* Kukalwa kusuka esicelweni se-muzzle kuya ku-anus.
** 2/3 kokuvalelwa ngaphakathi kufanele kube semhlabeni, 1/3 emanzini, ngenani elanele ukucwilisa izilwane ngokuphelele.
*** Kukalwa kusuka kumhlaba ongaphezulu kuya ekumbozweni kocingo, kuyilapho ukuphakama kocingo kufanele luhambisane nendlela elakhiwe ngayo ngaphakathi, kufaka phakathi amashalofu, amagatsha amakhulu wokufakelwa nezakhiwo ezikhuphukayo.
4.4.4 Ukuzondla
Iningi lama-amphibians izinyamazane ezikhetha ukuzondla ngama-invertebrates amancane (ngokwesibonelo, izibungu, izinambuzane kanye nezibungu). Izilwane ezigcinwe ekudingisweni kumele zondliwe ngemikhiqizo yemvelo yokudla kwazo okungokwemvelo noma okuphakelayo okusondele kakhulu kuzo. Noma kunjalo, ama-amphibians asemanzini athunjiwe angagcinwa ngempumelelo ekuthunjweni ngokudla izingcezu zefishi yezinhlanzi noma izicucu zesibindi kanye nenhliziyo. Imvamisa yokondliwa kufanele inqunywe ngokuya ngezimo zezemvelo, njengokushisa namandla okukhanya. Ukondla nsuku zonke kwabantu abadala akufiseleki, kepha kunconywa ukondla izilwane kuze kugcwale, izikhathi ezi-1-3 ngesonto.
Ikhwalithi yamanzi engu-4.4.5
Kuma-amphibians wasemanzini nawasemanzini, ikhwalithi yamanzi kufanele ihlolwe nsuku zonke, kufaka phakathi i-ammonia okuhlushwa kanye ne-pH.
I-4.4.6 Litter, nestating kanye nezinto zokwakha - ngokuya nge-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 6.8.
4.4.7 Ukuhlanza Uthango
Ukugwema ukuvela kwezifo, indawo nezindawo zamanzi ezicijile kufanele zihlanzwe kahle ngodaka, indle kanye nezinhlayiya zokudla.
4.4.8 Ukuphathwa Kwezilwane
Isikhumba se-Amphibian sonakala kalula. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kufanele kuthathwe lapho kuthathwa ama-amphibians ezandleni zabo futhi bakwenze lokhu kancane ngangokunokwenzeka.
4.4.9 I-anesthesia ne-euthanasia
Izinqubo ezingahlaseli futhi ezingaba buhlungu kufanele zenziwe kusetshenziswa i-painkiller ne-anesthesia. Njengoba isikhumba sama-amphibians ngokwezinga elikhulu sihlinzeka ngokushintshaniswa okujwayelekile kwegesi, izilwane ezingaphansi kwe-anesthesia lapho izinga lokuphefumula lincishiswa noma liphazanyiswe khona, kuyadingeka ukuthambisa isikhumba, ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa izicubu ezimanzi.
4.4.10 Ukulungiswa kwama-akhawunti - ngokuya nge-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 6.12.
4.4.11 Ukukhonjwa
Izindlela eziningi zilungele ukukhomba ama-amphibians, njengokufakelwa ama-transceivers - ama-transponders, amalebula ezicijile ezizimele, kucatshangelwa ukuthathwa kombala kwesikhumba ngamanye noma ukusatshalaliswa kwama-warts emzimbeni, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemicu emincane enemibala enemibala.
Amalebula amakhemikhali akufanele asetshenziswe, ngoba izinto zingangena esikhunjeni, zidale imiphumela enobuthi. Ukusika iminwe kuqashelwa njengendlela ebuhlungu engafanele futhi ukuthi isetshenziswe.
4.4.12 Ezokuhamba
Ama-Amphibians kufanele anikezwe umoya owanele nomswakama ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Uma kunesidingo, kufanele kusetshenziswe amadivaysi afanele ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elidingekayo nomswakama.
Izidingo eziqondene nezinhlobo ezi-5 zokuqukethwe kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
5.1 Isingeniso
Ngokwe-morphological systematics, ikilasi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo lifaka ama-oda amakhulu alandelayo - i-Rhynchocephalia (hatteria), squamata (scaly - izibankwakazi, izinyoka), i-Chelonia (ulwandle, amanzi amasha kanye nezimfudu zomhlaba) kanye noCrocodilia (ama-alligators, izingwenya, ama-caimans kanye ne-hawali). Ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ekusatshalalisweni kwendawo kanye nokwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngokungafani nesikhumba esikhudlwana noma esingcolile nesiswakeme sesikhumba sama-amphibians, isikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo sivikelekile esikalini esidlulayo (izinyoka, izibankwa), i-carapace (izimfudu), noma amapuleti amathambo esikhunjeni (izingwenya, ama-alligators, ama-caimans). Isikhumba esibuthakathaka siyithuluzi ukuvikela izilwane ezihuquzelayo ekulahlekelweni umswakama okulahleka kalula ama-amphibias ngenxa yokuqina kwesikhumba sawo.
Ithebula 7 libala izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi kakhulu zezindawo ezihuquzelayo nezibonelo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuzo, ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola nezinye izinhloso zesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane eningilizayo ngezidingo eziyisisekelo zokulungiswa nokunakekelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kulezi zindawo yethulwe ngezansi. Ngezinqubo ezithile ezithile, kungadingekile ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlala kwezinye izindawo, okuyi-semi-zasemanzini, ezinamatshe noma ezinamadwala. Uma kuphakama izinkinga zokufuya noma eminye imininingwane ethize ngezidingo zezinhlobo, khona-ke uthintane nochwepheshe abagxile kuzinhlobo okukhulunywa ngazo nabasebenzi bezokunakekela izilwane ukuze banikeze ngokwanele izidingo ezithile eziqondene nezinhlobo.
Lapho kungenzeka, okudingayo okusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa nezinye izinhloso zesayensi kufanele kuthengwe kubathengisi abadumile.
Ithebula 7 - Izibonelo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezivamile ezisetshenziswayo ezihlala ezigabeni ezimbili zezindawo
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezwe / i-biotope
Isikhashana-
Ukuhambela okuhle, ° С
Trachemys scriptta elegans
(ufudu olubomvu)
IMississippi River Valley / Amanzi Namanje NgeMuddy Phansi
I-Thamnophis sirtalis (inyoka ejwayelekile)
AmaNyakatho Melika / Amahlathi Wetwood
5.2 Ukulawulwa kweHitatat
5.2.1 I-Vililation
Ukufakwa ezingxenyeni ezifuywayo kumele kungene umoya ngokwanele. Ukuvimbela izilwane ukuthi zingabaleki, imisele yokufaka umoya omncane kufanele ifakwe ngezihlangu zokuzivikela.
5.2.2 Ukushisa
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo. Ukuze balondoloze izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo ngokwemvelo, bakhetha i-microenvelo lapho bengathola noma balahlekelwe ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, izithiyo zokugcina izidalwa ezifuywayo kumele zibe nezindawo ezinamazinga okushisa ahlukile (ama-gradient okushisa).
Izidingo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokushisa zingahluka kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele izinhlobo zohlobo olufanayo bangadinga amazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene kuye ngesizini. Kuyadingeka ukulawula izinga lokushisa kwamanzi nomoya ezakhiweni ukuze uboshwe. Ezikhundleni eziningi eziphindaphindayo, izinga lokushisa elikhona linquma ubulili benzalo kanye nokwehlukanisa kwama-gonads.
Ukubeka isibani se-incandescent ngaphezulu kwepulatifomu yokuphumula okuzobavumela ukuba bakhuphule izinga lokushisa komzimba wabo. Uma amalambu ecishiwe, ungasebenzisa idivaysi yokushisa efulethini. Izindawo ezenzelwe izinyoka noma izibankwa ezivela ezindaweni ezishisayo kufanele zifakwe okungenani ipuleti elilodwa lokushisa. Imishini yokushisa kufanele ifakelwe ama-thermostat ukuvikela ukushisa ngokweqile kwezilwane nokushiswa.
5.2.3 Umswakama
Ukulawulwa komswakama kuyadingeka futhi nokulawula ubukhulu bomoya omncane. Ukugcina umswakama ohambelana nobubanzi kusuka ku-70% kuya ku-90% kungatholakala ngokuphuma emanzini kusuka esitsheni esiseduze kwe-heater. Kuyasiza ukunika izilwane ithuba lokukhetha izindawo ezinomswakama ohlukile (umswakama gradient).
5.2.4 Isibani
Kuyadingeka ukugcina irejimeni lokushintsha imini nobusuku elilungele uhlobo oluthile lwesilwane, isigaba sokukhula kwayo kanye nenkathi yayo. Ezicangeni, ezihuquzelayo kufanele zikwazi ukucasha ezindaweni ezimnyama. Ukukhanya okukhanyayo noma ukukhanya kwelanga akufanele kube yimithombo yokushisa yodwa. Kuyadingeka ukunikeza izilwane ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwabo kwe-Vitamin D.
5.2.5 Umsindo
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizwelana kakhulu nomsindo we-acoustic (vibration of the air) kanye nomsindo wokudlidliza (ukudlidliza kwama-solids), ziphazanyiswa noma yikuphi ukudlidliza okusha futhi okungalindelekile, ngakho-ke umphumela walokho okushukumisayo kwangaphandle kufanele kuncishiswe.
5.2.6 Izinhlelo ze-alamu
Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo olufanele lwe-alamu olubika ukungasebenzi kahle ekusakazweni kwamanzi nasekugcwalisweni kwalo ne-oxygen.
5.3 Ezempilo
Ukunakekelwa kumele kuthathwe lapho kugcinwa izilwane zezinhlobo ezihlukile, ezingashiyana ngenxa yezizathu zempilo.
5.4.2 Ukucebisa ngeHabitat
Indawo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo kufanele ihleleke ukuze iqukethe, ngokwesibonelo, amagatsha emvelo noma okwenziwe ngawo, amaqabunga, izingcezu zamagxolo namatshe. Ukuqhakambisa okunjalo kwemvelo kuyasiza ekuphindaphindeni kuvela emibonweni ehlukahlukene: ngokwesibonelo, lezi zinto zivumela izilwane ukucasha ngemuva kwazo futhi zizisebenzise njengezimpawu ezibonakalayo nezindawo eziyindawo. Ukuze ubeke eceleni ukutholakala kwemithelela yesilwane engilazini esobala, iphethini eyakha indawo ehlelekile kufanele isetshenziswe ezindongeni zengilazi eziseceleni ezicijile.
5.4.3 Ukubiyelwa: ubukhulu bezakhiwo nesakhiwo
Uthango nezinto zokwakheka ezibekwe kuzo kufanele zibe nendawo ebushelelezi nemiphetho eyindilinga ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala ezilwaneni. Lapho wenza uthango kwezinhlobo ezibucayi kakhulu, kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto ezi-opaque.
