I-Grizzly bear, noma ibhere elimpunga (in Latin Ursus arctos horribilis) - iyi-subspecies yebhere elinsundu, esinye sezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezihlala ikakhulu e-Alaska nasentshonalanga yeCanada.
Kunamahlebezi amaningi mayelana namabhere amabi. Abazingeli bakhuluma ngokuqina kwalesi silwane nokwesaba ukuthi kuyashukumisa. Kepha kwaziwa ngani ngempela ngaleli bhere?
Ukubukeka
Ngobukhulu bayo nokubukeka kwayo, ibhele elimnandi lilingana nezinhlobo zaseSiberia zebhere nsundu. Mkhulu nje, usindile futhi uqine. Isici saso esihlukile wukuba khona kwezicaba ezinde (cishe 15 cm). Izichaka ezinjalo zimenza umzingeli onolaka, kepha akakwazi ukugibela izihlahla.
Ubude bomzimba obukhulu ngokujwayelekile bungama-2,5-2,8 m, kepha abanye abantu bangakwazi ukufika kumamitha angama-4. Isisindo sebhere elingwevu ngamakhilogremu angama-500 ngokwesilinganiso, kepha angafinyelela ku-1 ithani. Abesifazane banesisindo esingama-350 kg.
Umzimba webhere uqine kakhulu, izicubu zomzimba, umbozwe uboya obukhulu. Umbala wengemuva namahlombe wehlombe ungwevu wesiliva, izingxenye ezisele zomzimba zimdaka. Kude, isilwane sivele simpunga. Kungakho igama le-bear grizzly, elihumusha lisuka esiNgisini ngokuthi "grey."
Ikhanda elibabazekayo likhulu ngezindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga. Umsipha wesilwane ucijile kancane, ekugcineni kwaso kukhona ikhala elimnyama. Uzwela kakhulu. Amehlo aphambi kwekhanda, nawo mancane.
Imihlathi ye-Grizzly ithuthukiswe kahle. Umlomo unamazinyo amaningi aqinile.
Izimbambo zebhere zimfushane, kepha ziqinile ngokungajwayelekile. Ama-forelegs amafushane futhi abanzi kunezinyawo eziyingemuva. Umsila wesilwane umfishane kancanyana kunebhere elinsundu.
Ukubhebhetheka
Kwake kwahlala ama-grizzlies kuleyo nsimu eqala enyakatho neMexico, nasema-Alaska naseTexas. Kepha namuhla, lezi zilwane zitholakala kuphela e-Alaska nasentshonalanga yeCanada. Izixuku ezihlala zihlala zodwa ziyaphikelela enyakatho ye-Idaho (ezintabeni zeRocky), entshonalanga neMontana nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeWyoming, kanye nasenyakatho yezintaba zeCascade (USA, Washington).
Indlela yokuphila nemikhuba emfushane
Ama-grizzlies aqala indlela yokuphila efana namabhere ansundu: nawo adla kakhulu izitshalo zokudla, kanye nokugcwala ubusika.
Ngenxa yoqhwaku olukhulu, amabhere amadala agrey awakwazi ukugibela izihlahla, kuphela ebusheni bawo akhuphuka kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa izindlawu ezinkulu. Abantu abadala grizzly kalula bawele umfula. Lezi zithwala izinhlanzi, zondla uju, ezilutholayo, zonakalisa okhalweni.
Ibhere elimpunga alesabi cishe noma ngubani. Ubhekana kalula ne-buffalo enamarabi. Izilwane zasendle nemfuyo, lapho ibona okumfushane okukhulu, izizwa ingethukile. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi ama-grizzly azinazitha.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuye kwaba nezimo zokuhlaselwa kwabantu ngamabhere kubantu, abanye besaba abantu abasebusweni elimnandi namanje. Kunezimo lapho ibhere lalicashe khona, kunuka iphunga lomuntu.
Ebusheni babo, ama-grizzlies amabhele ahlekisayo we-teddy okulula ukuwabamba. Bangadlala nabantu baze bavikele nabo. Impilo yomuntu odabukisayo ekuthunjweni iyefana neyebhere ejwayelekile - ebusika ilele esigodini.
