I-Grass frog (i-Rana temporaria) - ummeleli womndeni wamaxoxo wangempela (Ranidae). Lokhu kuyi-amphibian enkulu kunalokho: i-amphibian ifinyelela ku-10 cm. Umzimba mkhulu, ikhanda likhulu. Umbala we-Amphibian ungahluka kusuka ku-beige kuya koshokoledi. Izindawo ezimnyama ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, kanye namashubhu, zisakazeke ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba. Isisu sikhanya, sinependi ephuzi noma eluhlaza okotshani, imvamisa iphethini elimnyama elibunjiwe. Indawo emnyama yethempeli isuka emaphethelweni ongaphandle wamehlo nge-eardrum iye kwisisekelo sangaphambili.

Emadodeni, umzimba unciphile, izimbobo zezimbambo eziboshwe ngamakhonkco omlomo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, sebekhulumile izingcingo zokukhwelana emunweni wokuqala, futhi futhi bashintsha umbala kancane - uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba luyakhanya, ngenkathi umphimbo uthola ukucwazimka.

Ngokubukeka, isele lotshani lifana kakhulu nolunye uhlobo lwendalo - isele elibukhali. Kodwa-ke, uma ubhekisisa, kulula ukuhlukanisa. Okokuqala, i-heroine yethu ingumnikazi wesigaxa sezimbiza kunomzala wakhe, okwesibili, sikhulu ngokubonakalayo, futhi okwesithathu, esiswini sayo inephethini emnyama ebunjiwe (isisu esicijile esimhlophe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-heroine yethu ine-tubercle yangaphakathi ephansi yangaphakathi.

Indawo yokuhlala yeGrass Frog

Le amphibian isatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngaphandle kwe-Iberian peninsula. Itholakala kuyo yonke iScandinavia futhi iya lapha enyakatho kude kunabo bonke abanye abantu basendle. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia enyakatho ifinyelela ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe. Umngcele osempumalanga wobubanzi ufinyelela emaphethelweni aphansi e-Irtysh, eningizimu - ezindaweni ezinemikhawulo ephakathi yeVolga.

Ama-Amphibias ahlala cishe kuwo wonke ama-biotypes, kepha athanda kakhulu amahlathi anobuhlakani obuningi, ahlukanisayo futhi axubekile. Emngceleni wobubanzi bawo, utholakala ku-tundra nasezitebhisini. Uhlala ezindaweni ezitshaliwe - amasimu, izingadi, izingadi namapaki. Izintaba zikhuphuka ngamamitha ayi-3,000 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Njengamanye ama-amphibians, iselesele lotshani lizama ukugwema amachibi kasawoti futhi alikwazi ukuhlala ngosuku emanzini, usawoti lona ofinyelela ku-0.07%.

Indlela yokuphila yesele yesele emvelweni

Lawa ma-amphibians achitha iningi lempilo yawo esemhlabeni, kepha azama ukugwema izindawo ezomile kakhulu. Amachibi awadingayo kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalela, yize evame ukubonakala eduze kwamanzi noma emanzini nangemva kwenkathi yokuzala.

Amaxoxo asebenza njengezindawo zokukhosela emathangeni aminyene ezitshalo, ukhuni, amatshe, izimbotshana emhlabathini: ngaphansi kwawo afihla izitha nesimo sezulu esingesihle.

Njengomthetho, umuntu ngamunye uhlala endaweni efanayo iminyaka eminingana: kwisiza saso i-frog ijwayelekile kuzo zonke izindawo ezifanele ukuzingela, indawo yokukhosela kanye nobusika.

Ngomsebenzi wexoxo lotshani, umswakama wemvelo ubaluleke kakhulu. Akukona kaningi ukwenzeka ukuba uhlangane ekuseni noma ngosuku olukhanya kakhulu. Ukusebenza ngamandla kuye kuqala kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ehlobo, uma kungekho imvula isikhathi eside, futhi umhlaba womile, akunakwenzeka ukuthi okungenani kutholakale umuntu oyedwa ehlathini. Kepha kufanelekile ukuna imvula noma ukuwela emazingeni amaningi, ziningi zazo.

Izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphansi alilinganiseli umsebenzi wamaxoxo otshani: noma ku-2-3 ° C ayasebenza, yize ama-amphibians ezizwa ekhululekile kakhulu ekushiseni kwe-17-20 ° C.

Esebenzayo la ma-amphibians ayeki ukuba nokuqala kweziqalo ezijwayelekile. Abantu abasha bahamba baye ebusika ngemuva kwesikhashana nje kunabantu abadala, bangatholakala ngisho ngoNovemba, uma izinga lokushisa phakathi nosuku lalingaphansi kune-0 ° C.

Izici ze-Frog neHabitat

Amaxoxo aphila emaceleni emahlathini aswakeme kanye nasezigungwini, nasogwini lwemifula ethule namachibi amahle.Lezi zilwane eziyingqayizivele zingabamele ngokucacile bokuhleleka kwama-amphibians angenantambo.

Ubungako bamaxoxo buxhomekeke kuhlobo: Amaxoxo aseYurophu ngokuvamile awekho amakhulu kune-decimeter eyodwa. Isele lenkunzi yaseNyakatho Melika lingakhula kabili. Futhi ixoxo lase-goliath lase-Afrika, okuluhlobo lokugcina irekhodi, lifinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu bendawo yemitha ubukhulu nesisindo samakhilogremu ambalwa.

Esithombeni, i-goliath frog

Kukhona futhi nezinhlobo ezincane zamasele (imindeni yezinyamfu-mhlobo, noma ama-micro -xoxo), ubude bawo bungaphansi kwesentimitha.

Esithombeni kukhona i-frog micro-frog

Izimpawu zangaphandle amaqembu amasele ezilwane yilezi: isibalo esitokile, amehlo asondelelayo, afinqiwe, uma siqhathanisa ukusongelela emuva, izandulelo zangaphambili, umhlathi ophansi wento, nolimi oludwetshwe kanye nokuswela komsila.

Amaxoxo ayizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, okungukuthi, zinokushisa komzimba, okuncike ngqo esimweni sendawo ezungezile. Iqembu lamasele e-amphibian liyamangalisa futhi lihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zezilwane ezingamakhulu ayisihlanu. Kukholelwa ukuthi indawo ababehlala kuyo kwakungu-Afrika.

Amaxoxo, ubuhlalu kanye nezinyobu ziyizihlobo ezisondelene ezingenasiphikiso eziphikiswa yizihlobo zazo ezonakele: ama-salamanders nama-newts. Amaxoxo futhi izilwane ezincelisayo futhi bayizihlobo ezikude zohlobo lwamaChordates.

Amaxoxo – lezi yizilwaneukuba nombala ohluke kakhulu. Iningi lazo lizifihla njengotshani, amaqabunga namagatsha, ngokuba nemibala eluhlaza okotshani nokumpunga. Futhi bakwenza kahle kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukubahlukanisa ngokwezifiso nemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ixoxo yinhlobo enjalo yesilwane enamaseli aguqula umbala wesikhumba, okunika okungaphezulu nokho ithuba lokuhlangana nemvelo futhi iphunyuke ezitheni zayo uqobo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamasele, kunalokho, zihlukaniswa ngemibala egqamile. Imvamisa, imibala enjalo yokulwa ikhombisa ubuthi bezinhlobo zamaxoxo, ngoba esikhumbeni sezilwane kukhona indlala ekhethekile ekhiqiza ubumfihlo obunobuthi futhi obuyingozi empilweni.

Umbala ogqamile wesele njengasesithombeni ungakhombisa ubuthi bawo

Kodwa-ke, ezinye zilingisa kuphela, okuwukuthi, eziyingozi inkohliso, ngaleyo ndlela zibalekela ezitheni, ukuze kungenzeki ukuqonda ngokunembile ukuthi yimaphi amaxoxo ezilwane anobuthi. Ngeshwa, abaningi izinhlobo zamasele zisondele ekuqothulweni.

Yini ukudla kwasemini?

Ukudla kwamaxoxo otshani kuya ngezici zesimo umhlaba ahlala kuzo. Zidla emhlabathini ohlukahlukene we-invertebrates. Kunezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezindizayo ekudleni kwalawa ma-amphibians, ngoba zizingela ebumnyameni ikakhulukazi, lapho kunezilwane ezimbalwa ezindizayo. Emngceleni osenyakatho webanga, bahlukanisa ukudla kwabo ngezidalwa zasemanzini.

Ukuqina kwesondli akufani ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, bagcina isikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi “inkathi yokuzalela”.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Amaxoxo we-Vertebrate ajwayelekile cishe kuwo wonke amazwe nakwamanye amazwekazi, avela ngisho nasezingxibeni zase-Arctic. Kepha ikakhulukazi nithanda amahlathi ashisayo, lapho kunezinhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane zamaxoxo ezilwane nezindawo zazo zokugcina izilwane.

Bayakuthanda ukuhlala emanzini amasha. Kodwa-ke, amasele ahamba ngokuphelele emhlabathini, enza ukugxuma okukhulu, agibela imiqhele ephezulu yesihlahla futhi abambe imigodi engaphansi komhlaba. Futhi ezinye izinhlobo zingahamba futhi zigijime, kanye nokubhukuda, ukugibela izihlahla nohlelo.

Esithombeni kugcwele ingwe

Isici esijabulisayo samaxoxo ukuthi amunca umoya-mpilo esikhunjeni. Futhi ngempumelelo enkulu bangakwazi ukwenza le nqubo emanzini nasemhlabeni, ngoba babizwa ngama-amphibians. Kodwa-ke, abaseYurophu baziwa kakhulu eRussia amasele otshani futhi ubuhlalu buza emanzini kuphela ukuzala.

Ama-organs afana namaphaphu adinga ixoxo ukwenza imisindo engafani nalutho, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi izingwegwe.Lokhu kwenzeka kusetshenziswa ama-bubble enomsindo kanye nama-resonators.

Ngosizo lwamadivayisi anjengokuthi imvelo ifake amaxoxo nobuhlalu, ayakwazi ukukhiqiza ububanzi obubanzi bomsindo. Le yi-cacophony emangalisayo, futhi amakhonsathi amahle kangaka ahlelwe ngamasele wesilisa, ahehe izihlobo zabobulili obuhlukile.

Ukubuka amaxoxo, ungathola izinto eziningi ezinelukuluku futhi ezimangazayo. Eziqeshini zokuphila, ukusindiswa ezitheni nakwezinye izimo ezingejwayelekile, amaxoxo e-amphibian kwesinye isikhathi aziphatha ngendlela engajwayelekile kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, isele libonisa isikhumba, okungeyona into edingekayo empilweni, futhi ukusidla kuyaqhubeka kuphila kuze kube yilapho kukhula okusha.

Amasele wasekhaya kuvame ukugcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini, ezilwela ukuba seduze nemvelo. Abaningi izinhlobo zamasele kufakwa elabhorethri yesayensi yezivivinyo kanye nocwaningo lwebhayoloji.

Izici Zobusika

Ukuqothuka kwamaxoxo otshani kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-180: kubantu base-amphibians abahlala eziphethweni zethu, lesi isikhathi esifushane.

Ama-Amphibians awakwazi ukudlula emhlabeni kuphela, kepha futhi ngaphansi kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, akhetha imifula engenawo umkhumbi egeleza ngokushesha, izixhaphozi ezinodaka nemisele ebanzi. Ubusika bama-Amphibi buqabukela kakhulu emachibini, emachibini nasemifuleni emikhulu. Ukuqothulwa kwezidumbu zamanzi kuholela ekufeni kwamaxoxo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezigcina amanzi ngaphansi kweqhwa, kuvame ukubulawa - kusuka ekushoda komoya-mpilo, zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyafa. Ama-Amphibians nawo angafa ngenxa yezikhukhula zasentwasahlobo. Ama-Amphibians acasha emhlabeni emashalofini ama-amphibians futhi angathola isiphetho esidabukisayo - kaningi awasindi ebusika nasebusika beqhwa.

Ngaphansi kwamanzi, i-amphibian “ilala” endaweni engafani nalutho: izinyawo zayo zasemuva ziqinisiwe, kanti ngaphambili, ziphenduka “izintende zezandla” ngaphandle, njengokungathi zimboze ikhanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, "izintende zezandla" zibomvu ngokugqamile kusuka ekwakhiweni kwenethiwekhi eminyene yemithambo yegazi esikhunjeni sabo. Amaxoxo obusika ebusika ngaphansi kwamanzi kwesinye isikhathi angazungeza aze athole nokudla.

Inombolo ehlukile yamaxoxo angalala endaweni eyodwa: kwenzeka ukuthi ziba zodwa endaweni eyodwa, kepha kaningi kunezikhathi zobusika eziqukethe abantu abangama-20-30, futhi kwezinye izimo inani labo lingafinyelela kumakhulu amaningana emihlambi.

Umsoco

Amaxoxo angasebenzi abadla izinyamazane, bedla omiyane ngenjabulo, izimvemvane nama-invertebrates amancane. Emikhulu ikakhulukazi ayizideleli inyamazane ebabazekayo, ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo ezilwane zidla ngesihluku izihlobo zazo.

Ukuzingela izisulu zazo, amasele asebenzisa ulimi olunamathelayo nolude, alubamba ngobuqili ema-midges fly, ojekamanzi nezinye izilwane. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaxoxo, kukhona nezilwane ezimnandi ezijabulela ukudla izithelo.

Amaxoxo aletha izinzuzo ezanele kubantu, abhubhisa futhi adle izibungu eziningi eziyingozi, izimbungulu nezinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, abanikazi abaningi bezingadi nezindawo zomhlaba bawaphatha abasizi laba ngozwela olukhulu futhi babakhela yonke imibandela yokuzalanisa nokuphila.

Amaxoxo ayadliwa, azenzele izitsha zoqobo kakhulu, okuyizidakamizwa zokudla futhi ezisetshenziselwa amatafula amahle.