5.4.3.1 Abaqaphi bezilwane ezigcina amanzi
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zamanzi kufanele zigcinwe ezitsheni ezinamanzi ahlanjiwe nacwengelwe umoya-mpilo. Amanzi kufanele ashintshe cishe kabili ngesonto. Ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka kwamagciwane, izinga lokushisa lamanzi akufanele lidlule i-25 ° C. Izinga lamanzi kufanele lanele ukucwilisa izirhubuluzi.
Kuyadingeka ukunikeza izilwane ipulatifomu yokuphumula eyisicaba ngendlela yesihlangu lapho izidalwa ezilele zingalala noma zifihle ngaphansi kwaso. Amapulatifomu anjalo kufanele enziwe ngezinto ezifanele, njengokhuni, okuvumela izilwane ukuba zinamathele kwizibunu zazo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuphuma emanzini. Amapulatifomu kufanele athathelwe indawo njengoba kudingeka. Amapulatifomu enziwe ngezinto ze-epoxy noma ze-polyurethane awahlangabezani nale mfuneko engenhla, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, emazingeni okushisa aphakeme iba ngokushesha ngokungenakwenzeka.
Ithebula 8 - izimfudu ze-Aquatic (Trachemys spp.) Ubukhulu obuncane bothango
Ubuncane bamanzi amancane, cm
* Kukalwe ngomugqa oqondile ukusuka phambili kuya emaphethelweni ongemuva wegobolondo.
5.4.3.2 Abaqaphi bezilwane zasendle
Izinto ezihuquzelayo ezingaphansi komhlaba kufanele zigcinwe uthango olunendawo yomhlaba namanzi. Indawo enamanzi ye-terrarium kufanele ivumele izilwane ukuthi zigxwale. Uma uhlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi olusebenzayo lungasetshenziswa, kuyalulekwa ukuthi uguqule ngokuphelele amanzi okungenani kabili ngesonto.
I-terrarium kufanele ibe sobala, ibe nemisamo evaliwe futhi izimbobo ezivikelwe ngokuphephile. Kufanele ibe nesembozo esakhiwe kahle futhi esisimameke ngokuphepha noma iminyango enefakwe ngamathanga, izingwegwe noma imishayo. Ukwenza lula ukuhlanza, kungakuhle (ngaphandle kothango lokuphindisela okunobuthi) ukwakha ithala elinezicabha nezembozo - lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uvule ngokugcwele ingaphezulu, emuva noma ohlangothini lwethala. Kwezinye izinhlobo, zonke izindonga zethala, ngaphandle kwangaphambili (izindonga eziseceleni nesembozo), kumele kube opaque. Udonga lwangaphambili lokuvalelwa, oluqukethe ukubuka okucasulayo kakhulu nokwesabeka kalula, lungaxhonywa ngentambo ekhipha i-opaque coating. Kuyadingeka ukubheka izindlela ezithile zokuphepha lapho ugcina izinyoka ezinobuthi.
Ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokukhosela lapho ongacasha khona futhi ukondlayo kubalulekile kuzo zonke izidalwa zomhlaba. Izimbotshana zamapayipi odaka zilingisa imisele emnyama.
Ithebula 9 - Izinyoka Zomhlaba (i-Thamnophis spp): Izibalo Ezingcosana Zokubiyelwa
Ukuphakama okuncane **, cm
* Kukalwa kusuka esicelweni se-muzzle kuya emsileni.
** Kukalwa kusuka kumhlaba ongaphezulu kuya kogqinsi lwethala, ngenkathi ukuphakama kweTerrarium kufanele kuvumelane nokuma kwayo kwangaphakathi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwamashalofu namagatsha amakhulu wokufakelwa.
5.4.4 Ukuzondla
Izilwanyane ezithunjiwe kufanele zondliwe ukudla kwazo okungokwemvelo, ukudla, noma okuphakelayo okuthengiswayo eduze nokudla kwazo kwemvelo. Izilwane eziningi ezihuquzelayo zidla izinyamazane (zonke izinyoka nezingwenya, izibankwa eziningi kanye nezimfudu ezithile), kepha kukhona izinhlobo zemifino kanye nezomzimba phakathi kwazo. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhetha ekudleni okunempilo. Izilwanyane, ngaphandle kwezinyoka ezithile, zingaqeqeshwa ukudla u-carrion. Ngakho-ke, njengomthetho, asikho isidingo sokubondla nge-vertebrates ebukhoma. Lapho usuthisa izilwane ezifile, kuyadingeka ukuthi kwenziwe i-euthanasia yazo kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-humane ezingavumeli, ngaphezu kwalokho, ubungozi bokuthi ubuthi bube nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Uhlobo lokudla kufanele luhambisane nohlobo nesigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nohlelo lokuqukethwe olusetshenzisiwe.
5.4.5 Ukunisela
Zonke izirhubuluzi kumele zinikezwe ngamanzi okuphuza.
5.4.6 Ilitha, izidleke nezinto zokwakha
Ngokuya ngezidingo zezinhlobo ezihlala emafrijini, kusetshenziswe imibhede ehlukahlukene. Gwema ukusetshenziswa kwe-sawdust encane noma ezinye izinto eziqukethe izinhlayiya ezincane, ngoba zingangena emlonyeni wezilwane futhi zibangele ukulimala kwezitho zangaphakathi nokuvinjwa kwamathumbu, ikakhulukazi izinyoka.
5.4.7 Ukuhlanza uthango - ngokuya nge-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 6.9.
5.4.8 Ukuphathwa Kwezilwane
Thatha ngokucophelela izidumbu ezandleni zabo, ngoba kulula ukuzilimaza. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izibankwa zingawisa umsila wazo (i-autotomy) uma zithathwe ngokungalungile, kodwa abamele ezinye izinhlobo bangalimala kalula.
5.4.9 I-Euthanasia - ngokusho kwe-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 6.11.
Indlela eyamukelekayo ye-euthanasia i-overdose ye-anesthetic efanelekile le njongo.
5.4.10 Ukulungiswa kwama-akhawunti - ngokuya nge-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 6.12.
5.4.11 Ukukhonjwa
Uma ukuhlonza abantu kudingekile, izindlela eziningana zokumaka kufanelekile: ukufakelwa kwama-transceivers (transponders), amalebula we-gluing ocingweni ngamanye, kucatshangelwa amaphethini esikhumba athile (umbala wesikhumba, ukulimala kwesikhumba, njll.), Ukumaka ngepensela, kudinga ukuvuselelwa ngemuva kokuncibilika, Ukubopha amathegi amancane ngendlela yemicu enemibala eminwe. Ukusika iminwe kuyinqubo ebuhlungu futhi akufanele isetshenziselwe ukumaka.
5.4.12 Ukuhamba
Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, izinto ezihuquzelayo kumele zinikezwe umoya owanele nomswakama. Uma kunesidingo, kufanele kusetshenziswe amadivaysi afanele ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elidingekayo nomswakama.
6 Izidingo eziqondene nezinhlobo zokugcina izinhlanzi
6.1 Isingeniso
Ukwanda okusheshayo kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi njengezilwane zokuhlola, ezibonwe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kungenxa yezizathu eziningi, phakathi kwazo okukhona inqubekela phambili enkulu ekulimeni nasekukhuliseni izidalwa zasemanzini (izilwane zasolwandle). Lokhu kuholele enanini elikhulu lezifundo ezihlobene nokucwaninga kwemigomo ejwayelekile yokudla, ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo, i-physiology kanye ne-genetics, i-ecotooticology kanye nezinye ubuthi, kanye nezifundo eziyisisekelo emkhakheni we-genetics kanye ne-immunology, imiphumela yazo isebenza kuma-vertebrates aphezulu, kufaka phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngenhloso yokuhlola, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ziyasetshenziswa, ezihluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala yazo nokuziphatha. Ngenxa yalokhu, lokhu kudinga izimo ezihlukile zokugcina izinhlanzi zithunjiwe.
Izinhlanzi ziyizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo futhi ngenxa yalokho zivumelaniswa kakhulu nendawo ethile yasemanzini. Ukuphendula kwabo ngokushesha ekucindezelekeni kuholela ekushintsheni komzimba okungaba isikhathi eside, futhi kusobala ukuthi kungathinta inhlala-kahle yenhlanzi uqobo nemiphumela yokuhlolwa.
Abaphenyi nabasebenza ekunakekelweni kwezilwane kufanele bazijwayeze izici zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlelelwe ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni ngaphambi kokuba zitholwe, ukuze kunikezwe izimo zokuhlala ezifanele nezinqubo ezidingekayo zokuzinakekela kusengaphambili.
Izincomo ezikhethekile zezinhlobo ezinjenge-rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), i-Atlantic salmon (sala salar), tilapia (cichpids), danio rerio (Danio rerio), i-sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), i-Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) IGadus morhua), i-turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), i-African catfish (Clarias gariepenus), iyatholakala ephepheni elingasemuva elakhiwe yiqembu lochwepheshe. Izincomo ezengeziwe ngezidingo zalezi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi kufanele zitholakale kochwepheshe abangochwepheshe nabasebenzi bezokunakekela ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi ziyahlangabezana kahle.
Ezifundweni zokufuywa kwezinhlanzi nokukhulisa izinhlanzi, lapho inhloso yomsebenzi idinga ukugcina izinhlanzi ngaphansi kwezimo eziseduzane nalezo zezentengiso, lezo zimo kufanele zihlangabezane okungenani namazinga amiswe yi-European Convention for the Protection of Animal Animal (ETS N 87).
6.2 Ukulawulwa kweHitatat
6.2.1 Ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi
Kubalulekile ukuthi amanzi anekhwalithi eyanele ahlala etholakala. Izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi ohlelweni lokuphinda lusebenze noma lokufayila ezindaweni zasemanzini kufanele lanele ukususa into emisiwe nemfucumfucu futhi iqinisekise amazinga afunekayo ekhwalithi yamanzi. Kuyadingeka ukuthi kube nezinhlelo zokulawula amanzi ukuze inhlanzi inikezwe inani elifanele lamanzi asezingeni elifanele. Izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi kufanele livumele inhlanzi ukubhukuda ngokukhululekile futhi ingathinti ukusebenza kwayo okujwayelekile. Ezingolweni eziqukethe ukuthosa, ezimweni eziningi kungcono ukunikezela ngamanzi, ukuqondise kumanzi angaphezulu.
6.2.2. Izinga lamanzi
Izinga lamanzi liyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni inempilo yezinhlanzi, ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa kanye nengozi yezifo. Izinga lamanzi kufanele lihlangabezane nezidingo eziqinisekisa umsebenzi ojwayelekile kanye nesimo esijwayelekile sokuphila kwezinhlanzi. Ukunquma ukuhambisana nezidingo kunzima ngenxa yokuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi izimo ezifanele azichazwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidingo zezinhlobo ngazinye zingahluka ngokuya esigabeni sempilo, ngokwesibonelo, izibungu, i-fry, noma abantu abadala, noma izimo zomzimba, isibonelo, i-metamorphoses, i-spawning, umsoco kanye nemiphumela yokuchayeka ezintweni ezinobungozi zemvelo.
