Uyemukelwa ekhasini 404! Ulapha ngoba ufake ikheli lekhasi elingasatholakali noma elidluliselwe kwelinye ikheli.

Ikhasi olicelile kungenzeka ukuthi lihanjisiwe noma lasuswa. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi wenze i-typo encane lapho ufaka ikheli - lokhu kuyenzeka nathi, ngakho-ke ihlole futhi ngokucophelela.

Uyacelwa ukuthi usebenzise indlela yokuhamba noma yokusesha ukuthola imininingwane oyithandayo. Uma unemibuzo, bese ubhalela umphathi.

UBonobo

UBonobo , noma chgmy chimpanzee (lat. Pan paniscus), luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini wasekhaya.

Amaqiniso asemqoka

Izimpimpi ezivamile zihlala emahlathini emvula nasezindaweni ezimanzi zaseNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa. Bake bahlala kule ndawo eningi, kepha indawo yabo incishisiwe kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.

Abadala endle banesisindo esisukela ku-40 kuye ku-80 kg, ukuphakama kowesilisa kungaba ngu-160 cm kuthi owesimame abe ngu-130 cm. Umzimba umbozwe ngezinwele ezimnyama ezimnyama, ngaphandle kobuso, izinzwani, iminwe kanye nezinsimbi, ingxenye yezinwele zimhlophe (azungeze umlomo kanye nesithambo somsila). AmaChimpanzee azalwa enezinwele ezimhlophe emsileni wesisila, futhi, kuze kube yilapho eseqothuka, abantu abadala zingane zochoko ngokuzitika. Isikhumba samawundla sibomvana, lapho ifinyelela ebusheni iba mnyama. Umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini izinsuku ezingama-38, isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-225. Izinsana zoChimpane zilunyulwa lapho zineminyaka engaba mithathu ubudala, kepha imvamisa zihlala zisondelene kakhulu nonina iminyaka eyengeziwe. AmaChimpanzee afinyelela eminyakeni yobudala eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyishumi, futhi isikhathi sokuphila kwawo cishe siyiminyaka engama-50-60. Owesifazane uvame ukuthuthela kwelinye iqembu, owesilisa uhlala eqenjini elifanayo.

Umehluko wangaphandle ovela ku-chimpanzee ezejwayelekile

Naphezu kwegama lawo, alincane kune-chimpanzee ejwayelekile ngosayizi, kodwa liphansi kulo ngobukhulu bomzimba. Isikhumba se-Bonobo simnyama, hhayi sipinki, njengama chimpanzee ajwayelekile. Imilenze emide futhi namahlombe amancane, acinene, angafani namashimpanzi ajwayelekile. Izimpawu zezwi zezimpimpi ze-pygmy zilukhuni, ziphakeme futhi ziyimisindo ekhonkotha.

Zinezindebe ezibomvu ebusweni obumnyama nezindlebe ezincane, ibunzi eliphakeme, izinwele ezinde ezimnyama, ezihlukaniswe phakathi nendawo phakathi.

Isisindo somzimba sowesilisa cishe singama-43 kg, abesifazane - ama-33 kg.

Umsoco

I-chimpanzee iyamangaza, kepha ekudleni kwayo ikakhulukazi kuyimifino, equkethe izithelo, amaqabunga, amantongomane, imbewu, nezilimo eziyizigaxa, nezinye izitshalo, kanye namakhowe, izinambuzane, uju, amaqanda ezinyoni nezilwane ezincane ezinamaphaphu. Ukukhipha ama-termites kanye namantongomane aqhekekile, kudalwa amathuluzi asendulo, okuyizinto ezifinyelelekayo zesimo esifanele noma esetshenziswwe kahle, isibonelo, amahlumela, izinduku, amatshe noma amaqabunga abanzi. Kukhona futhi amacala okuzingela okuhleliwe, kwezinye izikhathi, njengokubulawa kwamawundlu ezingwe, lokhu ikakhulukazi kuyisenzo sokuzivikela, ngoba ingwe ingumhlaseli wayo wemvelo oyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, chimpanzee ejwayelekile kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana ndawonye futhi adlelele inyamazane efana ne-colobus ebomvu yasentshonalanga, izinkawu nezinkukhu ezincane. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthambekela kwalezi zilwane ezidla ubhedu, inani lokudla kwezilwane ekudleni kwabo lincane: ngokwesilinganiso alikho ngaphezu kwe-5%.

AmaChimpanzee Wase Ntshonalanga Afrika (I-Pan troglodytes verus) yizona kuphela izilwane ezaziwayo ngaphandle kwabantu nama-corvid angenza futhi asebenzise amathuluzi akhethekile wokuzingela. Kuqashelwe ukuthi izingulule ezisesisevane eningizimu-mpumalanga yeSenegal zakha imikhonto, zisika amagatsha esihlahleni futhi zasusa amagxolo kuzo, zabe sezilola ukuphela ngamazinyo azo. Babesebenzisa lesi sikhali ukubulala izilwane. Lapho kungekho khona obomvu colobus, izinsikazi kanye nezinyamazane kuma-Senegalese galagoes alala I-Galago senegalensis ), kusampula icwebe imikhonto ethuthukisiwe emgodini, bese ibheka ukuthi ayishayiwe yini.