Ukufuduka

Empilweni yalawa maxoxo, kuvezwa izinhlobo ezi-3 zokufuduka. Okokuqala, lokhu ukufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kuzindawo zokuzalela nezokuphikisana nalokho, okwesibili, ukufuduka kwama-metamorphoses asanda kuqedwa kuzongena endaweni yazo, futhi okwesithathu, ukuthuthela ezindaweni zobusika.

Amaxoxo angabuthana ezindaweni ezifanelekileyo zobusika, amboze amabanga afinyelela ku-1.5 km ngosuku olulodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi ekwindla ungabona ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwama-amphibians ezindaweni eziseduzane nobusika bawo besikhathi esizayo: eceleni komfula wemifula, ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, njll.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Amaxoxo, ukubeka amaqanda emanzini, futhi inani layo likhulu ngempela futhi liyamangalisa, kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngasikhathi. Amaxoxo otshani nezichibi abekela emakhulu amaqanda, angamaphaphu amakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi izintokazi ziyabandakanyeka kulamaqembu.

Ama-watpoles adonsa kusuka emaqanda.Lezi zidalwa ziyizibungu zamasele, ziphefumula ngama-gill, zingaba khona futhi zihamba kuphela endaweni yasemanzini futhi zinomsila. Ukuguqulwa kwamaqanda abe ngama-tadpoles kuthatha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyishumi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-tadpoles aqala ukushintsha kakhulu, adlulela esigabeni se-metamorphosis, esihlala izinyanga ezi-4. Okokuqala, imilenze yazo yangemuva iyakhula, bese kuba amabandule, bese isondo elihamba ngomsila linyamalale, bese kuthi imidondoshiya ibe ngabantu abadala abanezinto ezingahlukaniyo zohlobo lwabo lwamasele, bakulungele ukuphila emhlabeni. Eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, amasele avuthwa ngokocansi.

Esithombeni kukhona amaqanda wexoxo

Ukulinganisa isikhathi sokuphila kwamaxoxo kunzima impela. Kepha ngokusho kocwaningo lwesayensi, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zokukhula kwe-phalanx yeminwe ngezikhathi zonyaka, imininingwane yatholwa eyayenza ukuthi kuthiwe abantu abadala bangaphila iminyaka eyi-10, futhi kucatshangelwa isigaba se-tadpole kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-14.

Ukuzijabulisa

Amaxoxo otshani aya kwizidumbu zamanzi ukubeka amaqanda ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Emzameni wokuqhubeka nomjaho wabo, bashiya izindawo abahlala kuzo futhi banqobe amabanga abalulekile nezithiyo ezahlukahlukene.

Amachibi okusakaza kuwo angaba amachibi amile ahlukahlukene - ngisho nemibhoshongo yomgwaqo egcwele amanzi nezigodi kufanelekile ukubeka amaqanda.

Ukufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka endaweni lokushisa lamanzi elingu-5 kuya ku-+ 15 ° C, kwesinye isikhathi iqhwa lingasala likhona ezindaweni ezingaphezulu komhlaba.

Ngokuya ngemibandela yedamu elithile, ukuzala kabusha kuthatha izinsuku ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-10. Ezindaweni ezizaliswayo, abesilisa abenzi umsindo omningi, musa ukuhlela ukuhlabelela okude nokuzwakalayo. Babiza abangane babo ngezimpawu ezihlukile ezihlala njalo cishe ngomzuzwana futhi kufana nokuxokozela okuthe cwaka.

Abesilisa bavela endaweni yokugcina maduze ngaphambi kowesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi imibhangqwana isivele ixhunyiwe emhlabeni, lapho insikazi ibhekisa emanzini. Njengabesilisa besandla esisezandleni ezivamile, esimatasa ngesifiso sokushiya inzalo, abesilisa besele lotshani 'bangavalela' abantu abasemzini bezinye izinhlobo futhi, “ngengozi” ebanjwe engalweni.

Owesifazane obeka amaqanda ngokushesha uphuma echibini futhi asheshe abuyele endaweni yakhe yaphakade, kodwa owesilisa usala. Uma enenhlanhla, ngobusuku obulandelayo uzoshiya inzalo nomunye umuntu wesifazane.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezine. Ubumbano bunokwakheka kwesigaxa, okuthi ekuqaleni sibe nobukhulu obuncane, kepha ngokushesha amagobolondo amaqanda ayavuvukala nesigaxa sanda amahlandla ambalwa, ngenkathi sithola ukubonakala kwesisindo esinjenge-jap-like. Ukwenziwa okunjalo kwesinye isikhathi kuvame ukubonwa emanzini angajulile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaqanda otshani obusika amelana kalula ne-hypothermia kuya--6 ° C, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla abo okuthuthuka. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuzilimaza, azikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa kusuka ku-+ 24 ° C isikhathi eside.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ukukhula kombungu kuhlala izinsuku ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-15. Izibungu zidla ngokubola okuvela emanzini nasezitshalweni ezincane. Ngisho nasemachibini amakhulu, amathubisi akha iziqubu eziminyene - aze afike kubantu abayi-100 ilitha ngalinye. Indawo engajulile lapho ikoloni likhona ibukeka njengesixha esimnyama esiqinile.

Ngokuya ngezimo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-1,5,3 futhi kuphele nge-metamorphosis.

Eminyakeni eyomile neyishisayo, ukomiswa kwamachibi okuqala kuholela ekufeni kwezifo zombili izindunduma ezisekuwo kanye amabhange nezihlahlana zemithi, lapho amanzi ancipha, anqunywe ezingxenyeni ezijulile. Ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, inqwaba yezibungu isinda iye ku-metamorphosis, kuthi ngemuva kokuphothulwa, amaxoxo amaningi amancane ngasikhathi sinye ashiye amadamu. Ngalesi sikhathi, zivame ukubulawa ukoma ukuphuma, ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto noma kuba yisisulu sazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Labo abakwazile ukusinda, badla kakhulu ukuze baphile ngempumelelo ngenkathi ebandayo ende.

Amaxoxo weGrass afinyelela ekuthweni ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Ezimweni zemvelo baphila ngeminyaka engu-6-8.

Izitha

Kunabathandi abaningi ukujabulela amaxoxo, ikakhulukazi amancane.Lezi yizinkimbankosi, imisipha, izimpisi, izimpungushe, izinyoka, amahlosi, amankonyane, izinyoka, njll.

Ngisho namaqanda ala ma-amphibians ambozwe ngamagobolondo afana ne-jelly awadli kakhulu, kepha abazingeli nabo bakithi - ama-planar, izinambuzane, izibungu zezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini, njll.

Ukugcina isele lotshani ekhaya, udinga i-30- litre litre. Ekushiseni kwegumbi, ukufudumeza okwengeziwe nokukhanyisa akudingekile. I-terrarium ayinakubekwa endaweni enelanga, kungcono ukuyitholela indawo epholile (lolu hlobo alubekezeleli amazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-25 ° C).

Njengoba lolu hlobo lufuna kakhulu umswakama, akufanele ukhohlwe ukufafaza amanzi ngaphezu komhlaba ngosuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ichibi elikhulu, kepha elingashisi, kufanele lifakwe ku-terrarium.

Kungcono ukubeka ithala ngaphansi kwekona lehlathi.

Zondla isilwanyana ngezimpukane, imfene, izimpophoma zegazi, iminyuzi yepayipi, njll.

Incazelo Nezici

Abamele abaningi balesi silwane luhlaza okombala okhanyayo ngombala omncane onemibala emibalabala. Isithwathwa sengilazi akukho ngaphezu kwe-3 cm ubude, noma izinhlobo zitholakala zikhulu ngosayizi omncane.

In iningi lazo, isisu kuphela esivele sobala, okuthi uma kufiswa, kuhlolwe zonke izitho zangaphakathi, kufaka phakathi amaqanda abesifazane abakhulelwe. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamaxoxo engilazi, ngisho namathambo nezicubu zomzimba kuyabonakala. Cishe akekho wabamele umhlaba wezilwane ongaziqhayisa ngempahla enjalo yesikhumba.

Kodwa-ke, lesi akusona ukuphela kwesici salawa maxoxo. Amehlo abo nawo ahlukile. Ngokungafani ne-kin's genogs (ixoxo lesihlahla), amehlo amaxoxo engilazi akhanya ngendlela engajwayelekile futhi aqondiswa iqonde, kuyilapho iso lamasele esihlahleni lisemaceleni omzimba.

Lokhu kuwuphawu lomndeni wabo. Imidlwane iqondile. Esikhathini sasemini, basesimweni sokuchofoza okuncane, futhi ebusuku, abafundi banda kakhulu, baba cishe bezungeza.

Umzimba wexoxo uyisicaba futhi ubanzi, njengoba injalo nekhanda. Izingalo zinde, mncane. Emilenzeni kukhona izinkomishi zokudla, ngosizo lapho amasele elenga kalula kumahlamvu. Amaxoxo asobala futhi anezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokufiphalisisa nokushisa.

Imidwebo yokuqala yalawa ma-amphibians yatholakala emuva ngekhulu le-19. Ukuhlukaniswa kweCentrolenidae kuguquka njalo: manje kulo mndeni wama-amphibian kunemindeni emibili esezansi nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-10 zamaxoxo angilazi. Kutholwe futhi kuchazwe okokuqala nguMarcos Espada, isazi sezilwane saseSpain. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abantu abathakazelisa kakhulu.

Isibonelo, iHyalinobatrachium (ingulube encane yengilazi) ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-32 zabantu abanesisu esisobala ngokuphelele nesomhlophe. Ukubonakala kwabo kuvumela ukubuka okuhle cishe kwazo zonke izitho zangaphakathi - isisu, isibindi, amathumbu, inhliziyo yomuntu. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ingxenye yokugaya imbozwe ngefilimu elula. Isibindi sazo sisebusweni, futhi kumaxoxo bolunye uhlobo siba namaqabunga amathathu.

Kwi-genus Centrolene (gecko), ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-27, abantu abane-skeleton yombala ohlaza okotshani. Ehlombe kukhona ukuphuma okuthile ngesimo segwegwe, abesilisa abalisebenzisa ngempumelelo lapho behlanganisa, belwela insimu. Kuzo zonke izihlobo ezilandelwayo zibhekwa njengezinkulu ngobukhulu.

Kwabamele amaxoxo Cochranella, skeleton nayo iluhlaza ngombala nefilimu emhlophe ku-peritoneum, emboza ingxenye yezitho zangaphakathi. Isibindi eselayishiwe, izingwegwe zamahlombe azikho. Bathola igama labo ukuhlonipha udokotela wezilwane uDoris Cochran, oqale wachaza lolu hlobo lwamaxoxo engilazi.

Phakathi kwabo, ukubukwa okuthakazelisa kakhulu frig ingilazi frog (Cochanella Euknemos). Igama livela olimini lwesiGrikhi lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ngemilenze enhle." Isici esiyingqayizivele kukhona uthango olunamanzi ngaphambili, izilenge zezandla nezandla.

Ukwakheka komzimba

Ukwakheka kwengulule yengilazi Ilungele imvelo yakhe yokuphila nendlela yakhe yokuphila. Ulwelwesi lwayo luqukethe izindlala eziningi ezihlala zivikela umunyu.Ihlala inomswakama amagobolondo futhi igcine umswakama ezindaweni zayo zomhlaba.

Uvikela nesilwane emgungundlovu we-pathogenic. Isikhumba siba nengxenye ekushintshisaneni ngegesi. Njengoba amanzi engena emzimbeni wawo esikhunjeni, indawo esemqoka iyindawo ezinomswakama nezinomswakama. Lapha, esikhunjeni, kubuhlungu izinhlungu nama-receptors okushisa.

Enye yezinto ezithokozisayo ngesakhiwo somzimba wexoxo yile ndawo eseduze yamakhala namehlo engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda. I-amphibian ikwazi ukuntanta emanzini, ibambe ikhanda nomzimba ngaphezu kobuso bayo, iphefumule futhi ibone indawo ezungezile.

Umbala wesele ingilazi uncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala. Ezinye izinhlobo zingashintsha umbala wesikhumba ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, anamaseli akhethekile.

Izandla ezingemuva zalesi siphibian zinde ngosayizi omncane kunangaphambili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abaphambili baguqulwa kabusha ukuze baxhaswe futhi bafike, futhi ngosizo lwangemuva bahamba kahle emanzini nasogwini.

Amaxoxo avela kulo mndeni awanazo izimbambo, kanti umgogodla uhlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4: isibeletho, isibambiso, i-caudal kanye nesiqu. Isigaxa sogwada obonakalayo sinamathiselwe emgogodleni nge-vertebra eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, isele likwazi ukuhambisa ikhanda. Izingalo zixhunywe emgogodleni yangaphambili nangebhande elingemuva lamalungu. Ifaka amabala ehlombe, i-sternum, namathambo e-pelvic.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwamaxoxo luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunenhlanzi. Siqukethe intambo yomgogodla nobuchopho. I-cerebellum incane kunalokho, ngoba laba bantu base-amphibians baphila impilo yokuhlala phansi futhi ukunyakaza kwabo kuyanelisa.

Uhlelo lokugaya lunezici ezithile. Besebenzisa ulimi olude olunamathele emgodleni womlomo, isele libamba izinambuzane futhi lizibambe ngamazinyo atholakala kuphela emhlathini ongenhla. Ngemuva kwalokho ukudla kungena i-esophagus, isisu, ukucubungula okwalandela, bese kudlulela emathunjini.

Inhliziyo yalaba bantu abaphila ngamakamelo amathathu inamakamelo amathathu, iqukethe i-atria ne-ventricle ezimbili, lapho kuhlangana khona igazi ne-venous igazi. Kunemibuthano emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi. Isistimu yokuphefumula yamaxoxo imelelwa emakhaleni, emaphashini, kepha isikhumba se-amphibian siyabandakanyeka nenqubo yokuphefumula.

