bangadlulisela umnikazi wabo kunoma yiliphi ibanga, futhi u-Ellie angabuyela eKansas nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Lapha abangane bathi goodbye, Scarecrow, Lumberjack kanye noLeo baya kubantu ababa ngababusi babo (Izimpukane zeFlying zilethwa lapho nge-oda lomthakathi uStella, u-Ellie amnika iGolide Hat), u-Ellie ubuyela ekhaya kubazali bakhe.

Izinhlamvu

• Ellie
• Toto
• Okwethusa
• Izikhuni
• Cowardly ibhubesi
• E-Gingham
• UVillina
• Bastinda
• UStella
• UGoodwin
• Gxila Kwangaphambili
• I-Faramant
• UDean Gyor
• I-Lestar
• Fregoza
• URamina - Indlovukazi Yezinsimu Yensimu
• Awukwazi
• Ama-Saber-toothed tiger
• Isicabucabu esikhulu
• Izindiza ezindizayo

Umehluko wenguqulo

Kunokuhlelwa okuningi kwetheksthi, futhi imibhalo yabo kaningi ayifani. Incwadi yacubungulwa kaningi ngumlobi, futhi uma izinguqulo zangaphambili zingukuhumushelwa kwenganekwane kaBaum ngokufakwa esikhundleni kwezinye iziqephu, lapho-ke ezinqulweni zakamuva abalingiswa nezincazelo zez izehlakalo zishintshwa kakhulu, okudala isimo sawo seMagic Land, esihluke kakhulu kwi-Oz.

Izinguqulo ezintathu ezidumile nezici zazo eziphambili:

• I-1939 edition - eduzane kakhulu nombhalo wokuqala weBaum:
  • U-Ellie uyintandane ehlala nomalume wakhe kanye no-anti wakhe,
  • Ugwadule kuphela oluzungeza umhlaba womlingo, kepha hhayi izintaba emhlabeni wonke,
  • Izangoma nezinhlamvu zesibili azinamagama,
  • ehlathini phakathi kwezigodi zamabhere ezifuya,
  • ezintabeni ngasenyakatho kwePink Country bukhoma izikhwanyana ezingenazikhali ezinentambo ende.
• Uhlelo luka-1959:
  • U-Ellie unabazali
  • abathakathi bathola amagama ethu ajwayelekile
  • ama-tiger cubs athathelwe indawo ngama-saber-toothed tiger,
  • Amadoda amancane angenazikhali athathelwa indawo uPrygunov - amadoda agxuma phezulu ashaya izitha amakhanda nezinqindi.
• Uhlobo lwesithathu:
  • Is scarecrow iqala ukukhuluma ngokubhuka okuningi, kancane kancane iye enkulumweni efanele,
  • ngaphambi kokuhlangana noMdli, u-Ellie ukhumula izicathulo, ngaleyo ndlela alahlekelwe yisivikelo somlingo,
  • thola amagama athi Fleet, Lestar, Warra,
  • Ama-Jumpers azibiza ngama-Marrans,
  • U-Lumberjack akasho ukuthi uzoletha umakoti wakhe eViolet Land,
  • zonke izinkomba zezindlovu ezisendaweni yeMagic Land zisusiwe,
  • kushiwo ukuthi ukuqokwa kweScarecrow njengombusi wedolobha lase-Emerald kudale ukungagculiseki kwabanye bezikhulu.

Umehluko wokugcina, ngokusobala, wenzelwe ukuxhumanisa kangcono le ncwadi nama-sequel asevele ebhalwe ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu ezibhalwe ngenhla, kunokuhlukahluka okuningi okuncane kombhalo phakathi kwalokhu kushicilelwa, njengokufakwa esikhundleni kwamagama ngamanye. Singasho ukuthi le ndaba ibhalwe kabusha kaninginingi.

Le ncwadi ifakiwe ohlelweni lwezitshudeni zamanyuvesi ezemfundo esifundweni sezemfundo esithi "Literature Yezingane".

