Isilwane esihle kunazo zonke, imidlwane ebabazekayo nenhle, ingukuphela kommeli wohlobo lwayo (iRangifer tarandus). Le artiodactyl emangalisayo ingahle ibeyasendle futhi ifakwe ezindlini, noma kunjalo, ngeshwa, inani lezinyamazane zasendle liyancipha minyaka yonke, elihambisana kakhulu nokuzingela. Abantu abehlukene wabenza baba yingxenye yama-epic abo. Ukwenza isibonelo, eNyakatho Melika, izinyamazane zibizwa nge- “caribou”, kanti ozakwabo abangama-Altai babizwa nge- “akkiyik”.

Ukubhebhetheka

Igama lalezi zinhlobo lizikhulumela, inyamazane iyisilwane esisenyakatho, indawo yokuhlala kuyo okuhlanganisa i-tundra, i-taiga, ihlathi ngisho nezintaba ezithile. Ngokusho kwalesi simo, izinhlobo ezintathu zama-reindeer ziyahlukaniswa: i-tundra, intaba nehlathi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa okuchaziwe kunokwenzelwa ngokungacabangi, futhi amanye amaqembu ezilwane athambekele ekufudukeni kwabantu abaningi kanye noshintsho kwi-biotope.

Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sabantu sihlala enyakatho yeRussia naseNyakatho Melika. Ama-reindeer asatshalaliswa ngokwemvelo eKamchatka, eKarelia, eSakhalin, e-Alaska nasenyakatho neCanada, futhi ahlala eNhlonhlweni iTaimyr. Inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yezinqubo ezivumelanayo yavumela lesi silwane ukuzivumelanisa nokusinda endaweni enobunzima futhi enabantu abaningi bemvelo.

Incazelo yokubukeka

Ama-reindeer ayisilwane esiphansi, esivame ukufinyelela kumitha eyodwa nesigamu lapho kubuna. Ubude bomzimba babamele balezinhlobo abudluli ku-220 cm, futhi isisindo lisuka ku-120 laya ku-220 kg. Imvamisa, izinsikazi zincane kakhulu ngosayizi kunabesilisa. Amanani akhonjisiwe angamanani aphakathi nendawo futhi avumela ukuphambuka kuzona zombili izinkomba.

Umbala wesilisa awufani nowowesifazane; ngenkathi yehlobo uvame ukumelelwa yimibala ehlukahlukene ansundu. Ebusika, uboya buba lula futhi bube nokuhlanganisa imibala kusuka ku-grey omnyama kuye ku-ashen. Umbala omnyama kakhulu ubonwa emahlathini abantu, futhi ukuhluma kwesiqhingi kuvame ukukhanya kunabo bonke abafowethu. Izithombe zalesi silwane esimangalisayo ziqinisekisa iphalethi ebanzi kakhulu yemibala.

Ehlobo, ijazi lincane kakhulu (cishe 1 cm), kepha ebusika lingakhuphuka ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ngaphansi komhlaba kufudumele futhi kuminyene ukuvikela izinyamazane kunoma yisiphi isithwathwa. Izinwele ze-Deer zinesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele esiyize. Ngaphezu kokufaka okufudumele, lokhu kusiza isilwane ukuthi sihlale emanzini futhi simenze ukubhukuda okuhle.

Amahlumela okuthiwa ama-reindeer abanzi ngokwanele futhi ayakhonkotha ngaphakathi, okuhloswe ngawo ukwenza lula ukumbiwa kweqhwa ukuze kutholwe ukudla. Izinwele ezinde ezikhula phakathi kwezinselo zandisa indawo yokuxhumana neqhwa, okwandisa kakhulu ukubakhona kwekhono lokuwela izwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, inyamazane futhi lidlula kalula phezu kwamatshe nam Swink.

UReindeer uwukuphela kommeleli womndeni onezimpondo kwabesilisa (izinkunzi) nabesilisa (ezibalulekile). Abesilisa phakathi kwezinyamazane bangahlukaniswa ngokubonga ezimpondweni ezinamandla kakhudlwana nezinezihlahla, kanti ezinsikazi zivame ukuba nokulingana okubonakalayo. Iziduna zasendle zivame ukuba nezimpondo ezithuthukisiwe, kanti ama-vazhenok wona awafani. I-Reindeer e-tundra, ngokungafani nehlakani layo lasehlathini, inezimpondo ezinkulu kakhulu. Inani elincane labantu besifazane esihlala lingenazimpondo; livame ukuba likhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zehlathi. Ebusika, abesilisa balahla izimpondo zabo, okuvumela izinsikazi ukuthi zivikele ukudla okutholakele ezinkomeni ezinamandla. Abesifazane bahlala ngaphandle kwabo ngokushesha nje kokuzala - ekuqaleni kwehlobo.

Izimpondo ze-reindeer ezingadalulwanga zibizwa ngokuthi ama-antlers. Ukukhishwa okuhlukaniswe kubo kunezakhiwo ezihlukile zokuphulukisa futhi kusetshenziswa ekhemisi njenge-adaptogenic, tonic kanye ne-immunostimulating ejenti. Abaphangi bakhiqiza izidakamizwa ezaziwa ngomuthi njengeRantorin ne-Epsorin, kanye nezengezo zemvelo ezinjengeCigapan.

Umsoco

Kukholelwa ukuthi isisekelo sokudla kwama-reindeer yi-moss, esidume ngokuthiwa yinyamazane. Eqinisweni, i-deer moss ilayisi; ithwala igama le-botanical "reindeer moss". Ukonakala kwesistimu yokugaya izinyamazane kulele emandleni ayo okugaya ama-carbohydrate ama-90%, ngokungafani namanye ama-artiodactyls, angathola kuphela ama-40% ezakhi zomzimba wale ndle. I-antibiotic yemvelo etholakala ku-reindeer reindeer iyikhambi lemvelo. I-Deer moss iphakeme kakhulu ikhalori, kepha inamavithamini ambalwa kakhulu, akhuthaza izilwane ukuthi zifunele eminye imithombo yokudla okunempilo. Zingaba ezinye izitshalo, isikhunta, ukuphuma kwasemanzini.

Ehlobo, inyamazane ziguqula kakhulu indlela ezidla ngayo, kanti ingxenye yamalayisensi kuyo yi-10-15% kuphela. Isisekelo sokondleka ngalesi sikhathi izitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani, amajikijolo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezilwane ezincane, ezinjenge-lemmings. Izilwane ezifuywayo zidla okusanhlamvu, i-silage kanye ne-hay.

Ukuziphatha

Ebusika, indawo yokuhlala kwama-reindeer e-tundra ogwini lwe-Arctic iyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yobunzima bokuthola ukudla ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa, umhlambi uthuthela enyakatho ye-taiga. Njengomthetho, zitholakala eduzane nemithambeka yamagquma, lapho ukuphakama kweqhwa kuncane khona futhi kulula ukuthola i-lichens. Ehlobo, inyamazane ziyaphoqeleka ukushiya i-taiga, zibalekela izinambuzane. Izinyamazane eziyiziqhingi kuphela ezingafuduki.

Kuyamangaza ukuthi indlela yokufuduka kwezinkomo ihlala ingashintshiwe iminyaka eminingi futhi ingafinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-500. Endleleni, izinyamazane zingabhukuda amabanga amade, imifula yokubhukuda kanye nobunzima ezindaweni ezifanayo unyaka nonyaka.

Ukuzala

Isilinganiso sokuphila okulwelwe njalo kwaso singu-25 iminyaka. Imidlalo ye-Matrimonial (gon) imvamisa iqala maphakathi no-Okthoba futhi iqhubeke kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa balwela okubalulekile. I-reindeer iyisilwane esinesithembu; esikhathini esifushane kangako ingakwazi ukufaka abantu besifazane abangafika kwabayi-10. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingaba yisishiyagalombili, emva kwalokho kuzalwe umntwana oyedwa. Amawele awavamile kakhulu. Ukuzala kuvame ukwenzeka ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni, okuvame ukuhambisana nokufuduka. Inkonyane esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisithupha futhi ayishiyi umama phakathi neminyaka emibili yokuqala yokuphila. Izimpondo zenyamazane ziqala ukudabula emavikini amathathu emva kokuzalwa. I-Deer ifinyelela ebusheni lapho ineminyaka emibili ubudala, noma kunjalo, ukuzala kwezinsikazi kuncipha kancane kunokwabantu abadala.