Inqubo yokuphefumula imi ngalendlela elandelayo: imicondo yexoxo iyavuleka, ngasikhathi sinye phansi kwe-oropharynx yayo nomoya ungena kuyo. Lapho emakhaleni embozwe, phansi kuphakama kancane nomoya ungene emaphashini. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwe-peritoneum, ukuphuma kwamakhala kwenziwa.

Isistimu ye-excretory imelelwa yizinso, lapho igazi lihlunga khona. Izinto ezizuzisayo zidonswa kubuhlalu bezinso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umchamo udlulela kuma-ureters bese ungena ebhusha.

Amaxoxo engilazi, njengawo wonke ama-amphibians, anometabolism ehamba kancane. Ukushisa komzimba wexoxo ngqo kuncike ekushiseni okukhona. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, baba ngabangenisi lutho, bafuna izindawo ezingazodwa, ezifudumele, bese bezilala.

Izitho zemizwa zizwela kakhulu, ngoba amasele ayakwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ama-amphibians akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zokuphila. Izitho ezisemgqeni wekhanda azisiza ukuba zizulazule kalula esikhaleni. Ngokubukeka kubukeka njengemicu emibili.

Umbono wesele ingilazi likuvumela ukuba ubone izinto zihamba kahle, futhi aziboni kahle izinto zokuma. Umuzwa wokuhogela, omelelwa ngamakhala, uvumela isele ukuba lizulazule kahle ngephunga.

Izitho zokuzwa zinezindlebe ezingaphakathi naphakathi. Ephakathi kuyithambo elithile, ngakolunye uhlangothi kunokukhipha kuyi-oropharynx, kanti elinye liqondiswe eduze kwekhanda. Kukhona ne-eardrum, exhunywe endlebeni engaphakathi kusetshenziswa isiqu. Kungaye lapho imisindo idluliselwa endlebeni engaphakathi.

Indlela yokuphila

Amaxoxo engilazi ikakhulukazi ebusuku, futhi phakathi nosuku phumula eduze kwechibi otshanini obumanzi. Badla izinambuzane ntambama, emhlabeni.Lapho, emhlabeni, amasele akhetha umlingani, umngane womshado alale ngamahlamvu notshani.

Kodwa-ke, inzalo yabo - ama-tadpoles, akhula emanzini kuphela futhi ngemuva kokuphenduka i-frog abuyele emhlabeni ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabesilisa, okuthi, ngemuva kokuba owesimame ebeke amaqanda, aqhubeke asondelene nenzalo futhi amvikele ezinambuzaneni. Kepha okwenziwa ngumuntu wesifazane ngemuva kokwenza ukubumbeka akwaziwa.

Habitat

Ama-Amphibians azizwa esesimweni esihle ezintabeni zemifula esheshayo, phakathi kwemifudlana, emahlathini athambile asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezintabeni. Kuhlala ingilazi emagqumeni ezihlahla nezihlahlana, amatshe amanzi nodoti onotshani. Kula maxoxo, into esemqoka ukuthi kunomswakama eduze.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Isikhathi sokuphila kwesele ingilazi asikafundwa ngokugcwele, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo impilo yabo imfushane kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo esingemukeleki semvelo: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulwa, ukuthunyelwa njalo emithanjeni yamanzi yokungcola okuhlukahlukene kwemboni. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila kwesele ingilazi endaweni yemvelo singaba seminyakeni engu-5-15.

• Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zamaxoxo engilazi.
• Phambilini, amasele engilazi ayeyingxenye yomndeni wasesihlahleni.
• Ngemuva kokulala, insikazi iyanyamalala futhi ayinandaba nenzalo.
• Inqubo yokuzalela kumaxoxo ibizwa nge-amplexus.
• Ummeleli omkhulu wexoxo ingilazi yiCentrolene Gekkoideum. Abantu abafinyelela ku-75 mm.
• Ukuqanjwa kwamadoda kuyabonakala ngemisindo ehlukahlukene - ikhwela, i-squeak noma ama-trill.
• Impilo kanye nentuthuko yamadadpoles ayifundwanga.
• Amaxoxo engilazi asikwa imaski ngosizo lwe-bile usawoti, atholakala emathanjeni futhi asetshenziswa njengodayi abathile.
• Amaxoxo alo mndeni anombono we-binocular, isb. bangabona kahle ngokulinganayo ngamehlo amabili ngasikhathi sinye.
• Izwe elingokomlando lamaxoxo asobala yiNtshonalanga Melika.

Isigaxa sengilazi siyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele, esibuthaka esidalwe yindalo, sinezici eziningi zendlela yokugaya ukudla, ukuzala kabusha nendlela yokuphila ngokuvamile.

Amaxoxo: Incazelo

Umndeni wamasele uhlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi awunayo intamo ebizwayo, ngakho-ke kubukeka sengathi ikhanda uqobo linye ngomzimba obanzi. Lezi zilwane nazo zintula umsila, okhonjiswa egameni le-oda futhi umehluko wazo. Amaxoxo amane anombono oyingqayizivele, ngenkathi ekwazi ukulawula indawo yokuhlala ngaphakathi kwama-degree angu-360.

Ukubukeka

Amaxoxo anomakhanda amakhulu, acwebile, anamehlo agobekayo emaphethelweni awo. Lezi zilwane, uma ziqhathaniswa nabanye abamele i-oda, zinamabili ama-2 amajwabu amehlo - aphansi nangaphezulu. Ngaphansi kwejwabu leso elingaphansi kunombala ocwazimulayo, obizwa nangokuthi "ikhulu lesithathu". Ngemuva kweso kune-okuthiwa i-eardrum, equkethe indawo embozwe yisikhumba esincanyana. Ngaphezulu komlomo omkhulu ngokuqhathanisa, amathumbu amabili angabonakala ehlome ngamalvu akhethekile. Umlomo wesele uhlome ngamazinyo amancane.

Imilenze yangaphambili yesele ihlome ngeminwe emifushane kakhulu, uma iqhathaniswa nemilenze yangemuva, ethuthukiswa kangcono kakhulu futhi iphetha ngeminwe emihlanu, phakathi lapho kubekwa khona ulwelwesi olukhethekile lwesikhumba, oluvumela ixoxo ukuba lizizwe likhulu entweni yamanzi. Iminwe yamasele ayinazimpofana, nayo ebhekwa njengomehluko obonakalayo womndeni. Ngemuva komzimba kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi yi-cesspool, okubonisa ukuphela kwendawo yokudla okusetshenzisw Isidumbu sika-frog simbozwe ngesikhumba enqunu, simbozwe ungqimba lwe-mucus ekhethekile, egcotshwa inani elikhulu lezinsini ezingaphansi kwesihlahla.

Umzuzu othokozisayo! Isele laseYurophu alikhuli ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, kuyilapho ihlathi lase-goliath lase-Afrika libhekwa njengommeleli omkhulu womndeni, likhula lifike kuhafu wemitha ubude futhi lithola amakhilogremu ambalwa.

Njengomthetho, usayizi wamasele kuncike ezinhlotsheni zawo, yize ngokuyisisekelo ubukhulu bawo busebangeni lisuka ku-0.8 laya ku-32 amasentimitha. Umbala wamaxoxo uhluke kakhulu, ovame ukwahluka ngombala wemotley womzimba wabo. Imvamisa, umbala womzimba walezi zilwane uhlotshaniswa nezimo zokuhlala zemvelo, ezibavumela ukuba bangafi kalula phakathi kwezimila ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwamakhambi, njll.

Imvamisa, umbala okhanyayo wesilwane uwubufakazi bokuthi unobuthi, kuyilapho izinto ezinobuthi zikhiqizwa yizinduna ezikhethekile ezisesikhumbeni sesilwane. Lezi zinto zingaba yingozi kakhulu hhayi ezilwaneni kuphela, kodwa nasezintwini. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukulingisa imibala “yokulwa” yamaxoxo anobuthi ukuze zivikeleke ezitheni zemvelo.

Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila

Amaxoxo angabhekwa ngokuphepha njengomndeni ohlukile, ngoba ahamba kalula emhlabathini, enza ukugxuma okukhulu, akhuphuke kalula izihlahla, abambe izimbobo ezingaphansi komhlaba, futhi futhi abhukude, agijime, ahambe, kufaka phakathi ipulani kusuka endaweni ephakeme, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane.

Ukugqama kwamaxoxo futhi ukuthi ayakwazi ukudonsa umoya-mpilo esikhunjeni. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuzizwa simnandi, emanzini nasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezithunyelwa emizimbeni yamanzi kuphela ngezikhathi zokuzalela.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Izilwane zikhombisa umsebenzi wazo ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo zithande ukuzingela ebumnyameni kuphela, kanti ezinye zibonisa imisebenzi yazo amahora angama-24.

Okuthakazelayo kungabhekwa njengeqiniso lokuthi amaphaphu amaxoxo asetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza imisindo efana nokugwaza. Ukuba khona kwamabhamuza omsindo nama-resonators kuvumela isilwane ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuzalela, ngoba izilwane kufanele zihehe ubulili obuhlukile.

Amaxoxo amadala, ngezikhathi ezithile, alahla isikhumba sawo futhi asidle khona lapho, ngemuva kwalokho asethubeni lokulinda kuze kube yilapho isikhumba esisha sinayo yonke imisebenzi edingekayo. Cishe bonke abamele lo mndeni bakhetha ukuhola impilo yokuhlala, ngenkathi bekwazi ukufuduka amabanga amafushane ngesikhathi sokuzala. Amaxoxo ahlala ezindaweni ezifudumele ayaqina ebusika.

Ububanzi bethemu

Ngokukhuluma okuhle, izilwane ezivela ohlelweni lwama-amphibian angenantambo zibizwa ngokuthi "amasele" noma "ubuhlalu" (kungenzeka ukudweba ukufana namagama esiLatin kusetshenziswa iLat. Rana ngegama elithi "frog" nelithi Lat. Bufo elisho igama elithi "toad"). Umehluko obonakalayo wabanye kusuka kwabanye ukuthi isikhumba sezandla zibucayi. Uma uzama ukuphoqelela amagama athi "frog" kanye "ne-toad" ekuhlukanisweni okwamukelwe kweqembu elingenamisila, kuvela ukuthi cishe yonke imindeni engenamila ifaka yomibili yayo. Imithombo ehlukahlukene yezemfundo isebenzisa igama elithi “isele” ngenye indlela ukubhekisela abamele yonke imindeni ye-oda Tailless, noma abamele kuphela amaxoxo wangempela womndeni (iRanidae), noma ngisho nangomqondo omfishane wabamele abamele izinhlobo zohlobo lweNhlonhlo (URana) .

Indawo

Amaxoxo ajwayelekile cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ukwehlukahlukana kukhona ugwadule olukhulu olunesihlabathi seSahara neRub al-Khali, izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu yiGreenland, Taimyr nezinye izindawo eziphakeme ze-Arctic, i-Antarctica, kanye nezinye iziqhingi ezikude nezwekazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhla lwemvelo lwamasele alufakanga isiqhingi esiseningizimu yeNew Zealand, kepha ngemuva kwemizamo eminingana yokwazisa, okungenani izinhlobo ezimbili (iLitoria ranformis neLitoria ewingii) zakha abantu abazinzileyo kuso. Izinhlobo eziningi zingokwabelwa okulinganiselwe ngenxa yemingcele yesimo sezulu noma yendawo, isibonelo, ubunzima, amabanga asezintabeni, ugwadule, abantu bangaba bodwa ngenxa yezingqinamba ezenziwe ngabantu - imigwaqo emikhulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, njll.Ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuphakeme kakhulu kunezindawo ezifudumele. Ezinye izinhlobo zamasele zenzelwe ukuba zikwazi ukusinda ezimeni ezingenakulungiseka, ngokwesibonelo, ogwadule noma esimweni sezulu esibandayo. Ngakho-ke, iRana sylvatica, okuyindawo yayo etholakala ngokwengxenye ye-Arctic Circle, ungcwatshwe emhlabathini ebusika. Naphezu kokuqothulwa kwenhlabathi okujulile, ukugcwala okukhulu kwe-glucose ezicutshini kuvumela leli friji ukuba liphile ebusika lisesimweni sokumiswa komoya.

Ngenxa yesikhumba esivumelekile, amaxoxo amaningi awakwazi ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi enosawoti futhi ayibekeki. Okuwukuphela kwento ethandwa yixoxo crabeater (Fejervarya cancrivora), ehlala emahlathini aseSoutheast Asia. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-urea esegazini, lesi sithoba nemisipha yaso kungabekezelela usawoti wasolwandle (okwesikhashana) futhi siphile emanzini angaboli isikhathi eside.

Amasele ahlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo eCretaceous.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Wonke amasele angokuhleleka kwama-amphibians angenantambo. Izici ze-morphological zelesi esidala zifaka phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-9 noma ngaphansi kwangaphambi kwangaphambi kokuvuthwa kwe-pelvic, i-ilium ende, eqondiswe phambili, ukuba khona kwe-urostyle kanye nokungabikho komsila, ukufingqa ngaphambili kuqhathaniswa namathambo endle, kuhlanganiswe ndawonye i-ulnar kanye nemisebe ye-forelimbs, kanye ne-tibia nemicu yethambo lamanqina asemuva, iqakala eliphakeme, ithawula eliphansi lomgogodla kanye nezikhala zemihlana engaphansi kwe-lymph etholakala phakathi kwesikhumba nengqimba yemisipha. Izihlahla zamaxoxo (ama-tadpoles) zinokuvula okuphakathi nendawo okuphefumula (isifafaza) kanye nezikhala zomlomo ezifakwe amazinyo keratin.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo zakha ama-interspecific hybrids. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, isele esidliwayo si-hybrid yemvelo yamachibi (I-Pelophylax minimonae) neChibi (P. ridibundus) amasele.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Amaxoxo amadala adwebe imilenze eyisihlanu eyisihlanu ejwayelekile yama-vertebrates asemhlabeni. Umzimba ubanzi, umfishane futhi uthambile. Abantu abadala abanawo umsila (bayawulahlekelwa ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis), isigaba somsila womgogodla siguqulwa sibe yi-urostyle enjengenduku, futhi akukho zimbambo. Zinemilenze ekhule kahle, izinyawo ezingemuva zinde kunezangaphambili, zinemisipha enamandla kakhulu futhi zivame ukuzivumelanisa nokugxuma. Isikhumba esinqunu samasele sicebile kwizindlala futhi sitholakala ngamanzi kanye namagesi.