Ukungafani kwendaba

Yize ungakwazi ukuphinda ugcizelele kafishane icebo le “The Wizard of Oz” nelithi “The Wonder Wizard of Oz” ngamagama afanayo, umehluko phakathi kwalezincwadi mningi kakhulu futhi udlula kakhulu lapho uphinda ubhale ngolunye ulimi futhi ufake amagama akho esikhundleni sawo, njengoba kungahle kubonakale njengakuqala ukubona. Nalu uhlu olufushane lokungafani okuyinhloko:

• Umlingisi ophambili ngu-Ellie Smith, hhayi uDorothy Gale, futhi unabazali (uJohn no-Anna Smith), kuyilapho uDorothy eyintandane ehlala noMalume uHenry no-anti Em.
• Ukuchazwa kukaVolkov ngempilo yamantombazane aseKansas kubusizi kakhulu kune-Baum's.
• Yize uBaum Dorothy ekwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ukufunda kuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakhe. U-Ally ofundwe kahle kaVolkov, akagcini ngokufunda izindaba ezinganekwane, kodwa nezincwadi ezifundisayo (ngokwesibonelo, mayelana nezingwe zasendulo ezishubile), ngokwesiko kushiya imiyalezo.
• Isiphepho esilethe u-Ellie eMagic Land sibangelwa umthakathi omubi uGingham, ofuna ukucekela phansi umhlaba, futhi le ndlu iqondiswe kuGingham ngomlingo weVillina (Baum wayenenkanyamba - inhlekelele yemvelo ejwayelekile, futhi ukushona komthakathi kwaba ingozi).
• UDani unikezwa isithombe seGingema njengomthakathi onamandla, ubizwa ngokuthi udadewabo kaBastinda. IBaum inezinkumbulo ezingemnandi kuphela zabahlali bendawo mayelana nomthakathi wase-East, futhi umthakathi waseNtshonalanga akayena udadewabo.
• Lapho ehlangana nomthakathi omuhle, uDorothy wathi: "Bengicabanga ukuthi bonke abathakathi abangalungile." U-Ellie: “Ingabe ungumthakathi? Kodwa umama ungitshele kanjani ukuthi manje azikho izelamani? ”
• UTotoshka, owake waba seMagic Land, uqala ukukhuluma ngomuntu, njengazo zonke izilwane zezwe. Ku-The Wonder Wizard of Oz, uhlala engenamazwi (yize enye yezincwadi ezilandelayo iveza ukuthi ubekwazi nokukhuluma, kepha akafuni).
• Umhlaba womlingo kaVolkov awusatholakali, ubiyelwe ungaphandle komhlaba wangaphandle hhayi ngehlane kuphela, kepha futhi nangochungechunge lwendandatho oluqhubekayo lwamabanga wezintaba angenakunqotshwa.
• Ukuqondiswa kwezingxenye zeMagic Land kuze kufike kumakhadinali ayisithombe sesibuko sika-Oz: uma iBaum inezwe leBlue, lapho uDorothy aqala khona uhambo, lusempumalanga, bese uVolkov entshonalanga enaye.
• Amagama amazwe atshintshe ngombala: Izwe eliphuzi leBaum lihambelana nezwe laseViolet leVolkov, okuphambene nalokho. Indawo yakwaVolkov yamazwe aphelele ayinangqondo, iphethini ilahlekile, ngokusho kombala ophakathi nendawo wesibonisi - luhlaza - uphakathi kwalawo aqeda kakhulu. Kepha kuvela enye indlela - izwe labathakathi ababi bemibala "ebandayo", izwe labathakathi abahle - ka "bafudumele".
• Ku-The Wizard of Oz, abathakathi ababizi ngamagama, ngaphandle kukaGlinda, umthakathi omuhle waseNingizimu. KwaVolkov, umthakathi omuhle wasePink Country ubizwa ngokuthi yiStella, kanti abathakathi baseNyakatho, eMpumalanga kanye naseNtshonalanga bathola amagama kaWillin, uGingham noBastind, ngokulandelana.
• EVolkov, abantu beMagic Land bahluka ngezibonakaliso zobuntu: Ama-Blinkers - blink amehlo abo, iMunchkins - inyakazisa imihlathi yabo. IBaum ayinazimpawu ezinjalo, igama kuphela.