Izitha

Isilwane singaba isisulu sabazingeli abakhulu abanjengezimpisi, ama-lynxes nama-wolverines, kepha ngokuzilandelela okuvulekile, i-reindeer ngokuvamile iwina ngejubane. Ukubhekwa kwezithombe nevidiyo komhlambi oshukumisayo kukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sokufuduka yisikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu, ngoba abahlaseli bangabahlasela abantu ababuthaka nabadala.

Umuntu futhi uthinta kakhulu ukuncishiswa kwenkuku yabantu, ukuzingela inyama ebalulekile, uboya nezimpondo zesilwane. Ukulwa nokuzingela kungasindisa lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo ekuqothulweni okuphelele endle.

Izici Reindeer kanye Habitat

Isilwane esihle - umhlanga ungaba izilwane zasendle nezasekhaya. Kuyihlazo ukuthi lo mmeli oziqhenyayo, ozihloniphayo wezinhlwathi kudala abe yithagethi kubazingeli, ngenxa yalokho, inyamazane ayikhulisi, kepha incipha kuphela.

Ukukhula kwalesi silwanyana kuncane, lapho ibuna ifinyelela kumamitha owodwa nesigamu kuphela, umzimba ubumbekile, kuze kube ngama-220 cm ubude.Ncane kakhulu. Isibonelo, izinsikazi zincane kunabesilisa, okungukuthi, ubulili buyabizwa. Amadoda abukekayo anesisindo esisukela ku-100 kuye kuma-220 kg.

Uma ubheka isithombe se-reindeer, ungabona ukuthi uboya babo bunobubanzi obucebile bezithunzi ezinsundu nezimdaka. Izinyamazane zamahlathi zidwetshwe ngombala omnyama kakhulu, kepha izihlobo zesiqhingi zikhanya kakhulu.

Ebusika, umbala wejazi uyashintsha, kanti inyamazane iba lula ngokwengeziwe, ungathola ngisho ne-ashen handsome. Ngale ndlela, abesilisa abahlukile ngombala kwabesifazane.

Ngokuhlangana kabusha, abesilisa nabesilisa bagqoka izimpondo

Lapho kuncibilika, uvolo wehlobo, ongaba ngu-1 cm ubude, unika uboya ebusika, obude futhi bukhulu. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwaleli jazi, lesi silwane asikwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kuphela, kodwa futhi singumbhukudi omangalisayo.

Kepha akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ijazi langempela likulesi silwane, ukwakhiwa kwamaqhubu nakho kuyathakazelisa. Banzi ngokwanele ukubamba kahle ebusweni beqhwa, futhi izinwele ezinde nazo zikhula phakathi kwezinselo, futhi ezisiza isilwane ukuthi sihlale eqhweni. Amaqhubu ngokwawo ayamakhonkolo, ukuze kube lula ukumba futhi isilwane sizitholele ukudla kwaso.

Well and, of course, ukuziqhenya okukhethekile inyamazane kukhona izimpondo. Ngendlela, atholakala kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kuliqiniso, emadodeni anethezekile kakhudlwana - anamahlamvu futhi amade. Kepha ebusika, abesilisa bachitha ubuhle babo, kepha izinsikazi zihlala zingenazimpondo emva kokuba zinamawundlu.

Izimpondo zezidwaba ezingaphanjwanga ziqoqwa ngabantu. Izimpondo ezinjalo zibizwa abafokazi futhi banezinto zokuphilisa kakhulu, zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekhemisi.

I-Deer ihlukaniswe nge-tundra, ihlathi nentaba. Amagama akhombisa ukuthi inyamazane ithanda ukuba kuphi. Tundra deer ama-tundra poprate, amaxhaphozi amahlathi akhetha ukuba semahlathini, futhi inyamazane yezintaba ithambekele ezintabeni. Futhi nokho, ukwahlukaniswa kokugcina kwenyamazane ngendawo akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba lezi zilwane zivame ukufuduka.

I-Deer ijwayelekile eNyakatho Melika, eRussia, Kamchatka, enyakatho neCanada, e-Alaska, eSakhalin naseTaimyr. Akumangalisi ukuthi inyamazane ibizwa ngokuthi "inyakatho", lesi silwane sithanda ukuhlala ezimeni zesimo sezulu esenyakatho.

Umlingisi we-Reindeer nendlela yokuphila

Ama-reindeer achitha ihlobo lonke ogwini lwe-Arctic. Ngalesi sikhathi kwezinye izindawo bahlukunyezwa izindimbane zama-midges, kepha umoya omnandi we-arctic awavumeli ama-midges ukuthi ahlukumeze izilwane. Kepha ekuqaleni kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, imihlambi yezinyamazane ifakwa emahlathini.

Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, lezi zilwane zibheka izindawo lapho kungekho qhwa eliningi khona, ngoba lapho kunamakhaza amakhulu eqhwa kunzima kuzo ukuthola ukudla. Lapho zifuna lezo zindawo, umhlambi ungamboza amakhilomitha angaphezu kwama-500, uwele imifula uwele nezinye izithiyo. Kuqala kokuphela kukaMeyi, umhlambi wezinyamazane ubuyela emuva kwi-tundra. Ngendlela, imihlambi yezinyamazane ihlala ifuduka ngendlela efanayo.

Imvamisa, inyamazane zihlala emihlambini. Kuliqiniso, abanye abantu baphila ngokwehlukana, kepha lokhu akuyona into ejwayelekile. Inani labantu emhlanjini liyashintsha. Njengomthetho, eqenjini kukhona owesilisa oyedwa, nezinsikazi ezisele ezinamazinyane amancane.

Kuliqiniso, inhloko yomhlambi ivikela amawadi wayo ezitheni nasekuangeni ekuhambeni kwamanye amadoda. Ezikhathini zokukhwelana, ngenxa yalokhu, akukho zimpi zamahlaya phakathi kwabesilisa. Owesilisa umaka izindawo ahlala kuzo ngemfihlo ekhethekile.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isithombe: Reindeer

I-Reindeer (i-Rangifer tarandus) ihluke kakhulu kubalingani bayo ngisho nangaphandle. Into yokuqala edonsela ukunaka ukwakheka okukhethekile kophondo, okuphethwe ngabesilisa nabesifazane. Kudala bekukholelwa ukuthi i-reindeer yaqhamuka eNyakatho Melika, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwatholakala ubufakazi bendawo ababehlala kuyo okokuqala enyakatho yeYurophu.

Ama-Reindeers aqhamuka emndenini wezinyamazane angamalungu esigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nokulandelana kwama-artiodactyls. Iningi labantu litholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Isisindo somzimba wesilwane siyehluka kusuka kuma-70 kuye kwangama-200 kg ngosayizi ukusuka ku-165 kuye kuma-210 cm.Izilwane zezinhlobo zikhulu kakhulu kunezabesifazane. Izilwane ezifuywayo zihlala ngokwesilinganiso kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15, endle, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zokuphila, lesi sibalo siphakeme.

Ukusondela kwesilwane esiseduze kwabantu kushiya umaki waso hhayi kuphela ku-phenotype, kodwa futhi nasemikhubeni nasekuziphatheni kwenyamazane. Isibonelo esisodwa esivelele ukusondela kwengozi, emvelweni izilwane ziyahlakazeka, futhi ezifuywayo, kunalokho, ziphambuka ziye emhlambini.

Umzimba we-reindeer muhle ngokukhethekile. Kunakwa kakhulu ubukhulu bekhanda nesikhundla esincishisiwe esincane se-muzzle, lapho amehlo amahle avele khona. Izimpondo zinokugoba okungathandeki okuhle. Izilwane zibekezelela ukushisa okuphansi kahle ngenxa yoxhaxha lwezinwele olungavunyelwe umoya obandayo.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Animal Reindeer

Ama-Reindeers aboniswa ngosayizi omaphakathi womzimba, anomumo owude. Intamo iyafiphala futhi ibukeka inkulu kakhulu futhi iminyene ngenxa yokumbozwa kwezinwele obukhulu, ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela ku-6 cm. Ngasikhathi sinye, imilenze yinde ngobude obuphakathi, kepha ibukeka ibfishane. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, isihlakala sesilwane sehliselwa phansi, ngenxa yokuthi isilayidi libukeka lilingana kahle maqondana kwenyamazane yolunye uhlobo, futhi ukunyakaza akunamusa kangako.