Izimbotshana

Ukwakheka kwamaphethelo amaxoxo kuyahlukahluka kusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni futhi kuya ngendawo yokuhlala - umhlaba, amanzi noma izinkuni. Njengomthetho, amasele ayakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza okubukhali, okuwavumela ukuba abambe inyamazane futhi adle izinyamazane. Izindlela ezisebenzayo zokunyakaza zinikezwa yizakhi ezimbalwa zesakhiwo semilenze:

• Amaxoxo amaningi ahlala endaweni yasemanzini anendawo yokubhukuda phakathi kweminwe yawo. Kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwendawo ehlangene yolwelwesi nengxenyeni yesikhathi isilwane esichitha emanzini. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kusihlwa sase-Afrika sohlobo I-Hymenochirusuhola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini kuphela, ulwelwesi lokubhukuda luhlanganisa kakhulu igebe phakathi kweminwe, kanti kuxoxo lwase-Australia I-Litoria caeruleaichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo emithini, ulwelwesi lukhava ukusuka kwikota ukuya kwengxenye yendawo yalezi zikhala.
• Emahlathini abunjwe ngomuthi, kuvame ukwenzeka ukubuka amapads akhethekile eminwe, ukuwavumela ukuba uhlale phezulu. Ukunamathela okuhle ezindaweni ezibucayi kuqinisekiswa ngemibhobho yamazinyo e-epithelium engaphezulu kwale mibala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindlala eziningi ze-mucous ezifaka umunyu esikhaleni phakathi kwamaseli wepads, abukeka njengama-turbu amancane.I-Mucus iswakama kahle bushelelezi futhi ivumela umswakama ukuhlala phezu kwayo ngenxa yokuheha okuthandekayo. Amaxoxo amaningi esihlahla anezici zokuma kwesakhiwo sokuhlangana sowesifazane, ezibavumela ukuba bangahambi ngokugxuma kuphela (njengamanye amasele), kodwa futhi nasezitebhisini. Emafulethini esihlahla ahlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, umuntu angathola futhi ulwelwesi oluhlukanisayo. Kulezi zinhlobo, ama-membrane aguqulwa ukuze anciphise ukuwa, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo ngisho nokuhlela.
• Kwamaxoxo asemhlabeni, ukuguqulwa okungaphezulu akukho. Imilenze yawo yangemuva, njengomthetho, inemisipha ekhula ngokwengeziwe, uma uyiqhathanisa nabalingane bayo bamanzi nezinkuni. Kwezinye izinhlobo zomhlaba zokumba inhlabathi, izinhlamvu ezincane eziguqulwe ukuze zimbiwe zingatholakala ezandleni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimbotshana kungaba nzima kwezinye izimo:

• Enye yezingalo zesibeletho zombungu we-tadpole ingadliwa ngumphangi, ngokwesibonelo, isibungu se-dragonfly. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu akuvimbi ukwenziwa kabusha kwengalo ephelele, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kungasuswa noma kungakhuli nhlobo (noma kunjalo, lesi silwane singaphila ngemilenze emithathu).
• Isinambuzane esishubile sohlobo Ribeiroia, ukwethula ngemuva komzimba we-tadpole, kungashintsha ukuma kwamangqamuzana emilenze nezitho zokuphamba. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kuholela ekukhuleni kwemilenze noma emibili eyengeziwe.

Isikhumba

Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamasele, isikhumba sivumelekile ukuthola amanzi (indawo evunyelwe kunazo zonke kwesikhumba yisifunda se-pelvic). Lesi sici sibeka engcupheni yamaxoxo wokulahlekelwa uketshezi futhi wome ngaphandle. Kwamanye amasele esihlahla, kutholakala ukutholakala kwesimo sesendlalelo esingemanzi esengeziwe samanzi. Amanye amaxoxo anciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha: izindlela zokuhamba ebusuku, amukela izimo ezinciphisa indawo yokuhlangana kwesikhumba nomoya, ngokwesibonelo, aphumula ngamaqembu acindezelwe kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Isikhumba samasele siyabasiza ukuba bazifihle. Abamele ezinye izinhlobo bayakwazi ukushintsha ithoni yesikhumba ukuze bahlangane kangcono nesizinda esiseduze.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamasele zishintsha umbala wazo wesikhumba ngokuya ngezinga lokukhanya nomswakama wemvelo. Leli khono lihlinzekwa ngamaseli akhethekile agcwaliswe nge-pigment, ubukhulu bawo buhlukahluka ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya nomswakama. Ukushintsha umbala wesikhumba kusuka kokukhanya okuphezulu kuya kokumnyama kunomthelela ekwandisweni kwalezi zinhlobo.

Ubuntu

Amaxoxo amaningi akhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi ezizisebenzela zombili ukuze zivikeleke ekuhlaseleni izilwane nasekuhlaseleni. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali we-frog venom kuncike ezinhlotsheni futhi kungahle kufake isikhumba sokulimala kwesikhumba, ama-hallucinogens, ubuthi bezinzwa, ama-vasoconstrictors, ubuthi obangela ukweqiwa, kanye nabanye. Izimbangi ezigxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamasele, njengomthetho, zishintshwa zohlobo lobuthi obuyindalo kulezi zinhlobo, kepha izilwane ezingakhethwanga, njengabantu, zingahlupheka kakhulu ngokuxhumana nobuthi be-frog, okuthi kwezinye izimo bungabulala.

Umthombo wezinto ezinobuthi kumaxoxo nawo awufani. Amanye amaxoxo akhiqiza ubuthi uqobo, kanti amanye asebenzisa ubuthi obutholakala ekudleni (imvamisa kakhulu kuma-arthropods). Njengomthetho, amasele akhombisa ubuthi bawo ngombala ogqamile, ocebile, “oxwayisayo”. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezingenabuthi zamaxoxo, zilingisa izinhlobo ezinoshevu ngombala wazo, ezesabisa izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula kanye nokuhamba kwegazi

Isikhumba samasele sivumelekile kuma-molecule we-oksijini, isikhutha kanye namanzi. Imithambo yegazi etholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhumba ibavumela ukuba baphefumule lapho befakwa ngokuphelele emanzini, ngoba i-oksijini isuka emanzini ingena esikhunjeni iye ngqo egazini. Emhlabeni, amasele aphefumula ngamaphaphu awo.Zintula uhlelo lwemisipha (isisu, isisu kanye ne-intercostal), enikeza indlela yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Esikhundleni salokho, isele linomphimbo ololulayo, umoya ungena emakhaleni, bese unwebeka izicubu zomgogodla womlomo ushayela umoya ungene emaphashini. Ngo-Agasti 2007, kwatholakala umbono wamaxoxo Barbourula kalimantanensisUkuphila impilo yasemanzini ngokuphelele. Le yinhlobo yokuqala evulekile yamaxoxo angenamaphaphu.

Amaxoxo anenhliziyo enamagumbi amathathu, kanye nezirhubuluzi (ngaphandle kwezingwenya, lapho inhliziyo inamagumbi amane). Igazi elinothile oksijini elivela emaphashini lingena enhliziyweni nge-atrium yangakwesobunxele, negazi elinothiswe kakhabhoni dayokisi lisuka ezicutshini, kanye negazi elinothile okomoya ovela emithanjeni yesikhumba, lingene ngakwesokunene. Ngakho-ke, amasele anegazi elijwayelekile kwi-atrium yangakwesobunxele, negazi elixubile ngakwesokunene. I-valve ekhethekile elawula ukuhamba kwegazi kusuka kwi-ventricle yenhliziyo iye kuyi-aorta noma emthanjeni we-pulmonary, kuye ngohlobo lwegazi. Le ndlela ihlinzeka ngokuxuba okuncane kwegazi nge-oxygen eningi negazi eligcwele i-carbon dioxide, futhi ngenxa yalokho inomthelela ekusebenzeni kwe-metabolism esebenzayo.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo ziguqulwa ukuze ziphile emanzini ezinama-oxygen oxygen aphansi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, ixoxo I-Telmatobius culeus, ehlala echibini elikhulu leTiticaca, inesikhumba esishubile nendawo engaphezulu, okufaka isandla ekushintsheni kwamagesi. Njengomthetho, lesi sehla asisebenzisi amaphaphu aso aqabulayo. Ukuqashelwa kukhombisa ukuthi abamele le nhlobo, ngokuba ezansi echibini, ngezikhathi ezithile benza ukunyakaza ngesigqi phezulu naphansi, okwandisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okuzungezile.

Uhlelo lokugaya

Amazinyo amasele, okuthiwa. amazinyo pedicellar akhiwe emhlathini ongenhla, ngosizo lwazo izilwane zibamba ukudla ngaphambi kokukugwinya. Lawa mazinyo awanamandla ngokwanele okuluma noma ukubamba isisulu. Amaxoxo abamba ukudla kwawo (izimpukane nezinye izilwane ezincane ezihambayo) ngolimi olunamathelayo nolukhuni. Esimweni esivumelana nje, ulimi lugoqwa emlonyeni. Inamathiselwe ngaphambili emihlathini, futhi isele singakwazi “ukubadubula” phambili bese siyibuyisela ngesivinini esikhulu. Amanye amaxoxo awanalo ulimi, futhi anamathela ukudla emilonyeni yawo ngaphambili. Kwamanye, amehlo angadonswa ngokuvuleka kwesigaxa bese, egcizelela ukudla emlonyeni, akufekeze emphinjeni. Ukudla okuswithekile kudabula i-esophagus esiswini, lapho kudingidwa khona ngama-enzymes wokugaya ukudla. Ngemuva kwalokho, ingena emathunjini amancane, lapho iyaqhubeka nokugaywa. Ukhuselo lwejusi ye-pancreatic ne-bile ekhiqizwa yisibindi nokuqongelela gallbladder kwenzeka esiswini esincane. Ukufakwa okuphezulu kwezakhi zomsoco nezakhi zomzimba kwenzeka lapho. Izinsalela zokudla ezingafakwanga zingena emathunjini amakhulu, lapho, zidonsa khona amanzi amaningi, zidlulela ku-cloaca.

Uhlelo lokuxolisa

Uhlelo lwe-excretory lwamaxoxo luyafana ngesakhiwo sezilwane ezincelisayo. Kususelwa kwizinso ezimbili (mesonephros), ukuhlunga urea neminye imikhiqizo ebalulekile evela egazini. Ukuhlunga kwezinso okuholelekile kugxiliwe kumchamo, okuthi emva kwalokho kudlule ku-ureter bese kunqwabelana esikhungweni sebanga. Ukusuka esilingweni, imikhiqizo ebalulekile yomzimba ingena ku-cloaca futhi isuke lapho iye ngaphandle.

Uhlelo lokuzala

Uhlelo lokuzala kwamaxoxo, ngaphandle kokunye, lususelwa ekuvundisweni kwangaphandle. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamasele, abesilisa bancanyana kunabesifazane. Abesilisa banezintambo zezwi, kanti izinhlobo eziningi zinama-sacs omphimbo, ngosizo lwazo ezikhipha ukhokho omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala. Amasondo amabili anamathiselwe ezinso, isidoda sidlula izinso, emva kwalokho singena kuma-ureters, bese sisuka lapho singene cesspool. Uma kungekho penis, isidoda siphonswa ngqo kusuka emaqandeni asibekela amaqanda abekwe owesifazane ngesikhathi se-amplexus.

Abesifazane babe namaqanda okubhanqwa akhiwe eduze nezinso. Amaqanda adlula kuma-oviducts abhangqiwe aya ngaphandle.Ngesikhathi se-amplexus, ukubamba kowesilisa kuvusa ukubekwa kwamaqanda ngowesifazane. Amaqanda ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa ngokuhambisana okufana nejelly.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa

Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwamaxoxo luqukethe ubuchopho, izintambo zomgogodla nezinzwa, kanye ne-peripheral nerve ganglia. Izingxenye eziningi zobuchopho bexoxo zihambelana nezingxenye zobuchopho bomuntu. Ingqondo iqukethe ama-lobes amabili we-olodoory, ama-hemispheres amabili e-cerebral, i-pineal gland, ama-lobes amabili we-opic, i-cerebellum ne-medulla oblongata. I-cerebellum ilawula ukuhlangana kwemisipha nokulinganisela, kanti i-medulla oblongata ilawula ukuphefumula, ukugaya ukudla, neminye imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo yomzimba. Ubukhulu obuhlobene nobuchopho bamaxoxo bancane kakhulu kunobomuntu. Zinezimbalo eziyi-10 zezinzwa zama-cranial kanye nama-pairs angu-10 ezinzwa zomgogodla, uma ziqhathaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezinamaphara ayi-12 ezinzwa ezinsundu. Amaxoxo awanandlebe yangaphandle, futhi i-eardrum ivulekele ngaphandle. Njengamanye ama-tetrapods, izindlebe zamasele zihlanganisa imishini esetshenziswayo. Njengoba inenqwaba yendlebe emfishane, amasele asebenzisa okokusebenza kukagesi (ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo) ukubona imisindo.

Izinhlobo zemibono

Amehlo amaxoxo atholakala phezulu kwekhanda futhi avame ukudonswa phambili. Lokhu kubanikeza inkundla ebanzi yokubuka, isele lingazicwilisela ngokuphelele emanzini, lishiya kuphela amehlo alo ngaphezu kobuso. Amehlo avikelwe amashiya ashukumisayo kanye nolwelwesi olungaguquki olungabonakali oluvikela amehlo lapho usemanzini. Umbala we-iris nokwakheka komntwana ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile kuhlukile.