• KuVolkov, iwizadi ibizwa ngeGoodwin, kuthi izwe libizwe ngokuthi yiWizard Country, eleBaum, izwe libizwa ngokuthi i-Oz, kanti owizakwalo ngu-Oscar Zoroaster Fadrig Isaac Norman Hankle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs. Uyena uqobo umemezela kuphela izisho zokuqala, futhi akabizi amagama okugcina akha igama elithi "OzPinhead", okusho ukuthi "OzGlupets."
• U-Ellie uthola ukubikezelwa kwezifiso ezintathu eziyigugu okufanele zigcwaliseke ukuze abuyele eKansas.UDorothy akazange anikezwe noma yiziphi izimo, noma kunjalo, akazange anikezwe noma isiphi isithembiso, ngaphandle kwemiyalo emfushane - ukuya e-Emerald City. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthola i-Kiss Kiss evela kwi-Good Sorceress yaseNyakatho, emqinisekisa ngendlela ephephile, futhi bonke ubunzima busendleleni yokuhamba kuphela. Indlela ka-Ally ayigcini nje ngokude, kodwa futhi iyabulala, futhi ngaphandle kwabangane abathembekile ayinakuphikwa.
• UDorothy uthola izicathulo zomlingo, futhi kamuva isigqoko segolide (kanye nenqaba), njengefa elingokomthetho elivela kubathakathi ababulewe nguye. U-Ellie nezicoco nezigqoko kuya, ngokuvamile, ngamathuba.
• Ngokusho kukaBaum, iqhude, elicebisa uScarecrow ukuthi athole ubuchopho, lafundisa ezinye izinyoni ukuthi zingamesabi. UVolkov akakhulumi ngokuqondile ngalokhu. Isikhukhukazi uqobo sichazwa nguVolkov njengo "mkhulu ophazamisekile," nguBaum yena "mdala."
• Izingodo ezisezincwadini zikaVolkov (futhi - ngokwesiko elisunguliwe - ezinguqulweni eziningi ezalandela zaseRussia zezinganekwane ngezwe lase-Oz) zenziwe ngensimbi. I-Baum ine-can can. Ukwesatshiswa nguVolkov, ngokungafani neBaum, “ulahlekelwa ubuso” kalula - amehlo apendwe nomlomo ahlanzwa ngamanzi.
• Phakathi kokuhlangana neLumberjack nokuhlangana neCowardly Lion, ama-Wolves afaka isahluko esengeziwe lapho u-Eater athumba u-Ellie. I-Scarecrow neLumberjack ikwazile ukukhulula intombazane futhi ibulale i-Ogre.
• Ngokusho kukaBaum, hhayi izingwe ze-Saber-toothed ezihlala ehlathini phakathi kwezigodi, kepha amaCalidases - izidalwa ezinomzimba webhere, ikhanda lehlosi namazinyo amade kangangokuba noma ngubani wawo angadwengula ibhubesi.
• Igama likaVolkov libikwa kwindlovukazi yamagundane amasimu (uRamina) futhi kuveziwe ngokusobala ukuthi, lapho ehlukana, washiya u-Ellie ikhwela lesiliva ayengabizwa ngalo. EBaum, indlovukazi yamagundane imane ithi uDorothy angambiza nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngokuya ensimini, yize kunjalo uDorothy ngemuva kwalokho wabiza i-Queen of Mice ngekhwela, okwakungakaze kukhulunywe ngalo endabeni.
• Unogada kaBaum, ogada isigodlo somthakathi, udlula ngokushesha abahambi, ubizwa nje ngokuthi “isosha elinamachaphaza aluhlaza”, uVolkov umnika igama - uDean Gyor futhi wethula umcimbi ngokuhlanganisa intshebe.
• UGoodwin, ethumela u-Ellie nabangane bakhe eViolet Land, ubayala ukuthi bahlubula iBastind yamandla, noma ngabe iyiphi indlela. U-Oz unikeza uDorothy umyalelo ocacile wokubulala umthakathi omubi.
• Amagama wesipelingi esidala ukuthi i-Flying Monkey aguqulwe - njengazo zonke izinhlamvu ezisezincwadini zakwaVolkov, anomsindo owengeziwe futhi awadingi ukuthinta okukhethekile okuhambisana nokuma, njengokuma ngomlenze owodwa, njengoba neBaum yayinjalo.
• Izindiza Ezindizayo azilimazi u-Ellie ngokwesaba izicathulo zesiliva. Ngokusho kukaBaum, le ntombazane ivikelwe ukwanga komthakathi omuhle waseNyakatho, uVolkov akasho nakancane.
• Ukudingiswa kuka-Ellie eBastinda kuchazwe ngemininingwane eminingi, kuvela isithombe sompheki uFregosa, isisusa sokulungiselela ukuvukela uBastinda siyengeziwe.