Izinhlanzi ziyahlukahluka emandleni abo okujwayela izinguquko kwikhwalithi yamanzi. I-Acclimatization ingadingeka, isikhathi okufanele silingane nezidingo zohlobo oluthile lwezinhlanzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi azikwazi ukuhlala ngokujwayelekile emanzini ngokuqukethwe okumisiwe okukhulu, ngakho-ke inani lezinhlayiya ezilengisiwe kufanele ligcinwe ngaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo. Uma kunesidingo, amanzi kufanele angahlungwa kahle ukuze asuse izinto eziyingozi enhlanzini futhi alondoloze izici zamanzi ezifanele zamakhemikhali emzimbeni.
6.2.2.1 I-oxygen
Ukuqoqwa komoya-mpilo emanzini kufanele kufane nezidingo zezinhlobo kanye nezimo ezithile zokuboshwa. Izidingo zokuhlushwa i-oksijini ziyahlukahluka ngokuya ngozalo lokushisa lwamanzi, ukugcwala kwekhabhoni dayokthoni kuyo, usawoti, ukuqina kokudla nokuthi uvame kangaki ukukhetha izinhlanzi. Uma kunesidingo, ukuxhaswa okwengeziwe komoya-mpilo wamanzi kufanele kwenziwe.
6.2.2.2 Izakhi zeNitrogen
I-Amoniya ingumkhiqizo oyinhloko okhishwa yinhlanzi. Amakhemikhali angalingani anjenge-ammonia nama-phosphates akhiwa kusuka ku-urea oncibilikisiwe emanzini, kanye nokuphakelwa kwendle. Ukusuka e-ammonia, ama-nitrites nama-nitrate akhiwa futhi. I-Amoniya kanye nama-nitrite anobuthi kakhulu enhlanzini, futhi ukunqwabelana kwawo kufanele kuvinjelwe ngokwandisa izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi, ukugcina izinhlanzi ezimbalwa e-aquarium, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi, noma ngokusebenzisa i-biofiltration.
Ukuzwela i-ammonia kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlanzi zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kepha izinhlanzi zasemanzini kanye nabantu abancane bavame ukutholakala. Uhlobo olunobuthi lwe-ammonia yi-ammonia engeyona i-ionized, inani layo elingahlali kuphela ekugxilweni kwe-ammonia ephelele, kodwa futhi nakwi-pH, usawoti kanye nokushisa kwamanzi.
6.2.2.3 I-Carbon Dioxide (CO)
I-Carbon dioxide ekhishwa ngesikhathi izinhlanzi eziphefumula zincibilika emanzini ukuze zakhe i-carbonic acid, eyehlisela i-pH. Ukuqongelelwa kwe-carbon dioxide kungaba yinkinga ezindaweni zasemanzini ezinobukhulu bezinhlanzi uma i-oxygen ehlanzekile isetshenziswa esikhundleni somoya ukugcina okuqukethwe komoya-mpilo emanzini. Noma ukugcwala okuphezulu kwekhabhoni dayokthimu kungabulala izinhlanzi, lokhu kuyaqabukela kuba yinkinga ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuboshwa. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-carbon dioxide ngamanani alimazayo awangeni ezintweni ezifakiwe kusuka ohlelweni lokunikezela ngamanzi, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenzisa amanzi avela emithonjeni.
6.2.2.4 pH
Ileveli ye-pH eyamukelekayo incike kwizinkomba eziningi zekhwalithi yamanzi, ngokwesibonelo, okuqukethwe kwe-carbon dioxide ne-calcium kuyo. Ngokusemandleni akho, i-pH ezinzile kufanele igcinwe, ngoba noma yiluphi ushintsho kwi-acidity luthinta ezinye izinkomba zezinga lamanzi. Ngokuvamile, i-pH yamanzi amasha ingahle ibe ngaphansi kune-saline. Uma kudingekile, kufanele kufakwe i-buffer emanzini anikezwe inhlanzi.
6.2.2.5 Usawoti
Izidingo zezinhlanzi zikasawoti ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi zivela emanzini noma emanzini amhlophe noma zivela kulosawoti othize. Ezinye izinhlobo zingabekezelela anhlobonhlobo kasawoti. Kwabanye, ukubekezelela usawoti kuya ngesigaba somjikelezo wempilo. Izinguquko kosawoti kufanele zenziwe kancane kancane.
6.2.3 Ukushisa
Kuyadingeka ukugcina amazinga okushisa amanzi ebangeni elifanelekile lezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi, futhi noma yiluphi ushintsho kufanele lwenziwe kancane kancane. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, ukucebisa okwengeziwe komoya-moya kungadingeka.
6.2.4 Isibani
Izinhlanzi eziningi zidinga ukukhanya okondlayo neminye imisebenzi yokuziphatha. Ngokusemandleni akho, izinhlanzi kufanele zigcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo zohlobo lwazo lomjikelezo okhanya nsuku zonke, ngoba umjikelezo wosuku / ebusuku uthinta i-physiology nokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi. Njengomthetho, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi azidingi ukuba zigcinwe ezimweni ezigqamile, yize ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo zihlangana nokukhanya okukhanyayo ezimeni zemvelo. Uma kunesidingo, ngokuya ngezidingo zezinhlobo ezithile, ukukhanya kwesibani kufanele kwehliswe noma izindawo ezimboziwe zasemanzini zimbozwe, noma izindawo ezimnyama ezifanele ezinikezwe inhlanzi. Ngokusemandleni akho, izinguquko ezingazelelwe emazingeni okukhanya kufanele zigwenywe.
6.2.5 Umsindo
Izinhlanzi zingazwela kakhulu noma imisindo ephansi. Kuyadingeka ukugcina ubuncane bezinga lomsindo kumagumbi wokuhlola. Uma kungakhoneka, imishini ekhiqiza imisindo noma ukudlidliza, njengama-generator nezinhlelo zokuhlunga amanzi, kufanele ibekwe ngaphandle kwezindawo zokubamba izinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezikotshwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi zihambisane nezilingo ezithile ezikhona kuzo zingagxiliswa lapho zithuthekela endaweni engajwayelekile.
6.2.6 Izinhlelo ze-alamu - ngokusho kwe-GOST 33215-2014, isigatshana 4.6.
6.3.1 Imininingwane ejwayelekile
Ukunakwa ikakhulukazi kufanele kukhokhwe esimweni sokuhlanzeka kwezindawo zokuhlola. Impilo yezinhlanzi ihlobene kakhulu nezimo zabo zokuphila. Ukugula okuningi okuhambisana nengcindezi kubangelwa izimo ezingapheleli, futhi noma yimuphi umzamo wokulawula ukwanda kwezifo kufanele uqale ngokuqedwa kwezinkinga kule ndawo. Izinkinga zezempilo zezinhlanzi zidinga ukubhekelelwa ezingeni labantu, hhayi ezomuntu ngamunye, ngakho-ke zonke izindlela zokulawula kufanele zithuthukiswe ngokufanele.
6.3.2 Ukuthuthwa kwendle nokuhlanzeka
Izakhiwo zokugcina izinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi amapayipi ahlotshaniswa nazo, kufanele zihlanzwe futhi zibulale amagciwane uma kunesidingo. Ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe, izindlela zokuhlanza nezokubulala amagciwane kumele zihambisane nokugcina izimo zisezingeni eliphezulu. Izisetshenziswa, ezifana namanethiwekhi, kufanele zihlanzwe ngemuva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye. Abasebenzi kufanele bathathe izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemifula yasemanzini.
6.3.3 Ukuhlukaniswa
Izinhlanzi ezisanda kufikwa, ezifuywayo nezisendle, kufanele zibekwe zodwa ngaphandle kwezilwane futhi zibekwe kude ngangokunokwenzeka kusuka koloni olukhona. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa, impilo yezinhlanzi kufanele ihlolwe ngokucophelela, futhi uma kuvela izinkinga, ukwelashwa kufanele kwenziwe noma bonke abantu abasanda kufika babhujiswa. Izinhlanzi ezithunjiwe kufanele zithengwe kubahlinzeki abanedumela futhi, ngangokunokwenzeka, kufanele zibe nesimo sempilo esifakazelwe.
6.4.1 Ukubekwa
Ubuningi bokuqukethwe bunqunywa ngokuhluka kokuziphatha kwenhlanzi, ngokubheka okuphoqelekile kwamandla abo we-jamb noma isimo sabo sokuziphatha kokuqala kwendawo. Ubuningi bezinhlanzi kufanele bunqunywe yizidingo zabo ezijwayelekile maqondana nezimo zemvelo, ezempilo kanye nenhlala-kahle. Izinhlanzi kufanele zibe namanzi anele okubhukuda kwamahhala. Izinyathelo kumele zithathwe ukuvikela noma ukunciphisa ulaka lwe-intraspecific, kepha inhlala-kahle yenhlanzi ayonakaliswa. Ubuningi obamukelekayo bezinhlobo zezinhlanzi buyehluka ngokuya ngokugeleza nokugeleza kwamanzi, ikhwalithi yawo, ubukhulu bezinhlanzi ngokwazo, iminyaka yazo, isimo sempilo nezindlela zokuzondla. Ngokuyinhloko, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala ne-cannibalism, amaqembu kufanele aqukathe izinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obufanayo.
6.4.2 Ukuqhakambisa indawo
Ukuze kusetshenziswe izici zokuziphatha zezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokubonakaliswa kwemvelo yenyama, ukucebisa imvelo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwazo kungadingeka. Izibonelo zokucebisa indawo ezungezile ukufeza izidingo ezinjengalezi zingaba ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokukhosela zesifudumezi noma izinto ezifana nesihlabathi kwamanye amaflanka. Ukucebisa okunjalo kwemvelo kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokunakekela ukuze kungathikamezi kabi ikhwalithi yamanzi, kepha ukunakekelwa akumele kube ngokweqile futhi kuphazamise izindlela zokwenza ngcono inhlanzi.
6.4.3.1 Izindawo ezigcina izinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi zingagcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini ezitholakala esakhiweni noma emgaqweni, noma emakhejini akhiwe emanzini avulekile. Uma kufanelekile, ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokubamba izinhlanzi kufanele kulawulwe futhi kuhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi kungabangela ukuphazamiseka okuncane enhlanzini futhi kugcinwe izimo zezemvelo ezifanele.
6.4.3.2 Izindawo zokudotshwa kwasolwandle emhlabeni
Izinto zokwenziwa ze-Aquarium kufanele zingabi yibuthi, ziqine futhi zibe nendawo ebushelelezi yangaphakathi ukuvikela izinhlanzi ekuhlaselweni. Usayizi we-aquarium kufanele ube mkhulu ngokwanele ngenani lezinhlanzi eziqukethwe kuzo, futhi uqinisekise ijubane elidingekayo lokugeleza kwamanzi. Ukwakheka kwe-aquarium kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo zokuziphatha kanye nezinketho zezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezisetshenzisiwe kuhlolo, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi ezizungezile zithandwa kakhulu inhlanzi ye-salmon. Ama-Aquariums kufanele aklanyelwe ukuvikela izinhlanzi ukuthi zingaphumi. Lapho kufanelekile, ama-aquarium kufanele azihlanze ukuze aqhubeke nokususwa kwendle nokudla ngokweqile.