Ukuziphatha

Iz chimpanzee ezijwayelekile zihlala emiphakathini ejwayelekile ukusuka ku-20 kuye kwabangaphezulu kuka-150. Bahlala ezihlahleni nasemhlabeni isikhathi esilinganayo. Ijiti yabo ejwayelekile inemilenze emine, isebenzisa izinyawo zezinyawo zayo futhi iphumule ekuhlanganeni kwezandla, kepha futhi iyakwazi ukuhamba ibanga em amabanga amafushane. Chitha ubusuku ezidlekeni ezihlahleni, wakhe izidleke njalo kusihlwa kusihlwa (abantu abakhule ekudingisweni abavamile ukwazi ukwakha izidleke). Balala, belele ohlangothini lwabo ngamadolo agobile noma emhlane babo imilenze icindezelwe esiswini sabo.

Indaba yokutholwa

UBonobo wayesaziwa isikhathi eside, kepha wachazwa njengohlobo oluhlukile muva nje, ngonyaka we-1929. Kuma-Afrika, izingelezi ze-pygmy zazingamaqhawe ezinsumansumane zasendulo. Ngokusho komunye wabo, ama-bonobos afundise umuntu ukuthola ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okungadliwa ngaphandle kokwesaba. Isazi somzimba saseJalimane u-Ernst Schwartz, sifunda isikhumba senkawu engavamile eyayigcinwe emnyuziyamu waseBelgian (manje oyiRoyal Museum of Central Africa), ibona ukuthi ibingabheki ukubheka kwengalo yethumbu, kodwa ugebhezi lwenduna endala, futhi yamemezela isiza esisha. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ososayensi baveza ukuthi sikhuluma ngohlobo olusha lwezinkawu. Ngo-1954, udokotela wokuqala wase-Austrian u-Eduard Tratz nodokotela waseJalimane uHeinz Heck babika ngokubona kwabo amasiko okuphikisana ne-bonobo, kufaka phakathi nokushada esesimweni sezithunywa zevangeli. Imisebenzi yabo, eyashicilelwa ngesiJalimane, ayizange ifinyelele emphakathini jikelele. Kungawo-1970s kuphela, lapho ama-mores eba nokubekezelela izihloko zocansi, lapho ososayensi banaka kakhulu ama-bonobos.

Ulimi

Ukuxhumana nomunye, usebenzisa imisindo engafani engama-30, ukushukuma komzimba, imisindo, ukubukeka kobuso kudlala indima ebalulekile. Bayakwazi ukukhala (ngokungafani nomuntu - ngaphandle kwezinyembezi), bahleke. Ukusola isihlobo, inkawu iyagoga, igcizelela imisindo ngamazwi athi “ukubiza” ebusweni. Izindebe eziqalekisiwe nokugqoloza okubhobozayo - okuwumbukiso owesabekayo (onobuso obunje ugijimela eflethini). Izindebe zihlukanisiwe, izinsini zinqunu, umlomo awujwayelekile - ukuthobeka noma ukwesaba. Isimo sobuso esifanayo, kepha amazinyo acwiyiwe “ukumamatheka okukholekayo” phambi komuntu ovelele. Ukumamatheka, ukungakhombisi amazinyo, amawundlu akhombisa ukuthi ulaka alunathi sína. Imisindo evuthayo enezindebe ezifakwe kwi -hubhu iyisibonakaliso sokungakhululeki lapho inkawu idinga ukudla, ukuzilungisa noma enye into. Umuntu ogxekayo, ovelelayo udonsela umuntu ongaphansi.

Ngaso sonke isifiso sabo, amashimpanzi angafunda amagama ambalwa nje ezilimini zabantu, ngoba imishini yabo yokukhuluma ihlelwe ngokuhlukile kunasebantu. Imizamo yokufundisa izimbotshana zikaWasho, kanye nezinye izizwe zakhona, ulimi lwezandla zaphumelela.

Ukubukeka

Iz chimpanzee, njengabantu, zinezinhlobo zegazi neminwe yomuntu ngamunye. Bangahlukaniswa yibo - iphethini aliphindi. Iz chimpanzi zihlukile kubantu. Amadoda amakhulu kakhulu awadluli kumamitha ayi-1.5 ukuphakama. Abesifazane futhi baphansi ngisho - 1,3 metres. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, chimpanzee aqinile ngokomzimba futhi anemisipha ekhule kahle, okungewona wonke ama-somoens aseHomo angaziqhayisa ngayo.

Ukwakheka kwesigebhezi kuphawulwa ngemicibisholo ephakeme, ekhaleni elisicaba nomhlathi obonisa ngokuqinile ngaphambili, uhlome ngamazinyo abukhali. Ibhokisi le-skull lenziwa ngemvelo ngomugqa - ubuchopho buhlala kuphela umthamo wabo. Imilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva chimpanzee inobude obufanayo. Isici esivelele sesakhiwo sama-paws abo isithupha, esisekude nokuphumula futhi sivumela inkawu ukuphatha ngobuhlakani izinto ezincane.