• UBaum Dorothy akazi ukuthi iwizadi laseNtshonalanga liyasaba amanzi. KwaVolkov, u-Ellie uyazi ngalokhu kwesaba uBastinda (kwesinye isikhathi wayeze asebenzise namanzi achithwa phansi ukuze aqede isikhwebu isikhashana), kodwa angacabangi ukuthi amanzi amfela.
• EBaum, ukuthatha isicathululo sesiliva, umthakathi wasebenzisa intambo ayenza yabonakala. KwaVolkov, uBastinda waphulukana nawo wonke amathuluzi omlingo futhi wasebenzisa ngokunensa intambo.
• Ngesikhathi kuthunjwa uVolkov, u-Ellie Bastind wayeka ukuba ngumthakathi futhi manje angahlulwa kalula nje yimikhosi yabantu. UBaum, yize iqiniso lokuthi umthakathi omubi ulahlekelwe ngabalingani bakhe bemilingo, ugcina amandla okuthakatha.
• UBastinda, lapho u-Ellie emdonsela amanzi, uyachaza ukuthi sekuphele amakhulu eminyaka engabugezi ubuso bakhe ngoba uthole ukubikezela ngokufa emanzini. EBaum, i-Witch of the West imane ithi amanzi azombulala, abese azisa uDorothy ukuthi uhlala eyinkosikazi yenqaba, futhi avume ukuthi mubi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.
• Indaba Yezinduna Zase Flying eVolkov ichazwa ngemininingwane engaphansi kweBaum.
• KuVolkov, uTotoshka uthola uGoodwin ecashe ngemuva kwesikrini ngephunga. Ngokusho kukaBaum, uTotoshka udalula iwizadi ngengozi lapho ehlehla eceleni, ethuswa wukubhonga kukaLeo.
• UGoodwin, njengo-Ellie, uqhamuka eKansas. U-Oz uqhamuka e-Omaha, eduze naseKansas. UGoodwin, ngaphambi kokuba yi-aeronaut, wayengumlingisi, edlala amakhosi namaqhawe, kanti u-Oz wayengumbhali we-ventriloquist.
• EBaum, ozongena esikhundleni seWizard uhlala “eyisabisa esihlalweni sobukhosi” ekhabethe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinamabhulukwe agqokile, eVolkov the Scarecrow - okuyi-esthete ne-dandy, uqala umbuso ngokuvuselela eyakhe ingubo (ayephupha ngokuba nesigxobo esigangeni).
• Ngokusho kweBaum, indlela eya eGreater Horceress YaseNingizimu idlula ehlathini elinezihlahla ezilwayo nezwe lasePorcelain. EVolkov la mazwe awekho ngokuphelele, kepha kungezwe Isahluko esinezikhukhula, ngoba uVolkov ushintshe indlela yenkambo nendlela yomfula omkhulu weMagic Land. Igeleza isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu, bese iya empumalanga iye ezweni lamaMiguns (eBaum lo mfula ugeleza usuka eningizimu, ujike ubheke entshonalanga, udlula kakhulu eMzini we-Emerald osenyakatho encane, futhi ugeleza ubheke entshonalanga. Ngakho-ke, akunjalo. isithiyo esisuka eMzini we-Emerald siye eZweni lasePinki).
• Isithiyo sokugcina kuhambo lukaVolkov oluya ePink Country akusona iHammer-Heads, kodwa ama-Jumpers (Marranas) (nokho, engxenyeni yokuqala yencwadi achazwa ngokuthi "amakhanda angenasibhamu angenamikhono", okubenza babe okufana kakhulu namaHammerheads).
• U-Ellie ubiza i-Flying Monkey in the Land of the Jumpers, ngemuva kokuba uToto emtshele ukuthi ngemuva kwesifiso sesithathu, angadlulisela iGolide Hat kunoma yimuphi wabangane bakhe (bese u-Ellie emthembisa iScarecrow). UDorothy akahleleli ukusebenzisa amaFlying Monkey ngokuzayo.
• Ngokusho kukaVolkov, izwe lasePink lihlala ama-Chatterboxes - abathandi bezingxoxo, ngokusho kweBaum - izwe laseKrasnaya kanye nezakhamizi zalo akuhlukile kwabanye abantu base-Oz, ngaphandle kokuthanda okubomvu.
• Lapho ebuyela eKansas, u-Ellie uhlangana edolobheni eliseduze laseGoodwin. IBaum ayinaso lesi siqephu.