6.4.3.3 Ukuvikelwa ezindlini ezivulekile
Izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi ezasolwandle, zingagcinwa emakhejini amakhulu. Ubukhulu bezici ezicijile njengalezi, kufaka phakathi ukujula kwekheji, kufanele kuvumele inhlanzi ukuba ibhukule futhi ibambe izikole. Ubungako beseli benethiwekhi evalekile kufanele bunikeze ukushintshanisa kwamanzi okuhle, ngenkathi kungavunyelwe inhlanzi ukuphuma. Ukubiyela kufanele kwaklanywe ngendlela yokuthi ubungozi bokuhlaselwa umhlaseli buncishiswe, futhi ngesikhathi sokuguguleka akukho kuntuleka okungenza ukuthi inhlanzi zibanjwe enetheni.
6.4.4 Ukuzondla
Inhlanzi ingondliwa ngokudla okwenziwe nge-band noma ngokudla okusha noma kweqhwa kwemvelo. Ukudla okwenziwe ngokungemthetho kufanelekile uma anelisa ngokugcwele izidingo ezithile zenhlanzi, futhi uma ukudla okunjalo kwamukelekile kubo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo noma izinhlanzi ezigabeni ezithile zomjikelezo wokuphila azidli ukudla okufakwayo. Ukudla okubandayo nakho kunomthelela omncane kukhwalithi yamanzi.
Kubalulekile ukugcina uhlelo olufanele lokuphaka, inani lokuphakelwa kanye nokuvama kokuphakelwa kwezinhlanzi, okuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinga lokushisa lamanzi, usayizi nokuvuthwa kwezinhlanzi ngokwazo. Njengoba ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi kunyusa izinga lezinhlanzi ezi-metabolic, ukuqina kokudla kufanele futhi kwandiswe. Akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukondla izinhlanzi nsuku zonke. Ukuqinisekisa ukondleka okufanele, indlela yokondla nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukunakwa kufanele kukhokhwe kwinani lokuphakelayo ngosuku, iminyaka yezinhlanzi, izinga lokushisa lamanzi nosayizi we-pellet wokuphakelayo okuhlongozwayo. Uhlobo lokudla, ukuqina kokuphakelwa, kanye nendlela yokondla kufanele kuqiniseke ukuthi zonke izinhlanzi zithola inani elanele lokudla. Ukunakwa ngokucophelela kufanele kukhokhwe ekunakekelweni kwama-larvae wezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi lapho ushintshela ekudleni okufakelayo.
6.4.5 Ukuhlanza uthango
Yonke imigoqo kufanele ihlanzwe ngemikhiqizo kadoti yezinhlanzi kanye nezinsalela zokuphakela, ngoba lapho ziqongelela, ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, impilo yezinhlanzi izokonakala. Ukubiyelwa kufanele kuhlolwe njalo futhi kuhlanzwe ukuze kungagcwali ngamagobolondo kanye nokushintshana kwe-algae kanye nokushintshana kwamanzi kungancishisiwe. Kuyadingeka ukukhipha ubungozi bokubuyiselwa emuva kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokudubulana okwalandela, okwandisa ubungozi bokutheleleka kwezinhlanzi. Uma onogada bengazihlanza bona, imfucuza kufanele isuswe nge-siphon njengoba kunesidingo futhi, njengomthetho, ngokushesha okukhulu ngemuva kokudla. Izindonga nangaphansi kothango kufanele kuhlanzwe njalo ukuvikela ukunqwabelana kwe-algae nezinye ukukhula. Ukuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa okuhambisana nezinhlanzi.
6.4.6 Ukuphathwa Kwezilwane
Izinhlanzi zingathola ubunzima obukhulu lapho zithathwa, ngakho ukuphathwa kufanele kuncishiswe noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Izinhlanzi kufanele zibanjwe zivela enetheni bese zibekwa esitsheni esincane se-anesthesia ngaphambi kokwenza izinqubo. Izinhlanzi kufanele zigcinwe ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, futhi zilulame, kufanele zibekwe emanzini ahlanzekile, aqukethe i-oksijini. Ukuhlushwa okuphathelene nokubulala izinzwa kufanele kugcinwe ngesikhathi senqubo.
Lapho udoba, kufanele kusetshenziswe amanetha Ukusetshenziswa kwamanethi amanetha kufanele kugwenywe. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa inethiwekhi kufanele ibulawe amagciwane bese ihlanjwa ngamanzi ahlanzekile.
Izinhlanzi ezikhishwe emanzini zingathintwa kuphela ngezandla ezimanzi noma amagilavu amanzi angagqokwa ngaphambi kwalokhu, futhi zingabekwa kuphela ezindaweni ezimanzi ukuvikela ukulimala esikalini nasekulahlekeni komsipha okuwumbozayo. Umkhuba wokuphathwa kwezinhlanzi kufanele unikezwe ukunakwa okukhethekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuphuma kwamanzi emzimbeni, ukugcwala kanye nezinye izingozi zezempilo.
6.4.7 I-Euthanasia
Iningi lezinhlanzi kufanele zigcinwe njengokulandelayo:
okweqisa okweqile kwe-anesthetic isebenzisa indlela efanele yokuphatha kanye nokulungiselela okulungele uhlobo nosayizi wezinhlanzi. Esimweni se-euthanasia ngokucwiliswa kwisisombululo sokubulala izinzwa, inhlanzi kufanele igcinwe kuyo okungenani imizuzu emihlanu emva kokuba ama-gill eyekile ukunyakaza futhi / noma i-vestibulo-ocular Reflex ivele, noma
ukudideka kusuka ekushayweni kuya ekhanda.
Ukuze uqiniseke ngokuphelele ekuqaleni kokufa, kuyadingeka ukonakalisa ngokomzimba ubuchopho noma ukopha inhlanzi.
6.4.8 Ama-Akhawunti
Kuyadingeka ukuqopha izinkomba zezinga lamanzi.
6.4.9 Ukukhonjwa
Akusikhona njalo ngaso sonke isikhathi isidingo noma amathuba okulebula ngakunye kwazo zonke izinhlanzi eziqukethwe elabhorethri. Uma kudingekile ukuthi ilebula izinhlanzi likhonjwe indlela esezingeni elincane kunazo zonke ukujova kodayi.Ukunakekelwa okuyisisekelo kumele kuthathwe ukukhetha izindlela ezibuhlungu kakhulu, njengokunquma ama-transceivers ama-fin noma afaka (ama-transponders). Amabhubula we-mehendi angasebenza kuphela uma kungekho ezinye izindlela ezifanele.
Njengomthetho, ukulebula kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwe-anesthesia ejwayelekile ukwenza lula inqubo yokulebula ngokwalo futhi kunciphise ukulimala, ubungozi besifo nokucindezelwa kwezinhlanzi.
6.4.10 Ezokuhamba
Ngaphambi kokuhambisa izinhlanzi kufanele kuncishwe ukudla isikhathi esanele ukuhlanza amathumbu ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokungcoliseka kwamanzi ngamalondolo ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ukubamba, ukulayisha, ukuthutha kanye ukulayisha izinhlanzi kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukuvikela ukulimala kwezinhlanzi kanye nengcindezi yazo. Ushintsho olungazelelwe lokushisa, ukubulawa yindlala komoya ophela, kanye nanoma ikuphi ukonakala kwekhwalithi yamanzi ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemikhiqizo yokungcola kufanele kugwenywe.
Re: Okuqukethwe okuhlangene kwama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Umlayezo En_ekorn Okthoba 27, 2017 10:59 p.m.
Sawubona ntambama
Awudansa usuka lapho hhayi lapho. Isihloko sibizwa ngokuthi "okuqukethwe okuhlanganisiwe kokuphindaphindayo kanye nama-amphibians," futhi embhalweni isidingo sokugcwalisa i-terarium nokuthakazelisa okungathandeki kuma-eublefars. Lokhu kungenye indlela engalungile: noma ngabe sixoxa ngokuningiliziwe okuqukethwe ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, noma sicabanga ukuthi singakugcwalisa kanjani (ivolumu engacaciswanga!) UJar, noma sicabanga ndawonye ukuthi ngabe i-terr yakho ilungele yini ama-eublephars (bona, ngendlela, nawo ahlukile, kufaka nosayizi).
Masinciphise usesho, kepha okwamanje "Ngifuna okuthile, angazi ukuthi yini", futhi akuyona
Ezihuqayo (ezihuquzelayo)
Igama elithi "reptile" livela kwelesiLatini elithi "repere", elisho ukuthi "khasa", "khasa" ngokuhumusha. Ngakho-ke uhlobo lokuhamba kwezilwane ezikulesi sigaba. Yize kunjalo, siphawula, akuzona zonke izinto ezihuquzelayo ezinokhasa: kukhona abagijime kahle, bagxume, babhukude futhi bacishe ukundiza, bahlela njengama-squirrel ezindizayo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala eMhlabeni ziyizinsalela ezingabalulekanga (izinsalela) zesigaba sezilwane ezicebile kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo ezedlule, ezafinyelela incithakalo yazo ngenkathi yeMesozoic (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-230 BC - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-67 BC).
Izilwane zasendulo ezifuywayo zazifanekiselwa inombolo enkulu yamafomu. Abanye babo bahlala emhlabeni, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ama-brontosaurs amakhulu ama-herbivorous kanye nama-tarbosaurs amakhulu adla inyama. Abanye, njengama-ichthyosaurs, babehlala endaweni yasemanzini. Futhi abanye bandiza njengezinyoni.
EScotland, ngonyaka we-1988, kutholakala izidumbu zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, okwathi ngokwezazi, zaziyizigidi ezingama-340 ubudala. Ekugcineni, kwakuyizinhlobo zezilwane zasendulo ezindala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo ezifuywayo kuze kube manje. Ubude bomzimba walezi zilwane kuphela ... 20,3 cm.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasendulo zazivela kubantu base-amphibi basendulo. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esilandelayo ekuvumelaniseni izilwanywana zempilo emhlabeni.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zanamuhla zifaka:
USem. isikali:
Lialis Barton
1. Izingwenya ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezinomzimba ofana ne-lizard. Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezingama-23, kufaka phakathi izingwenya zangempela, ama-gavials, ama-caimans kanye nama-alligators.
2. Qeda ikhanda. Zifanekiselwa uhlobo 1 lwenhlungu - iSphenodon punctatus. Ngokubukeka, i-hatteria ifana nesibankwa esikhulu (esifinyelela ku-75 cm) esinomzimba omkhulu, inhloko enkulu nemilenze emilenze emihlanu.
3. I-Scaly - iqembu elikhulu kakhulu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-7600. Lesi siqhingi sifaka:
a) Izibazi - iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke izidumbu zanamuhla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: i-i-i-i-ivananas, ukuqapha izibankwa, ama-geckos, ama-agama, ama-skinks, isikali (i-Pygopodidae), kanye nama-chameleons - iqembu elikhethekile lezilwane eliholela, njengomthetho, indlela yomuthi.
b) Izinyoka ziyizilwane ezingenamqolo.
c) Ama-Amphisbenids (Amphisbaenidae) - lezi zidalwa zinomzimba omise ngezimpethu kanye nomsila omfishane kakhulu obukeka njengowokuphela kwekhanda. Zijwayelaniswa nendlela yokuphila yokuncipha futhi kuyaqabukela zivele ebusweni, zichitha iningi lempilo yazo zingaphansi komhlaba noma ezidlekeni zezintuthwane nezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Iningi lazo lingenamalunga. Abamele u-genus Bipes banemilenze yangaphambili kuphela. Bangakwazi ukuhambisa lapho kudlula khona udaka ngomsila wabo phambili, ngakho-ke naseRussia babizwa nangabahamba ngezinyawo ezimbili. Igama lesiGrikhi "amphisbens" libuye lihumushe ngokuthi "ukuhambisa kuzo zombili izinkomba."