Amaxoxo abona izinto ezikude kangcono kunaseduzane. Amaxoxo acwebezelayo athula ngokushesha lapho ebona ingozi engaba khona ngisho nesithunzi sayo, kodwa lapho esondela entweni, kuba kubi lapho eyibona khona. Lapho isele libhekisa ulimi laso ebunzini, lingena entweni encane enyakazayo engakwazi ukuhlukanisa kahle. Ubheka inhloso kusengaphambili, njengoba izici ze-anatomy zimphoqa ukuthi avale amehlo akhe lapho welula ulimi. Umbuzo wokuba khona kombala wemibala kumaxoxo awukaxazululwa. Ukuhlolwa kufakazele ukusabela okuhle kwamaxoxo ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Amaxoxo anezinto ezibonakalayo ezihlukile phakathi kwezidleke zezinyawo. Ngesikhathi sokucwaninga, kwatholakala ukuthi cishe i-95% yolwazi ingena engxenyeni yobuchopho. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni ixoxo lingaboni ukuthi likuphi. Isiphetho esikhulu ukuthi amasele abona kuphela izinto ezinyakazayo.

Imizamo yokuzwa

Amasele ezwa emhlabeni nangaphansi kwamanzi. Azinayo indlebe yangaphandle, kepha, njengomthetho, kukhona i-eardrum ngemuva kweso ngalinye. Umsindo ubangela ukudlidliza kolwelwesi, oludlulisela endlebeni ephakathi nengaphakathi. Usayizi we-eardrum kanye nebanga phakathi kwazo kuhambelana nobuningi bomsindo lapho le cwebe lizwakala khona. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, isele lenkunzi, usayizi wolwelwesi oluhlobene nosayizi wamehlo lukhombisa ubulili. Izinduna zesilisa zinamehlo amaningi, kanti izinsikazi zinosayizi ofanayo. Njengomthetho, amasele awanciki ekuzweni kuphela, futhi awasayi kuphendula kumsindo onokhahlo aze abone umthombo wawo.

I-Anabiosis

Ezimweni zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo zingena esimweni sopopayi esimisiwe futhi zingahle zingabonisi umsebenzi izinyanga ezithile. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, amasele alala ebusika. Ezinye izinhlobo zifihlwe emifantwini noma zingcwatshwe ngamaqabunga amile. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (ngokwesibonelo, isele lenkunzi), njengomthetho, zilele ngaphansi kwedamu, elicwiliswe kancane ngotshani, kodwa nokho zilondoloze ukufinyelela kwe-oksijini encibilikisiwe emanzini. Imetabolism yabo yehlisa ijubane, futhi bayaphila ngokudla imali engaphakathi ebekiwe. Amaxoxo amaningi angaphila nokubanda. Yize amakristalu eqhwa akha ngaphansi kwesikhumba sawo nasemithanjeni yomzimba, izitho ezibalulekile zivikelekile ekuqandeni ngenxa yokugcwala okukhulu kwe-glucose kwezicubu.Kubukeka sengathi isele elingaphili, eqandisiwe lingaqala ukuphefumula futhi liqhubeke nokusebenza kwenhliziyo uma lifudumele.

Ngokolunye uhlangothi, ICyclorana alboguttata phakathi nenkathi yokushisa eyomile e-Australia iwela esimweni sokukhiqizwa (i-hibernation yasehlobo), ngaphandle kokudla namanzi izinyanga eziyi-9 ukuya kwezingu-10 ngonyaka. Lesi sihlahlana sigqekeza emhlabathini bese siqubuka kukhukhunathi wokuzivikela, owakha isikhumba sakhe esichithekile. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa, i-frog metabolism iyashintsha ukuze ukusebenza kwe-mitochondrial kukhuphuke, kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa okuningana kwemithombo yamandla etholakalayo ku-frog ku-hibernation. Izama ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani le ndlela ingasabikhona embusweni wezilwane, abacwaningi bafika esiphethweni sokuthi ilusizo ezilwaneni ezinegazi elibandayo ezivele zisaphilisiwe okwesikhashana isikhathi eside, okuthi izindleko zazo zamandla ziphansi kakhulu, ngoba azidingi ukukhiqiza njalo ukushisa. Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukwanelisa izidingo zamandla amancane, ama-frog atrophies iningi lezicubu zomzimba (ngaphandle kwezicubu zomzimba wesibeletho).

Ezokuxhumana

Uhlobo ngalunye lwamasele luhlobo lwalo lokugwagwisa. I-Croaking ngumsindo wokuthi umoya udlula larynx. Izinhlobo eziningi zinokuzivumelanisa okwengeziwe ezandisa umsindo ezenzayo - izikhwama zomphimbo, ezingoluleki wolwelwesi lwesikhumba ezitholakala ngaphansi komphimbo noma ezinhlangothini zomlomo. Amanye amaxoxo (ngokwesibonelo, iNornitsa neNeobratrahus) azinazo izikhwama zomphimbo, kepha noma kunjalo ayakwazi ukwenza isikhuhla esikhulu, ngoba umlomo wawo umile futhi umkhulu ngokwanele ukuba usebenze njenge-amplifier. Ukugoba kwezinhlobo ezithile zamasele kuzwakala kude kunekhilomitha. Izinhlobo zamasele ezihlala ikakhulu emanzini agobhozayo azinakho ukuzivumelanisa nezokwandisa umsindo, ngoba isizinda esinomsindo senza ukuxhumana kwezwi kungasebenzi. Esikhundleni salokho, lezi zinhlobo zisebenzisa izindlela ezibonakalayo zokuxhumana (“semaphore” komunye nomunye).

Njengoba okubonwayo kubonisa, isabelo esiyinhloko sokuxhumana kwamaxoxo siwela ekuheheni abesifazane. Abesilisa bayakwazi ukukhonkotha bodwa, futhi bangadala ikholi lapho abesilisa abaningi bebuthana ezindaweni ezilungele ukuvuthwa. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo eziningi zamaxoxo (isb. I-polypedates leucomystax) futhi i-crak iphendula izingcingo ezivela kwabesilisa, ezingakhulisa imisebenzi yokuzala yasendaweni. Izinsikazi zithanda abesilisa abenze umsindo ophakeme futhi ophansi, okukhombisa owesilisa ophilile futhi oqinile okwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo enhle kakhulu.

Isigaba esihlukile semisindo senziwa ngabesilisa noma abesifazane abanganendaba bafakwe komunye wesilisa. Lokhu kungumlingiswa ophambili wokukhala okuhambisana nokudlidliza komzimba. Isihlahla nezinhlobo ezithile zamaxoxo wasemhlabeni anombhalo wokuxwayisa wemvula ezayo, abazikhipha lapho izimo ezithile zesimo sezulu zihlanganiswa, kanye nomsindo othize oxosha abesilisa bangaphandle kuleyo ndawo ebanjwayo. Yonke le misindo yesele ikhipha ngomlomo ovaliwe.

Amanye amaxoxo asesimweni sokuba yingozi yokubulala akhipha isiginali yokucindezela ngomlomo ovulekile, ethola umsindo wokugqoza okuphezulu. Njengomthetho, kushicilelwa yi-frog ethumba umhlaseli. Kwesinye isikhathi umhlaseli odabukiswe yileli khala ukhipha ixoxo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abanye abahlaseli beza bagijime kulo, baphazamisa inyamazane ebanjiwe, evumela ukuthi iphunyuke.

Eqa

Amaxoxo abhekwa njengama-jumpers amahle kakhulu awo wonke ama-vertebrates (kanye nobude be-jumper obuhlobene nosayizi womzimba). Isele lase-Australia Litoria nasuta Ungagxuma ibanga elingaphezu kobude bomzimba wakhe (5,5 cm) izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-50. I-kuruka ukushesha ingafinyelela ku-20 m / s 2. Izinhlobo zamaxoxo zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye emandleni abo okugxuma.Ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo, kukhona ukuhlangana okuhle phakathi kosayizi nomuntu nobude be-gxuma, kepha ubude be-gxuma (ubude begxuma elihlukaniswe ngobude bomzimba) buyancipha. Isele laseNdiya I-Euphlyctis cyanopilyctis Inekhono elihlukile lokuphuma emanzini kusuka endaweni elele ebusweni. Amaxoxo amancane Acris crepitans 'ungagijima uwele' ngaphezulu echibini ngokugxuma okufushane okubukhali.

Amandla wokuxhuma amasele ngenxa yokuthi iningi lesistimu yawo yemisipha ichitshiyelwa ukugxuma. Umlenze ophansi, i-brooch nezinyawo zifakwa kuthambo elilodwa, eliqinile, kanye nemisebe engamaphamba (ulamula inertia ngesikhathi sokufika). IMetatarsus iyakhuphuka, ikhulisa ubude bomlenze, okuvumela ixoxo ukuba ligudluze phansi isikhathi eside, likhuphula amandla. I-ilium ibuye ibe yinde futhi yakha ukuhlangana okungahambeki ne-phrum, okuyi-frogs ethuthukile ngokufana Ranidae futhi Hylidae, isebenza njengokuqina okuhlanganisiwe okwenziwe, nokuqina okukhuphukayo. I-caudal vertebrae ingene ku-urostyle, etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-pelvis. Ikuvumela ukuthi udlulise ngempumelelo ukuthonya kwe-gxuma kusuka emilenzeni kuya emzimbeni.

Ngendlela efanayo, izicubu zamaxoxo ziyaguqulwa. Njengezinye izilwane ezinemilenze, kumaxoxo asendulo ukunyakaza kwawo kulawulwa ngababili bezicubu zomzimba - ama-flexors kanye nama-extensors. Emahlathini anamuhla, izicubu ezikhuthaza ukugxuma zikhula ngokungafani (izicubu zomlenze eziyinhloko zakha ngaphezu kwe-17% yenqwaba yamaxoxo), kanti izicubu ezibuyisa izitho endaweni yazo yokuqala cishe ziphazamisekile. Ukuhamba kancane kwe-jump kukhombisa ukuthi izicubu zomlenze zingashintshashintshana nje. Ekuqaleni ziyelulwa (naphezu kwenkungu iqhubeka nokuhlala), bese zisayina bese ziqonda ngqo, zithumela isele emoyeni. Ngenkathi ugxuma, izingaphambili zangaphambili zicindezelwa esifubeni, futhi izitho zomlenze wasemuva zide ubude. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamasele (isb. I-Osteopilus septentrionalis futhi Abasebenzeli beRana), amandla aphezulu asetshenziswa yimisipha ngesikhathi sokuxhuma kungadlula amandla abo we-theoretical. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngemuva kokushintshwa nokuqina kwemisipha okokuqala, amandla atholakalayo aya ku-tendon elula, egoqa ithambo le-ankle. Ekucindezelweni kwesibili kwemisipha, le tendon ikhishwa njenge-chapapult, enikeza i-frog ukusheshisa okwakungeke kwenzeke ukufeza kuphela ngemizamo yemisipha. Kwatholakala inqubo efanayo kwezinye izintethe, kubandakanya nesikhonyane.

Ukugijima nokuhamba

Ezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo zinemilenze emfishane yezinyoni futhi zihamba ngezinyathelo kunokuba zigxume. Ukuhamba okusheshayo kwabamele lezi zinhlobo kuhlinzekwa ukunyakaza okusheshayo kwezimbambo (ukuhamba ngezinyawo) noma ukushesha okufutshane. Frog Kassina maculata inemilenze emifushane nelemile, ayihlelelwanga ukugxuma. Lesi sihlwa singagijima ngokushesha, ngokuhlukile ngokuhambisa imilenze yaso yasemuva. Ukuhamba kancane kukhombisile ukuthi i-frog's gait ayiguquki ngokuya ngejubane eligijimayo (ngokuhlukile, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ehhashini elihamba ngejubane eliphakathi nendawo bese lihamba ngesivinini esikhulu). Le nhlobo iyazi nokuthi ingagibela kanjani izihlahla nezihlahla, ezisetshenziselwa ebusuku ukubamba izinambuzane. Isele laseNdiya I-Euphlyctis cyanopilyctis Inezinyawo ezibanzi futhi ingagijima amamitha ambalwa ngasikhathi sinye ebusweni bamanzi.

Ukubhukuda

Amaxoxo ahlala emanzini ahlehliswa ukubhukuda, imilenzeni yawo yangasemuva kanye nokuba khona kwezingqimba zokubhukuda ezibandakanya ukubhukuda kuyisici sokwakheka komzimba wawo. Ama-membrane andisa indawo engaphezulu yonyawo (njengamaphepha) futhi ahambisa ukuhamba ngokushesha kwamasele emanzini. Amalungu omndeni Pipidae phila impilo yasemanzini ngokuphelele futhi yingakho kufaneleka kule ndawo.Zinomgogodla ongashintshi, umzimba uthambile futhi weluliwe, imilenze enamandla yasemuva ifakwe ngezingqimba ezinkulu, futhi ukuqondisisa okungcono emanzini kukhona isitho somugqa we-lateral. Ama-Tadpoles, njengomthetho, anama-fins amakhulu e-caudal, anika ukushesha kuqondiswe phambili, lapho umsila usuka ngapha nangapha. Emanzini, amasele awasizi ngalutho ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis, lapho umsila usuvele unemithi futhi imilenze ingakasebenzi ngokuphelele.