Ikhanda lenyamakazi linesimo esidlulileko, kodwana ngokulingana okulungileko, lisikisela ngasekhaleni, elibuye limbozwe ngokhalo lwezinwele oludengekileko futhi libukeka likhulu. Izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi mncane, zingabi ngaphezu kuka-18 cm. Amehlo abunjwe nge-almond. Ubude bomsila bufika kuma-cm angama-21. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu abakhethelwe emakhaya bancane futhi balula kunabalingani babo basendle.

Lolu hlobo lwehlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi izinsikazi zinezimpondo kanye nabesilisa. Zikhulu ngosayizi, zine-arcuate bend. Afinyelela emadodeni angama-120 cm abesilisa.Izimpondo zihlala zibushelelezi, zimhlophe ngombala, futhi kutholakala brown brown ziyatholakala. I-Reindeer, ngokungafani nezinye, inezimpondo ezinkulu, kepha isisindo sayo esiphezulu singama-12 kg.

Izilwane ezifuywayo ziziqhayisa ngezimpondo zobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele. Ukuma kwezimpondo akuphindwanga, azikho izinyamazane ezimbili ezinezimpondo ezifanayo, ziyahlukahluka ngenani lezinqubo, ukugoba, ubukhulu kanye nosayizi, ngisho nethanga elilodwa alinalo ulinganiso oluphelele ezimpondweni ezimbili. Abesifazane banezimpondo ezilula kunabesilisa.

Ukusuka ngoNovemba kuya kuZibandlela, izinyamazane ezindala sezivele zishayelwa izimpondo, kanti kubantu abasha le nqubo yenzeka kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi. Izinsikazi zilahla izimpondo zazo kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala, okusha ziqala ukukhula ngokushesha, kanti ezesilisa kuphela emva kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine.

Umugqa wezinwele obude futhi obukhulu awukuvumeli ukubanda kudlule futhi uvumela inyamazane ukuba ibekezelele ubusika kalula. Izinwele emzimbeni, yize ziminyene, zigcwele umoya, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye impela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emilenzeni ihlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nobude obufushane. Ngenxa yokuthi izinwele ezinde zakha izinselo, indawo ezisekelayo yesilwane iyanda, ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukwehla.

Ehlobo, i-hairline ithathelwa indawo ethambile futhi emifushane. Izinwele zigcwala kancane komoya kanti i-mane ayibonakali ngathi ayisiqholo kangako. Umbala wehlobo u nsundu oqinile, onemithunzi yomlotha, onsundu noma ikhofi. Akukho mehluko okhethekile ngombala phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa. I-hairline iyashintsha kanye ngonyaka, i.e. kwenzeka.

Le nqubo ihlala isikhathi eside impela, iqala ngo-Ephreli, futhi iphetha ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Okokuqala, izinwele zangaphansi yakudala ziyalahlwa, bese kuthi umgogodla. Ekuqaleni, amakhanda asekhanda, kancane kancane i-molt idlulela emuva bese iphetha esiswini.

Ihlala kuphi i-reindeer?

Isithombe: Reindeer kwi-tundra

AbakwaReindeer bakhethe izindawo ezinkulu. Namuhla bahlala eNorway, esifundeni saseKola Peninsula, esifundeni esisuka eKarelia siya ogwini lwase-Okhotsk. Cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-700 bahlala endle endaweni ye-tundra.

Ukuqongelelwa okukhulu kwenyamazane kutholakala kwiTaimyr Peninsula - cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-450. Lapha ukuzulazula kwenyamazane kuqala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, babhukuda ehlathini-tundra, futhi ekuqaleni kwehlobo babuyela e-tundra futhi. AmaReindeer nawo atholakala eTransbaikalia nase-Altai.

Kakhulu reindeer bakhetha isimo sezulu salezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

• ESiberia,
• I-America esenyakatho,
• ENyakatho Yurophu.

Ehlobo, bahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lwe-Arctic. Kulapha lapho bephunyuka khona ekushiseni nase maphakathi okucasulayo, asebenza kakhulu ehlobo. Njengoba kusondela ebusika nasebusika obandayo, ama-deer athuthela emahlathini. Bakhetha izindawo lapho kungekho khona iqhwa eliningi kanye nokushiswa kweqhwa okuphezulu okuphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla.

Ukufinyelela izimo ezidingekayo, izilwane zivame ukunqoba amabanga amakhulu adlula i-500 km, kufanele zinqobe zonke izinhlobo zezithiyo. Lapho amakhaza egcina ehlile, cishe ngoMeyi, izinyamazane zithutha ziye e-tundra futhi. Ukubuya, basebenzisa indlela efanayo abafike ngayo.

Imvamisa, izinyamazane zihlala emhlambini, noma kunjalo, kunabantu abangashadile abagcinwa bahlukile kwabanye. Umhlambi uguqula njalo inani labantu. Imvamisa umhlambi uqukethe umholi oyedwa, owesilisa nowesifazane ezinzwaneni. Owesilisa unesibopho sokuvikela umhlambi wakhe nensimu yakhe.

Ngabe kudlani ama-reindeer?

Isithombe: Reindeer kwi-tundra ebusika

Ukuze uzitholele ukudla, inyamazane idinga ukuzama kanzima. Banikezwe indawo yabo yokuhlala, kufanele babheke ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa cishe unyaka wonke. Ekufuneni ukudla, izinyamazane zimba usayizi weqhwa afinyelela ku-150 cm, kodwa-ke, ezimeni ze-tundra, izilwane azikwazi ukuhlala zigaya u-30 cm uma iqhwa limbozwe yiqhwa. Kakhulu abesilisa bamba iqhwa, ne-vazhenki, i.e. izinsikazi zondla zisuka ezihlahleni.

Imithombo eyinhloko yokudla kwenyamazane yile:

• lichens. Ukudla kuqondile. I-jagel incishwa amaprotheni, futhi amaphesenti amaprotheni akhona anzima ukuthi inyamazane igaye. Banokuqukethwe okusawoti okuncane, futhi usawoti we-silicon awulungele inyamazane. Futhi abanawo cishe amavithamini. Benza njengokudla okusheshayo - musa ukuletha noma iyiphi inzuzo, kepha nikeza umuzwa osheshayo wokuxhamazela. Ukuphinda uthole kabusha amavithamini adingekayo, izilwane zidinga ukudla okuhlukahlukene,
• izindunduma. UDerver ukhetha lokhu kudla ehlobo,
• ama-forbs. Isebenza njengokuphaka kokudliwa kwenyamazane. Ehlobo, ekudleni kwenyamazane, ama-forbs ahlala ku-20%. Lapho inkathi idlula futhi utshani bubuna, izinyamazane ziphelelwa ngumdla kulolu hlobo lokudla,
• okusanhlamvu. Kwakha isisekelo sokudla ngesikhathi sasehlobo,
• amakhowe. I-Deer idla amakhowe ngenhliziyo enhle, lolu uhlobo lokuphatha kubo. Kusukela ngo-Agasti kuye eqhweni lokuqala, izinyamazane zifuna ngenkuthalo amakhowe futhi zingahamba amabanga amade ziyofuna
• izihlahlana. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinyamazane ehlobo,
• Okunye. Ukuthola izinto ezidingekayo, ikakhulukazi usawoti, inyamazane zidla amaqanda wezinyoni, ungawunaki umhlabathi ongafanele noma inhlanzi yolwandle.

Ukuqeda ukoma kwabo ebusika, inyamazane zidla iqhwa. Okuyingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni kukhona iqhwa elinamandla ngaphandle kweqhwa, khona-ke abantu abanandawo yokuthatha uketshezi, futhi namafutha wezinyamazane ancibilika ngokushesha ekuphepheni amanzi emzimbeni.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Reindeer ebusika

Isici esiyinhloko sabahlwanyeli ubukhona babo bemfuyo. Baqoqana ngemihlambi yezinombolo ezahlukahlukene ukusuka emashumini ambalwa kuye ezinkulungwaneni. Ukucula akuvamile kakhulu, kepha lokhu kuyinto eyehlukile kunesiyalo. Ngeshwa, amayunithi anjengalawa anzima kakhulu ukusinda ezimweni ezinzima.

Ukuhlala emhlanjini kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuthi ama-deer athuthele futhi athole ukudla. Herd Kulula kakhulu ukuvikela noma ukulwa nezitha. Umholi wesilisa unesibopho sokuvikela insimu nabantu abathile emhlambini. Izinyamazana ezihamba zodwa ezimweni ezinjalo mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba nomphumela ojabulisayo.