4. Ama-turtles - imizimba yawo izungezwe ngamagobolondo avela phezulu, kusukela ezinhlangothini nangaphansi. I-carapace inezivikelo ezi-dorsal (carapace) nezisisu zesisu (plastiki) ezixhunywe yi-tendon ligament noma i-jumper yethambo. AmaFudu - cishe izinhlobo ezingama-300.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo - kanye nezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo - zihlanganiswa zibe yiqembu lezilwane eziphakeme eziphakeme.
Habitat
Iningi lezidalwa ezirhubuluzayo ziphila impilo yasemhlabeni, zithanda izindawo ezivulekile, ezifudumele ilanga, kufaka phakathi uhlaza olungenamanzi nolucishe lwashiywa. Kepha zonke izingwenya nezimfudu eziningi zihlala emachibini, emifuleni noma ezixhaphozini. Ezinye izimfudu nezinye izinyoka zihlala olwandle.
Izingwenya zivamile kuwo wonke amazwe ashisayo; zihlala emifuleni, emachibini nasezixhotsheni zamanzi eziphezulu. Ngokuvamile bachitha iningi losuku emanzini. Baya emifudlaneni engasogwini ekuseni nakusihlwa ukuze bayobhaca elangeni. Zimbalwa izinhlobo zezilwane ezivumela amanzi anosawoti. Ingwenya egudluziwe (iCrocodylus porosus) ibhukuda ibhekise kude olwandle oluvulekile - ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-600 ukusuka ogwini oluseduze.
UHatteriae (Sphenodon punctatus) wasinda kuphela eziqhingini ezinamadwala eduze naseNew Zealand, lapho abenzelwe khona indawo ekhethekile.
Anderson's Round Head
IGiant Sea Krayt noma iFlattery
Izibani zisatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo. Izinhlobo ezingashadile zikhuphuka ezintabeni ziye emngceleni weqhwa laphakade, ngokwesibonelo, ukuya endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-5500 ngaphezu kolwandle eHimalaya. Izibungu eziningi ziphila impilo yasemhlabeni. Kepha abanye bagibela emithini noma ezihlahleni, ngokwesibonelo, abanamakhanda (Phrynocephalus). Abanye bahlala ngisho ezihlahleni unomphela futhi bayakwazi ukuhlela izindiza. Amajinja nama-agama ahlala emadwaleni angakwazi ukuhamba phezu kwendawo ethe mpo. Ezinye izibankwa zihlala enhlabathini, amehlo azo avame ukungabikho, imizimba yazo iphakeme. Isibankwa sasolwandle (i-Amblyrhynchus cristatus) sihlala eduze nolayini we-surf. Ubhukuda ngobuhle futhi uchitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini, edla izilwane zasolwandle.
Izinyoka zivame yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezifunda zamakhaza, iNew Zealand nezinye iziqhingi zasolwandle. Zonke izinyoka zibhukuda kahle, kepha kunezinhlobo ezisebenzisa sonke noma cishe sonke isikhathi sazo emanzini. Lezi izinyoka zasolwandle (Hydrophidae). Imisila yawo icindezelwa kakhulu kamuva.
Kwezinye izinyoka - ngaphansi kwethonya lokushintshela kwendlela yokuphila yokuncipha - amehlo ancipha futhi anyamalala ngaphansi kwezihlangu, imisila ifinyeziwe. Lawa ngamagundane angama-mole (typhlopidae) nezinyoka ezinenhliziyo emincane (Leptotyphlopidae).
Izimfudu zomhlaba kanye namanzi amasha zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi (ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica) naseziqhingini eziningi. Izindawo zemikhuhlane iyahlukahluka kakhulu - ogwadule abashisayo, amahlathi ashisayo, amachibi, imifula nezindawo zokubhukuda, ukunqamula kwezilwandle nolwandle olukhulu olwandle. Ama-turtle olwandle (i-Cheloniidae) achitha impilo yawo yonke emanzini futhi ahamba ogwini lapho ebekela amaqanda kuphela.
Osayizi ezihubhisayo
Izinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu zesimanje zingama-pythons anama-reticured (Python reticulatus) kanye ne-anacondas (Eunectes murinus). Bafinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-10. Isifanekiso esiyingqayizivele futhi esikhulu kunazo zonke esilinganiswa ngokufanelekile se-anaconda (Eunectes murinus - Eng: Gaint anakonda) wase-East Colombia safinyelela kumamitha ayi-11 m 43. Inyoka encane kunazo zonke i-Brahmin blind mole (Typhlops braminus), ehola ikakhulukazi indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba, ubude bayo bomzimba abudluli ku-12 cm .
Okukhulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwezingwenya yizingwenya zaseNayile (uCrocodylia niloticus) kanye nengwenya ethambile (iCrocodylus porosus). Afinyelela ubude obungamamitha ayi-7. Ubude bomzimba obuphakeme bezidalwa zezingwenya ezincane kunazo zonke, i-caiman ebushelelezi ebushelelezi (i-Paleosuchus palpebrosus) engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, ingamamitha ayi-1,5 kwabesilisa nabangamamitha ayi-1,2 kwabesifazane.
Isikhova esineminyaka engu-El-Elvvador
Kumajuba wesimanje, amakhulu kunawo wonke yi-lesikhumba lesikhumba (Dermochelys coriacea). Ubude bawo bungwedlula amamitha ayi-2. Ngo-1988, isidumbu sesicubu sesikhumba sowesilisa satholakala ogwini lwaseGreat Britain, olwalungamamitha angama-2,91 nobubanzi obungu-2.77 m. Isincane kunazo zonke izimfudu yi-musk tortoise (Sternotherus odoratus), ubude i-carapace yakhe (ingxenye engehla yegobolondo) iyisilinganiso esingu-7.6 cm.
Ezincane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezikhwanyana yi-Virginian round-toed gecko (Sphaerodactylus parthenopion and Sphaerodactylus ariasiae), ezitholakala kuphela ngo-1965 nango-2001, ngokulandelana. Ubude bemizimba yabo buyi-16 mm kuphela, ngaphandle komsila. Isibungu esikhulu kunazo zonke, ngaphandle kokungabaza, i-Komodo lizard (Varanus comodoensis), ubude bayo bomzimba ifinyelela kumamitha ama-3 nangaphezulu. Futhi isibungu esinomzimba omncane we-El Salvador wasePapua New Guinea (Varanus salvadorii), obizwa nangokuthi i-cabaret, ufinyelela ubude obuyi-4,75 m, kepha cishe u-70% ubude bawo uwela emsileni.
Enye yezidalwa ezinkulukazi ezakha umhlaba ezinake zaba khona ngaso sonke isikhathi mhlawumbe kwakuyizinto zasendulo, izidumbu zazo ezazitholakala ogwini lweAmazon emadwaleni, ayeneminyaka eyizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili ubudala. Ngokusho kokuqagela okwenziwe ngesisekelo sobudebhi bakhe be-1.5 m, lapho kugcinwe khona amazinyo angamasentimitha ayi-10, ubude bebonke bomzimba walomhlaseli babecishe bube yi-12 m.
Inyoka ende kunazo zonke eyayingaphambi kwesikhathi kwakuyi-python enkulu yase-Afrika (Giagantophis garstini). Izingxenye ezincane zalenyoka zitholakale esizeni seGibhithe sanamuhla e-Afrika. Inyoka le yayihlala eMhlabeni izizigidi ezingama-55 kanti ubude bayo babuyi-11.8 m.
Ama-fossil amaningi ama-fossil ayaziwa, phakathi kwawo omkhulu kune-myolania enobude bomzimba obungamamitha ayi-5.
Izici zesakhiwo
Isikhumba sezilwane ezihuquzelayo simbozwe ngezikali noma ngezihlangu ezinkulu ezivikela umzimba ukuthi zingomile kanye nokulimala, ngaphandle kwezifudu ezithile zasemanzini kuphela, izakhi zamathambo amagobolondo akhe ambozwe ngesikhumba.
Kwabanye abameleli bezilwane ezihuquzelayo (ngokwesibonelo, izinyoka nama-geckos) ukuncibilika kuyinto ebonakalayo - ukuphonswa kwesembozo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zivezwa ubukhona bezimbambo, kepha inani lazo nesimo sazo kuzinhlobo ezihlukile. Kumajuba amaningi, amapuleti egobolondo lawa angena emabeleni nasemgogodleni. Kwezinye izibankwa, izimbambo eziphakeme zisekela ulwelwesi olwakhiwe njengabalandeli, zibavumela ukuba bahlele emoyeni.
Ngokungafani nama-amphibians, ezihuquzelayo ziphefumula ukukhanya kuphela. Amaphaphu ezihuquzelayo agcina isakhiwo esifana nesikhwama, kepha isimo sangaphakathi saso siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleso se-amphibians. Izindonga zangaphakathi zezikhwama zamaphaphu zinesakhiwo eselukiwe samaselula esifana neju lezinyosi, esikhulisa kakhulu indawo yokuphefumula.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngokungafani nama-amphibians, azishayi umoya ngomlomo, kepha iningi lazo libonakaliswa ngokuphefumula kohlobo lokudla. Zifaka umoya futhi zikhiphe umoya emakhaleni ngokwandisa nangokunciphisa isifuba. Isenzo sokuphefumula senziwa kusetshenziswa izicubu zangaphakathi nezisisu.
Kepha izimfudu - ngenxa yokuba khona kwegobolondo - izimbambo zihamba, ngakho-ke zaqala indlela ehlukile yokungena komoya kunazo zonke ezinye izirhubuluzi. Bafaka umoya emaphashini ngokuwugwinyisa noma ngokumpompa ukunyakaza kwemilenze yangaphambili.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zizalaniswa emhlabeni, futhi ukukhula kwazo, ngokungafani nama-amphibians, kuqondile, i.e. ngaphandle kwesigaba se-larval. Iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo lilele amaqanda amakhulu, aqukethe izigaxa ezinamagobolondo nezinto ezikhethekile ze-embryonic (amniotic) ezivikela imibungu ekulahlekelweni kwamanzi kanye nokulimazeka kwemishini, futhi inikeze nokudla nokushintshanisa ngegesi. Ngesikhathi sokuqhanyelwa, inyamazane encane ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu futhi isivele iyikhophi elincanyana lomuntu omdala.
Iqanda le-amniotic nezinqubo ezihlobene zokuthuthuka ngumehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nama-amphibians. Iqanda lalolu hlobo sazi kahle ngalo: lisuka ezihlahleni liya ezinyanzini lehla lazo.