Kuyathakazelisa! Igazi le-chimpanzee - bonobo - lingadluliselwa kubantu ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangaphambili.

Umzimba wonke we-chimpanzee umbozwe ngoboya. Imvelo yenza okuhlukile kobuso, izintende namatende ezinyawo zenkawu. Amachimpanzi asemasha phakathi kwezinwele ezimnyama amnyama abe nesichibi esincane esimhlophe endaweni yomsila. Njengoba inkawu ikhula, izinwele ziya mnyama futhi ziphenduke nsundu. Lesi sici sivumela i-chimpanzee ukuthi ihlukanise izingane eziningi kubantu abadala futhi zixhumane nazo ngokufanele. Kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto eziningi zihamba ngezinkawu ezine “iziqhingi” ezimhlophe esiseleni somsila, okungukuthi, ngamanqina azo. Ama-primates amadala awawajezisi ngemiklamo futhi awadingi okuningi. Kepha, lapho nje izinwele ezimhlophe zinyamalala, ubuntwana buyaphela.

Ukwehla kwamanye amakhambi

Ucwaningo lwe-DNA olushicilelwe ngonyaka we-2004-2005 lukhombisa umehluko phakathi kokukhanya okuncane okumfishane kanye nezinhlobo ezejwayelekile, lezi zinhlobo zahlukaniswa ngaphansi kweminyaka eyisigidi edlule (cishe ngasikhathi sinye nabantu kanye Neanderthals). Ukwehlukaniswa komugqa we-chimpanzee kusuka kukhokho ovamile wokugcina wohlu lomuntu kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha edlule. Njengoba kungekho ezinye izinhlobo zama-hominids, ngaphandle kweHomo sapiens, ezisindile, zombili lezi zinhlobo zezimpimpi ziyizihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zabantu banamuhla. Uhlobo lwe-chimpanzee luphambukile kuhlobo lwe-gorilla cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 edlule.

Izinhlobo zeChimpanzee

Izimpimpi zingolohlobo lwezinkawu futhi ziyizihlobo zamagorilla nama-orangutan. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zama-chimpanzee - chimpanzee ejwayelekile ne-bonobo chimpanzee. AmaBonobos avame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-chimpanzee we-pygmy," okungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele. IBonobo akuyona into emfishane kanjena, nje ukwakheka komzimba wayo kwehluka ezintshweni ezijwayelekile ngomusa omkhulu. Futhi, le nhlobo, okuwukuphela kwayo yezinkawu, inezindebe ezibomvu, njengabantu.

Izimpimpi ezivamile zinokubhaliselwe:

• omnyama noma obondekile - okuvela ebusweni bakhe,
• chimpanzee yasentshonalanga - inesikhumba esimnyama ebusweni ngesimo sebhabhathane,
• ISchweinfurt - inezici ezimbili ezihlukile: ubuso obulungile, ukubukeka okungcolile, nejazi elide kunalelo lezihlobo.

Umlando wokusebenzisana kwabantu

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150, inani lezinhlobo zamashimpi belilokhu lincipha ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezizathu ze-anthropogenic: ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi), ukuzingela izinkukhu, ikakhulukazi inyama (ngesiNgisi) (eyayikade ikumenyu yezizwe ezahlukahlukene). Inhlobo isongelwa ngokuqothulwa.

Abamele le nhlobo ogama lakhe linguHam no-Enos bandizela emkhathini njengengxenye yohlelo lweMercury.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Chimpanzee - isilwane senhlalouhlala emaqenjini abantu abangafika kuma-20-30. Leli qembu liphethwe chimpanzee wesilisa, ngowesifazane bonobo. Umholi akayona indlela ngaso sonke isikhathi esiqine kakhulu kunabo bonke, kepha kumele abe nobuqili kunabo bonke. Udinga ukwazi ukwakha ubuhlobo nezihlobo ngendlela yokuthi zimlalele. Ukuze enze lokhu, ukhetha inkampani yabangane abaseduze, njengonogada, abangathembela kuye uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Bonke abanye bancintisana besilisa bagcinwa ngokwesaba ukulalela.

Lapho umholi “ehluleka” ngenxa yokuguga noma ukulimala, indawo yakhe ngokushesha ithathwa “ngumkhuzi” omncane futhi othembisayo.. Abesifazane ephaketheni nabo bathobela isikhundla esiqinile. Kukhona abaholi besifazane abasesimweni esikhethekile. Abesilisa banaka kakhulu kubo, futhi lokhu kuqinisa isimo sabo sokukhetha. Izimpungushe ezinjalo zithola ama-tidbits kanye nenani elikhulu kakhulu lama-suitors ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Kuyathakazelisa! UBonobo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kolaka kumlingiswa, uxazulula zonke izingxabano ngaphakathi kweqembu ngokuthula - ngokuthandana.