Umehluko esakhiweni esingokomzwelo-semantic

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe- “The Wonder Wizard of Oz” ne “The Wizard of the Emerald City” kukhombise umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwale misebenzi ngokuya ngobukhulu bemizwelo yabo nokweziqu. Ngenkathi umbhalo wokuqala ungathathwa njengongathathi hlangothi noma obusa kakhulu (ngezinto zombhalo "omuhle" no "mnandi"), ukuhlelwa kukaVolkov kungumbhalo "omnyama". Lokhu kubonakala kwizinkomba zokushintshwa kwezimo ezithinta imizwa yokuthi iBaum ayinakho, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukwesaba", "ukuhleka", izincazelo ezinemininingwane, kanye nokukhulunywa njalo kwemisindo ne-onomatopoeia. Amanzi ashiwo njalo: imvula nokuchitheka komfula kuyizinto eziphambili zesahluko esithi "Izikhukhula", okungezwe nguVolkov, lapho kuchazwa isigodlo sikaGoodwin kukhona amachibi, imithombo, umfula onamanzi - imininingwane engekho, kwasekuqaleni kukhulunywa ngomfudlana uma kuchazwa isigodi esiwela umgwaqo . Esinye isici sombhalo kaVolkov yimisho evamile yokubabiza, ikakhulukazi emaphazeni abengekho okwangempela.

Ukuhumusha

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi le ncwadi uqobo lwayo inguqulo, yona, ihunyushelwe ezilimini eziningi, kufaka phakathi isiNgisi nesiJalimane, futhi yashicilelwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ayekade enobusoshiyali.

Uhlelo lokuqala lwaseJalimane lweThe Wizard lwashicilelwa eGerman Democratic Republic naseFederal Republic of Germany maphakathi nawo-1960. Iminyaka engu-40, le ncwadi isinde ngokulungiswa okungu-10, ngisho nangemva kokuhlanganiswa kabusha kweJalimane, lapho izincwadi zokuqala zikaBaum zitholakala kubantu baseJalimane baseMpumalanga, izinguqulo zezincwadi zikaVolkov ziyaqhubeka ukushicilelwa ngezincwadi zokushicilela ezihlengwe njalo. Umbhalo wohlelo lwe-11, olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2005, nolwalandela, lwabuye lwaguqulwa, futhi incwadi yathola nomklamo omusha. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2011, ngokwezimfuno zabafundi abaningi, indlu yokushicilela yaphoqeleka ukuthi ibuye ukuyoshicilela le ncwadi ngendlela eyaklanywa ngayo, enguqulweni endala yokuhumusha, ngisho nangegama “lendabuko” elembula ukushiyeka kohlelo lobungxowankulu.

Ngemuva

Enkulumweni engemva kwale ncwadi, u-A.M. Volkov, ekhuluma abafundi abancane ababephila kuye, uphakamisa ukuthi bamangala kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi uWizard Omkhulu noNgwesabekayo ubengesiye umlobi ngempela. Ngemuva kwalokho uVolkov ubhala ukuthi inganekwane yakhe ifundisa ukuthi yonke inkohliso nawo wonke amanga adalulwa kungekudala. Umuntu onobuhle, kepha umlingiswa obuthakathaka uGoodwin wayengenawo amakhono akhethekile nesifiso sokusebenza. Ukukholelwa ukuthi impilo eMagnet Land iyafana ncamashi nokuphila enhlokodolobha eyijwayele i-USA yanamuhla, akaboni enye indlela yokuthola impumelelo nokuchuma, ngaphandle kokuqamba amanga. Lawa manga ahlala eholela uGoodwin kuze kube yilapho ethumela intombazanyana esikhundleni sakhe ukuyolwa nomthakathi omubi. U-A. Vol Volkov ngemuva kwencwadi ekhombisa ukuthi wabhala incwadi yakhe yezinganekwane ethi "The Wizard of the Emerald City" esekelwe encwadini yomlobi waseMelika uLyman Frank Baum, obizwa nge- "The Wise Man from the Country of Oz", utshela ngosuku lokukhululwa kwakhe e-USA - 1900, kanye cishe ukulandelana kwayo okuningi. Ubhala ukuthi useshintshe okuningi encwadini kaBaum futhi ubhale izahluko ezintsha. Utshela ukuthi uTotoshka eBaum, ngokungafani neTotoshka yakhe, uyisimungulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisho esilandelwayo sithi umbhali uqala ukubhala incwadi yesibili mayelana nokufika kuka-Ellie nabangane bakhe - "u-Oorfene Deuce namasosha akhe okhuni."