Izirhubhu, njengama-amphibians, azinakho ukushisa okuqhubekayo komzimba. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wabo obalulekile uncike kakhulu ekushiseni okukhona. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sezulu esifudumele nesomile, ziyasebenza ikakhulukazi futhi zivame ukubamba iso. Futhi esimweni sezulu esibandayo nesingenampilo, kunalokho, baba ngabangasebenzi, abavami ukushiya indawo yokuhlala. Emazingeni okushisa asondele ku-zero, awela ku-stupor. Lesi yisizathu esiyinhloko senani elincane lezilwane ezihuquzelayo endaweni ye-taiga. Lapha kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu kuphela.
Izirhubuluzi ziyakwazi ukulawula ukushisa komzimba kuphela ngokuthatha isembozo kusuka ekushiseni ngokweqile noma ku-hypothermia. Isibonelo, i-hibernation ibavumela ukuthi bagweme umsebenzi obandayo, nobusuku - ukushisa kosuku.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo - ngendlela yokuthwalela amaqanda - zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amakhulu amakhulu: i-oviparous ne-ovoviviparous.
Eyokuqala yakha ukubekwa kwamaqanda.
Futhi kwabesifazane beqembu lesibili, amaqanda ayabambezeleka ethambekweni sangasese, lapho zonke izigaba zokukhula kombungu zidlula. Kulokhu, amawundlu aqhekeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda.
Izikhala ezihle kakhulu
Bahlukene kangakanani bobunjwa nemibala yalezi zilwane! Ezinye zazo zibukeka njengamadragons, kepha kukhona ezinye cishe ezingefani ... kusuka kwizikelemu ezijwayelekile.
Izibungu ziyiqembu elinabile kakhulu nelibanzi lezinto ezihuquzelayo zesimanje. Zibonisa izindlela eziningi zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasemhlabeni, ezinamahlathi, ngaphansi komhlaba, nezindawo zasemanzini.
Umbala wezibankwa nawo uhluke kakhulu futhi, njengomthetho, uvumelana kahle nemvelo. Izinhlobo zasogwadule zilawulwa ngamathoni enhlabathi elula. Futhi labo abahlala emadwaleni amnyama bavame ukuba nombala omnyama. Izibungu ezihlala ezihlahleni zezihlahla namagatsha zinamachashaza ansundu kanye ansundu afana namagxolo kanye nama-moss. Futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla zipendiwe umbala wamahlamvu aluhlaza.
I-Agamas
ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-lizard emangalisayo ihlala - udrako odizayo (iDraco blanfordii).
Ngisho ngihleli buthule, leli lizard lakha umbono ongathandeki: linobukhulu obuphakathi (kufika ku-40 cm), linciphile, ngomsila omude omude, nesikhwama esikhulu esinemibala ekhanyayo ngaphansi komphimbo kanye nemikhono efanayo egqamile futhi ebanzi ephuma entanyeni. Kepha wabe esaba okuthile noma emane ukukhathala ngokuhlala athule - futhi wagijimela esiqwini, ebambelela ekhonkolweni ngemikhono emide egobile emilengeni emide efanayo. Wagijimela phezulu, wama - futhi ngokuzumayo. intanta kancane kancane emoyeni, njengebhabhathane eliqhakaza ngokumangazayo. Yandiza cishe ngamamitha angama-30, yangena esiqwini sesihlahla - yaphinde yaphenduka isililo. Futhi uzohlala noma agijime azungeze isiqu, abambe izinambuzane. Futhi ufuna uku - kuzobuye andize. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga kuphela ukusunduza amathambo abambo eside ...
Ukugoqwa kukadrako ohleliwe noma ogijimayo, ucindezela izimbambo - futhi enazo isibaya esibanzi ezinhlangothini zomzimba wakhe ziyawa. Kepha wayefuna ukundiza - ahlukanise izimbambo, isibaya eseluliwe saphenduka “amaphiko” ebanzi.
Isibungu asigcini nje ngokuhlelela, ukundiza kufinyelela kumamitha angama-30, kepha sona, sisebenza njengesihlava ngomsila waso, singakwazi nokulawula indlela endiza ngayo.
Izibungu zasendulo ezibizwa ngamaCalot zihlala eNdiya, Afghanistan, Nepal nase Indonesia. Zonke zikhulu impela. I-calot ezejwayelekile (ama-calotes calotes) afinyelela ku-65 cm. Kepha, ngokuvamile, ngeke ubone ubukhulu obunjalo - ngemuva kwakho konke, kukhona izibankwa futhi zikhulu. Kepha uyakwazi ukuguqula umbala ucishe ube ngcono ukwedlula i-chameleon.
Ukushintshwa kombala kuvame ukuvela ngokubonakala kombala obomvu okhanyayo, owolintshi noma ophuzi ngokuhambisana namabala amnyama abamba wonke umzimba noma izitho zawo ngazinye. Ngenxa yalokhu, leli bhenqa elifanayo ngezikhathi ezihlukile zosuku libukeka libomvu ngokuphelele linamabala amnyama emhlane walo, noma linombala ophuzi ngombala okhanyayo obomvu nasemaceleni, bese liphuzi ngokuphelele, nsundu noma luhlaza. Izinguquko zombala ezisheshayo zibonwa ngesikhathi sokuzalelwa kwabesilisa abancintisanayo, okuhlala kuphuzi noma kubomvu, bese kuthi okulalelwayo kube bomvu ngokuphelele ekugcineni, kanti ophumeleleyo uhlala eluhlaza okotshani ...
Phakathi kwabameli abaningi bomndeni we-agam, okuvame kakhulu yi-steppe agama (Trapelus sanguinolentus), ehlala emaphethelweni nasezintabeni zaseCentral Asia naseKazakhstan.
Naphezu kokushisa okungabekezeleleki nokuntuleka kwamanzi ogwadule, ukubukeka kwamakhasi asehlobo egcwele isihlabathi akunakucatshangwa ngaphandle kwalezi zibungu ezinhle kakhulu. Imibala enesizotha futhi engenakho ukukhanya endaweni ejwayelekile, ingathokozela futhi ishintshe umbala igqame kakhulu: abesilisa baba mnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imisila yabo ijike ibe nsundu okhanyayo, futhi imizimba yabesifazane iba mnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani obunamabala owolintshi emhlane wabo. .
Lapho umuntu esondela, le agama ayibaleki masinyane. Kude kwamamitha ayi-10-15, uqala "ukubingelela" umgibeli ovela esihlahleni, amphakamise futhi ehlise ikhanda, kube sengathi uyakhothama. Ngemuva kokuba umuntu asondele kakhulu, i-agama ivele igxume phansi bese, iphakamisa umsila wayo phezulu, igijime amamitha amaningi ngaphandle kokubheka emuva. Kepha kufanelekile ukushiya ibhungane lodwa, njengoba liphinde ligibela esihlahleni. Emagatsheni, lezi zibungu zibaleka ngokweqile esihlabathini esishisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa be-agama, abahlala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, bakhombisa omakhelwane babo ukuthi le ndawo kuhlala kuyo. Sebeqaphele ophikisana nabo, bagijimela bebheke kumuntu okonile. Owesilisa othukuthele phambi kwamehlo akhe ushintsha umbala. Umphimbo nesifuba kuphenduka zibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka avele emhlane, bese umsila uphenduka owolintshi.
Okunye okungajwayelekile futhi okuhle kakhulu yi-agama yama-colonists (i-Agama agama), evamile eNtshonalanga naseNyakatho-East Africa. Imizimba nemilenze yamadoda amadala kuvame ukuba mnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imvamisa inentambo emhlophe egijima ngemuva. Ikhanda libomvu okomlilo, liphuzi ngokugqamile noma limhlophe ngokuphelele ngamachashazi aphuzi. Umsila awukho ngumbala ogqamile: luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezansi nasekupheleni futhi lubomvu okomlilo phakathi. Lezi zidalwa zikhethe ukuhlala kwabantu njengendlunkulu zabo. Zingabonakala yonke indawo odongeni lobumba lwamakamelo, ophahleni lwotshani, ezindongeni ezimhlophe ezizungeze izakhiwo.
ILong-eyred Round-ekhanda (Phrynocephalus siriaceus) idume ngengozi yayo. Ngenkulu injabulo, uthatha indawo ethusayo. Njengoba imilenze yangemuva ihlukene phakathi, ibhungane liphakamisa ingaphambili lomzimba futhi livule umlomo ukuze lilinganiselwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lomlomo kanye nezihlakala zesikhumba ezinamaphethelo wamazinyo emakhoneni omlomo, zibomvu, zigcwele igazi, zibomvu. Kudalwa umbono ogcwele womlomo owodwa omkhulu omfushane obhekene nesitha. Ngasikhathi sinye, ibhungane libuye lisho, lidonsa, lisheshe lisike futhi lijike umsila walo, kwesinye isikhathi ligxume liqonde ebungozini.
Engagculiseki ngokusongelwa, ibhungane lingakuluma, kepha lokhu akwenzeki kaningi. Imvamisa, uncamela ukubaleka (ugijimisa imilenze eyeluliweyo, ebambe umzimba wakhe phezulu ngaphezu kwesihlabathi) noma egwedle esihlabathini. Ehlisela phansi, alale phansi, azicindezele esihlabathini bese eqala ukukhipha isihlabathi ngaphandle kwesisu sakhe. Ngenkathi kuqubuzana ngasemaphethelweni omzimba, isihlabathi esomile esomile sihlanganisa inhloko eyindilinga, egulela esihlabathini phambi kwamehlo ethu, bese ikhanda lishona okokugcina.
Isibungu asishiyi isihlabathi ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni uphakamisa ikhanda lakhe kancane, ukuze imizimba yomzimba wakhe imakwe ngokwengeziwe noma kancane, kepha isihlabathi sisamimboze ngokuphelele. Umoya wokuphelelwa umoya, uvunguza okusanhlamvu kwesihlabathi, uveze imakhaleni akude kakhulu futhi libheke phezulu. Izinkophe zivula amehlo abo, zisakaza izinhlanga zesihlabathi ngokuphuma kwazo okuminyene emaphethelweni. Manje ibhungane liyakwazi ukuphefumula futhi libone, lisala licashile esihlabathini. Engatholi bungozi, iphakamisa ikhanda lakhe phezulu, ayikhiphe, abheke ngapha nangapha, bese eshiya isihlabathi ngokuphelele.
Endaweni efanayo lapho kuhlala khona i-eyred lizard, kuhlala omunye wabahlali abancane abazungeze amakhanda - i-sandy round-ikhanda (Phrynocephalus interscapularis). Udume ngokunikeza imisila yakhe amasiginali. Ipendiwe ngumbala wesihlabathi, leli bhula, ngisho neliseduze nalo, kunzima ukulihlukanisa. Futhi, ukuze amemezele noma abike ngaye ezihlotsheni zakhe, uphakamisa umsila wakhe futhi akhombisa wonke umuntu “ngaphakathi”. Futhi "uhlangothi olungalungile" lupende ngokugqamile - ngemibala emhlophe namnyama, njengensika yomngcele noma yekhilomitha. Isiginali enjalo iyabonakala kude.
Enye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu yi-lizard lacquered lizardered (Chlamydosaurus kingi), ohlala e-Australia.