Ukumba umgodi

Amanye amaxoxo azivumelanisa nokuphila ngaphansi komhlaba futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ekumba imigodi. Kulezi zinhlobo zamasele, njengomthetho, zinomzimba oyindilinga, izinyawo ezifushane, inhloko encane enamehlo agobekayo, kanye nemilenze yangemuva iyajwayela ukumba. Isibonelo sokugxila okuphezulu kule nkomba Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, ukubukwa kwe-india yaseningizimu. Udla ama-termite futhi uchitha impilo yakhe yonke engaphansi komhlaba. Kuyaphuma isikhathi esifushane ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa komhlaba, lapho kubhangqiswa nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzeka ezihlahleni. Lesi sihlahlana sinekhanda elincane elinesihlakala eside nomzimba oyindilinga. Ngenxa yendlela yayo yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba, le nhlobo yaqala yachazwa kuphela ngonyaka we-2003, yize yayisijwayele abantu bendawo isikhathi eside

Olunye uhlobo lomhluzi, i-Australia iHioporus albopunctatus, ihola indlela yokuphila ehluke ngokuphelele. Lesi sitshalo simba umgodi osebeni noma ngaphansi komfula futhi sihlala sikhasa ukudla. Amaqanda nokuzalela kwenzeka esidlekeni ngaphakathi emgodini. Amaqanda akhula aze afike esiteji esithile, kodwa amachashazi awawashiyi kuze kube yilapho umgodi ugcwala imvula enkulu. Yilapho-ke kuphela lapho amathebhu ebhukuda emanzini avulekile, lapho asheshe aqede ukukhula kwawo. Amaxoxo aseMadagascar avela kuhlobo Scaphiophryne ngcwaba amaqabunga owomile. Omunye wabamele lolu hlobo, iScaphiophryne marmorata, inenhloko ekhazimulayo futhi ikhula kahle metatarsal emilenzeni yayo yangasemuva, ikusiza ukuba ingene. Emilenzeni engaphambili yaleli cubu kunezigxobo zenzalo ezikhulisiwe ezisiza ukuthi zingene phakathi kwezihlahla. Lolu hlobo lwamaxoxo luzala ezihlahleni ezibonakala ngemuva kwezimvula.

Ukugibela uDart

Amaxoxo esihlahla ahlala emiqhele yemithi, lapho egibela khona emagatsheni, izinaliti nasemacembe. Abanye babo abaze behlela emhlabeni nhlobo. Amaxoxo esihlahla “wangempela” angawamaxoxo womndeni womndeni, noma amasele esihlahla, kodwa kukhona abamele eminye imindeni yamaxoxo avumelaniswe nendlela yokuphila yesihlahla.

Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwamaxoxo esihlahla kukhona abamele imindeni yama-woodpeckers, ama-springbok, ingilazi nama-Copepods. Amaxoxo amaningi esihlahla awudluli ku-10 cm ubude futhi anemilenze emide nezinyawo ezinde ezinamaphampu anamathele emunweni wawo. Amaxoxo esihlahla anezinto zokwakheka zokuma komhlaba eziklanyiwe futhi angabamba isinambuzane ngokulengiswa egatsheni phezulu komunye umunwe, noma ahlala emhlangeni athungatha umoya. Abanye abameleli be-subfamily Phyllomedusinae kukhona izinzwane eziphikisayo ezinyaweni. UPhyllomedusa ayeaye unomunwe owodwa ophikisayo ebunzini ngalinye neminwe emibili ephikisayo emilenzeni yayo yangemuva. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi abambe ngeziqu zezitshalo zasogwini.

Indiza yokuhlela

Kuwo wonke umlando wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinhlobo zama-frog amaningi angahlangene azilandelanise nezindlela zokuhlela izindiza. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-frog emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo zenzelwe ukuhlela izihlahla noma izihlahla noma zikwazi ukweqa zisuka esihlahleni ziye emhlabathini ngendlela elawulwayo ("parachuing"). Ummeleli ojwayelekile yi-frog Rhacophorus nigropalmat, ehlala eMalaysia naseBorneo. Unezinyawo ezinkulu, iminwe yakhe inwebekile futhi ifakelwe amapads anamathelayo, kukhona izingqimba ezindizayo phakathi kweminwe, futhi kunemikhawulo eyengeziwe yesikhumba emilenzeni nasezinhlamvwini zaso. Yelula iminwe nemilenze, lesi sihlahla singakwazi ukuhlela amabanga amade (afinyelela kumamitha ayi-15) phakathi kwezihlahla, siguqula indlela yokuhamba njengoba kudingeka

Ukuzivikela

Lapho ubheka kuqala, amasele abukeka engenakuzivikela ngokukhanya kwawo amancane, ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane, isikhumba esincane kanye nokungabikho kwemishini yokuzivikela (isibonelo, izimpondo, amazinyo nezinzipho). Amaxoxo amaningi anombala ongathathi hlangothi ovumela ukuthi ungabonakali ngokungafani nesizinda sendawo (ngenkathi isele linganyakazi). Abanye bayakwazi ukwenza ukweqa okukhulu kusuka ezweni kuya emanzini, okubenza bakwazi ukuphunyuka kubazingeli.

Amaxoxo amaningi akhiqiza izinto ezinobuthi (ama-bufotoxins), ezenza zingakwazi ukuhlasela izinyamazane ezingabalulekanga. Amanye amaxoxo anezindlala ezinkulu zeparotid ezitholakala ngemuva kwamehlo athoba umiyane nobuthi okwenza amasele athambekele futhi anobuthi ngasikhathi sinye. Uma umphumela wobuthi uzwakala ngokushesha, umhlaseli angakhipha ixoxo. Uma ubuthi bunesenzo esibambezelekile, ngeke asindise iselesele asibambile, kepha umhlaseli (uma esinda) uzoqhubeka nokugwema abamele le nhlobo.

Amaxoxo anoshevu, njengomthetho, atjengisa ubuthi bawo ngombala wesikhumba okhanyayo (isu elivumelanayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-apoeticism). Ezinye izinhlobo ezingezinobuthi zilingisa ngaphansi kobuthi. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ixoxo le-allobates zaparo alinobuthi, kepha lilingisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ezihlala endaweni yalo. Lapho zombili lezi zinhlobo sezikhona ndawonye, ​​i-Allobates zaparo iphindaphinda ubuthi obuncane

ICaviar

Njengomthetho, i-frog roe igcwele impahla eningi ye-gelatinous, enikeza amaqanda ngokuvikelwa okuthile futhi ingaphazamisi ukuhamba komoya-mpilo, isikhutha kanye ne-ammonia. Leli gobolondo elivikelayo limunca umswakama futhi lijuluke emanzini. Ngemuva kokufakwa komanyolo, ingaphakathi lezithando zeqanda, elinikeza inkululeko yokuhamba kombungu okhulayo. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ngokwesibonelo, isele elibomvu-lonyawo neRana sylvatica), ulwelwe oluhlaza okotshani obukhona e-gelatinous. Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi kuthinta kahle ukuthuthukiswa kombungu, okwandisa ukugcwala komoya-mpilo okhiqizwa ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Izinhlobo eziningi zamaqanda zinombala omnyama noma onsundu ngombala, ozivumela ukuba zishise ngaphansi kwelanga ngaphezu kwemvelo. Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kweqoqo le-Rana sylvatica caviar laliphakeme ngo-6 ° C kunokushisa kwamanzi, okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni ngokushesha kombungu

Ubukhulu kanye nesimo se-caviar agglomerate sibonisa inhlobo ngayinye. Amaxoxo omndeni Ranidae bathambekele kumaqoqo ayindilinga. Umhlophe omncane waseCuba ubeka amaqanda ngasikhathi sinye futhi awabhake enhlabathini emanzi. ILeptodactylus pentadactylus yakha isidleke esinamagovu emgodini, ibeka amaqanda angaba yinkulungwane kuyo. Ama-watpoles azalwa lapho amanzi egcwalisa imbobo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwenzeka ngokuphelele esidlekeni. Isihlahla esinamehlo abomvu sibekela amaqanda kumaqabunga akhiwe ngaphezu kwesiqongo. Ukubambeka, amachaphaza awela emacembe angena emanzini.

Kwezinye izinhlobo, esigabeni esithile sokukhula, imibungu emaqanda ingabamba ukunyakaza okubangelwa izinyamazane (iminyovu, izinyoka) nokubheja ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze ifuduke futhi igweme ukufa. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sesigaba sokukhula kombungu emaqanda sincike ezinhlotsheni ezithile nasezimeni zemvelo. Njengomthetho, ama-tadpoles adonsa ngaphakathi kwesonto ngemuva kokuqhuma kwesigaxa seqanda ngaphansi kwethonya le-hormone elikhiqizwa umbungu.

Izibuko

Izihlahla zamaxoxo ezisuka kumaqanda zaziwa ngokuthi ama-tadpoles. Ziphila impilo yasemanzini ngokuphelele, kepha okukodwa okwaziwayo - amachashaza ezinhlobo iNannophrys ceylonensis ayindawo yomhlaba futhi ahlala phakathi kwamatshe amanzi. Imizimba yabo, njengomthetho, inesimo se-oval, umsila mude, uthambile ngokubhekabheka, uguqulwe ngokubhukuda. Tadpoles has a skilton cartilaginous, the eyes dont of eyeelis, there is a body of the lateral line, gill sisebenzela ukuphefumula. Ekuqaleni, ama-tadpoles anama-gill angaphandle, futhi ngaphakathi angaphakathi (i-gill sac ihlanganisa izimbumbulu nemilenze yangaphambili).Amaphaphu akhulayo asebenza njengesitho esengeziwe sokuphefumula. Ezinye izinhlobo zithola i- metamorphosis ngisho eqandeni, futhi amasele aqandusela emaqanda. Ama-Tadpoles awanawo amazinyo angempela, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zemihlambo zimbozwe ngemigqa ehambisanayo yama-denticles e-keratin (imigqa emibili emhlathini ongenhla, imigqa emithathu emilebeni ephansi ne-horny). Inani lemigqa kanye ne-morphology ngqo yomlomo kuyehluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene futhi kungasebenza njengophawu lokuxilonga. Ama-tadpoles womndeni abiwe (ngaphandle kohlobo) I-Hymenochirus) ube nezimbotshana zangaphambili ezibenza babukeke njenge-catfish encane

Ama-tawpoles ajwayele ukubhebhethekisa ukudla futhi adle ku-algae ehlungiwe ukuphuma emanzini ngokusebenzisa amakhethini. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye sezivele zisesigabeni se-tadpole futhi zidla izinambuzane (amathiphu we-Osteopilus septentrionalis practice cannibalism), futhi zidla nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ama-watpoles, imilenze yokuqala ukukhula, ingaba yisisulu sabangane babo.

Ama-watpoles azingelwa yizinhlanzi, ama-salamanders, ama-carnivores nezinyoni (isb. Kingfisher). Amanye amachaphaza anobuthi. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zamasele, isigaba se-tadpole sithatha isonto ngalinye kuye ezinyangeni eziningana futhi kuya ngecebo lokuzalela.

I-Metamorphosis

Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwesigaba se-tadpole, amaxoxo enza inqubo ye-metamorphosis, lapho amasistimu omzimba akha kabusha ngokushesha abe yindawo yabantu abadala. Njengomthetho, i-metamorphosis ihlala cishe usuku. Kuqala ngokukhiqiza i-thyroxine ye-hormone, ethinta ukukhula kwezicubu. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho ohlelweni lokuphefumula lubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphaphu ngokuhambisana nokunyamalala kwama-gill sac kanye ne-gill sac. Izandulelo ziyabonakala. Umhlathi ophansi uthola ukwakheka kwesimo sokweyisa, amathumbu afushane. Uhlelo lwezinzwa luzivumelanisa nombono we-stereoscopic nokuzwa, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokunyakaza nokudla. Amehlo ashukumisela phezulu, izinkophe kanye nefomu lesikhumba elihambisanayo. Izitho zokuzwa ziyaguqulwa (i-membrane yokuzwa nendlebe ephakathi iyavela). Isikhumba siba sikhulu futhi siqine, isitho sangasese siyanyamalala (ezinhlotsheni eziningi), nefomu lesikhumba sezikhumba. Esigabeni sokugcina se-metamorphosis, umsila uyanyamalala, izicubu zazo zihamba ekuthuthukiseni amalunga.

Rana temporaria frog izibungu ngosuku ngaphambi kwe-metamorphosis

Phakathi ne-metamorphosis - imihlathi iyaguqulwa, amehlo andisiwe, izinsalela ze-gill sac ziyabonakala

Isigaxa somsila, i-metamorphosis sicishe saphela

Abadala

Amaxoxo abhekana ne-metamorphosis ahlala endaweni yokuhlala yezimpawu zezinhlobo zawo. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zamaxoxo amadala ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Zidla ama-invertebrates, kufaka phakathi i-arthropods, izibungu kanye neminenke. Kukhona i-cannibalism, kokubili i-interspecific ne-intraspecific. Kunezinhlobo ezinkulu ezidla amanye ama-amphibians, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni. Abanye abangenantambo babamba inyamazane yabo eqhubeka ngokushesha ngolimi olunamathelayo, kanti abanye bafaka ukudla emilonyeni yabo ngaphambili. Isigaxa sesihlahla iXenohyla truncata siyingqayizivele, ngoba sihlanganisa nezithelo ekudleni kwaso. Izinyamazane eziningi zidla amaxoxo, kufaka phakathi imifino, oklebe, inhlanzi, amasalamanders amakhulu, izinyoka, ama-raccoon, ama-skunks, ama-drakuns nabanye.

Amaxoxo ayizidlamlilo eziyinhloko, isakhi esibalulekile seqoqo lokudla. Njengoba beyizilwane ezinegazi elibandayo, basebenzisa kahle ukudla abakudlayo, bachitha ingxenye encane kuphela yamandla abo ezinqubweni ze-metabolic futhi baguqula abanye baba yi-biomass. Zisebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, futhi zona zidla ama-arthropods asemhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores. Ngakho-ke, ngokudla abathengi bezitshalo, amasele andisa ukukhula kwesitshalo biomass, okunomthelela ekulinganiseni kwesimiso semvelo.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwamaxoxo ku-vivo asiqondakali kahle. Kusetshenziswa izindlela zokubala kwezikhathi zamathambo, isikhathi sempilo yexoxo Rana muscosa silinganiswa ngoshintsho lwesikhathi sonyaka ekukhuleni kwama-phalanges eminwe.Imininingwane etholakele iphakamisa ukuthi ubude bokuphila komuntu obudala buyiminyaka eyi-10, futhi inikezwe isigaba se-tadpole, okuthi kulokhu kuhlale iminyaka engaba ngu-4, isikhathi sokuphila sale maxoxo yiminyaka eyi-14.

