INingizimu Melika iyizwekazi elinezihlakala ezicebile ngokumangalisayo futhi ezinhlobonhlobo. Yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eNingizimu Melika, futhi yiziphi izitshalo ezikhula lapho ... zifuna ukwazi?
INingizimu Melika - ithatha indawo yesi-4 ngobukhulu phakathi kwamanye amazwekazi omhlaba. Okuthile okuhlukile kuhlukile ezwenikazi ngalinye, futhi iNingizimu Melika ayifani.
Ngisho nesihambi esijwayele ukusebenza kufanele simangazwe: kunamahlathi omswakama afudumele, ama-savannah kanye nama-Andes. Le ndawo yokuphikisana: ITierra del Fuego phakathi kweChile neArgentina itholakala olwandle olubandayo lwe-Atlantic Ocean, izintaba ezinothuli zasePampa zitholakala ngaphesheya kwe-Uruguay naseArgentina, i-Andes ebabazekayo inyuka isuka entshonalanga inezigodi eziluhlaza nezimila zekhofi, enyakatho yeChile kunehlane lase-Atacama, okuyindawo eyomile kunazo zonke Umhlaba, futhi eBrazil eduze noMfula i-Amazon, umbozwe ngamathanga amahlathi angenakungeneka.
Andean fauna
Izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika zishayisana ngokuhlukahluka kwazo, njengoba kunjalo nangokuma kwendawo yazo.
Izintaba ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni ziyi-Andes, zingamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye ubude. Lezi zintaba zitholakala ezindaweni ezihlukile: kushubisa umnkantsha, amaswidi amabili afanelekayo, alinganayo, angaphansi komhlaba nakwezindawo ezishisayo, ngakho-ke e-Andes izitshalo eziningi zikhula futhi kutholakala nezilwane ezahlukahlukene.
Izihlahla ezinqobayo nezihlala zikhula zikhula emahlathini aphansi amahlathi eningizimu, futhi endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2500 kukhona izihlahla zama-quin nezihlahla ze-coca. I-Cacti ne-creepers zikhula ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. E-Andes kunezitshalo eziningi ezibalulekile njengamazambane, utamatisi, ugwayi, i-coca, izihlahla zehin.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala eSouth America ziyamangaza.
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-900 zezilwane eziphila ngaphansi kolwandle, izinhlobo ezingama-1700 zezinyoni nezinhlobo ezingama-600 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingatholakali emihlambini emikhulu zihlala e-Andes, njengoba zihlukaniswa yizihlahla ezikhula ngokuqinile. Izimvemvane ezinkulu ezinhle nezintuthwane ezinkulu zihlala emahlathini. Emahlathini aminyene, isibalo esikhulu sezidleke zezinyoni, ezivame kakhulu yizimbotshana, ngaphezu kwalokho kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-hummingbird.
Izilo ze-Andes zithinteke kabi emisebenzini yabantu. Phambilini, ama-conductor amaningi ahlala lapha, kepha namuhla agcinwe ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela: uSierre Nevada de Santa Marta noNudo de Pasto.
ICondor iyinhlobo enkulu kunazo zonke yezinyoni ezindizayo oGwini lwaseNtshonalanga. Inepulamu emnyama ecwebezelayo, futhi ikhola yezimpaphe ezimhlophe iboshelwe entanyeni. Umngcele omhlophe ugijimisana namaphiko.
I-endor Condor (i-Vultur gryphus).
Ama-condors females makhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Ukuthomba kulezi zinyoni kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezingama-5-6. Bakha izidleke emadwaleni amatshe, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3-5. Amaqanda amaningi kakhulu ku-clutch. Phakathi kwama-condors anezici kukhona ama-long-livers, ngoba angaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-50.
I-Andean Condor iye ngasikhathi sinye yaba uphawu lwamazwe amaningana aseLatin America: iBolivia, iArgentina, neColombia, nePeru, neChile ne-Ecuador. Ngokwesiko labantu base-Andes, lezi zinyoni zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, ekhulwini lamashumi amabili inani lalezi zinyoni ezinkulu lehle kakhulu, ngakho-ke afakwa kwi-International Red Book. Namuhla, ama-condors aseqenjini lezinhlobo ezisengozini.
U-Andean Condor uwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisindayo ezivela kuhlobo lweVultur.