Ngokuvamile, izindlela zokuziphatha zeshimpi yowesilisa nowesifazane ziyehluka ezingeni lobuhlakani nolaka. Uma abesilisa bexabana kakhudlwana, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuvikela insimu yabo, lapho-ke abesifazane banokuthula futhi bayakwazi nemizwelo “yabantu” njengokuhawukela, ububele. Bangathatha iwundlu lezintandane ezandleni zabo, baveze uzwela ngesihlobo esilimele, bahlanganyele ukudla. Kepha! Ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi akudingekile ukunquma inkawu, yebo “umuntu” kunabo bonke abaziwayo, izimfanelo ezingezona. Kunezimo lapho chimpanzee edla owabo uhlobo aze azame ukuhlasela umuntu.

Ama-chimpanzee abesifazane abhekwa, endabeni yokuqeqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa, alalela kakhulu, kepha ahlakaniphile kunabesilisa. Kodwa zibonisa uthando olukhulu ngomuntu futhi azisongeli sokungalaleli okunokhahlo, ngokungafani nabesilisa, 'abadukiswa yisifiso esilungile' sokubusa. Indlela yokuphila yezenhlalo isiza inqubo ye-chimpanzee yokuzingela, ukuvikela inzalo, kusiza ukuqongelela amakhono alusizo eqenjini. Bafunda lukhulu komunye nomunye, bahlala ndawonye. Ososayensi baveze ukuthi izinkawu ezinesizungu zinciphise izinkomba zezempilo zizonke. Isifiso sokudla sibi kakhulu kunalezihlobo ezihlangene, futhi umzimba we-metabolism wehla kancane.

AmaChimpanzee - Abahlali Basehlathini. Badinga izihlahla. Bakha izidleke phezu kwabo, bathola ukudla, babalekele, bagxoba amagatsha, bathatha izitha. Kepha, ngempumelelo efanayo, lezi zinkawu zihamba phansi, zisebenzisa yonke imilenze yomine. I-Homo erectus, emilenzeni emibili, ngoba i-chimpanzee ayijwayelekile endaweni yemvelo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amashimpanzi alahlekelwa ama-orangutan ngobucwebe bokugibela izihlahla, kepha awina amageza ebumsulwa bokuqukethwe izidleke zawo. Umklamo wezidleke ze-chimpanzee awufani ngomusa futhi wenziwa ngokungananazi - kusuka emagatsheni nasezinamatheleni ezihlangene ndawonye ngendlela yesiphithiphithi. Izinduna zilala ezidlekeni, ezihlahleni kuphela - ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha.

Izinduna ziyakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha awuthandi lo msebenzi. Ngokuvamile bakhetha ukungamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo esikhethekile. Umdlalo wabo oyinhloko ukudla nokuphumula. Konke kukhululekile futhi kukalwa. Ukuphela kwento eyephula ukuvumelana kokuphila kwezinkawu ukubukeka kwesitha. Kulokhu, chimpanzee kuphakamisa isililo. Izinduna ziyakwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezingama-30 zemisindo, kepha azikwazi ukukhiqiza inkulumo yabantu, ngoba “zikhuluma” ngokuphefumula, hhayi ngokuphefumula, njengomuntu. Ukuxhumana ngaphakathi kweqembu kusizwa nangolimi lwezandla nokuqina komzimba. Kukhona futhi ukubukeka kobuso. AmaChimpanzee akwazi ukumomotheka nokushintsha isimo sobuso.

I-Chimpanzee isilwane esihlakaniphile. Lezi zinkawu zifunda ngokushesha. Ukuhlala nomuntu, bamukela kalula imikhuba yakhe nemikhuba yakhe, kwesinye isikhathi bakhombisa imiphumela emangalisayo. Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi inkawu yasolwandle ebambana nge-anchor no-sail, yayazi ukuthi ingancibilika kanjani isitofu emgodini futhi igcine umlilo kuyo.

Ukuphila eqenjini, izingulule zabelana ngempumelelo nakho kwazo. Intsha ifunda ezilwaneni ezivuthiwe ngokubheka nje ukusebenza kwazo nokuzilingisa. Ezindaweni zokuhlala zemvelo, lezi zinkawu ngokwazo zazicabanga ukusebenzisa induku namatshe njengethuluzi lokuthola ukudla, namaqabunga amakhulu ezitshalo - njenge-scoop yamanzi noma isambulela uma kungaba nemvula, noma ifeni, noma nephepha lasendlini yangasese.

AmaChimpanzee ayakwazi ukuncoma imbali engameleli inani lokudla okunempilo, noma ukutadisha ngokucophelela kwe-python enenkani.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani nabantu, i-chimpanzee ngeke ichithe izinto ezingenamsebenzi nezingenangozi nezinto eziphilayo, kunalokho. Kunezimo lapho amachwane edla amathoni. Vele!