Ukulandelana komjikelezo wezincwadi A. Volkova. Ukuqhubeka

Izincwadi zikaVolkov ezifakiwe kumjikelezo we-Emerald City zixhunyaniswe ngohlu lwendaba olulodwa ngokulandelana okulandelayo:

1. "Wizard of the Emerald City" (1939, 1959).
2. "U-Oorfene Deuce kanye Namasolden Wakhe Wokhuni" (1963).
3. "Amakhosi Ayisikhombisa Angaphansi Komhlaba" (1964).
4. I-Fiery God of the Marrans (1968).
5. I-Yellow Fog (1970).
6. "Imfihlakalo YesiGodlo Esilahliwe" (1976, 1982).

Uma intombazane u-Ellie ehlala engumlingiswa ophambili ezincwadini ezintathu zokuqala, encwadini yesine umbhali wethula i-heroine entsha, okungukuthi udadewabo ka-Ellie omncane - u-Annie, "othatha isikhundla" sika-Ellie endaweni yakhe yemilingo.

Kukhona ukuqhubeka kwendaba:

• Indaba "Imvula ye-Emerald," ebhalwe nguYuri Kuznetsov,
• uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezithi “The Emerald City” kanye “Tales of the Emerald City” ezibhalwe uSergey Sukhinov.

Izinhlobo zesikrini nemikhiqizo

• "I-Wizard ye-Emerald City" ngumbukiso wezingulube ezimbili (I-Central Television, i-USSR, 1968). Umqondisi: Nina Zubareva. Izindima zivezwa yilaba: uMaria Vinogradova, uRostislav Plyatt, uBoris Runge, u-Alexey Pokrovsky, u-Oleg Tabakov, uSergey Tseits. Esendimeni yesigcawu - Anatoly Barantsev. Umqambi - uGennady Gladkov, umbhali wengoma - uYuri Entin. Umbhali walesi simangalo kumakhredithi ubizwa ngokuthi u-Alexei Volkov.
• "I-Wizard ye-Emerald City" - ikhathuni enezingxenye eziningi (TO "Screen", USSR, 1973).
• "Wizard of the Emerald City" - ifilimu (M. Gorky Film Studio, Russia, 1994).
• "Ama-Adventures e-Emerald City" - ifilimu enezingxenye eziningi (iStudios Mill ngesicelo se-NTV-Kino, 1999-2000)

Ngo-1970, ngesisekelo senganekwane kaF. Baum nencwadi ka-A. Volkov, inkampani ethi “Melody” yakhipha irekhodi elinengoma yezemibhalo nezomculo ethi “The Wizard of the Emerald City”. Izindima zivezwa ngu: E. Sinelnikova (Elli), V. Doronin (Scarecrow), A. Papanov (Iron Lumberjack), R. Plyatt (Cowardly Lion), I. Masing (Totoshka, Bastinda), G. Vitsin (Goodwin), M. UBabanova (Villina), u-E. Nachalov (Umholi Wezinkawu Zokundiza), N. Aleksakhin (Guard, Tiger), A. Kostyukova (Umama) no-E. Fridman (Papa).

EJalimane, imidlalo emibili yomsakazo yafakwa kule ncwadi:

• Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Umqondisi: Dieter Scharfenberg, LITERA junior 1991, MC.
• UDer Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Umqondisi: UPaul Hartmann, uDeutsche Grammophon - uJunior 1994, MC.