Kukweleta igama layo kwikhola ebanzi ebanzi (noma ingubo) entanyeni yayo, ehlukaniswe ngokuqinile emphinjeni. Lapho ehleli, akenzi mqondo ukhethekile. Kepha lapha, kukhona okuqaphe iqhude. Waziphakamisa - ngokushesha wazungeza ikhanda lakhe ikholaji yemoto eyindilinga enobubanzi bamasentimitha ayi-15. Futhi phakathi kwekhola - umlomo ovulekile we-toothy. Ngisho nezinja ziyenqena ukubamba isilo esinjalo!
Ingozi yadlula, ibhungane yathula - kanti ikhola yanyamalala. Manje uwe ngobumnene emhlane wakhe - njengengubo.
Kodwa-ke, leli bhenqa alidumile kuphela ngale khola noma ingubo. Ugijima kahle, kepha, ngokungafani nezinye izibankwa, akagijimisi imilenze emine, kodwa ngemilenze emibili yangasemuva, ebambe umzimba wakhe ucishe wema mpo. Kulokhu, ama-paws angaphambili alenga ngokukhululeka, futhi umsila uyaphakanyiswa futhi usebenza njenge-balancer. Well, kwesokudla - i-kangaroo encane! Ngaphandle kwesikhwama kuphela.
Elinye i-lizard elimangalisayo lihlala e-Australia (Amphibolurus barbatus), belibiza ngokuthi nentshebe ngoba lalinama-spikes amade amfushane afana nentshebe umphimbo walo nasemaceleni ekhanda lakhona.
Izikebhe ezihamba ngomkhumbi (Hydrosaurus amboinensis) zihlala eziqhingini zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Lezi ezihuquzelayo zinezikebhe - enkulu, efinyelela ku-10 amasentimitha ukuphakama, okuyisikhumba, okusekelwa izinqubo ezinde ze-caudal vertebrae. Lesi sakhiwo sibukeka njengeseyili. Umzimba othambile kusukela ezinhlangothini ufana nokuqina komkhumbi.
Kuyathokozisa futhi ukusho nge-tenon (Uromastyx aegyptius) ehlala ezingwadule zase-Afrika. Zinemisila enamandla embozwe ngemikhumbi emikhulu futhi ebukhali. Engcupheni, izibankwa zivikelwe ngokuqondile ngemisila. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ezinye zazo zifinyelela ku-75 cm, kulula ukucabanga amandla eziteleka zabo.
Kepha izikhala zemisila ye-spinetail akulutho uma ziqhathaniswa nemikhaba yenyoka (Moloch horridus), okuhlala kuyo ugwadule lwase-Australia.
Umzimba wonke walesi silwane usimbozwe ngemicu ebukhali eminingi ehlukahlukene ngobukhulu. Izikhala ezinkulu zibekwe ngokuma entanyeni nasezinhlangothini zekhanda, kuphakama uphondo olukhulu ngaphezulu kwamehlo, futhi kuthweswe umqhele obukhali, ongahlekile emuva. Uma sibheka ukuthi i-moloch inekhanda elincane nomzimba obanzi, imilenze enamandla nomsila omfushane obanzi, khona-ke ungaqonda abantu abanikeze leli lizard igama likankulunkulukazi wegazi onenganekwane amaGreek asendulo ayemesaba kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, i-moloch lizard iyisidalwa esingenangozi ngokuphelele esidla izinambuzane ezincane. Futhi izipikili ezimboze umzimba wesigcilikisha ziyindlela yokuzivikela zaso: lowo ophazamisekile ugoba ikhanda phansi, aveza uhlangothi oluyingozi oluhluma oluqinile emuva kwekhanda ngezinhlaka ezinkulu eziqondiswe phambili.
Njengazo zonke izibankwakazi zasogwadule, i-moloch ingaphila ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Kepha-ke, lapho ifika emanzini, iyadakwa ukuze kuthi phakathi nemizuzu emihlanu iba yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Futhi “uphuza”… ngesikhumba esidonsa umswakama njengesipanji. (Ama-amphibians amaningi angenantambo aphuza ngendlela efanayo.) Futhi nansi enye into, enelukuluku kakhulu: Ukungena kwamanzi esikhunjeni akungeni masinyane ukungena kwegazi bese kungena izicubu zomzimba wonke. Kepha kuvela ukuthi esikhunjeni esifile sesidwaba kukhona ama-capillaries acwebile, amanzi adlula kuwo afike ekhanda bese engena emlonyeni. Luhlobo lwe-micro-aqueduct etholakala esikhunjeni.
I-Iguanas
Lo mndeni futhi mkhulu kakhulu futhi uhlukile. Kukhona imidondoshiya ecishe ibe ngamamitha amabili, nezindawo eziyishumi zamasentimitha. Ezinye zazo "zigqoke" ngezingubo ezi-scaly, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izikali ziba muhle kakhulu ngesinye isikhathi, kwesinye isikhathi zibe nezikhafu. Futhi abanye futhi bane-crest elula elula kulo lonke emuva nomsila.
Imibala yama-iguanas ihluke kakhulu. Izinhlobo zezinkuni ezichitha isikhathi esiningi phakathi kwamahlamvu zivame ukudwetshwa ngamathoni aluhlaza, futhi iphethini yazo ivame ukufana nemithambo yeqabunga egqagqene. Ugwadule kanye nama-iguanas ahlala emadwaleni nawo anombala wombala wendawo ezungezile, lo mbala ungaphansi kokuhlukahluka okukhulu ngisho nakubantu bohlobo olufanayo futhi kuya ngombala womhlabathi lapho kuhlala khona izibungu. Izinhlobo eziningi ziyakwazi ukuguqula umbala ngokushesha ngokuya ngohlobo lokushisa noma ukukhanya kwesibani. Ngokukhethekile ikhono elifanayo ngokuqinile lakhiwa kwezinye i-iguanas zokhuni zohlobo lwe-Anolis, lapho kulokhu kutholakala kwaqanjwa igama lamachiloon aseMelika.
Ama-iguanas amaningi aphakathi kwezibankwa ezihamba phambili. Izinhlobo zezinkuni - zibonga imilenze yazo emide ngeminwe eyishumi ebunjiwe - zigijimisana ngokushesha neziqu namagatsha ezihlahla futhi zisheshe zisuka egatsheni ziye kwelinye. I-Iguanas etholakala kuma-Antilles inemisila elishumi ebasiza ukuba bahlale emagatsheni. Zonke izinhlobo zomhlaba zimbaleki ezinhle, futhi ezinye ziyakwazi ukugijima amabanga amade ngejubane elikhulu emilenzeni yazo yangemuva.
Umbono oyiphutha oyingozi wokuthi lezi zilwane aziguli!
Ubunzima buhlala ekutheni izimpawu zesifo zikhula sekwephuzile, lesi sifo sihamba singaziwa kuze kube nzima ukubhekana naso, uma ngokwesisekelo kungenzeka. Futhi siphoqelekile ukubaphatha "ngemuva", okungahlali kuphumelela njalo.
Yini okudingeka yenziwe ukukhomba inkinga yesifuyo sami ngesikhathi?
Isihluthulelo sempilo segazi elibandayo (njengezinye izilwane) ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuvamile. Ungadinga futhi ukuletha isilwane osanda kusithenga ku-aphoyintimenti, usihlole ukuze uthole izifo noma uthole izeluleko ezifanele kokuqukethwe.
Lokhu kuzosiza ukugwema lesi simo esibuyela emuva, lapho indlela evamile yokuziphatha kwesilwane ibanga i-alamu: "kungani edangele futhi emncane, edla ikhilikithi elilodwa ngesonto. Simlungisile NGOKUGCWELE! ”
Yebo, kuyenzeka, futhi, ngakho-ke, kulula ukuthi uye ku-herpetologist futhi uthole konke. Uma isilwane "siyipulazi" - lokhu akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi "sikhululekile kwizinambuzane" (imvamisa abesifazane besifazane abakhulelwe basuka emvelweni, linda i-clutch futhi basithele). Futhi ngiyakuqinisekisa, Ngokuqinisekile bazothola ingxenye yezingxenyana zabazali. Futhi noma yiziphi izimo zokuqukethwe ezinhle kakhulu, ngokuzayo ungalindela "ukumangala" ngesimo se-parasite.
Ungayithutha kanjani i-reptile noma elinye igazi elibandayo?
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izinga lokushisa lomzimba lincike ngqo ekushiseni kwangaphandle. Dala i-microclimate efanele yohlobo oluthile ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ukwephula umthetho kungaholela emiphumeleni edabukisayo. Lapho owesifazane eselethe inyoka yommbila, ebingasindiswa ukube bekungekho amabanga angama-35 ngaphandle, kepha inyoka epulasitiki iphethe ezandleni zayo!
Ngenkathi ebandayo, izinyoka kanye nezimfudu ezincane, izibankwa kulula ukuziphatha esikhwameni sikotini emigqeni yokulengiswa ukuze zilenge entanyeni. futhi ucashe ngaphansi kwejazi: ama-degree akho angama-36.6 anele ukungabandisi.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ushayele udokotela wezilwane ekhaya?
Ukuxilongwa lapha ekhaya kunqunyelwe kakhulu, futhi kunzima futhi ukuthola ukuthi lazi kangakanani udokotela wezilwane ovakashile. Njengasemithi yokwelapha, isazi esikhethekile esinolwazi olunzulu, ngokwesibonelo, udokotela wamehlo noma i-allergist, ngeke size ekhaya. Ukwelashwa kwezirhubuluzayo nezinye ezinegazi elibandayo kucacisiwe kakhulu.
Njengomthetho, labo beza endlini ngemuva kwalokho isilwane cishe singenakukwazi ukuselapha: bajova i-Gamavit, bafaka futhi bagcobe i-retinol acetate, basebenzise imithamo ebulalayo yemithi elwa namagciwane engafanele ngokuphelele ukuphindisela. Ungaqhubeka njalo.
Kubuhlungu nje uma ubheka lesi silwane ngemuva kwendlu “ye-herpetologist” futhi ungakwazi ukubuyisa ukweqisa kwe-vithamini A, ngokwesibonelo, okubangela i-hepatitis enobuthi emzimbeni ngemuva kokusakazwa kwenyanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa idinga i-microscopy, i-x-ray, i-ultrasound, i-endoscopy. Ngisho nochwepheshe awukwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwenza ukuxilongwa okunekhono ngesisekelo sokuhlolwa nomlando wezokwelapha. Ngemuva kokushayela ucingo endlini, ukuvakasha okuphindaphindayo emtholampilo wezilwane kuyadingeka ukuthola ukuxilongwa okwengeziwe.
Kungakho kungcono ukuxhumana ngokushesha nomtholampilo wezilwane nodokotela oyi-herpetologist, lapho cishe yonke into ingenziwa khona lapho, khona-ke uzofika isikhathi sesibili sokuqapha nesilwane esijabulile nesiphilile!
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukhethe i-amphibian?
Ama-Amphibians ayizilwane ezithambile, futhi kaningi awukwazi ukuzithatha. Zinezikhumba ezibucayi kakhulu, ezisetshenziselwa ukudonsa amanzi nokuphefumula, kanti namafutha emunweni wabantu kuzovikela lokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhilimu, insipho, i-lotions, okungahle kubangele izinkinga zempilo ze-amphibian, kuvame ukuhlala kusezandleni.