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Iz chimpanzi izakhamizi zaseCentral nase West Africa. Bakhetha imvula eshisayo namahlathi asezintabeni, nezimila eziningi. Namuhla, ama-bonobos angatholakala kuphela eCentral Africa - emahlathini omanzi phakathi kwemifula yeCongo neLualaba.

Inani lezimpimpi ezijwayelekile zibhalisiwe emkhakheni we: Cameroon, Guinea, Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, iBurundi, iTanzania kanye nezinye izifundazwe ze-Afrika ezimelene.

Ukudla kweMonkey Chimpanzee

Izinduna ziyamangaza, kepha iningi lokudla kwazo okujwayelekile yilezi: izitshalo, izithelo, uju, amaqanda ezinyoni, izinambuzane. Izinhlanzi nezinhlanzi ziyenzeka, kepha akuwona umthetho. Lapho ukhetha ukudla kwezitshalo, izinkawu zithanda izithelo namaqabunga, zishiya izimpande namagxolo ecaleni eledlulele nelilambile. Ukuze balondoloze isisindo sabo (i-chimpanzee inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-50), badinga ukudla kakhulu futhi njalo, lokhu abakwenzayo ngokuchitha isigamu sehora labo lokuphaphama bedinga futhi bemunca ukudla.

Ososayensi abavumelani ngokudla kwezilwane kwama-chimpanzee. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincane nezinambuzane zihlala zikulayini walezi zinkawu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukudla okunjalo kuyisici senkathi yokwindla kuphela futhi ngamanani amancane kakhulu. Iz chimpanzee ezijwayelekile zibonwa zidla izinkawu nama-colobus, abanjwa ngokudidiyela, ehlela ukuzingela ngokucophelela. AmaBonobos awabonakali kulokhu. Uma bebamba izinkawu, hhayi ukudla, kepha kumnandi. AmaBonobos adlala "ngendondo" yawo.

Ukuzalela inzalo

AmaChimpanzee awanayo inkathi yokuzala ecacile. Ukuhlaselwa komzimba kungenzeka noma yiluphi usuku nenkathi. Ukukhulelwa kweChimpanzee kuhlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-7.5. Kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa. Ingane izalwa ngo- “pubescent” ngezinwele ezikhanyayo ezingavamile, eziba ziba mnyama futhi zibe mnyama lapho zikhula.

Kubalulekile! I-chimpanzee ifinyelela esimweni esivuthiwe ngeminyaka engama-6 ukuya kwengama-10. Kepha kuze kwenzeke lokhu, ubudlelwano bakhe nonina buqinile ngokwanele.

Izintokazi zeChimpanzee ziyizindlwana ezinakekelayo. Kuze kube yilapho amawundlu efunda ukuzimela, ahlala elithwala esiswini noma emhlane, angalivumeli ukuba lingabonakali futhi liphume emahlangeni.

Izitha zemvelo

Isisulu esiyingozi kakhulu kuma-chimpanzee ingwe, ngoba ingalalela phansi naphezu kwesihlahla. Uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa ingwe, isenzo esihlangene kuphela esingasindisa inkawu. Lapho eseqaphele isitha, imfene iqala ukukhwaza kakhulu, ifonela izihlobo. Ndawonye, ​​athola ukukhala aphonsa izinti kumphangi. Imvamisa, ingwe ayimelani nalokhu kuziphatha okubucayi nokubuyiselwa.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Kepha kwakungeyona ingwe eholele umchimpanzi ukuba uqothulwe, kodwa umuntu - ngokuphathwa kwayo okungenangqondo kwemvelo kanye nabakhileyo kuyo. Njengamanje, zombili izinsizwa ezijwayelekile ze-chimpanzee ne-bonobo zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa futhi zibhalwe ku-Red Book. Ngokwengxenye, lesi simo sisindiswa iqiniso lokuthi chimpanzee zizala kahle ekudingisweni futhi zihlangane kahle nomuntu uma ezwana nazo.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala kwezimpimpi

Chimpanzee endaweni yokuhlala yabo evamile unyaka nonyaka bahlangana ngobuncane obuncane. Bambalwa abantu manje abangatholakala emahlathini ashisayo ase-Afrika.

Isisindo sommeleli wabantu abadala walezi zinhlobo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-60-80, ngenkathi ukukhula kuhluka ngokuya ngobulili - abesifazane - kuze kube amasentimitha ayi-130, abesilisa - kuze kube ngu-160. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukile - chgmy chimpanzeeamapharamitha akhe anesizotha kakhulu.

Umzimba wonke wezinsimbi umbozwe izinwele ezinsundu ezinsundu, ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezithile, okungukuthi, iminwe, ubuso nezinyawo zezinyawo. Esithombeni sesishimane ungacabanga ngamehlo ansundu ansundu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameleli abakhulayo chimpanzee babe nendawo encane yezinwele ezimhlophe emsileni wesisila, okuthi ngemuva kwalokho zishintshwe zibe nsundu.

