Ukuguqulwa okwenziwe izisulu ukuze kulwe nezitha zeneqhaza kufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwezindlela zalabo abahlukumeza ukunqoba lezi zinguquko. Ukuhlala isikhathi eside kwabaphangi kanye nezisulu kuholela ekwakhekeni kohlelo lokuxhumana lapho amaqembu womabili agcinwa ngokuqinile endaweni yokufunda. Ukwephulwa kohlelo olunjalo kuvame ukuholela emiphumeleni emibi yemvelo.
Umthelela omubi wokwephulwa kobudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo ubonwa ngenkathi kwethulwa izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ikakhulu, izimbuzi nonogwaja abethulwe e-Australia abanazo izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulawula ubuningi kulelizwekazi, okuholela ekubhujisweni kwemvelo yemvelo.
Imodeli yezibalo
Ake sithi izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane zihlala endaweni ethile: onogwaja (ukudla izitshalo) nezimpungushe (ukudla onogwaja). Vumela inombolo yemivundla x < isibonise x>, inani lezimpungushe y < isibonisi y>. Sisebenzisa iMalthus Model kanye nezichibiyelo ezidingekayo, sibheka ukudliwa kogwaja yizimpungushe, sifika ohlelweni olulandelayo, olubizwa ngegama lemodeli yakwaVolterra - Amathileyi:
<x ˙ = (α - c y) x, y ˙ = (- β + d x) y. < isibonisi < qala Lolu hlelo lunesimo sokulingana lapho isibalo sonogwaja nezimpungushe zihlala njalo. Ukuphambuka kulo mbuso kuholela ekushintshashintsheni kwenani lonogwaja nezimpungushe, ezifanayo nokushintshashintsha kwe-oscillator ye-harmonic. Njengasesimweni se-oscillator ye-harmonic, le ndlela yokuziphatha ayizinzile ngokuhlelekile: ushintsho oluncane kwimodeli (ngokwesibonelo, kucatshangelwa izinsizakusebenza ezilinganiselwe ezidingwa onogwaja) kungaholela ushintsho olufanele ekuziphatheni. Isibonelo, izwe lokulingana lingazinza, futhi ukushintshashintsha kwamanani kuzoncipha. Isimo esiphikisayo siyenzeka futhi, lapho noma yikuphi ukuphambuka okuncane kusuka endaweni yokulingana kuholele emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele, kuze kube sekuqothulweni okuphelele kokukodwa kwezinhlobo. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi yiziphi kulezi zimo ezisetshenziswayo, imodeli yeVolterra-Tray ayinikezi impendulo: ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka lapha. Ngokombono wokubukwa komqondo we-oscillations, imodeli yeVolterra - iLotka iyisistimu yokulondolozwa enezihlanganisi zokuqala zokunyakaza. Lolu hlelo alulona olubi, ngoba ushintsho oluncane kakhulu ohlangothini lwesokunene lwezibalo luholela ezinguquko ezifanele ekuziphatheni kwalo okunamandla. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi "kancane" ushintshe uhlangothi olungakwesokudla lwezibalo ukuze uhlelo luzenzele lona luzenzele lona. Ukuba khona komjikelezo womkhawulo ozinzile ohambisana nezinhlelo eziguqukayo ezinamandla kusiza ekunwetshisweni okukhulu emkhakheni wokusebenza kwemodeli. Indlela yokuphila yeqembu labazingeli nezisulu zabo ziguqula kakhulu imodeli yokuziphatha, kuyinika ukukhula okuzinzile. Umqondo: ngendlela yokuphila yeqembu, imvamisa yokuhlangana okungahleliwe kwabazingeli abanezisulu ezingehla iyancipha, okufakazelwa ukubonwa kwamandla esibalo samabhubesi nezilwane zasendle eSerengeti Park. Imodeli yokuhlangana kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinto eziphilayo (abantu) zohlobo lwe- "inyamazane - inyamazane" ibizwa nangokuthi imodeli yeVolterra - Lotka. Yaqala ukutholwa nguAlfred Lotka ngonyaka ka 1925 (isetshenziselwa ukuchaza amandla okusebenzisana kwabantu bemvelo). Ngo-1926 (kungakhathalekile ukuthi uLotka) amamodeli afanayo (futhi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu) athuthukiswa yisazi sezibalo saseNtaliyane uVito Volterra. Izifundo zakhe ezijulile emkhakheni wezinkinga zemvelo zabeka isisekelo semibono yemathematics yemiphakathi yemvelo (i-ecology yezibalo).Ukuziphatha okuyisibonelo
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