Noma ngabe uhlobo oluthile lwesitho sangaphakathi lonakalisiwe ku-amphibian, i-newt iyakwazi ukuyibuyisela endaweni yalo ngosizo lokuvuselela amaseli asebenzayo.
Futhi ngokweqiniso, ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-amphibians lesi simo lapho sithathwa siyacindezela. Babona kumsingathi hhayi umngani nhlobo, kodwa usongo.
Ngabe izikelemu zikafulawa zilungele ama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezondlekile?
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-amphibians nezirhubuluzayo, izibungu zikafulawa kukudla okuhle. Kepha akufanele bakudle kakhulu, i-polka exoskeleton yabo kunzima ukuyigaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu zikafulawa zinamafutha amaningi, ngenxa yalokho zingadala ukukhuluphala.
E-aquarium, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuba nesembozo esilingana kahle, ngoba ama-newts angashiya kalula ichibi lasekhaya.
Ama-Amphibians adinga ukudla okubukhoma?
Ama-amphibians amaningi adinga ukudla okubukhoma, ngoba ukuze abe ne-Reflex yokudla, kumele abone ukunyakaza. Kepha ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjenge-slingshots, zithatha ngempumelelo ukudla kuma-tweezers, noma zibunjiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo ngokuvamile zingaphuza ama-pellets wokudla kwezinhlanzi. Kepha, noma kunjalo, iningi lama-amphibians lidla kuphela ukudla okuphilayo, bese lenqaba okunye.
I-Axolotl ingagcinwa ndawonye ne-salamanders noma izibungu zazo, kodwa hhayi ngenhlanzi.
Ngabe kuyadingeka ukuba i-hibernation izinyamazane nezilwane eziphila ngaphansi komhlaba?
Izinhlobo eziningi azidingi ukufihlwa lapho zigcinwa ekudingisweni. Izinhlobo ezihlala esimweni sezulu esishisayo se-hibernate, kodwa kaningi kwanele ukumane kunciphise ukudla, ukunciphisa umswakama kanye nokushisa. I-Hibernation iyasiza lapho kuzanywa ukuzala izilwanyana ezihuquzelayo nama-amphibians, lapho kunconywa khona.
Ehumusheni olungokoqobo oluvela olimini lwe-Aztec, i-axolotl (axolotl) - "inja yamanzi (i-monster)."
Ungathola kanjani phansi phansi kwexoxo?
Akulula ukuqonda phansi kwesele, kuncike kakhulu ezinhlotsheni. Njengomthetho, abesilisa abangama-crak, abesifazane abenzi umsindo. Imvamisa, izinsikazi zinkulu, zinezimo zomzimba eziyindilinga, kanti ezesilisa zilingile futhi zincanyana ngosayizi.
Amaxoxo, ahola indlela yokuphila yamanzi, sekuyisikhathi eside athatha indawo eqinile ezindaweni zasemanzini zabathandi.
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, amaxoxo amaningi wesilisa akha amabumba emilenzeni yawo nangaphakathi kwezidladla zawo. Babukeka njengesikhumba esiqinile, bangaba mnyama noma babe mhlophe. Kepha akubona bonke abesilisa abangama-crak, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amasele amaduna akhudlwana kunabesifazane, ngakho-ke kukhona okuhlukile. Ukuze ungenzi iphutha, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi hlobo lwe-frog, lapho-ke sekuzokwazi ukuthola ubulili bawo.
Yini okufanele uyenze uma isilwane singadli?
Lezi zilwane zingenqaba ukudla ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene: ukudla okungafanele, izimo ezingezinhle, umswakama ongafanele noma izinga lokushisa, futhi nokugcina kanye nomlingani ovelele.
Njengamanje, izindawo zasemanzini ziqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zamaxoxo: isele elishelelayo - i-xenopus, nexoxo elincane - i-hymenohirus.
Kuyadingeka ukukhipha zonke lezi zinto, bese isilwane sesiqala ukudla ngokwejwayelekile. Uma lesi isilwane esisha, khona-ke ungesabi, ngoba kungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukujwayela. Okwamanje, i-reptile noma i-amphibian ayikwazi ukuthathwa ukuze isuse ngaphandle kwesimo sokucindezela.
Yini okufanele uyenze uma isele noma i-salamander ligobhoza?
Uma ixoxo likhukhuka, imvamisa umzimba wawo ugcwele uketshezi noma uqinile.Ama-amphibians amaningi angagwinya ngephutha i-substrate (amatshe amatshe, amagxolo, njll.), Yingakho ezwa ukuqhekeka. Ukuhlehliswa kwesisu noma amathumbu kungenzeka kuma-amphibians, anama-chitin amaningi ekudleni kwawo. Kwesinye isikhathi imbangela yokuqothuka ingaqhamuka, kepha, njengomthetho, usizo lokuhlinzwa luyadingeka.
Uma i-amphibian iqubuka ngenxa uketshezi, lokhu ikakhulukazi kubangelwa yikhwalithi emibi yamanzi. Isikhumba sama-amphibians sizwela ikhwalithi yamanzi, futhi amanzi ompompi aqukethe i-chloramines nama-chloride, angalimaza isikhumba futhi abangele nokuqhekeka kwezinso. Kungenxa yesifo sezinso ukuthi ama-amphibians ayanda ngenxa yokuthi uketshezi alunakususwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihuquzelayo nama-amphibians zingavuvukala ngenxa yezifo. Kuzo zonke izimo, thintana nodokotela wezilwane.
Ingabe kuyinto evamile ukuthi amasele aqhume?
Imvamisa, lapho kubukeka sengathi isilwane siyavela, empeleni isele likhipha isikhumba esidala. Ngakho-ke, isimo esinjalo samaxoxo siyinto evamile.
Ama-Hymenochiruse athule, athule, acothame futhi athambile kunawokuvunguza.
Izimbungulu ezincane zombala omhlophe zilimele e-terrarium, ziyingozi yini kubahlali? Izimbungulu ezinjalo izinzipho. Azilimazi izakhamizi zakhona. Ama-Nailtails adla ngokudla kokubumba nokudla okubolayo. Kodwa ukuba khona kwabo kusikisela ukuthi e-terrarium kuyadingeka ukushintsha i-substrate. Imvamisa, ama-springtails aqoqwa ngamanani amaningi wokudla okubolayo kanye nendle.
Ungasusa kanjani impukane kaDrosophila e-terrarium?
IDrosophila imvamisa iqala emadolobheni anezinhlobo ezishisayo zase-amphibians, lapho kunamaqabunga amaningi abolile noma isizinda esimanzi kakhulu. Ukuze ususe i-Drosophila, udinga nje ushintshe i-substrate noma okungenani ususe izitshalo ezibolekayo. Uma izimpukane ziphinda zivele, kunconywa ukuthi ushintshe uhlobo lwensiza engezansi.
Ngokwenkulumo efanelekayo yesithandwa esisodwa, amasele amancanyana afana "nokuzindla nge-scuba divers."
Yimaphi amavithamini anikeza okukhishwa kanye nama-amphibians?
Lapho ugcina izidalwa eziphindaphindayo kanye nama-amphibians, kubalulekile ukuthi ukudla kugcwaliswe ngamavithamini kanye namaminerali, ngoba izinambuzane ngeke zondle kahle.
Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi izengezo zikhishwa ngendlela ye-powder. Fafaza ukudla ngalo mpuphu ngaphambi kokukunikeza isilwane. Inani lezithasiselo ngokuya ngohlobo nobudala bokuphindwayo.
Amaxoxo we-Spur ayasebenza, aqinile futhi akanamahloni ngokuphelele.
Amavithamini nezithasiselo zamaminerali kumele zibe sezingeni eliphezulu. I-Rep-cal Herptivite eyakhiwe kahle, i-Rep-cal calcium ene-D3 noMiner-konke. Musa ukukhetha izengezo ezinesilinganiso se-phosphorus kuya ku-calcium ngaphezulu kwe-1 kuye ku-2. Uma ukudla okuyinhloko kungamakhilikithi, bese usebenzisa izengezo ngaphandle kwe-phosphorus.
Kuyini okuphakelayo okuphakelayo?
Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinambuzane zondliwa ukudla okukhwalithi ngaphambi kokunikezwa izilobe noma izilwanyana ezincelisayo. Okusho ukuthi, amavithamini angena ezinambuzaneni abese engena izidalwa zezilwane ezizidlayo.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokunikeza izilwane amakhethini, zingama-oats, ama-aphula, izaqathe, iklabishi, ulethisi, i-turnips nokunye.
Uma amasele e-aquarium emhlophe noma epinki, enamehlo abomvu-ke, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubukhulu bawo bunjani.
Iyini i-coconut fiber?
I-coconut fiber iyisigatshana esihle kakhulu sama-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Le substrate iphephile ngokuphelele uma igwinyiwe. Ukhukhamba kakhukhunathi ugcina umswakama kahle futhi nezilwane ezifuywayo zimmba nje kuwo. I-coconut fiber ithengiswa kuma-briquette ezitolo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane. I-briquette ifakwa ebhakedeni lamanzi afudumele, futhi iyajuluka.
Ubukhulu be-hymenochirus yabantu abadala, njengomthetho, awudluli ku-4 cm, kuyilapho umkhulungwane we-spur ukhula ube ngu-10 cm cm.
Kungani amaxoxo esihlahla eshintsha umbala?
Amaxoxo amaningi esihlahla aguqula umbala ukuze uhambisane nemvelo yawo. Uma ufaka ixoxo elikhanyayo entweni emnyama, umzimba wayo uyaba mnyama. Kepha futhi amasele angashintsha imibala ngenxa yengcindezi. Kumasele angenampilo, umbala oguquliwe uphikelela isikhathi eside. Uma izinga lokukhanya, umswakama kanye lokushisa akulungile, isele lisesimweni sokucindezela, ngenxa yalokho, umbala walo uyashintsha.
Ungayinakekela kanjani i-reptile noma ama-amphibians?
Imvamisa abantu bathola ama-toads, izimfudu bese bezama ukubuyela ekhaya. Kepha kunconyelwa ukuthi izilwane zasendle zishiywe ngokwemvelo, ngoba azijwayele kahle impilo yokuthunjwa. Ungaletha ezihuquzelayo noma ama-amphibians aqhamuka emgaqweni kuphela lapho i-terrarium isilungile futhi unamakhono wokugcina lezi zilwane.
Uma noma kunjalo waqala i-reptile yasendle noma i-amphibian, kuzodingeka unqume uhlobo lwayo. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuhlalu, amasele, izimfudu, izimo ezithile zokuboshwa ziyadingeka: umswakama okhethekile, izinga lokushisa, ukudla. Unganquma uhlobo lwesifuya usebenzisa i-google.com. Ungathola futhi amasayithi anamathiphu wokuqukethwe lapho. Kepha udinga ukuqhathanisa izeluleko.
Amaxoxo athinta inhliziyo, manje athengisiwe cishe kuzo zonke izitolo zezilwane, enza abantu babe nesifiso esingenakuvinjwa sokuwathenga.
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