Isikhohlisi esinjalo esibukeka sidlala indima enkulu ekwakhekeni kokuziphatha okuhle - inqobo nje uma izinwele ku-coccyx zihlala zimhlophe, umntwana uxolelwa wonke amapranks futhi uzimisele ukwehluleka kwakhe. Lapho nje izinwele zimnyama, kubonwa kanye nabanye abadala abaseqenjini.

Ukuzalela nokuphila isikhathi eside kwama chimpanzee

Iz chimpanzee azinasikhathi sokuzalela esishubile - lokhu kungenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-230, okungukuthi, izinyanga eziyi-7.5. Ezimweni eziningi, insikazi ibeletha iwundlu elilodwa futhi ibandakanyeka ekuvikelweni nasekukhuphukeni kwayo.

Ngokunikezwa iqiniso lokuthi inkawu encane izalwa icishe ayinakusiza, ngaphandle kokunakekelwa ngunina ayinalo ithuba lokusinda. Kulokhu, indlela yokuziphatha kwezinduna ifana kakhulu nokuziphatha komuntu. Ingane izalwa inezinwele ezikhanyayo, okuthi uma kuphela isikhathi ithathelwe indawo ngumnyama.

Umama uxhunyaniswe kakhulu ne -inyane futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala akakukhiphi ezandleni zakhe, ukuluthwalela emhlane noma esiswini. Lapho-ke, lapho inkawu encane ikwazi ukuzishukumisa, umama uyinikeza inkululeko ethile, imvumele ukuba adlale futhi axwaye ezinye izingane nentsha, noma nabamele abantu abadala beqembu.

Ngakho-ke, ubudlelwano babo bakhelwa eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokuvuthwa ngokuphelele kwethanga. Abesifazane bavame ukuba abantu abadala, okungukuthi, bakulungele ukuzala, kusukela eminyakeni eyi-6 kuye kweli-10, abesilisa - cishe abaneminyaka engama-6-8.

Endle, okuphakathi impilo enhle chimpanzee - Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60, yize iminyaka eyikhulu kangaka ingajwayelekile, njengoba ihlathi ligcwele izingozi, kanti endala inkawu, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuyigwema.

Ukuziphatha komphakathi

Izinkawu zeBonobo azinazimpawu zokuziphatha okujwayelekile, azinakho ukuzingela okuhlanganyelwe, zivame ukusebenzisa ubudlova ukuthola ubudlelwano nezimpi zakudala, futhi ekuthunjweni ama-bonobos asebenza kalula ngezinto ezahlukahlukene. Isici esiyingqayizivele se-bonobos ukuthi owesimame usekhanda lomphakathi. Ukuxabana okuxabanayo phakathi kwamalungu wobulili obufanayo kuyaqabukela, abesilisa bayabekezelela ama-bonobos amancane namancane. Isimo sowesilisa kuya ngesimo sikanina.

Naphezu kokuvama okuphezulu kokuya ocansini, izinga lokuzala kubantu babo liphansi. Owesifazane ubeletha ingane eyodwa ngokuphumula kweminyaka engama-5-6. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka engu-13-16. AmaBonobos ahlala ngaphandle iminyaka engaba ngamashumi amane, futhi kwizilwane ezihlala ama-zoo aphile aze afike ku-60.

I-Bonobos njalo, noma idla, ixhumana nomunye usebenzisa uhlelo lomsindo olungakachazwa. Ingqondo yabo ithuthukiswe ngokwanele ukubona ezinye izinhlelo zezimpawu. Ekuthunjweni, isilingo somuntu senza sikwazi ukukhumbula inqwaba yabalingiswa nokufana kwabo nomsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlondolozi ukhumbula imiyalo ehlukene kulolu limi futhi ekugcineni, lapho ekhipha imiyalo emisha engakaze izwakale ngaphambili, wenza ezinye izinto: “Buthani ibhola”, “Mkhipheni ngaphandle kwegumbi X”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuchazwa icala lapho owesimame oqeqeshelwe olimini lwezandla efundisa amawundlu akhe esikhundleni sokuzama ukubona umuntu. Kwivivinyo elenziwe iS Foundation for the Study of Large Anthropoid Monkey (USA), owesilisa odumile uKanzi wakwazi ukufunda ukuqonda amagama angama-3,000 esiNgisi ngendlebe futhi wasebenzisa ngentshiseko amagama angaphezu kuka-500 esebenzisa ikhibhodi enama-lexigrams (izimpawu zejometri). Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sikhulume nge-bonobos njengefomu elihlakaniphe kakhulu lokwenza izimfanelo ngemuva kwabantu.

Izici zokuziphatha kwama-bonobos nezinye izici ezithile zingachazwa ngokucaciswa kokuthuthuka kokuziphendukela kwalolu hlobo. Izazi zesayensi eminingana zikholelwa ukuthi i-neoteny, noma i-juvenilization, ukubambezeleka ekuthuthukisweni kwezimpawu ezithile eziholela ekugcinweni kwezimpawu zezingane ezilwaneni ezindala, kudlale indima enkulu ekudalekeni kwe-bonobos (kanye nasekuguqukeni komuntu).