Lezi yizilwane eziyizisulu. Abahlali unyaka wonke endaweni eyodwa. Ehlobo, bathuthela ezifundeni ezipholile, futhi ekuqaleni kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, lapho kulula khona ukuthola ukudla. Lapho kuphela ikwindla, amaxhaphozi asuka e-tundra aye eningizimu, ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuthola ukudla okunesimo sezulu esithe xaxa.

Lapho zifuna indawo nokudla, imihlambi inqoba izithiyo ezinkulu nobude obude. Bawela imifula, benyuka iziqongo. Ekupheleni kobanda, baphinde bathuthele kwi-tundra ngendlela efanayo.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Wild Reindeer

Kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, inyamazane iqala isizini yokuzalela, eqhubeka kuze kuphele uNovemba. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sibonakaliswa yizinga elikhulayo lobudlova besilisa; izimpi zingavela phakathi kwabaqhudelanayo lapho kunqunywa khona okunamandla. Ngumnqobi othola ithuba lokushada nabesifazane abangaphezu kweshumi kuyo yonke inkathi yokuzala.

Kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ukuba izithole zensikazi zizale ngokuphelele, ngenxa yalokho, kuvela izithombo ezintsha zasehlobo ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Komuntu ngokuzala okukodwa, insikazi ihola iwundlu elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi kuvele amahlosi amabili.

Masinyane ngemuva kokuzalwa, inyamazane ibuthakathaka futhi incane, ayinasisindo esingaphezu kwama-6 kg. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa nje, izimpondo zokuqala ezincane ziqala ukuvela. Ngokushesha, ingane ithola amandla futhi ikhula. Unesikhathi esincane nje sokuqina, ngoba ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa inyamazane iqala inqubo yokufuduka, okusho ukuthi inyamazane encane kuzofanele inqobe amabanga amade nezingqinamba. Abesilisa phakathi nalesi sikhathi basebenza ngenkuthalo umhlambi futhi ngazo zonke izindlela kungenzeka bavikele ezingozini.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili kuzelwe, inyamazane ifinyelela ekukhuleni, kuze kube manje ihlala isondele kunina. Endle, ama-reindeer ahlala iminyaka engama-25.

Ukubukeka nobukhulu

Izalukazi luphakathi ngosayizi. Umzimba uphakama, intamo yinde impela, ngenxa yokugcwala okuqinile ibonakala iminyene futhi inkulu, imilenze imfishane. Isilwane sigcina ikhanda nentamo yaso ngokuvamile iphansi, kube sengathi siyancibilika. Ngokuvamile, inyamazane ibukeka njenge squat futhi incane kakhulu futhi inhle kunezinye izinyamazane. Akanawo umusa onjalo wokunyakaza.

Ikhanda lohlubi, noma lililingana, lide. Kuphansi kakhulu endaweni yobuchopho, kumane nje kukhuphukela ekugcineni. Ukuphela kwesihlakala kumbozwe ngokuphelele izinwele (isibuko samakhala asikho), kunalokho sikhulu, kepha asivuvukalanga, umlomo ongaphezulu awudumbile futhi awulemuli ngaphezulu komlomo ophansi. Akukho okuphuma kwesikhumba (“amacici”) ngaphansi kwesilevu. Izindlebe ziba mfushane, zingaphezulu noma ziyindilinga engaphansi. Amehlo mancane. Ukubuna kwesihlahla sokhula kuphakanyiswa kancane, kepha kungenzi “i-hump” ezingeni le-croup, emuva kuqondile, emuva kuqondile noma emuva kancane.

Umsila u-11-21 cm ubude, izindlebe eziyi-13-18 cm. Izinsikazi (vazhenki) [Comm. 1] amancane amancane kunabesilisa. Ubude bomzimba womuntu kubantu abahlukahlukene Ranfer ngokwesilinganiso: owesilisa angu-184-210 (afinyelela kuma-226) cm, izinsikazi zingu-166-199 cm, ubude bude bungu-14-161 cm no-102- 11 cm, isisindo somzimba esingu-74-19 kg no-71-12 kg, ngokulandelana.

Ama-reindeer asendle makhulu kakhulu kunalawo ahlala ekhaya: ngosayizi - ngo-10-20%, esindisweni somzimba ngo-20-30%. Phakathi kokuhluma okufuywayo, Izinyamazane zaseMpumalanga Ekude zinkulu kakhulu. Izinyamazane zasehlathini ziphakeme kancane lapho zibuna futhi zinkulu kakhulu kunama-tundra, ahlotshaniswa nokuguqulwa kokuhlala ezindaweni ezigcwele iqhwa. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke abantu abahlala empumalanga yebanga. Isisindo nosayizi womzimba kuhlangana kakhulu nokudla komhlaba - izilwane zikhulu kakhulu emadlelo amahle kakhulu. Abantu abavela eziqhingini, ezinokudla okungekuhle, ngokuvamile bancane kakhulu kunalezo eziqhamuka ezwenikazi.

Izitha Zemvelo Zase-Reindeer

Photo: Owesifazane Reindeer

Ingozi enkulu emvelweni yenyamazane izinyamazane. Ngokuya ngendawo etholakala kuyo nenani lemhlambi wezinyamazane eziyingozi, ingozi nomonakalo owenziwa abahlukumezayo iyahlukahluka futhi iba nemiphumela ehlukile esintwini. Izici eziphambili ezithinta izinga lomonakalo ukushoda kokunye ukudla, izici zezemvelo, inani lezinyamazane nezitha.

Ingozi enkulu yenyamazane yimpisi. Ku-tundra nasehlathini-tundra, kuvela ngqo ekuhlaselweni kwezimpisi ukuthi izinyamazane eziningi ziyafa. E-taiga, izimpisi azibeki ingozi enjalo ngenxa yokugcotshwa okuncane kwabazingeli kulezo zingxenye. Uma zingekho izimpisi eziningi, khona-ke azibangeli monakalo omkhulu emhlanjini wezinyamazane, kodwa kunalokho yenza umsebenzi wokukhetha - kufa abagulayo nababuthakathaka kuphela abafayo. Abantu abaphilile nabanamandla bayisisulu esinzima sempisi ebusika. Kodwa-ke, uma ukunqwabelana kwezimpisi kukhulu, khona-ke inyamazane ihlushwa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu, ngisho nabanempilo nabanamandla bafa.

Ibhere elinsundu nalo liyingozi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akavamisi ukuzingela izinyamazane, ngeke aphuthe ezakhe uma kungenzeka zithathe inyamazane. Isisulu esilula kakhulu sebhere yinyamazane ogwini lwechibi. Ibhere lizingela kakhulu kubantu abadala. Amabhere ahlala ehlasela izinyamazane ezifuywayo futhi akhethe inyamazane encane.

Ukulimala okukhulu kwezinyamazane nakho kubangelwa ngabantu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuzingela izinyamazane akuvunyelwe futhi kwezinye izifunda lezi zilwane zivikelwe, abazingeli abazinqobi izinqatshelwe. I-Deer ibalulekile kubantu ngezimpondo zabo, isikhumba nenyama. Ngaphezu kokuzingela, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kanye nokushintsha kwendawo yemvelo yezilwane kunomthelela ongemuhle.

UReindeer wayevame ukuhlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kepha namuhla asinda kuphela ezindaweni lapho kungekho lula ngomuntu ukufinyelela kuzo.

Izimpondo

Izimpondo zitholakala kwabesilisa nabesifazane (okuwukuphela komndeni). Izimpondo zikhulu futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi ngesibambo eside esikhulu (kufinyelela ku-150 cm emadodeni), ngesiga esivaliwe. Isikhala sezimpondo emadodeni sifinyelela ku-120 cm. Ekupheleni kwe-antler kukhona ifosholo elincane eliqonde phezulu elinezinqubo ezimfushane. Izinqubo ze-infraorbital ngezandiso ezinjenge-spade. Izimpondo zivame ukungalingani ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Isiqu sophondo nezinqubo zithambile, amafosholo esiqwini futhi izinqubo zimcaba. Ingaphezulu lophondo luhlala lubushelelezi ngokuphelele, kube sengathi luphuculiwe. Umbala wophondo onsundu okhanyayo noma omhlophe.