NgoMeyi 2006, kwakhululwa inguqulo yencwadi elalelwayo kuma-CD amabili. Umbhalo ufundwe ngumlingisi kanye nomqondisi uKatarina Talbach:

• Der Zauberer der Smaragdenstadt, Jumbo Neue Medien, 2CD, ISBN 3-8337-1533-2

Lalela izwi lezimpisi

Kepha kososayensi nakwizazi zezinto eziphilayo, impisi ayisona isidalwa esisabekayo. Ochwepheshe bathi izimpisi zinamahloni kakhulu, zizama konke okusemandleni ukugwema ukuhlangana nomuntu. Isihloko esikumagazini wesayensi i-Geo sibika ukuthi empeleni laba abazondayo bayamesaba abantu. Yize izimpisi zinokubukeka okwesabisayo kunalokho, akufanele ucabange ukuthi zonke zingamasimu.

Izimpisi ziyizidlakudla eziqinile.

Isazi sebhayoloji uPaul Package, osefunde iminyaka yezimpisi iminyaka eminingi, wazithanda ngokweqiniso lezi zilwane. Uthi izimpisi zinemizwa: zingathokoza, zidabuke futhi zikhombise ukuhlekisa. UPaul waze wabuka impisi endala, eyayinobuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ikhubazekile, ayikwazanga ukuzingela yedwa, kepha izimpisi azizange zimshiye epakethe, zazimondla, yize iduna elidala lingasadingeki ngumndeni. Akunandaba, iphakethe lamazisa futhi alizange limvumele ukuba afe yindlala. Yiziphi izilwane ezisakwazi ukubona ubuntu obunjalo?

Ukuzingela umhlambi

Izimpisi zizingela emaphaketheni.

Isici esivelele sezimpisi ukuzingela kwabo emaphaketheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isu elinjalo liyazuzisa, kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, lisongela izimpilo zabo. Ukuzingela emaphaketheni, izimpisi zizitholela ukudla futhi zondle izingane zazo.

Izimpisi zinephunga elihle kakhulu, ukuzwa okuhle nokubona okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, ukunqoba amabanga amade, ukuze abazingeli kubo bahle kakhulu. Kepha lezi zidla zodwa azihlaseli zonke izilwane zilandelana, ngokwesibonelo, abesilisa abaqinile nabakhulu. Bakhetha inyamazane ebuthakathaka, ngakho-ke ukudla okwengeziwe kusele ezilwaneni ezinempilo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona inzuzo kulezi zilwane ezidliwayo, ngesizathu esihle zibizwa ngokuthi "ama-oda wehlathi."

Izimpisi zokuxhumana

Izimpisi zinomqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga kanye nekhono lokuphendula ngokushesha ezinkulweni.

Ngokuqondene nokwesabeka kwezimpisi okubi, okusakazeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amaningi, lena kumane kuyindlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwezimpisi nezihlobo zazo. Uma omunye wabantu egqashula epakethe esezinhlelweni zokuzingela, khona-ke unyukela egqumeni futhi akhale, ngaleyo ndlela ebiza amanye amalungu epakethe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo lokubhomboloza, izimpisi zibonisa ukuthi le ndawo seyihlala manje, nokuthi abantu ongabazi abakwazi ukuyifuna. Futhi kwesinye isikhathi lezi zilwane zingakhala futhi kanjalo nje, ziveze injabulo yazo. Lapho wonke umhlambi uqala ukukhala, kubukeka sengathi bathokozela ikwaya yabo enamazwi amaningi.

Ezindlebeni zomuntu, ukucula okunjalo kubonakala kuyacasula, kodwa izimpisi zithanda ukuthandwa.

Izimpisi zigada ngokucophelela insimu yazo.

Ngaphezu kokubhonga, izimpisi zinezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana: i-growl, i-screech grunt, i-squeak enobungane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa ukuma okukhethekile kokuxhumana. Konke lokhu kuyabasiza ukuthi bahlanganise izibopho ephaketheni futhi bathathe isikhundla esithile senhlalo ngaphakathi komndeni.

Izici zangaphandle zezimpisi

Izikhunta nazo zenzeka phakathi komndeni ofanayo.

Bhekisisa izimpisi. Zinoboya obukhulu, ngokuvamile bimpunga, kwesinye isikhathi bungaba mnyama bumnyama. Kwizinwele ezixubile ezi-brown, ezimnyama namhlophe zitholakala. Izimpisi zinokubukeka okuphefumula kakhulu: amehlo aphuzi.

Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo namapaki ezimpisi

Ingabe ikhona ingozi ngekusasa lezimpisi? Yebo, kusukela phambilini abahlaseli batholakala yonke indawo e-Asia, Europe naseNyakatho Melika, kepha namuhla bahlala ezindaweni ezithile kuphela: e-USA, Canada, Alaska naseRussia.