Ukunakekelwa Kwesithombo

Izindlela zokunakekela inzalo yamaxoxo aziqondakali kahle. Cishe ama-20% ezinhlobo ze-amphibian acatshangelwa ukuthi anakekela amawundlu ngandlela thile. Kunobudlelwano obuphambanisanayo phakathi kosayizi wedatha osetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kabusha kanye nezinga lokunakekelwa kwabazali okukhonjiswa amaxoxo. Izinhlobo ze-Frog ezizalela imizimba emincane yamanzi zikhombisa amazinga anzima kakhulu ukunakekelwa kwabazali. Ezitolo ezinkulu, amaphesenti amaningi ama-caviar kanye nama-tadpoles adliwa ngabazingeli. Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izinhlobo zamasele ziye zakwazi ukubeka amaqanda emhlabeni. Ikakhulu, banakekela ukugcina umswakama we-caviar ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile. Ukunakekelwa kwabazali okwengeziwe kubonakaliswa ekuthuthweni kwezidambiso eziboshwe emhlabeni ziye emachibini.

Ezimizimbeni ezincane zamanzi kunezidalwa ezimbalwa ezidla ubhedu, futhi ukusinda kwalezi tadpoles kulawulwa ikakhulukazi ngumncintiswano wangaphakathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zamasele zivimbela lo mncintiswano ngokudlulisela ama-tadpoles amasha emithanjeni emincane ehlelekile (lat. Phytotelmata) egcwele amanzi. Ngaphandle kokuntuleka komncintiswano, imigwaqo enjalo ayinampilo kwezinsizakusebenza, ngakho-ke abazali kufanele bondle imithungo yabo. Ezinye izinhlobo zondla ama-tadpoles ngamaqanda angenazithelo. Ngakho-ke, i-woodpecker encane (i-Oophaga pumilio) ibeka amaqanda ngqo emhlabathini ehlathini. Iduna livikela i-caviar ezilwaneni ezidla lazo futhi liyithambisa ngamanzi e-cloaca ukuze lingoma. Lapho ama-tadpoles edonsa, insikazi iyidlulisela emgodleni wommeleli womndeni we-bromeliad, ishiya i-tadpole eyodwa kwisitshalo ngasinye. Ngemuva kwalokhu, insikazi ihlala ivakashela ama-tadpoles, ibeka iqanda elilodwa noma amabili angenafile njengokudla, futhi iyaqhubeka nokubondla kuze kube yilapho kungena i-metamorphosis. Ngendlela efanayo, abamele izinhlobo ze-Oophaga granulifera banakekela inzalo yabo.

Izinhlobo zokunakekelwa kwabazali phakathi kwamaxoxo zihlukahlukene kakhulu. IColostethus subpunctatus yeduna elincanyana ligada isiqu sayo samaqanda abekwe ngaphansi kwelitshe noma ilog. Lapho imvuthuluka idonsa, uyidlulisela emhlane (igxishwe nge-mucous secretion) iye endaweni yokugcina amanzi okwesikhashana, lapho, ngokwengxenye egxililewe emanzini, ikhiphe i-tadpoles eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, bese idlulela kwisithonjana esilandelayo. Inkukhu yaseNingizimu Melika i-Engystomops pustulosus yakha isidleke kusuka kugwebu lapho ibekela khona amaqanda. I-foam iqukethe amaprotheni kanye nama-lectin futhi ingaba nezakhiwo ze-antibacterial. Amaxoxo amaningana amaxoxo angakha isidleke esihlanganyelwe. Kulokhu, “i-raft” iyaqala ukwakhiwa, bese amasele ebeka amaqanda enkabeni yayo, eguqula ukubeka amaqanda nokwakheka kwegwebu, aqeda inqubo ngokwenza ungqimba wegwebu ngaphezulu kwamaqanda.

Ezinye izinhlobo zamasele zigcina inzalo emizimbeni yazo. Izinsikazi ze-rheobathrachus (okungenzeka zisanda kuphela) zagwinya amaqanda abo avundisiwe, akhula esiswini sabo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amasele ayeka ukondla futhi athumele amajusi asesiswini, kanye namadisiphu adliwe ngeqanda leqanda. Ngemuva kwamaviki ayisithupha kuya kwayisikhombisa, izinsikazi zavula imilomo yazo kakhulu futhi zamisa amathumbu. Uhlobo lwensikazi iDarwin rhinderm ehlala eChile ibekela amaqanda angaba ngu-40, avikelwe ngowesilisa phansi. Lapho imithungo ibamba, owesilisa uyabagwinya futhi ababambe esigaxeni sakhe somphimbo esandisiwe. Amashubhu acwiliswa kuketshezi olubonakalayo lwe-foamy, okuthi ngaphezu kwe-yolk lubanikeze izakhi zomzimba. Bahlala esikhwameni amasonto ayisikhombisa kuya kweyishumi, emva kwalokho bahlaselwa yi-metamorphosis, bangene emgodleni womlomo wesilisa baphume baphume.

Ekuphekeni

Kudliwa imilenze yamasele emazweni ahlukene.Indlela yendabuko yokwanelisa imakethe yendawo ngokweqile kwama-frog endawo ayenzeki eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokwehla kwalaba bantu. Njengamanje, kukhona ukuhweba okuthuthukile komhlaba wonke emilengeni yamaxoxo. Abangenisi abahamba phambili yiFrance, iBelgium, iLuxembourg ne-USA, kanti abathengisi abahamba phambili yi-Indonesia ne China. Imali ethengiswa ngonyaka yokuthengiswa kwenkukhu yaseMelika (iRana catesbeiana), ebiyelwe ngenkuthalo eChina, ifinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,4. Amanye amazwe, ngokwesibonelo, iBelarus, muva nje abe nesifiso sokutshalwa kwamaxoxo adliwayo.

Emkhakheni wokucwaninga

Amaxoxo asetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Ngekhulu le-18, isazi sezinto eziphilayo uLuigi Galvani, ngokuhlola amasele, ukuxhumana phakathi kukagesi nohlelo lwezinzwa. Ngo-1852, uG.F. uStannius wasebenzisa inhliziyo yesele ekuhlolweni kwegama lakhe, okufakazele ukuthi amaseli we-pacemaker angakwazi ukukhiqiza ngokuzimele izigqi ezihlukile emigodini yenhliziyo ne-atria. Ixoxo elibushelelezi leSpur lalisetshenziswa kabanzi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 lapho kwenziwa isivivinyo sokukhulelwa ngemuva kokuba udokotela wezilwane ongumNgisi uLancelot Hogben ethola iqiniso lokuthi i-hormone chorionic gonadotropin ikhona kumchamo wowesifazane okhulelwe, obangela ukuba kugqame kulexoxo. Ngo-1952, uRobert Briggs noJoseph King babumba isele ngokudlulisela i-somatic cell nuclei (iwundlu lakwaDolly kamuva labanjwa ngendlela efanayo). Lesi kwakuyisivivinyo sokuqala esiphumelele sokubumba ama-vertebrates ngokufakelwa kwenuklea. Amaxoxo asetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni emkhakheni we-embryology. Amaxoxo weSpur ahlala eyisidalwa esiyimodeli ekuthuthukisweni kwebhayoloji ngisho nangemva kokukhula kokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa okuningana kwalokhu, ngoba kulula ukuyigcina ikwimo yelabhoratri, futhi imibungu yayo inkulu ngokwanele ukuba isetshenziswe. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaxoxo abushelelezi we-spur aya ngokuya athathelwa indawo yisihlobo esincanyana, i-Xenopus tropicalis, efinyelela ekuvuthweni kocansi ezinyangeni ezi-5 (hhayi ngonyaka noma emibili, njengefrog spog), esheshisa izifundo ezidinga izizukulwane eziningana zamaxoxo. IGenome X. tropicalis ukusuka ngonyaka we-2012 isesendleleni yokulandelana.

Izinhlobo ezihlukile zobuthi obuvezwa amaxoxo zivuse isasasa labasebenza ngamakhemikhali kule "ekhemisi yemvelo." I-alkaloid epibatidine, i-painkiller, enamandla anamandla angaphezu kwayi-morphine, yatholakala kwezinye izinhlobo ze-genus listolaz. I-peptide yahlukaniswa nesikhumba se-frog okuthiwa ivimbela ukwenziwa kwegciwane le-HIV.

Amaxoxo asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokusebenzela ezikoleni kanye nasemanyuvesi. Njengomthetho, zelashwa ngaphambi kokuthola imibala ukuze zithole umehluko phakathi kwezinqubo ezahlukene zomzimba. Ngokombiko wenhlangano yezamalungelo ezilwane, lo mkhuba usanda kuthathelwa indawo yi-dislocation ebonakalayo yamaxoxo “idijithali” - izinhlelo zamakhompiyutha ezilingisa isitho sexoxo eliphilayo.

Ukukhiqizwa Kwezinhlungu

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ubuthi be-frog belusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imicibisholo nemicibisholo enobuthi. Ngosizo lwemfihlo yesikhumba seqabunga leqabunga elibi, amaNdiya aseNingizimu Melika enza imicibisholo enobuthi. Isipikili sasihlikiwe ngemuva kwexoxo, imicibisholo yadutshulwa ipayipi lomoya ekuzingeleni. Inhlanganisela yama-toxin amabili akhona kulawa ma-secretion (i-batrachotoxin ne-Homobatrachotoxin) iqine kangangokuba ubuthi beselesi esisodwa kuthiwa bulanele ukubulala amagundane angama-22,000. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zamasele, iqabunga elinamaqabunga egolide kanye neqabunga elinemibala emibili, nazo zisetshenzisiwe njengemithombo yobuthi, kepha ukugxila kwazo kuzo kuncane, futhi ukuze ubuthi buqale ukuvela kumele bushiswe ngomlilo. Lezi zinhlungu ziyahlolwa ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ekwelashweni.

Isimo sokuphepha

Ucwaningo luqale ngeminyaka yama-1950 lukhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamaxoxo.Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Kwezinye izindawo, ukwehla kwenani lamaxoxo kungenxa yokubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukungcola, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungeniswa kwabazingeli bakwamanye amazwe, izimuncagazi kanye nalabo abancintisana nabo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-chitridiomycosis ne-ranavirus zibhekwa njengezilimaza kakhulu kubantu be-frog.

Abaphenyi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuzwela okwandayo kwama-amphibians ngokujwayelekile nangamaxoxo ikakhulukazi ekungcolisweni kwemvelo kuhlotshaniswa nezinto ezinjengezikhundla zabo eziphakathi nendawo kwibhokisi lokudla, isikhumba esivumelekile kanye nokujikeleza kwempilo, okubandakanya isigaba samanzi (i-tadpole) nendlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni yomuntu omdala . Lezo zinhlobo ezimbalwa zamasele lapho isigaba samanzi sempilo sincishisiwe noma engekho ngokuphelele simelana kakhulu nokungcoliswa kunamaxoxo ajwayelekile akhula emanzini kusukela esigabeni samaqanda kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-metamorphosis.

Inani lokushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokushoda kofuzo okubonwe kumaxoxo lenyuka ngesikhathi sokuqashelwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1990 kuya ku-2003. Enye yezinkinga ezivamile yokushoda noma eyengeziwe imilenze. Ama-hypotheses ahlukahlukene mayelana nezimbangela zalawa maphutha abandakanya ukwanda kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet evela emaqanda, ukungcoliswa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane yezolimo nezifo eziyizidlakudla, njengokutheleleka ngeRibeiroia ondatrae trematode. Kungenzeka ukuthi zonke lezi zinto zisebenza ngokubambisana (imisebe kanye nokucindezelwa kwamakhemikhali kunciphisa ukumelana kwezinto eziphilayo namagciwane). Ukulimala kwe-limb kukhubazeka ukuhamba kwemithi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amathuba wesilwane asindile ekuthweni.

Ucwaningo olwenziwe eCanada ngonyaka we-2006 lwakhombisa ukuthi ukungahambisani kwabantu kakhulu kwezokuvakasha kusongela kakhulu kumaxoxo kunokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Kwezinye izimo, kwasungulwa izinhlelo zokuzalela abathunjiwe, ezaziphumelela ngokuvamile. Ngo-2007, kwashicilelwa ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi amanye ama-bacteriotic ama-probiotic angakhulisa ukumelana kwe-frog ezifweni ezibangelwa ukhunta. Uhlelo olubizwa ngePanama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project lwenzelwe ukugcina ezinye izinhlobo zamasele empumalanga yePanama ezibulawa yilezi zifo, kubandakanya nokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zensimu zokusebenzisa ama-probiotic. I-World Association of Zoos and Aquariums imemezele unyaka ka-2008 we-frog ngenhloso yokudonsela umphakathi enkingeni yokuvikela amasele.

Ezinganekwaneni

Ezintwini eziningi zomhlaba, amasele ahlotshaniswa nezinto eziningi ezingemnandi. Ngokwesiko laseChina, isele lifanekisela iYin yenyanga. Umoya we-Qing-wah Sheng frog uhlotshaniswa nokuphulukiswa kanye nenhlanhla ebhizinisini. Isimboli esithi "chura emthonjeni" sibhekisele kumuntu oseduze. Ngokwesiko lasendulo lasePeru laseMoche, izintambo ezingenamicu zazingenye yezilwane ezihlonishwayo futhi zazivame ukuvela emisebenzini yobuciko. Inganekwane yasePanama ithi inhlanhla inalowo obona iselesi segolide lasePanamani (Atelopus zeteki). Uhlobo lwale ndaba luthi lapho befa, la maxoxo aphenduka abe yi-mascot yegolide.