Izimpondo ze-Reindeer zikhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinyamazane. Kodwa-ke, isiqu nezinqubo zinciphile, futhi isisindo sezindondo asidluli ku-11-12 kg. Imvamisa mincane futhi ibuthakathaka, ayinaso isigaxa sesici futhi imele isiqu esicishe sicishe ukugoba noma sigobile esinenombolo encane yezinqubo, iqondiswe phezulu nangemuva. Ezinyameni ezifuywayo, izimpondo zivame ukufika ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu. Izimpondo zihlukahlukene kakhulu ngokuya ngobude besiqu, ukugoba kwaso, inani nosayizi wezinqubo, isilinganiso kanye nenani lezandiso ezinjenge-spade, ukwakheka namafosholo ezinqubo zamehlo neqhwa, nokusakazeka. Izinhlobonhlobo zezimpondo zenyathi zikhulu kunalezinyamazane, futhi zikhulu kakhulu kunalezi zelk. Ngaphezu kokuhlukahluka okukhulu komuntu ngamunye, izimpondo nazo zingaphansi kokuhlukahluka okuthile kwendawo. Abesifazane banezimpondo zohlobo olufanayo nolwabesilisa, kepha bancane futhi balula. AmaNzhenki angenazimpondo (angenasiphondo) atholakala. E-Altai nasezintabeni zakwa-Sayan, iphesenti labesifazane abangenazimpondo liphakeme futhi lifinyelela ku-25-33.

Abesilisa abadala balahla izimpondo zabo ngoNovemba-Disemba ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuzalela, izilwane ezincane ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, kanye nezinsikazi ngoMeyi-Juni ngemuva kokuzala. Ngakho-ke, ebusika, izinsikazi nezilwane ezincane zinezimpondo, kanti amaduna amadala angenazimpondo. Lokhu kusiza i-vazhenok ebusika ukuvikela umgodi we-reindeer eqhweni kusuka emadodeni anamandla, kodwa angenazimpondo. Izimpondo zabesilisa ziqala ukukhula emuva ngo-Ephreli, kubantu besifazane - ngokushesha ngemuva kokulahla ezindala. Izimpondo ziyahlanzwa kwesikhumba ekupheleni kuka-Agasti-Septhemba (kubantu abasha kuze kube ngu-Okthoba).

I-hairline

I-hairline ejwayelekile yinyamazane, futhi zonke izici zayo zokuphawulwa zivezwa kakhulu kunakwezinye izinhlobo zethu, ngisho nangaphezu kwe-elk. Uboya obusebusika bude kakhulu, futhi izinwele ezisele ezinhlangothini zinobude obuyi-50 mm, emuva zifinyelela ku-90 mm, kwi-oblium 100 mm. Izinwele entanyeni zinde kakhulu futhi zakha i-mane ende futhi ende, izinwele zayo ezingezansi kwentamo inobude obungama-300 mm. Ukwehla okwentamo kwentamo nokumiswa okuningana phansi kuyinika ukubukeka okukhulu kakhulu nokukhulu - kucishe kube mnene njengomzimba. Cishe u-0,9 wobukhulu bezinwele uhlala endaweni eyisisekelo ngemithambo egcwele umoya. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinwele zibucayi kakhulu. Emilenzeni, izinwele zimfushane, ziqine kakhulu futhi ziqinile, ziyakwazi ukumelana nokugqokwa lapho zihamba eqhweni. Emaceleni ezinselo kukhona ezinde futhi zinene, kepha izinwele eziqinile, zandisa indawo esekela inselo. “Ibhulashi” lezinwele ezinde futhi eziqine kakhulu, ezisezinsikeni, zisebenza into efanayo. Kuvimbela nokushushuluza. Ekhanda, izinwele zimfushane. Zimboza isifunda samakhala sonke, ngaphandle kokushiya ngisho nezindawo ezincane ezingenalutho. Ngaphansi kwesembozo esigaxekile somgogodla kukhona futhi umkhuhlane omningi kakhulu, omncane, ocashile, ongabonakali kusuka ngaphandle. Konke kuhlangene kwakha ukufudumala nokuqina, kugcwele nomoya (ngaphakathi kwezinwele naphakathi kwabo), okufakazela uboya kungangeni emoyeni. Isici esibonisiwe sesakhiwo futhi sinikeza isilwanyana ukudla okukhethekile - ukubhukuda kwama-reindeer, ngokusobala, kungcono kunakho konke ukunyameka.

Uhlobo lwasehlobo mfushane kakhulu futhi luyathambile, kunemigwaqo yomoya engafakwanga kahle ezinweleni, i-mane ayinkulu kangako futhi uhlaka lwamazipho alukhuli. Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa nasezilwaneni, ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, uboya buthambile kakhulu futhi buthambile, azikho izimbobo zomoya noma azithuthukiswanga kahle.

Umbala woboya ehlobo ngu-monophonic, brown-brown, brownish-brown noma ashen-brown cishe kuwo wonke umzimba. Ingaphansi elingaphansi lomsila kanye nengaphakathi lamathanga eduze nomsila futhi kancane liphansi kumhlophe futhi kwakha isibuko esincane. Izinwele ezizungeze inselo zimhlophe. Izinhlangothi zentamo zilula, zinombala onsundu, zimhlophe qhwa noma zimhlophe, izinwele ezisezintanjeni zentamo zimhlophe. Ezinhlangothini kwesinye isikhathi kunensimu ekhanyayo, imbala elimhlophe. Umbala woboya behlobo uhlukile noma ungaphansi kokwejwayelekile ezilwaneni kulo lonke uhla futhi uhluka kancane ngokwahlukana. Ubusika bobu busika buhlotshaniswa ngokwehlukahlukana, kusuka ezindaweni ezikhanyayo nezimnyama (kuhlanganiswe kunezinye izinyamazane) futhi, ngokuhlukile ehlobo, kuncike ekuguquguqukeni okukhulu ngakunye, ukuhlukahluka okubalulekile nokwendawo Kwezinye izindawo kumnyama impela, kwezinye kungacishe kube mhlophe noma kube mhlophe.

Ukwehluka ngokobulili ngombala akukho noma akubalulekile, kodwa kwezinye izindawo kuboniswa kucace bha. Umbala ojwayelekile wosanda kuzalwa nowesilwane ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila (ngaphambi kokuncibilika, engubeni yokuqala ebusika) unombala onsundu onsundu noma onsundu ngombala oshubile, ophansi endaweni ephansi yomzimba, umsila ongezansi, umphimbo kanye nesifunda se-inguinal. Izindlebe zinsundu ngaphandle, zimhlophe ngaphakathi, ingaphambili lemilenze limnyama kunasemuva. Kunebhande elimnyama emuva.

Ukuhlanza kanye ngonyaka, kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu: kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Okokuqala, undercoat yakudala iwela ngaphandle, khona-ke umgogodla. Ukuhlanza kuqala kusuka ekhanda, bese kuya entanyeni, emuva, emilenzeni, kuthi kamuva kube sezinhlangothini nasiswini.

Izici ezihlelekile zesakhiwo

I-reindeer iyisakhamuzi sasezifundeni ezisenyakatho: i-tundra ne-taiga. Zonke izici zesimo salo ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila impilo ezimeni ezibandayo, ezimweni sezulu ezibandayo. Ubekezelela ukushisa okuphezulu nobunzima. Izindlala zakhe zamjuluko zakhiwe ngaphansi, okuphoqa inyamazane ukuthi ilawule izinga lokushisa komzimba ngenxa yokuphefumula okwandayo ngomlomo ovulekile nolimi oludondayo. Ama-molars mancane kakhulu, anemiqhele ephansi, ehambisana nokudla kokuphaka okuthambile - i-lichens. Izinto eziqondile ziqondile, zilinganisiwe, zincanyana, azifanele ukusika izitshalo eziminyene, kodwa zenzelwe ukuziqhekeza nokukhipha amalile, okungadingi amandla akhethekile. Izinyawo zinamadivayisi akhethekile ambalwa.