Ama-grizzlies amabhere angashadile. Bahlala bezulazula, begwema zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana nabanye abamele uhlobo lwabo. Izingxabano ze-grizzly bear namanye amabhere zingenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi sokucwilisa.
Lapho nje ibhere livuka ngemuva kokucabanga, iyahamba. Uchitha isikhathi esiningi efuna ukudla. Ekwindla, ama-grizzlies adla kanzima ukuze aqongelele ungqimba lwamafutha, abe anganela ubusika bonke. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuhlomisa umhume ebusika. Kulokhu, igquma elincane lifanelekile impela, okuzocasha ngalo ebusika ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ukuvinjwa kwebhere elimnyama ngeke kwabizwa ngokuthi ukulala okujulile; kufana nokulala kancane. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wesilwane liyancipha.
Lapho i-thaw iqala ukungena, ibhere isuka emgodini iphumele ngaphandle iyofuna ukudla. Kepha uma iqhwa liphinda liqala, i-grizzly ibuyela emgodini, lapho ihlala khona kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukushisa.
Umsoco
Amabhere kukholakala ukuthi angababulali begazi, kepha empeleni bakhetha ukudla amajikijolo nezithelo. Zingezokuhleleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha zingama-omnivores. Amazinyo ama-Grizzly ahlelaniswa nokudla okuxubile.
Kokudla kwesitshalo, ama-grizzlies asebenzisa amahlumela amasha wezitshalo, amantongomane, amajikijolo nezithelo, ulwelwe, izimpande. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhele elingwevu lingadla amaqanda enyoni, inhlanzi, izinyamazane namasele, kanye nezinambuzane nezibungu zazo. Bazondla nge-carrion. Bamunca buqamama ngisho ne-28 km.
Izilwane ezinkulu nazo zizingelwa ngama-grizzlies. Imvamisa, izisulu zakhe zingabantu abadala, abagulayo, noma omncane.
Ibhere elidala linamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ngokushaya kwalo okunamandla nezinzipho ezibukhali lingabulala ngisho nenyamazane. Lokhu kuzomnika ukudla isonto lonke. Ngemuva kokuzingela nokudla, ibhere liyaphumula. Lokhu ukwenza emigudwini yamatshe noma emgodini wesikhashana oboshwe ngotshani.
Lapho kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwe-salmon, ama-grizzlies ahlala abuthana ngaseceleni kwemifula, bezama ukubamba inhlanzi. Futhi njengoba bebhukuda kahle, ngisho nemifudlana enesivunguvungu ayibesabi. Ukuze abambe izinhlanzi, afaka isihlakala emfuleni futhi abambe inhlanzi ngomlomo wakhe, noma ayichoboze ngesidladla sayo. Amanye amabhere anekhono elikhulu kangangokuba angabamba izinhlanzi ngempukane lapho egxuma ephuma emanzini. Amabhere abamba izinhlanzi ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu, ngalinye lazo linesakhiwo salo.
Amabhere eGrizzly futhi athanda ukonakalisa amashiya futhi adle uju.
Isithombo
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwamabhere ompunga siba ngoJuni. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa uyakwazi ukuhogela insikazi ngisho nakude kwamakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngokubambisana, lo mbhangqwana ungowezi-3-4 kuphela, ubuningi bezinsuku eziyi-10 (zanele ukumanyiswa), bese uhlakazeka.
Insikazi ibamba inzalo cishe izinsuku ezingama-250, futhi kakade ngoJanuwari, kuzalwa amawundlu amancane. Imvamisa kuzalwa amawundlu angama-2-3. Zinesisindo esingama-400-700 g. Amawundlu amabhere azalwa enqunu, eyimpumputhe futhi engenamsoco, ngakho-ke izinyanga ezimbalwa umama uziwabuka eduze.
Kungokokuqala ukuthi baphume emgodini wezingane ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo (ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi). Kancane kancane umama ubajwayela ukuthola ukudla. Isithombo simlandela ngokuqinile umama kuyo yonke indawo. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kule minyaka, abesilisa abadala bangahlasela amazinyane.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ibhere iqala ukubhekela umndeni wayo omkhulu umhlambi omusha, obanzi kakhulu. Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, amawundlu ashiya umama wawo futhi azimele ngokuphelele.