Kukholakala ukuthi isizathu esikhulu sokuwohloka kwama-condors kwakuyizinto ezazisikhona, okusho ukuthi, izindawo ezakhiwe yilezi zinyoni zaguquka. Baphinde bafakwe ubuthi yizidumbu zezilwane ezihudulwa ngabantu. Phakathi kokunye, kuze kube muva nje, ama-condors adutshulwa ngokukhethekile, ngoba bekukhona umbono ongaqondile wokuthi asongela izilwane ezifuywayo.
Kuze kube manje, amazwe amaningi ahlele izinhlelo zokuzala ama-condor zohlobo oluthile, ngokukhishwa kwawo endle ngemuva kwalokho.
Iziqhingi ezingajwayelekile zeLake Titicaca
Izilwane ezihlukile azihlali e-Andes kuphela, kodwa nasezindaweni zeLake Titicaca. Yilapha kuphela lapho ungathola khona ikhwela le-Titicac ne-chomga engenantambo.
I-Titicaca whistler iyisiphephelo se-Lake Titicaca.
ILake Titicaca ayijwayelekile ngeziqhingi zayo ezintantayo zase-Uros. Ngokwenganekwane, izizwe ezincane zamaNdiya angama-Uros zahlala eziqhingini ezintantayo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ukuze zihlukane nabanye abantu. La maNdiya ngokwawo afunda ukwakha eziqhingini zotshani.
Isiqhingi ngasinye sase-Uros sakhiwa kusuka ezingxenyeni eziningana zomhlanga owomile, kuyilapho izingqimba ezingezansi zihlanzwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha izingqimba ezingaphezulu zivuselelwa njalo. Iziqhingi zinentwasahlobo futhi zithambile, futhi amanzi avuzayo ngomhlanga kwezinye izindawo. AmaNdiya akha izindlu zawo futhi enza izikebhe "balsa de totor" futhi ukusuka emhlanga.
I-chomga engenantambo iyinyoni ethi ngezikhathi ezithile ifike eLake Titicaca.
Namuhla, kuneziqhingi ezintantayo ezingama-40 zase-Uros eLake Titicaca. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye iziqhingi kunemibhoshongo yokubheka ngisho namapaneli elanga ukukhipha amandla. Uhambo lokuya kulezi ziqhingi lithandwa kakhulu kubavakashi.
Izilwane ezihlala njalo zaseNingizimu Melika
Ama-Pudu deer atholakala kuphela eSouth America. Ukukhula kwalezi zinyamazana kuncane - amasentimitha angama-30- 40 kuphela, ubude bomzimba bufika kumasentimitha angama-95, kanti isisindo asidluli kuma-10 kg. Lezi zinyamazane azifani kangako nezihlobo zazo: zinezimpondo ezimfishane eziqondile, izindlebe ezincane ezimise okwamaqanda ezinezinwele, futhi umbala wazo womzimba onsundu ngokunsundu ngamabala amhlophe acwebezelayo.
Ama-Pudu deer ahlala emahlathini angenakungeneka, futhi aya ezindaweni ezivulekile kuphela ebusuku ukuyodla. Ngokuyisisekelo, badla ogwini lolwandle, lapho kunenqwaba yama-fuchsia algae, akha isisekelo sokudla kwenyamazane.
Izinyamazane ezincane zepudu. Ukuphakama komzimba wakhe kungama-30-40 cm kuphela.
Ehlobo, lezi zinyamazane ziqikelela kakhulu, kepha ebusika elinamaqhwa zisondela emadolobhaneni lapho zivame ukuhlaselwa izinja. Phambilini, inyamazane yangaphansi yayitholakala iningi eChile, eArgentina nase-Andes. Kepha namuhla, kutholakala kuphela abantu abancane esifundeni saseChile nakumaChilos. UPudu useNcwadini ebomvu.
Umhlaba wezilwane waseNingizimu Melika ufundile ukusinda emizini eshisayo, ukusondelana nabantu, nase-Andes ephezulu. Ngenxa yezindawo ezahlukahlukene zezulu laseNingizimu Melika, kuye kwakheka isilwanyana esiyingqayizivele lapha, abantu abaphoqelekile ukuba basilondoloze futhi basikhulise.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Incazelo ejwayelekile yokuma kwezwe
Izwekazi ligezwa nhlangothi zombili ngamanzi olwandle lwePacific ne-Atlantic. Ingxenye eyinhloko yendawo yayo itholakala endaweni eseningizimu yeplanethi. Ukuxhumeka kwezwe neNyakatho Melika kwenzeka ngesikhathi sePliocene ngesikhathi kusungulwa i-Isthmus yePanama.