Amaqhubu andiswa kakhulu, yonke iminwe imine ithuthukiswe kahle futhi isebenza njalo, izinselo zizungezwe izinwele ezinde ezimfishane ezikhula ngokuqinile ebusika, zakha ibhulashi elifana nokwakheka okufanayo kwe-hare, i-lynx, impisi yasenyakatho nezinye izilwane zasenyakatho. Ukuhlangana kweminwe ephakathi nendawo kungashintshana ngokuqinile, ngama-phalanges athathe indawo ecishe ibe yaphezulu. Konke lokhu kunomthelela wokwanda okukhulu endaweni yokusekelwa kanye nokugcinwa kwesilwane, ngisho naseqhweni eliqhwa.Ezithomeni zokubandayo ze-tundra, kudlula inyamazane, kusale kungabikho mkhondo. Lesi sakhiwo somlenze sifanelwe kahle nenhlabathi eshisayo yesixhaphozi. Izinwele ezikhula zizungeze izinselo ebusika, ngasikhathi sinye zisebenza njengesiqaphi emanxebeni e-ayisikhweni nasekuqotheni. Izinqwaba zezinwele zikhula phakathi kweminwe ephakathi, zikhula kakhulu ebusika, zimboza ingxenye eseceleni yensimbi futhi zivikele ukushibilika eqhweni. Ukwakheka kwamaqhubu emihlanga kuhluka kakhulu ngezinkathi zonyaka. Imiphetho ikhula ebusika, ingxenye ethambile yamakhaza iyancipha, inselo ifumana amandla amakhulu bese iba “njengengilazi”, okuthi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuhamba esitezi esinzima neqhwa futhi ivimbele isithende esithambile ekulimaleni izinyoka. Ama-reindeer, ahlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba futhi ezinamadwala, anamahlumela akhula kancane ehlobo kunasezindaweni ezinendawo enenhlabathi ethambile.

Ama-reindeer, anjenge-elk, aphakamisa imilenze yawo phezulu ekugijimeni: ama-engeli agobayo edolweni, i-calcaneus, ama-ungulates namanye amajoyinti abukhali, anjenge-elk, futhi abukhali kakhulu kunedumbe elihle, inyamazane namahhashi. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuba sihambeke kalula lapho siseduze, ezindaweni ezinotshani obukhulu, izihlahla zezihlahla ezingaphansi kweqhwa. I-reindeer ihamba, njenge-elk, stride noma i-trot, kuyaqabukela endaweni ephansi.

Isifunda se-nasal seindeer sinokuhlukahluka okukhulu: sikhuliswa kakhulu, imithambo ye-nasal inomthamo omkhulu kakhulu kunodumo nolunye udweshu lwaseningizimu yaseningizimu. Lolu shintsho lubangelwa ukuphefumula komoya obandayo. Ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwesikhala se-reindeer esingenalutho ekhaleni, okuhlala kukhiqizwa kuzo zonke ezinye izinyamazane, kuhlotshaniswa nokucwiliswa okuvamisile kweqhwa eqhweni, isizathu esifanayo sabangela ukuncishiswa kwendawo engenalutho ekhaleni naselungeni.

Ukulungiswa okubalulekile kokuphila esimweni sezulu esibandayo yisimo sezinwele nezinwele eziwugqinsi, ezihambisana nesendlalelo samafutha asishelelayo, esinikeza ukufakwa okuthembekile kokushisa. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-reindeer hairline yenza kube lula kuye ukuhamba ngomkhumbi i-tundra ebandayo nemifula ye-taiga namachibi. Ukufiphala kancane kancane kwemibala yabantu ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu nakho kuyisimilo, okusobala ukuthi kunenani elivumelanayo, ukubona amabala cishe kwashabalala ngokuphelele phakathi kwabasha, kanti nohlobo lwasehlobo lwaphelelwa umbala obomvu.

Ama-reindeer ase-Arctic abhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu ekukhanyiseni: kusuka ekushoneni kwemini ehlobo okuqhubekayo (usuku oluvulekile) kuya ebumnyameni obusika obuqhubekayo. Uyakwazi ukubhekana nobumnyama bobusika nekhono lakhe lokubona imisebe ye-ultraviolet (ene-wavelength efinyelela ku-320 nm). Umhlaziyi ubona izinto ezibalulekile ezidonsa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngakho-ke zibonakala zimnyama, ziqhathanisa kakhulu neqhwa: ama-lichens angumthombo wokudla ophambili ebusika, umchamo uwuphawu lwabazingeli noma izimbangi, u-wolf fur. Umbala wamehlo we-Reindeer uhlotshaniswa nokushintshaniswa kwe-tapetum ushintsho lwesizini emvelweni. Ehlobo kuyigolide - ukukhanya okuningi kukhonjiswa emuva kwi-retina, futhi ebusika kuba mnyama okwesibhakabhaka ngokukhanya okuncane okuvela emehlweni. Ukuzwela okwandayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-acuity ebonakalayo, kepha kuyasiza ukubona izinyamazane ezimweni zobusuku obumnyama be-polar.

Abancintisana

Izici ezibalulekile kwezinguquko ezinombolweni zezinyamazane zasendle nezasekhaya mhlawumbe ziyizinto zenhlalo nomnotho. Izici zebhayoloji azikhishwa. Izinyamazane zasendle nezasekhaya ziyizimbangi ezinkulu zomunye nomunye. Okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwenkinga yokungqubuzana phakathi kwenyamazane yasendle neyasekhaya yile: 1) ekususeni izinyamazane ezifuywayo zasendle futhi ezimweni ezijwayelekile zokutshatelana, 2) kumadlelo athambisanayo amadlelo, 3) ekusizeni okuhlanganyelwe ekugcineni kwe-foci yezifo ezithathelanayo. Imbungulu yasendle, eyayithathwa “njengokhula”, eyayiyingozi kakhulu ngokufuya okwenziwe kabusha kunempisi, yayikusizi, ngakho-ke yaqothulwa ngumuntu yaphoqwa ukuphuma kwamadlelo ayo. Kuyiqiniso, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuxutshwa okuxutshwe okuxutshwe nokuhlanganiswa kwezilwane zasendle ezindaweni ezifanayo. Ukuphikisana kwemvelo kungabuyekezwa kuphela ngokuhlukanisa ukugxila kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, ngokunikeza okuthandwa inyamazane yasendle noma yasekhaya esimweni ngasinye, okungenzeka ekuchazeni okukhulu kweRussia North (eNyakatho Melika, lapho ukwakhiwa kabusha kwama-reindeer kungavuselelwa khona futhi kungenamathemba, akunankinga enjalo) .

UReindeer uncintisana nezilwane eziningi. Kwi-tundra, ngokuyinhloko ifaka ama-lemmings, kanye ne-Middendorff vole, nenani elikhulu lapho izimila kwezinye izindawo zichithwa kakhulu ebusika kangangokuba cishe azikho izindlala. Umncintiswano ne-pika esenyakatho emadlelweni mncane, ngoba izindawo eziyinhloko zepika - ababeka ngamatshe esifundeni sezintaba ezingaphansi komhlaba - empeleni azisetshenziswa abakhiqizi.

I-Elk, inyamazane yedlozi, umhlophe umhlophe awunobudlelwano obunzima bokuncintisana ne-reindeer yasendle. Izimvu ezishunqiwe zidla ngokudla okufana nomhlonyane wasendle. Kodwa-ke, ukuncintisana akuvezwa lapha nalapha, ngoba ukhetha izwe elibukhali; Noma kunjalo, inyamazane zasendle zingabhekwa njengezimbangi zokudla eziphambili zezimvu zeqhwa kule ndawo. Izimvu, ngenxa yezinombolo zazo ezincane, azikwazi ukuncintisana ngezinyamazane.

Inkabi yemaskiki inobudlelwano obuthile bokuncintisana namahlumela asendle, ikakhulukazi eziqhingini zase-Arctic, lapho kuhlala khona izinyamazane zasendaweni. Esiqhingini i-Wrangel Island, inkabi kamaskandi isebenzisa ibanzi lezitshalo zokudla unyaka wonke, ihamba kancane endaweni yonke, futhi ama-reindeer, ngokuhlukile, ahamba kakhulu esebenzisa amabanga aphansi okudla. ICaribou ayithathwa njengephikisana kakhulu nenkabi yama-musk, ngoba ezimweni eziningi amadlelo ayo ancishiswa ngokwezindawo, futhi kwezinye izifunda i-caribou imbalwa noma ayikho. Ngokuvamile, izinkabi ze-musk ziyizinhlobo zasenyakatho ezisenyakatho zabaphethi, zihlala ikakhulukazi kulezozindawo lapho izinyamazane zasendle zingasahlali khona - e-Arctic tundra nasehlane.

Ama-tundra goese (ikakhulukazi i-goosebird, i-goose-fronted white), i-grouse ne-tundra ziningi ezindaweni eziningi ze-tundra, ngaphandle kokudla ukudla okuvamile nonyamazane, abaqhudelani kukho.

Isifo

Imvamisa, ama-reindeer athinteka yi-necrobacteriosis (inselo), i-brucellosis, ukuhlukunyezwa kwegajethi, izifo ze-helminth, izifo zokuphefumula kanye nokugaya. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980s, izehlakalo zokuthengwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo e-USSR zafinyelela ku-15-20%, kanti ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezokwelapha bekungaphezulu kwe-50%.