Ukuthomba kwabantu besifazane kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3, kuthi abesilisa - kube neminyaka emi-4. Ama-grizzlies ahlangana nezinye izinhlobo zamabhere. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-grizzly iwela ngamabhere we-polar, i-hybrid evundile (ekwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo) yaqhamuka - grizzlies.
Inani lama-grizzlies kubantu
Ibhere elinamandla ungomunye wezinyamazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika, ezaziwa ngokuqina kwazo. Ososayensi babiza le subspecies horribilis (okungukuthi, "eyethusayo, eyethusayo"). Amahemuhemu anokuthi ibhere ayesabi nhlobo abantu. Angamelana nomuntu, noma ehlome.
Inani lalezi zilwane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili liye landa kakhulu kangangokuba inani labo selidlule izinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Baqala ukuhlasela imihlambi yezilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nabantu uqobo. Ukuzivikela bona kanye nemfuyo kulomhlaseli, abalimi abaningi baqala ukudubula ama-grizzlies, ngenxa yalokho inani labo lehle kakhulu (cishe izikhathi ezingama-30).
Namuhla, amabhere amabi athola isimo sokuzivikela. Zitholakala ikakhulukazi emapaki ezwe lonke lase-US: Glacier, Mount McKinley, Yellowstone, kusuka lapho ziphinde zabuyiselwa kwezinye izindawo zase-USA. Kuze kube manje, inani lamabhere selingabantu abangaba ngu-50 000. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo, ama-grizzlies anda kakhulu kangangokuba avumela ukuzingela ngezikhathi ezithile. Ibhere ihlala ngokwesilinganiso yeminyaka engama-30.
Amacala aphindwe kabili webhele elihlaselwa umuntu ayaziwa, ayevame ukuphela ngokufa. Esikhathini esiningi izisulu zabo kwakuyizihambi ezazithola amabhere ngesikhathi lapho ibhere lalifuna ukudla. Ososayensi bathi ibhele lingamhlasela umuntu uma ephazanyiswa ngenkathi kudliwa.
Ubungozi be-grizzly bear kubantu ukuthi ibhere liqinile kakhulu: lingabulala ngesiteleka esisodwa se-paw. Kepha amacala anjalo aqabile. Uma umuntu edubula ibhere futhi alimala - isilo siba nolaka ngokwengeziwe. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphunyula kuye, ngoba, ngaphandle kobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele, i-grizzly isebenza ngokushesha futhi ibhukuda kahle.
ENyakatho Melika (phakathi kwamaNdiya) kubhekwa njengento enhle ukukala amandla nge-grizzly. Umuntu onqobele ibhere empunga uthola umgexo wezipho namazinyo amnyama njengomvuzo.
Ividiyo ye-Grizzly bear
Impi yabazingeli ezigodini zeYellowstone National Park e-United States. Abanikazi bale paki bebenesihluku esikhulu behlangabezana nezimbangi ezintsha ezazivela enyakatho - amaphakethe wezimpisi. Ikhasi nefilimu: Amabhere amabi kanye nezimpisi.
Futhi bukela ividiyo:
- I-Grizzly Bear Fight - Izidlamlilo ezimbili ezinkulu zithola ubuhlobo.
- Impi yamabhere amangalisayo - ividiyo evela esiteshini se-Animal Planet (isiNgisi).
- Impi yama-grizzly ibhere No. 2 kunalokho iphikiswa ngaphandle kokulwa phakathi kwama-grizzlies amabili.
- I-Grizzly Bear Film - Isihambi sase-Austin Stevens sinezithombe ezibabazekayo ezihlazisayo emahlathini aseNtshonalanga Canada.
- I-Grizzly Bear vs. Polar Bear - Ifilimu evela ochungechungeni lwase-Wild America.
- U-Grizzly ubamba inyathi - ividiyo ye-amateur evela eYellowstone Park.