Impisi elele ibukeka ingenakonakala futhi ingenangozi ngokuphelele.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kufanele kudalwe izindawo ezikhethekile zemvelo kanye nezindawo zokugcina izilwane. Namuhla, amapaki amaningi ayikhaya lezilwane zasendle. EBanff Park, etholakala eCanada, izimpisi azange zihlangane iminyaka engaba ngu-40, kepha ngeminyaka yama-80 zona uqobo zabuya zivela ezintabeni zeRocky. Kubantu abaningi, ukubuya kwezimpisi ezingama-65 entweni yazo yendabuko sekube yiholide langempela. Futhi eFrance, izimpisi zabuya ngemuva kokungabikho kwazo kweminyaka engama-50. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babuyela e-Italy. EYellowstone National Park, etholakala eMelika, izimpisi zaqala ukuvela futhi, ezaqothulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 edlule. Namuhla, abantu abaningi abavakashela epaki bayaphupha ngokubuya ngokuphelele kwezimpisi, ngoba phambilini lezi zilwane beziyingxenye ebalulekile yesimo sendalo.

Ubungani bempisi nomuntu: bathi lokhu akunakwenzeka, noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kwalokho kwenzeka.

Kepha abafuyi abazimisele kangako ukubuyisela izimpisi ezweni lakubo. Isazi sebhayoloji uL.UDavid Mack uthi uma izinyamazane zibuyela eJeanstone, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzodingeka ziqaphe ngokucophelela izilwane. Okuzokwenzeka kusasa ezimpondweni kulelozwe elibuswa ngumuntu akwaziwa.

Ikusasa lezimpisi

Inani elikhulu labantu elikhombisa ukuthi lifisa ukubuya kwezimpisi libonisa ukuthi isimo sengqondo salaba bantu abazingelayo siguquka kancane kancane. Incwadi ethi “Wolf: imvelo ezungezile nokwanda kwesibalo sabantu” ithi umuntu usenethuba lokusindisa izimpisi ezisesimweni esinzima. Konke kuncike olwazini lomuntu, ngakho-ke indlela yokuziphatha kwezimpisi kumele ifundwe.

Abantu kufanele baziqonde ngokwabo ukuthi izimpisi akuzona izimbangi zabo, bayizilwane eziwusizo kakhulu emvelweni nasendalweni iyonke, ngakho-ke badinga ukuvikelwa ngokucophelela.

Ukuzingela

Impisi ayizingeli yodwa. Ngaleyo ndlela basinda futhi bondle umndeni. Baphawulelwa yimizwa enhle yothando. Banama-hardy, futhi bayakwazi ukunqoba amabanga amade ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Akuzona zonke izimpisi ezihlaselayo. Babona izinto ezinkulu futhi zinamandla kunabo futhi bazama ukuzigwema.

Indlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana

I-Howls ephethwe yizimpisi ziyindlela eyodwa yokuxhumana nohlobo lwayo. Ngakho-ke bakhuluma ngokuhlaselwa inyamazane, indawo yokutadisha noma eminye imininingwane ebalulekile yezinye izimpisi. Kungasetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana. Izimpisi zihlala zilungele ukulwa kuze kube sekupheleni yensimu yazo, zingabanikazi.

Inzondo nothando lwezimpisi

Lapho kukhulunywa ngephisi, kuvumbuka kakhulu imizwa njalo futhi imbi kakhulu, ngoba abantu bakha umbono ongesilo iqiniso ngalezi zilwane, futhi ukwesaba sekuqhamuke ngemuva kwesizinda sobandlululo.

Umhlaba ongaqondakali wezimpisi.

Abantu abazithandi izimpisi, njengabazingeli abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpisi ziletha izinkathazo eziningi kubalimi, njengoba bezingela imfuyo. Futhi, ukwakheka kwedumela elibi kuthonywa izinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane. Ezinganekwaneni, lesi simangalo sihlala sivezwa njengobubi futhi singaneliseki. Wonke umuntu uyazi le ndaba nge-Little Red Riding Hood futhi ngenxa yalokho wesaba izimpisi, kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwesaba okunjalo akunasisekelo, ngoba izimpisi empeleni ngezinye izikhathi zihlasela abantu.