Kulezifo ezithathelwanayo, ama-reindeer asendlini athola kakhulu isifo se-brucellosis, i-necrobacteriosis; izifo ezinkulu zesifo sonyawo kanye nezomlomo kanye ne-anthrax bezingajwayelekile kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, amacala okubulala isifo sokuqaqamba kwamalunga, uqwebu, umqhele kanye namarabi kwakungandile. Izimo zezifo ezinjengeleukemia, isifo sofuba, i-enterotoxemia, i-colibacteriosis, i-leptospirosis nazo zaphawulwa. E-reindeer yasendle, i-brucellosis isifo esidlangile, i-necrobacteriosis ayitholakali kalula, kunezinkomba ezingekho emacaleni wesifo sezinyawo nezomlomo kanye ne-anthrax, kanti kwatholakala nezimpawu zesifo sofuba ne-colibacteriosis. Izifo eziningi ze-parasitic ziye zabikwa njengezimbaza, ikakhulukazi ezifuywayo. Ngakho-ke kuyaziwa ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezingama-78 zama-helminth, okwe-tundra deer yaseCanada isifo se- "swundlen jaha" esibangelwa uhlobo lwesikhunta esisaphilayo siyachazwa, imikhaza ibanga i-sarcoptosis (amabala).

Ama-Reindeers athinteka kakhulu yizinsensane - izinambuzane eziphuza igazi (ukuluma midges, midges, omiyane, amahhashi) kanye nezifo ezibahlasela ngamanani amaningi ngesizini efudumele, kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ku-Agasti. Izinambuzane zibangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu, zibaphuce ukuphumula okujwayelekile kanye nokudla okunempilo. Isidingo sokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwabo ezinambuzaneni kungenye yezimbangela zokufuduka kwe-reindeer yesizini. Ukubalekela kusuka emajukujukwini, inyamazane kwesinye isikhathi zigijimisa ngokushesha emuva noma emuva (lapho kugijima, kudalwa umoya wam moya ophonsa izinambuzane kude, kepha inyamazane ichitha amandla okonakalisa isimo somzimba).

Ezikhungweni zangaphandle ze-reindeer, ukulimala okukhulu kubangelwa igajethi: i-saw, noma i-hypodermic yasenyakatho (i-Oedemagena tarandi L.) kanye ne-xianu, noma i-nasopharynx yasenyakatho (Cephenomyia trompe Modeer). Izibungu zesaha zihlala ngaphansi kwesikhumba sezinyamazane (ngokwesilinganiso esifinyelela ku-200 izibungu) bese kuthi kamuva zibhoboze esikhunjeni: ngefistula ngoMeyi - Juni, izibungu ziqhume.

I-reindeer ilimaza kakhulu iXiang, endiza ngempukane ngokufafaza iqembu lezibungu emakhaleni akhe. Ngaphezu kokukhathazeka nokwesaba okuvela ekudambeni kwesinambuzane esidlekeni, isibalo esikhulu sezibungu kanye ne-nasopharynx enamathele kulayini we-larynx ne-nasopharynx kwenza ukuphefumula nokudla kube nzima, kuholele ekukhathaleni nasekuguleni. Izinyamazane zasendle, ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo okukhulu, zihlushwa kancane ngamagajethi.

Reindeer Incazelo Emfushane

Abaningi abazi ukuthi ibukeka kanjani inyamazane. Uma sikhuluma ngokubukeka, khona-ke izinkomba zomzimba wenyamanzi yilezi ezilandelayo:

• ubude - kufika ku-220 cm,
• ukuphakama lapho kubuna - kuze kufike ku-150 cm,
• isisindo - 200 kg.

Lezi zinto ezicacisiwe ziyalinganiselwa futhi azenqabeli okungahle kwenzeke.

Umzimba wesilwane umbozwe ungqimba loboya obukhulu ngaphezulu kwejazi, elivikela isilwane eziqandeni ezinzima. Umbala wejazi uyashintsha kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, kuzoba ukukhanya, kube nama-brown brown. Ehlobo, it tint brown. Ukuze angaweli eqhweni, unezinselo ezibanzi anazo, ezinama-halves amabili. Zinezinto ezikhethekile ezisiza isilwane ukukhipha ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa.

Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane banezimpondo. Zinde futhi zinezimbali, zinamahlombe anxantathu ehlombe emaphethelweni. Abesifazane bayazilahla ehlobo (Meyi-Juni). Abesilisa ngoNovemba-Disemba. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, izimpondo zikhula emuva. Akuwona wonke umuntu onomsila.

Iningi lezinyamazane linomlingisi opholile, kepha abantu abanolaka nabo bayatholakala.

I-Caribou yezilwane - okuthiwa inyamazane okuthiwa i-tundra inyakatho neNyakatho Melika. Abantu abaningi eSiberia bazalela bona lezi zidalwa. Bahlala ezindaweni zoo zesifundazwe. Kepha ngisho endle, ikakhulukazi eTaiga naseTundra, abantu balolu hlobo basala.

Indlela yokuphila

Ama-Reindeers ahlala emathafeni nasezintabeni. Babambelela emaphethelweni amahlathi nemifula. Gwema amahlathi aminyene namathafa amakhulu amakhulu.

Ehlobo, izilwane zihamba eduze kogu lwe-Arctic ngangokunokwenzeka. Kwezinye izindawo, ama-midges avimbela impilo yabo ethule. Kulezi zinkumbi zezinambuzane ezicasulayo, umoya obandayo uyonga. Ebusika, ukufuduka okubuyela emuva kwenzeka.

Ukuthola ukudla, inyamazane endala ihamba amakhilomitha ayi-1,500. Izindlela zokufuduka ziyefana kokubili ehlobo nasebusika. Lezi yizilwane zomhlambi. Abantu abanesizungu abavamile kakhulu. Ngokubambisana kulula ukuthola ukudla, uzifudumele kumasithwathwa anamandla, uzivikele kwizinyamazane. Umhlambi ngamunye unesahluko esiqala ngokushesha ezitheni futhi sivikele izinsikazi kwamanye amaduna. Umhlambi owodwa uhlanganisa amakhanda ayinkulungwane, futhi ngesikhathi sokufuduka, leli nani liyanda.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zeReindeer emhlabeni. Ihlukaniswe indawo yokuhlala, izinguquko ekwakhekeni komzimba nokubukeka.

Okokuqala, ukwahlukana kuyaqhubeka ezweni. Lapha ungahlukanisa iNorth American (caribou) nabantu abathile base-Yurobiya. Esimweni sokuqala, akukho mehluko okhethekile phakathi kwezilwane ezihlala e-Alaska, eCanada noma eGreenland. Futhi okwesibili kufanele kubhekwe ngokucophelela. Naba abamele balo abaphambili:

1. Ihlathi laseSiberia - omunye wabamele abakhulu kakhulu babantu base-Yurobhu. Ngombala webusika, ama-sandy and red shades anqobile. Uboya bufushane. Izimpondo zincanyana futhi zibuthakathaka. IHabitat - Izindawo zase-Ural, namahlathi eSiberia, enyakatho neMongolia.
2. ISundryanoy yaseSiberia - incane kancane kunezinhlobo zangaphambili. Uboya obusika, bukhanya kakhulu. Amabala amnyama akhona ezinhlangothini. Uboya bude futhi bukhulu kakhulu. Bahlala emathanjeni oLwandle i-Arctic, eTundra yaseSiberia.
3. UNovaya Zemlya - ongaphansi kweTundryanoy yaseSiberia. Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kuncane futhi kudlulele. Uboya obusika bumhlophe. Izindawo ezimnyama kwesinye isikhathi ziyavela. Uboya obukhulu futhi bude kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyamazane zase-Europe. Kutholakala eNhloneleni Yamal nasezindaweni ezihlukene zeSunderian Tundra. Kuyafana kakhulu nabantu baseNyakatho Melika.
4. I-European - ngosayizi ayidluli kuNovaya Zemlya. Umbala ukhonjiswe kahle. Kunezindawo ezikhanyayo nezimnyama. Bahlala eSweden, eFinland, eNorway.
5. I-Okhotsk - abameleli abakhulu kunabo bonke bezinhlobo ze-Euro. Isigaxa sikhulu kakhulu futhi sisikhulu. Umbala wasebusika onsundu. Amabala amhlophe ezinhlangothini nasentanyeni. Zitholakala eKamchatka, e-Amur Territory, eSakhalin, nasenyakatho ne-Ussuri Territory.