Ama-Andes ayintaba esebenza ngokuxhamazela, elula emngceleni osentshonalanga yezwekazi. Umfula omkhulu we-Amazon ugeleza usiya empumalanga kogibe, kanti nezitshalo zamahlathi acwebile aseNingizimu Melika amboza cishe yonke indawo.
Phakathi kwamanye amazwekazi, lena ithatha indawo yesi-4 ngokuya ngendawo nendawo yesi-5 ngokuya ngesibalo sabantu. Kunezinguqulo ezimbili zokubukeka kwabantu kule ndima. Mhlawumbe indawo yokuhlala yenzeka ngeBering Isthmus, noma abantu bokuqala bavela eSouth Pacific.
Isimo sezulu sendawo esingajwayelekile
Ukusuka ebhandeni le-equatorial kuya enyakatho naseningizimu, kukhona indawo evumayo yokugcwala, lapho izindimbane zomoya zohlobo lwe-equatorial zihlukile ehlobo nemvula eningi nomoya owomile wasendaweni ebusika. Isimo sezulu endaweni eshisayo esempumalanga sithintwa yimimoya yohwebo. Inomswakama kakhulu futhi iyashisa. Maphakathi nendawo, imvula incane, kepha isikhathi sasebusika esomile sihlala isikhathi eside.
Ogwini lwePacific kanye nemithambeka esentshonalanga (phakathi kuka-5 ° no-30 ° S) kunomkhawulo wesimo sezulu esomile esishisayo esinamazinga okushisa aphansi. Amanzi abandayo e-Peruvian yamanje akhinyabeza ukwakheka kwezulu futhi enze imfucumfucu. Nanti ugwadule olomile kunabo bonke emhlabeni - Atacama. Ngaseningizimu yeBrazil Highlands, etholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwendawo yesimo sezulu, kunomswakama oshubisa umnkantsha, eduze nendawo ephakathi nezwekazi, sekuyomile impela.
Ogwini lwePacific, isimo sezulu esishisayo esingaphansi kohlobo lweMedithera siba namandla ehlobo esabekayo kanye nobusika obuthambile nobunzima. Iningizimu yezwekazi futhi ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esipholile, esibonakala ngokuhluka. Ogwini olusentshonalanga, luhlobo lwasolwandle olulinganayo olunamahlobo ehlobo apholile nezimvula zobusika ezifudumele. Empumalanga, isimo sezulu sihlala sithokomele izwekazi: amahlobo afudumele futhi awomile, kanti ubusika bupholile. Isimo sezulu sase-Andes sihlobene nesimo sezulu sokwe-altitudinal.
Isimo sezimbali zasendaweni
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Flora kwaqala ngesikhathi se-Mesozoic futhi, kusukela ngesikhathi se-Tertiary, kwahlukaniswa ngokuphelele kwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izitshalo zaseNingizimu Melika zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo futhi zidume ngomugqa wazo.
Abameli abaningi besimanje bezimbali bavela eSouth America, omunye wabo amazambane owaziwayo. Kepha isihlahla sikakhukhunathi, i-hevea enjoloba, nesihlahla se-quinine manje sekutshalwe kwamanye amazwekazi.
Ezwenikazi lonke, ochwepheshe bakhomba izindawo ezinemibalabala yeNeotropic ne-Antarctic. Owokuqala ufana nezimbali zase-Afrika, kanti owesibili ufana nezimbali zase-Antarctica, New Zealand nase-Australia. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kukhona umehluko ezinhlotsheni zezimila nokwakheka kwezinhlobo. I-savannah ijwayelekile e-Afrika, kanti naseNingizimu Melika amahlathi athambile ashisayo (i-selvas). Amahlathi anjalo ahlanganisa izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esilinganayo kanye nemithambeka yezintaba zaseBrazil naseGuiana ezivela e-Atlantic.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lesimo sezulu, amahlathi adlulela olwandle. EBrazil, ama-savannahs (ama-campos) ahlanganiswa ikakhulukazi izitshalo zommbila. EVenezuela naseGuana, e-savannah (llanos), ngaphezu kokusanhlamvu, izihlahla zesundu ziyakhula. Ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseBrazil, ngaphezu kwezimbali zohlobo lwe-savannah ejwayelekile, kunezinhlobo ezilwa nesomiso. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yezindawo eziphakemeyo kuhlala i-katinga, okuyihlathi elingajwayelekile lezihlahla ezingamelana nesomiso. Ingxenye enomswakama yaseningizimu-mpumalanga imbozwe amahlathi araucaria angaphansi kanye nabamele indawo engaphansi komhlaba, kufaka itiye laseParaguay. Ngaphakathi ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean kunezindawo ezinotshani obuluhlaza bezintaba obushisayo. Izimila zasendaweni engaphansi komhlaba zihlala ezindaweni ezincane zangaphakathi nezwe.