Isakhi esiyinhloko sokudla kwabo izithelo, kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ezine-herbaceous, ama-invertebrates nenyama yezinye izilwane. AmaBonobos, njengamaqhubu ejwayelekile, angabamba izinkawu ngobuhlanya, kepha ngokuvamile azibizi futhi azidle. Badlala nezinkawu amahora amaningi futhi baziyeke zikhululeke. Kodwa-ke, ama-bonobos okungenani wabantu oyedwa angabulala futhi adle amawundlu ezinye izinkawu.

I-bonobo inomcimbi wokududuza, okuwukuthi, ukuxhumana okunobungane okunikelwe ngemuva kwengxabano kulowo ohlaselwe ngokuhlaselwa kwelinye lamalungu eqembu elinye ngaphandle komhlaseli. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ukuziphatha okududuzayo kunciphisa ukucindezelwa koyisisulu futhi kuyisisekelo sozwela.

Olunye ucwaningo olwenziwe eDemocratic Republic of the Congo, eWamba Camp, luveze imininingwane ethokozisayo ngama-bonobos. I-Uamba Camp yasungulwa udokotela oyi-primatologist waseJapan uTakayoshi Kano ( IsiNgisi Uhlobo lweWikipedia -) ngo-1974. Esikhathini sanamuhla, ucwaningo luyaqhubeka ngamanye ama-primatologists athile. Amacala akhonjwe lapho ama-bonobos ehlangana eqenjini elihlelekile ukuze axoshe ukufakwa kwesitaki - lezi ezihuquzelayo zingagibela izihlahla ngobuhlakani, okusho ukuthi zingaba yingozi kuma-bonobos ngisho nalapho zivame ukuzizwa ziphephe ngokuphelele.

Lokhu kuziphatha kuphambene nezinkolelo zangaphambili zokuthi ama-bonobos awazingeli emaphaketheni njengezimpimpane. Iziphetho mayelana nokuthula okuphelele kwama-bonobos zazigxile ekubonweni kokuziphatha kwe-bonobos kuma-zoos. Kodwa-ke, izilwane zasendle zixakaniseka kakhulu kune-zoo, futhi ukuziphatha kwe-bonobo kukuqinisekisa lokhu. Ngokusho kwe-hypothesis ye-primatologist uRichard Rangem, indlela engathandeki yokuziphatha kwezocansi kwama-bonobos kanye nolaka lwawo oluphansi (uma kuqhathaniswa namashimpanzi) kuhlotshaniswa nokudla okunempilo.

Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga nokumba, kwavela ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili eyedlule osebeni lomfula iCongo lwalungekho ama-gorilla. Izizathu zokuqothulwa kwama-gorilla azicacile, kodwa imiphumela isobala. Lokhu kuholele esiphethweni sokuthi ama-bonobos, ngokungafani nama-chimpanzee, athola isisekelo esikhulu sokondlayo sokudla. Njengoba wazi, ama-gorilla adla uhlaza emhlabeni, futhi eqinisweni athatha le niche, angavumeli abadlali abancintisana nabo ukuba babe kuyo ngokunethezeka.

Ngasosebeni olungakwesobunxele loMfula iCongo, lapho ama-gorilla engafanga futhi futhi eqhubeka nokuhlala eduze kwama-chimpanzee, owokugcina waba nesisekelo sokudla ngesimo sezithelo namaqabunga ezihlahleni kanye nengxenye yenyama encane. AmaChimpane awakwazanga ukudla izimpande ezinempilo kanye neziqu, njengoba ama-gorilla wawadla futhi engavumeli izimbangi zawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izimpi zivame kakhulu kuma-chimpanzee, isikhathi sokuzala kubantu besifazane sifushane ngenxa yesikhathi esishiwo sokudla kwezilimo zokudla. Isikhathi esifushane sokukhwelana kuholela ekuncintisaneni okunamandla phakathi kwama-chimpanzee angabesilisa ngenxa yokuphephiswa. Izikhathi zokugcwala zinika izikhathi zokulamba lapho ukudla kuba yindlala.

Ngasosebeni olungakwesobunxele lwaseCongo, lapho uBonobos ahlala khona, bazithola bekwisimo esihle uma kuqhathaniswa namashimpanzi. Abanakho ukuncintisana ekudleni kwezitshalo, kungaba semhlabeni noma ezihlahleni, futhi bangathola inani elifanele unyaka wonke, kufaka phakathi nokudla ama-tubers owomile nama-stem cores acebile ngamaprotheni noshukela ezikhathini ezomile. Ngakho-ke, imijikelezo yezocansi yabesifazane ayiboshelwe esivunweni sokudla, futhi lokhu kunciphisa izingcindezi emiphakathini yabo - abesilisa akudingeki bancintisane ngocansi nowesifazane, ngoba izikhathi zokuzala aziqedi unyaka wonke. AmaBonobos anazo izinkinga zendlala ngakho-ke alunakuba nolaka kakhulu. ESalonga National Park eDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ama-bonobos avakashela amachibi kanye namaxhaphozi kanye njalo emasontweni amabili futhi adla izitshalo ezimbili kuphela zeminduze - iminduze yamanzi ekhula ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi inothile iodine. Nymphaea lotus kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-chinton Júncus .