Ezincwadini

Amaxoxo ajwayele ukusebenza njengabalingiswa ezincwadini. Umsebenzi wokuqala wezobuciko osufikile kithi, egameni lawo okungamaxoxo, ihlaya lika-Aristophanes "Frogs", eliqale ukwenziwa ngo-405 BC. e. Izibonelo ezingeziwe zifaka:

• I-Batrachomyomychia - inkondlo yasendulo yesiGrikhi eyabhalwa ngu-hexameter ngempi yezintwala namasele.
• I-Frog Princess ingumlingiswa wenganekwane yase-Russian engaziwa.
• E- "Alice in Wonderland" nguLewis Carroll phakathi kwabasebenzi beDuchess kukhona iLackey the Frog.
• UDade Frog - umlingisi we "Tales of Uncle Remus" nguJoel Harris.
• I-Frog King ingumlingisi enganekwaneni kaFree Grimm ethi "The Tale of the Frog King, noma ka-Iron Henry."

Ukuzalela amaxoxo

Njengezigidi zeminyaka edlule, ixoxo liqala impilo yalo emanzini.Ntwasahlobo ngayinye, umuntu angabona ngendlela efinyeziwe inqubo eyake yaholela ekuguqulweni kokhokho abanjengezinhlanzi baba yizilwane zasemhlabeni.

I-tadpole ivela emaqanda abekwe emanzini. Kuze kube manje, ayihlukile kakhulu ku-fish Fry. Kepha lapha kuqala uchungechunge lwezinguquko, ezibandakanya izigaba ezingaba ngamashumi amathathu zokushintsha. Owokugcina uyena ophambili. Isonto - nezinguquko eziyisisekelo zenzeka kuzo zonke izitho zomzimba. Isonto - kanti i-tadpole ijika isuka ekubeni "yinhlanzi" iye isilwane esisemhlabeni. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, isele liyohlala emhlabeni, ngokuqondile, emngceleni wezwe namanzi.

Isiqu: incazelo, isakhiwo, isimilo Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ixoxo?

Ukuxhumana okuhlala njalo nemvelo yasemanzini kubeka izici ezimbalwa zesimo ku-biology yamaxoxo. I-tadpole yaphefumula ngama-gills, kanti ixoxo elidala liphefumula ngomlomo, ngamaphaphu nangesikhumba. Iqoqo elikhulu kangako lezitho zokuphefumula libonisa kuphela ama-amphibians. Ngenkathi isele lisemanzini, liphefumula esikhunjeni, futhi lapho lisemhlabeni - ngomlomo namaphaphu. Uhlelo lwe-Universal nolokujikeleza. Izingxenye ezimbili zenhliziyo zisebenza emanzini, negazi elixubekile ligobhoza emzimbeni, njengasezinhlanzini. Emhlabeni, i-atrium yesobunxele ixhunyiwe emsebenzini, futhi igazi elihlanzekile le-oksijini elingena ngaphakathi lingena ebuchosheni. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzithoba ngakunye kwesixoxo, uhlelo lokuphefumula luyashintsha ngokushesha.

Uma kukhulunywa ngobusika, isele licwila liqonde ezansi. Ngenkathi isele lisemhlabathini, ukubamba kulula. Futhi zama ukumzingela eduze kwamanzi. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uzophumelela. Wonke amathambo esele acutshwe ngendlela emangalisayo ukuze agxume. Izimbambo zangemuva zinde, zakhiwa izingwegwe eziyishumi ezibunjiweyo. Izindondo eziyishumi ezenziwa ngasikhathi sinye izicubu ezinamandla kakhulu. Futhi ibhande lezandulelo liyisisetshenziswa “esicabangelwe” esinamandla kakhulu se- “fit soft”.

Yize isikhathi esiningi utshani namaxoxo ama-moor echitha emhlabeni, kubukeka sengathi ayaqhubeka nokuphila endaweni enomswakama. Isikhumba sawo singenalutho futhi simboziwe nge-mucus, futhi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wexoxo awunqunywa kwezinye izilwane - ngesikhathi sosuku, kepha ngokuyinhloko ngumswakama kanye nokushisa komoya. Isele lingahamba lizingele noma yinini. Futhi uma kaningi lokhu kwenzeka ebusuku, kungenxa yokuthi ebusuku kuvame ukuthambisa ngokwengeziwe. Ntambama, noma yisiphi isimo sezulu uthanda imvula efudumele yamakhowe.

Amehlo wexoxo

Umuzwa ongajwayelekile, i-miniaturization kanye nokwethenjelwa kokuqanjwa kwezitho zokuqalwa kwe-frog ziya ngokuya ziqala ukuheha onjiniyela. Sele bakhile "iso le-elekhtronikhi" - insiza esekelwe kunqubo yeso leseku.

Njengoba wazi, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yeso yi-retina, equkethe ungqimba lwama-photoreceptors, izingqimba eziningana zamangqamuzana aguquguqukayo kanye nesendlalelo esisodwa samaseli e-ganglion. Ama-Photoreceptors - izinduku nezigaxa - zikhanya ukukhanya, zikuguqule ku-biocurrents, khuphula futhi udlulisele kumaseli we-bipolar. I-Bipolar icubungula imininingwane etholakele bese idlulisela ku-ganglia. Amagatsha we-opic nerve, lapho i-biocurrents isiya ebuchosheni, isivele isuka ku-ganglia. Kepha kwavela ukuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene e-ganglia akhethekile. Abanye babo babona kuphela umehluko, abanye - umphetho oshukumisayo, abanye - onqenqemeni olugobile, okwesine - ukukhanya okuhlukile.

Uhlobo ngalunye lokucasulwa ludluliselwa ngefayibha yalo ye-optic nerve fiber ukuya engxenyeni ethile yobuchopho. Engqondweni, imininingwane etholakele icutshungulwe, isilwane sibona isifundo sonke.

Ahlala kuphi amaxoxo?

Amaxoxo ahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo, angahlangana kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Njengoba amaxoxo angakuthandi ngempela ukubanda, awatholakali kaningi ezindaweni ezibandayo ze-Arctic (yize kunezinhlobo eziningana ezihlala lapho). Kepha izinhlobo eziningi zamasele zibekezelela ngokuphelele isimo sezulu esipholile. Njengoba silobe ngenhla, kumaxoxo asebusika acwila ngaphansi kwezindawo ezigcina amanzi, okungukuthi, adlulela emanzini, ukuze kuthi lapho kuqala intwasahlobo abuyele phezulu.

Futhi, izinhlobo eziningi zamasele zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika.

Mangakhi amaxoxo?

Isikhathi sokuphila kwamaxoxo sincike ezinhlotsheni zawo.Ngokwesilinganiso, baphila iminyaka eyi-10-20. Vele, ezimweni zemvelo, amasele anezitha eziningi, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile awaphili kuze kube ukuguga. Kepha uma kungekho okubasabisayo, ngokwesibonelo, amaxoxo echibi ahlala iminyaka engaphezulu kwengama-20 ngokuthula, afinyelela eminyakeni engama-20, futhi lapho kwake kwaba khona ngisho icala lapho itafula elilodwa lihlala iminyaka engama-32, ngamazinga we-frog kwaphenduka isibindi eside.

Adlani amaxoxo?

Umlando omude wokuqalwa kwesele uye wathuthukisa ikhwalithi ebaluleke njengokuthi umuntu angathobeki futhi angabi semthethweni ekudleni. Akukhona ukudla okwenele - isele lizofa yindlala kosuku nesonto.

Okuningi - kudla yonke into ngokulandelana, konke okusendaweni enikeziwe ngesikhathi esinikeziwe. Imenyu yehlukahlukene. Amakhabethe nezimvemvane, izinyosi kanye nemichilo, izintuthwane, izimbungulu, imayflies, izibungu ezahlukahlukene kanye neminenke, izicabucabu kanye nesimungumungwane, ama-worgs kanye nezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunambitheka kuyafana cishe kuwo wonke amasele, ngaphandle kwamaxoxo echibi.

Abasobala ngokusobala banokuthambekela okunolaka - udla izinhlanzi grey ngisho namadadiphu abo. Kunezimo lapho la maxoxo edla amachwane.

Kepha zingakhi izinambuzane eziyingozi ezingabhubhisa ngempela? Isazi se-herpetologist B. A. Krasavtsev sibala ukuthi endaweni yamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-24 yemeday kanye nensimu kukhona isilinganiso samaxoxo angama-720 otshani. Uma isele elilodwa lidla cishe izinambuzane eziyisikhombisa ngosuku, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokuvuka (izinyanga eziyisithupha: ukusuka kwengxenye ka-Ephreli kuya kwengxenye ka-Okthoba), liqothula amakhophi ayi-7 X 180 = 1,260. Ukuphindaphindeka kule nombolo ngenani lamaxoxo esiqeshini, sithola inani elihlaba umxhwele: 907 200. Cishe izinambuzane eziyisigidi!

Ukusetshenziswa kwamaxoxo

Kepha lapho ubuhle bexoxo likhulu impela, kunjalo, kwi-biology nakwezokwelapha. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ochwepheshe bokuzivocavoca bomzimba basebenzisa amaxoxo ekuhlolweni okuningi futhi bawathanda kwezinye izilwane. Isele lahlonishwa ngaleli udumo ngenxa yokukhuthazela okuhle nobungqabavu balo, elalitholwa isikhathi eside emzabalazweni wokuba khona.

"Uthando" olunje ngabacwaningi luyabiza kumaxoxo. Babanjwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane. Ngezidingo zakhe zezomnotho, umuntu ususa izindawo ezintsha ezinkulu zemvelo. Futhi uma amahlathi, amadlelo kanye nemifula kusavikelekile, khona-ke izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi nezindikimba zamanzi zesikhashana - izindawo eziyinhloko zamaxoxo - zithathwa njengezindawo ezingenamsebenzi. Zikwaziwa kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncipha okuqhubekayo kwenani lamaxoxo kunomthelela wobungako bomzimba wabo: bakhula kancane. Ixoxo likwazi ukuzala ngonyaka wesithathu kuphela, futhi ngalesi sikhathi lifinyelela osayizi abanele ukwenza ucwaningo. Ngakho-ke, noma ikuphi ukucekelwa phansi komuntu okuhlobene nemvelo (ukugeleza kwamanzi okungatholwanga amanzi, izikhukhula zomhlaba, ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi) kuthinta amaxoxo kubuhlungu kakhulu. Zisetshenziselwa ukulwa nezinto eziningi zemvelo, kepha azikwazi ukumelana nokuqamba komuntu.

Izinzuzo zesele ngaphambi kwesayensi yemvelo, umuthi nezokulima akunakuphikwa. Shono-ke ukuthi kwamanye amazwe isikhumbuzo sesivele sakhiwe ukumhlonipha.

Isikhumbuzo ngesithwathwa eParis.

Ngakho-ke masibe nethemba lokuthi izikhumbuzo zethu zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo kwixoxo ziyobe ziyimfanelo yokuncoma kwakhe, hhayi ukuxolisa ngokubhujiswa komunye ummeleli wezwe lesilwane ongakwazanga ukumela umncintiswano ngejubane lempucuko.

Amaqiniso we-Frog athakazelisayo

• Ixoxo le-goliath elihlala eCameroon likhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela amakhilogremu amathathu nohhafu, futhi ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-32. Igalikhi evela eSeychelles ithathwa njengesiwula esincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Izilwane zabantu abadala azidluli amasentimitha ayi-1,8 - 1.9.
• Ukukhala kweselesele, elitholakala empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, kuzwakala kude ngamakhilomitha ambalwa futhi kufana nokubhonga kwenkunzi.
• Amaxoxo endiza ahlala eziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Izilonda eziphakathi kweminwe zisebenza njenge-parachute.Esiqwini sendiza esindiza esiqhingini saseBorneo, indawo yolwelwesi ifinyelela amasentimitha ayi-19.
• Ubuthi bamaxoxo anobuthi buqine njenge-curare. Abazingeli baseNingizimu Melika bayayisebenzisela ukuzingela izingulube nezinyamazane, bopha imicibisholo enobuthi.
• Ixoxo elinezintambo ezintathu (iBrazil, iPeru, iGuiana) ekuqaleni linakekela izingane zalo. Lapho isigaxa soma, izithungwana zinamathela emzimbeni womzali, futhi azithwale aziyise endaweni entsha.
• Ubhejane wesilisa ohlala eChile uginya amaqanda akhulayo awathwale esikhwameni sezwi lakhe.
• I-pipa yowesifazane (iBrazil, iGuiana), isebenzisa i-rectum evikela (ovipositor), ibeka amaqanda angama-40 kuye kwangama-114 emhlane wakhe. Ngemuva kwaloko, kwakhiwa amangqamuzana anamabhulukwe azungeze amaqanda. Konke ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuguqulwa (izinsuku ezingama-82) kwenzeka kulawa maseli, okuvela kuwo amasele asevele ukuphuma kuwo.

Kunconywe ukufunda nezixhumanisi eziwusizo

• I-Maslova I.V. Umthelela wesimo sezulu ezicini ezithile zempilo ye-amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo (rus.): Ukuqokelelwa / uComp. A.O. Kokorin. - eMoscow: WWF Russia, 2006. - P. 111. - ISBN 5895640370. - IBakhodi: 26.23B58.
• Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. Isichazamazwi sezilimi ezimbili samagama ezilwane. Ama-Amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. IsiLatin, isiRussia, isiNgisi, isiJalimane, nesiFulentshi. / ihlelwe yi-Acad.
• UFerrell, uVance. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwendawo. I-Evolution Encyclopedia, uMqulu 3. Amaqiniso we-Evolution (Mashi 4, 2012). UDahl, uChris, uNovotny, uVojtech, uMoavec, uJiri, uRichards, uStephen J. Beta ukwahlukahlukana kwamaxoxo emahlathini aseNew Guinea, Amazonia naseYurophu: umehluko wemiphakathi eshisayo nenomswakama (isiNgisi) // Ijenali yeBiogeography (isiNgisi) IsiRussia : iphephabhuku. - 2009. - Umq. 36, cha. 5. - P. 896? 904. - I-DoI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
• UShabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Amaxoxo aluhlaza: impilo ngaphandle kwemithetho noma indlela ekhethekile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? (Russian) // Imvelo: Ijenali. - Isayensi, 2010. - Cha. 3. - P. 29-36.
• Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Indawo yokusebenzela kwi-zoo yezilwane eziseduze kwezilwane.