Ifilimu emayelana ne-bear grizzly
Imithambeka yezintaba eqinile futhi ihlathi lezintombi zase-Alaska naseCanada kuhlalwa ngazo ama-grizzlies odumile futhi aziqhekekile kuphela, okuyizihlobo eziseduzane zebhere nsundu. Lezi zilwane ezihlaselayo zihlala ezindaweni ezimbalwa zozo e-United States.
Lesi sidlo esikhulu esingenazitha endle. Futhi ayinayo indawo yayo yaphakade. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akanazitha, uzama ukugwema ukuhlangana okungafuneki nezihlobo zakhe noma izilwane ezilingana nezinkulu. I-grizzly isebenzisa isikhathi esiningi sentwasahlobo nehlobo kuphela ifuna ukudla. Ngokuzikhandla ugwema izimo zokushayisana, noma kunjalo, phakathi nesikhathi sokukhwelana, ukulwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yebhere. Ezingxabanweni ezinjalo, abesilisa abakhulu bavame ukuwina. Ebusika, ama-hizernates amnyama. Kungakho ngesikhathi sekwindla azama ukudla ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi aqongelele amanoni ukuze akwazi ukulala izinyanga eziningi ezinde. Ngesikhathi hibernation, umzimba webhere uphole ngamadigri ambalwa kuphela. Izinqubo zokuphila zehla kancane, lokhu kuvumela amabhere ukusinda ebusika abalele. Esikhathini esiningi, izisulu, ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, zimba imigodi yazo, futhi abanye bathola indawo yokuhlala yemvelo. Lapho umhlaba umbozwe "ngengubo" emhlophe yeqhwa, yilapho kuphela amagrabi ezokhwela emgodini wawo alale kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
IHibernation iphela kuphela ngokuqala kwezinsuku ezifudumele nokufudumeza inhlabathi. Abesifazane abangasindwa ngamawundlu nabesilisa bangabokuqala ukushiya “amafulethi” abo ebusika. Izimo zesimo sezulu kuphela nezimo ezivivinyayo zezilwane ngazinye ikakhulukazi kuncike esikhathini sokuqedwa kwe-hibernation. Umsebenzi oyisisekelo we-grizzly, emva kwe-hibernation, ukuthola ukudla.
I-Grizzly bear
UJuni yisikhathi semidlalo yokuthandana i-grizzly bear. Ngaphambi kokuzala, owesilisa kufanele ayenge insikazi. Ukhula kancane futhi uzama ukuthinta ingemuva lomzimba wakhe ngekhala. Izinsuku ezingama-180 kuye kwezingama-250, umama uphatha ingane ngaphansi kwenhliziyo yakhe. Ukukhula kweqanda esibelethweni akuqali ngokushesha, kodwa kuphela ekwindla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umama wesikhathi esizayo udinga ukuthola ugcino oludingekayo lwamafutha okondla ingane esizayo. Lesi sikhathi sokukhulelwa sibizwa ngokuthi i-latent. Amawundlu amabhele njalo avela ezinyangeni zasebusika endaweni efudumele nenethezekile. Encane ekuphakameni futhi enesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-500 kuphela, izimpumputhe, ezingenamazinyo namazinyane woboya kuzalwa.
Ezinyangeni eziningana, insikazi idla inzalo kuphela ngobisi ngenkathi isemgodini. Izinyathelo zokuqala ezibheke ekungaqiniseki kwamawundlu, kanye nonina, athathwa maphakathi no-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, eshiya izindonga ezithandekayo zendlu. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingane zichitha nonina kuphela, ozifundisa ukuzitholela ukudla. Abesilisa abahamba bodwa bavame ukuba ngababulali bezinyane, yize kunakekelwa umama njalo.
UNYAZI LOKHO ...
- Izazi zemivubukulo, ngokusetshenziselwa izinto zokumba, zithi izinsalela ezitholakala engxenyeni yeYurophu yanamuhla zingamabhere amabi ahlala lapho eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-13 ezedlule.