Isembozo se-La Plata Plain esempumalanga ikakhulu siqukethe utshani namakhambi (utshani bentshe, intshebe, umfekethisi) futhi ungolohlobo lwesibili lwezitshalo zaseNingizimu Melika. Lesi yigxathu elisuka endaweni engezansi. Eduze nasezintabeni eziphakeme zaseBrazil, izitshalo ezingama-steppe zihlanganiswa ne-shrubbery. Izikebhe zezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza ziwuphawu lolwandle lwasePacific.
EPatagonia, izimila zezintaba ezomileyo nezindawo eziwugwadule zentaba ezishisayo (i-bluegrass, i-cactus, i-mimosa, nezinye) zihamba phambili. Indawo eseningizimu eseningizimu eseningizimu yezwekazi, embozwe ngamahlathi ahlala enezimbali ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezimbali ezinobumbano neziyinqaba, iyahlukahluka ngokuhlukahlukana kwayo.
Cinchona
Ngale ndlela, yaba yizwi elidumile lokuphulukisa kwamagxolo alo, abomdabu ababesebenzisa ukwelapha umalaleveva. Lesi sihlahla siqanjwe ngegama likankosikazi weViceroy yasePeru, owelashwa ngo-1638 lomkhuhlane yi-cinchona bark.
Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, amaqabunga ahlala eqabile ayakhazimula, futhi emikhawulweni yamagatsha kuqoqwe ama-inflorescence wezimbali ezipinki noma ezimhlophe. Wonke umqhele une-tint ebomvu. Ukuphulukisa kuphela amagxolo esihlahla. Manje okuthiwa ikicon ikhula ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.
Umuthi we-chocolate
Ngenxa yalezi zinhlanyelo, izinhlobo manje sezitshalwa emhlabeni wonke. Umuthi ufinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 ukuphakama, futhi unamaqabunga amakhulu amnyama aluhlaza nezimbali ezincane ezimhlophe ezipinki eziqoqwe kuma-inflorescence.
Iqhakaza futhi ithela izithelo cishe unyaka wonke. Ukuvuthwa kabusha kwesibeletho kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-9. Isikhathi sokuphila sesihlahla sineminyaka engama-25-50.
UHevea waseBrazil
Isihlahla esiyingqayizivele esingumthombo werabha wemvelo, otholakala ku-milky sap (latex). I-Latex itholakala kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo senjoloba.
Lesi sihlahla esihlala sikhona kuze kufike kumamitha angama-30 ukuphakama ngesibambo esiqondile kuze kube ngama-50 cm aminyene namagxolo akhanyayo. Amaqabunga anesikhumba, acinene, akhombe, okusaqanda ngesimo futhi aqoqwe ngoxhaxha lwemikhawulo yamagatsha.
Ukushintshwa kwezinhlaka kwenzeka njalo ngonyaka. Izinhlobo zingokwezitshalo ezingama-monoecious ezinezimbali ezincane ezingenangqondo zombala omhlophe-ophuzi, eziqoqwe ngama-inflorescence alula. Izithelo ezinembewu eminyene ye-ovoid yibhokisi le-tricuspid.
Izilwane zaseNingizimu Melika
Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezingathandeki nezijabulisayo zihlala ezweni elikhulu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-sloths, armadillos, vicunas, alpacas nabanye. Izintshe zaseMelika kanye neNanda zathola isiphephelo emaphayipini, kuyilapho izindikimba kanye namaphinifa kuhlala eningizimu ebandayo.
Izimfudu ezisengozini enkulu yokupheliswa kwemifula zitholakala eGalapogos Pacific Islands. Izilwane eziningi azitholakali kwamanye amazwekazi. Isibonelo, ikhwela le-Titikak, i-chomga engenantambo kanye ne-poo deer.
Zonke izilwane ezihlala eNingizimu Melika zivumelaniswa nezimo ezinzima zemvelo.
Kinkaju
Ubude besilwane buvela ku-43 kuya ku-56 cm, amehlo amakhulu amakhulu, ikhanda eliyindilinga nezindlebe. Ijazi linobukhulu futhi limfushane, limdaka ngemuva, futhi likhanya kancane esiswini. Abantu abaningi banesibazi esimnyama emhlane wabo.