Lolu uhlu lwesampula lokwehluka nezindawo lapho kuhlala khona izingwekazi.

Ungahlukanisa futhi i-Home Reindeer njengohlobo oluhlukile. Bahlukaniswe bahlukaniswa baba izinhlobo ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, abantu baseNenets bakhula kancane, kepha amandla amakhulu phambi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Zisetshenziswa emaqenjini.

Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-evenki, kunalokho, kukhula kakhulu. Baphethe imithwalo ehlukahlukene. I-evenki deer yenzelwe ubisi, izikhumba nenyama.

Zidlani izinyamazane?

Ukondliwa kwalezi zilwane kuhlobene ngqo nenkathi yonyaka. Ehlobo, zidla amagatsha amancane ezihlahla, amahlumela ezihlahlana, utshani obusha namakhowe, umhlanga, u-iris. Zithanda kakhulu ukudla amajikijolo asendle (amajikijolo kanye namajikijolo).

Ekwindla, ukudla kuyindlala. Ukudla okufanele yilezi: amajikijolo kanye namahlumela amancane, ama-moss.

Ebusika, ukudla kuyindlala. UDerer uqale ukudla uYagel. I-lichen ingukudla kwendawo yonke kwalezi zilwane. Bangayidla izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye zilandelana, kuyilapho bedla cishe ama-5 kg ​​ngosuku (isikhathi sasebusika). Ngenhlanhla, lesi sitshalo simboza izindawo ezinkulu ze-tundra, njengekhaphethi eminyene. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso sokukhula kushiya ukufiseleka kakhulu. Unyaka, le lichen ingakhula ibe ngaphezulu kuka-5 mm. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane zihlala zizulazula ezindaweni ngezindawo, zifuna ukudla.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, ihlumela lidla amaqanda ezinyoni, noma izilwane ezincane (ulimu, amagundane). Uketshezi yiqhwa, amanzi avela ezindlini zokugcina olwandle nasolwandle. Amanzi olwandle anosawoti aphindisela ukulingana kasawoti emzimbeni wesilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamaminerali, badla ezabo nezimpondo zabanye abantu.

Zisetshenziswa kanjani izinyamazane?

Lezi zilwane zingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kubantu basenyakatho. Kancane kancane, umuntu wafunda ukuthola inyama nobisi kubo. Ukulima i-Reindeer kuvame kakhulu. Izikhumba zezilwane ezibulewe zazisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokukhosela zesikhashana, izingubo ezifudumele zazithungwa kuzo. Ukusuka kwezinsalela zamathambo nezimpondo, kwenziwa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene namathuluzi.

Ngemuva kokuba lo mlisa eqale ukuzalanisa ama-artiodactyls, wafunda ukuwasebenzisa njengendlela yokuhamba emigwaqweni engenzeki enyakatho. Abelusi bakwaReindeer basebenzisa izilwane ukuthutha izimpahla nezinto zokwakha ezahlukahlukene.

Izinhlobo

Ngokuya ngendawo abahlala kuyo, i-tundra, ihlathi nokuhluma kwezintaba kungahlukaniswa. Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuyimpikiswano kakhulu futhi akunakushiwo ukuthi intaba ayihlali emahlathini, futhi i-tundra ayikhuphuki ezintabeni.

E-Melika, mhlawumbe okubhalwe phansi okuvame kakhulu yiGreenland neCaribou, eYurophu:

• I-European
• IsiSiberia
• I-Okhotsk
• barguzinsky

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Reindeer

Inani le-reindeer lehla minyaka yonke. Yini ethinta inani labantu? Lokhu kufa endaweni yemvelo ngenxa yokuhlaselwa umhlaseli nezenzo zabantu: umsebenzi wezomnotho, ukuzingela nokuzingela. Namuhla, isimo sezinhlobo silungiswe ezingeni elizinzileyo, inani lezidwaba lingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10.Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izifunda, izinhlobonhlobo zama-reindeer ezivikelwe ngamanye zivikelwe ezokugcinwa kwemvelo kanye neNcwadi ebomvu.

Kulezo zifunda lapho izinhlobo zezilwane kungenzeka zinyamalale, izinyamazane zigcinwa zisezingeni elifanele ezindaweni ezigcinwe kuzo. Imicimbi enjalo inomphumela onenzuzo kubantu. Namuhla, yize lesi sigaxana singekho ekuqothulweni, inani lezinhlobo lincipha ngokushesha.

Kunobungozi bokuthi ngaphansi kwesimo esifanayo nezenzo zomuntu, lolu hlobo kuzodingeka ukuthi lufakwe kwiBhuku elibomvu bese libuyiselwa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lezinyamazane eCanada naseRussia lehle ngo-40%. Izenzo zabantu ezithinta kabi izilwane zasendle.

Reindeer isilwane esiyingqayizivele. Ngokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu, kuya ngokuya kuba nzima kubo ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi baphile, kepha banamandla futhi bazokwazi ukunqoba lezi zingqinamba. Kodwa-ke, umuntu ngezenzo zakhe unomthelela olimazayo ezilwaneni zasendle, ukuze kulondolozwe lezi ziqubu futhi kumise ukwehla kwamanani abo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele.

Impilo nabantu

Ama-Reindeers ahlangana kahle nomuntu. Wahlala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule. Lezi zilwane ezinokuthula, ezinokuthula, zasheshe zakujwayela izimo ezintsha zokuphila.

Lesi isilwane sokuhlanganisa amahhashi, sisetshenziselwa futhi ukugibela, kepha lokhu kuvame kakhulu. Uma udinga ukuhamba amabanga amade ezimeni ezinzima zasenyakatho, khona-ke lezi zilwane zilungele kangcono imicimbi enjalo. Kulula kuye ukuthi azulazule ezimweni ezinzima zeqhwa futhi nasezintabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, angakuthola ukudla kwakhe ngokudla amadlelo.

Kubantu baseNyakatho Ekude, inyama yezinyamazane namafutha abaluleke kakhulu, asiza ukubuyisela ukulingana kwamavithamini emzimbeni futhi kwandise ukungazinzi komzimba. Inyama Deer ayicebile kuphela ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zokulandela umkhondo, kodwa futhi inambitheka impela. Kubahlali bendawo, lokhu kungukudla okujwayelekile, kepha kubahlali bendawo esezindaweni ezisenkabeni naseningizimu kungukudla okumnandi ngempela, ngakho-ke akushibhile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphansi kakhulu kumakhalori futhi le mfanelo ingeza inani elithe xaxa kuyo. Iningi lezitho zangaphakathi zesilwane, ngisho negazi, nazo ziya ekudleni.

I-Fur kanye nemithambo kusetshenziswa abantu bendawo yonke indawo, kokubili ukwenza ngcono ikhaya nokuthunga izingubo nezicathulo. Imithi eminingi, kanye namabhisikidi nezinye izinto eziyisikhumbuzo, zenziwa ngezimpondo nezinselo.

Izilwane ezifuywayo zingaphansi kwendalo, kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi azidingi ukuzivikela. Umbala futhi uhlukile kancane, abantu abamhlophe bathandwa kakhulu. Ezinye izazi zemvelo azikhulunywa kangako, ngokwesibonelo, imvelo yokufuduka. Kepha umuzwa wezinkomo uthuthuke ngokwengeziwe, okubavumela ukuba bahlale ngokuthula ezindaweni ezincane.

Ukuzingela kwe-Reindeer

Ngokuvamile, ukuzingela akubangelwa yinyama, kodwa ngenxa yokuzijabulisa nokuzilibazisa kwasekuqaleni. Kwenziwa ikakhulu ekwindla, ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukuthola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuzingela endaweni yangakini nokuthi ukwenze kuphi, kufanele uxhumane nomphakathi wabazingeli. Bazokutshela ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthola ilayisense, yini edingekayo kulokhu nokuthi izobiza malini. Ngingazingela nini futhi yiziphi izinhlobo, nokuthi zingabulawa izilwane ezingaki.

Ukuze ufunde ilayisense lokuzingela eMelika kulula impela, eRussia kuzoba nzima ngokwengeziwe futhi ngeke kube eshibhile. Ungazingela kuphela ezindaweni ezikhethekile zalokhu, yize ama-amateurs amaningi engakuthandi ukuzingela nokuziphatha ngokudubula kulezo zindawo azifunayo, angayinaki yonke imithetho.