Ukuziphatha ngocansi

Ubulili, obudlala indima enkulu ezimpilweni zabo zenhlalo, buyisela futhi buhlwanyele ubutha emphakathini we-bonobo. Ukuya ocansini kudlala indima ebalulekile emphakathini othunjiwe we-bonobo, kusetshenziselwa ukubingelela, indlela yokwakha ubuhlobo bomphakathi, izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano nokubuyisana ngemuva kwempi. AmaBonobos ukuphela kwezinkawu ezibamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izikhundla zobulili kanye nezinhlobo zocansi: ubuso nobuso bobulili (yize i-gorilla elingasentshonalanga nalo lalithwetshelwa kulesi sikhundla), ukwanga kolimi, kanye nobulili bomlomo. Ezincwadini zesayensi, indlela yokuziphatha kowesifazane nowesifazane othinta izitho zangasese zomunye nomunye ibizwa njalo Ukuphambana kwe-Gg, noma ukubhebhana ngokobulili. Umsebenzi wezocansi wenzeka phambi komphakathi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi udlula. Ama-Bonobos awakhi ubuhlobo obuhlala bodwa obunobungqingili nabantu abathandana nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi azihlukanisi phakathi kocansi nobudala ekuziphatheni kwabo kwezocansi, ngaphandle kokuvinjwa kokuya ocansini phakathi komama namadodana abo amadala. Lapho ama-bonobos ethola umthombo omusha wokudla noma wokudla, ukwanda kwenjabulo kusuka kulokhu kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kobulili okujwayelekile, ngokusobala kunciphisa ukungezwani futhi kukhuthaze ukondleka okunokuthula.

Ama-bonobos besilisa ngezikhathi ezithile ahlanganyela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha kobulili. Kwesinye isimo, abesilisa ababili balengiswa egatsheni lesihlahla ubuso nobuso futhi baganisana uthango lokubopha . Kubuye kwaqashelwa lapho abesilisa ababili behlikihla amaphenathi, bebhekene ubuso nobuso. Olunye uhlobo lokuhlangana ngocansi (ukungezwani emuva) kwenzeka njengokubuyisana phakathi kwabesilisa bobabili ngemuva kwengxabano, lapho bema emuva behlikihla i-scrotum yabo. UTakayoshi Kano waphawula umkhuba ofanayo phakathi kwama-bonobos endaweni yabo yemvelo.

Abantu besifazane baseBonobo nabo banobudlelwano bezocansi nomunye, mhlawumbe ukuqinisa ubudlelwane bezenhlalo nomunye, obumba umnyombo womphakathi we-bonobo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabesifazane kuvumela ukuphatha umphakathi we-bonobo. Yize abesilisa be-bonobo beqinile ngokwamandla abo, abakwazi ukuzimela bodwa bebhekene nabesifazane abaqoqiwe. Umuntu osemusha osemusha uvame ukushiya umphakathi wendabuko ukuze ajoyine omunye umphakathi. Ubudlelwano bocansi nabanye besifazane busungula lezi zintokazi njengamalungu amasha eqembu. Lokhu kufuduka kuxuba ichibi le-bonobo gene, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze ukuhlukahluka kofuzo.

Ucwaningo lwebhayoloji

Ama-Bonobos ayizilwane eziseduzane kakhulu nabantu, kuyilapho ama-bonobos ekhombisa ukuziphatha kwabantu kakhulu kunama-chimpanzee ajwayelekile. Amagatsha ama-chimpanzee nama-hominids ahlukaniswe kuphela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-5.5 edlule, futhi ama-bonobos akhethekile ngokuhamba kancane kunama-chimpanzee ajwayelekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho agcina ezinye izinto zakudala ezivamile kubantu nakumashimpanzi. Abanye ososayensi mayelana nalokhu badinga ukubuyekezwa kwesihlahla somndeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo lezinhlobo ze-bonobo lihlangana nesethi yezakhi zomuntu ngamaphesenti angama-99.

Ukuthola kabusha i-bonobo genome ngonyaka ka-2012 kwavumela ososayensi ukuthi baphakamise ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kohlobo Pan Izinhlobo ezimbili azenzanga iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili, kepha eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane edlule. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luveze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amadlozi ama-bonobos ahlukaniswa nokhokho bama-chimpanzee ngenkathi bewela umfula iCongo, owawube umjondolo phakathi nenkathi yeqhwa,

Eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.7 edlule. Ukugeleza kohlobo lwakudala kusuka ku-bonobos kuya ku-chimpanzee kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200,000 edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuma-bonobos, aze afike ku-4,8% we-genome ukungcola okuvela kubantu abaphilayo be "ghostly". Isikhathi sokuphila kuka-Y-chromosomal Adam kuma-chimpanzee e-pygmy (bonobos) kulinganiselwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-300 edlule.