Ngaphezu koju, idla izitshalo, izithelo, izinambuzane nezilwane ezincane, ayihlazisi amaqanda nam amaphuphu. Lezi yizilwane ezihamba nobusuku obubodwa ezihlangana nezihlobo kuphela ngokuzalaniswa.
Ibhere elihehekile
Kukhona amabala amhlophe noma abomvu azungeze amehlo nekhala. Kwezinye izikhathi zisesifubeni. Ubovu bukhulu obumnyama noma obunama-tint brownish. Amehlo ayindilinga, mancane ngosayizi. Amaphayi mide ngemichilo emikhulu yokumba inhlabathi. Amanye amabhere anezimbambo eziyi-14 zezimbambo, kanti lo mbukiso unama-13 kuphela. Udla ikakhulukazi ekudleni kwezitshalo noma ezinambuzaneni ezincane nasezilwaneni.
Lesi silwane sasebusuku sakha indawo yaso yokuhlala ezihlahleni futhi singazifihli ebusika. Izitho zesilo zisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, ngenxa yokuthi inani labo lehla ngokushesha. Lesi silwane sisohlwini lweNcwadi ebomvu.
Jaguarundi
Lesi sidalwa esincane somndeni wekati sifana ne-weasel noma ikati. UJaguarundi unomzimba omude (cishe amasentimitha angama-60) onemilenze emifushane, nekhanda eliyindilinga elincane elinamadlebe kanxantathu. Ukuphakama ekufinyeleleni kufinyelela ku-30 cm, isisindo - kuze kufike ku-9 kg.
Uboya bokugqokwa kombala ofanayo ngwempunga, obomvu noma obomvu ngombala onsundu, hhayi ukumelela inani lentengiso. Kutholakala emahlathini, ema-savannah noma emaxhaphozini.
Idla izinambuzane, izilwane ezincane nezithelo. UJaguarundi uhlala futhi azingele yedwa, uhlangana nabanye abantu kuphela ngokuzala.
Lapha, kuyinto engajwayelekile, emangalisa, ehlaba umxhwele futhi ibamba iNingizimu Melika, izitshalo nezilwane ezithandwa kakhulu hhayi kuphela phakathi kososayensi abaxhuma izimpilo zabo ngokufunda izwekazi, kepha futhi naphakathi kwabavakashi abanesifiso sokuthola okuthile okusha.
I-Piranhas
Ama-Piranhas mhlawumbe ayizinhlanzi ezidume kakhulu eNingizimu Melika, ezidume ngokuthanda inyama entsha. Bazingela ngamaqembu, bahlasela isilwane abahlangane naso endleleni ngejubane lombani, basiklebhule. Badla konke abahlangana nakho, yebo u-carrion. Ezinye izinhlobo zamaphiranas zingama-30 cm ubude, kepha iningi lawo lincane kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, amacala angaziwa lapho ama-piranhas ayehlasela umuntu, kepha ayingozi enkulu yemfuyo ewela umfula. Zilangazelela kakhulu ukudlela amankonyane amancanyana, athi ngephutha awele esidlekeni singene emfuleni.
UMorpho
Lezi zimvemvane, ezingaba ngu-80 izinhlobo, mhlawumbe ziyizakhamuzi ezinhle kakhulu emahlathini ase-Amazon lowland. Mikhulu kakhulu, amaphiko awo angafika ku-20 cm. Angatholakala kuyo yonke indawo ukusuka eMexico kuye eningizimu yeBrazil.Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko abesilisa lupendiwe, njengomthetho, ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha ungaba ophuzi futhi onsundu. Umbala wazo omangalisayo wadonsela ukunakekela kwabaqoqi abaningi, kangangokuba abaningi babo baqothulwa. Manje emazweni amaningi, lezi zimvemvane ze-morpho zivikelwe.
Dolphin Yomfula
Amahlengethwa amakhulu anamanzi amaningi emhlabeni ahlala emifuleni ye-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-2,7, kanti abesilisa bakhulu ngokulingana nabesifazane. Njengoba zibhukuda emanzini anodaka e-Amazon, amahlengethwa awadingi ukubona, kepha uhlelo lwawo lwenkanyezi luthuthukiswe kakhulu. Bathumela amasiginali ebangeni le-ultrasonic, okukhombisa, okuvela ezintweni, ukubuya. Amahlengethwa omfula abamba i-echo, ngaleyo ndlela athole inyamazane, futhi ayibambe ngamazinyo.