- Esikhathini esedlule, ngeXX century, abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-90 baseNyakatho Melika. Namuhla, kunamaqembu ezinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuphela ezilolu hlobo lwalezi zilwane ezise-Alaska naseCanada. E-USA azikho ngaphezu kwezilwane ezingama-300.
- Isilwane singagijima kuphela aze afike kumamitha ayikhulu ngejubane elilingana nesivinini sehhashi eliminyene. Naphezu kwe-Clubfoot kanye nokuhamba kwayo kancane, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela kumhlaseli othukuthele.
Grizzly Bear Hunt
Amabhere ama-grizzly awesabekayo futhi ukudla kwawo kuhlukahlukene. Akuyona inyama kuphela ewumthombo ophambili wezondlamzimba. Isilwane sidla izithelo, utshani namajikijolo asendle ngentokozo. Imihlathi yesilwane iyakwazi ukuhlafuna hhayi ukudla kwezitshalo kuphela, kepha nokudla kwezilwane. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqoqwe amafutha, kudingekile ngesikhathi sasebusika, isilwane kufanele sidle inyama.
Umqondo omnandi wephunga lesisulu ungabamba iphunga kude namakhilomitha angama-28. Ekufuneni ukudla, ibhele elimfusa alideleli ukugcwala kanye namagundane amancane. Ngokuntuleka kokudla, akagcini nje ngokumba izimpande futhi adle i-algae, kodwa futhi ujabulele amajikijolo namantongomane ehlathini.
Uma isilwane esigulayo noma esibuthakathaka, kanye nomuntu osemncane, evela endleleni yomdlangi, ngokuqinisekile uzoqala ukuzingela nokubulala, noma ngabe sikhulu kangakanani. Isisulu esikhulu sezinsuku ezinhlanu singasebenza njengomthombo othembekile wokudla webhele elinamawundlu amancane. Isihlobo esiseduze sebhere elimhloshana ibhere elinsundu. Kukhulu kakhulu (I-Ursusama-arctosmiddendorffi) abahlala esiQhingini sase-Kodiak nase-Alaska. Lezi zidlakela zingabadobi abahle kakhulu. Lapho ama-salmon enyukela phezulu, awaphuthelwa ithuba lawo. Emasontweni ambalwa, izinhlanzi bezingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunempilo.
Ngabe kudlani ama-grizzlies?
Ukudoba kuyikhono okudingeka ukulisebenzisa kahle lonke ibhele elibuhlungu ukuze liphile. Abantu abadala nabantu abaqinile bathatha izindawo ezinhle kakhulu. Bangena emanzini kuma-rapid futhi bakha ama-paws abo bezama ukulahla i-salmon igxuma iphume emanzini. Amabhere amancane kuphela futhi angenalwazi ngokuvamile ahlala ngaphandle kokubanjwa. Bachitha amandla abo kuphela ngokujaha izinhlanzi emanzini ngokungenangqondo. Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlala ezitobheni phakathi nomfula bese zibona izinhlanzi, zigxume ngokushesha kuwo. Ngale ndlela yokudoba, bazama ukumbamba ngamazinyo abo.
Ibhere elinobudlova ligcina kuphela indlela yokuphila eyedwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwe-salmon kuphela lapho bebuthana endaweni eyodwa. Lokhu kukhuluma kuphela ngomncintiswano ovuthayo futhi abanamandla bathola izindawo ezinenzuzo kakhulu zokudoba. Ababuthakathaka, abancane noma abesifazane abanamawundlu baneliswa yizindawo ezinenzuzo encane.
I-Grizzly bear paw
AmaCuba bazalwa izikhathi ezingaphansi kweshumi uma ubude bebhere.
Ngokuqhathanisa: ukukhula kwengane yomuntu ezelwe kungaphansi kathathu kuphela ukukhula komuntu omdala.
Amaphawundi: qeda ngohlaka olunamandla olufiphele. I-grizzly bear isebenzisa ama-paws amaningi ukudoba nangezikhathi zokulwa. Amandla amangalisayo kuma-paws, phezu komthelela, angabulala isilwane esikhulu.
Lawa ngamagama angu-3 000 engangifuna ukuwabelana ngabafundi.