Isinambuzane esinambuzane: kudlani, kuhlala kuphi futhi kungani kukhanya? Izikhova Zomlilo * Izinambuzane

Send

Isithasamlilo yisinambuzane esingoku-oda i-Coleoptera (noma amabhungane), isizinda sezinhlobo ezihlukile, umndeni wezicishamlilo (izibane zezibani) (isiLatin Lampyridae).

Izicishamlilo zathola igama lazo ngenxa yokuthi amaqanda, izibungu nabantu abadala bayakwazi ukukhazimula. Ukubhekisisa okudala kakhulu okuphathelene nezicishamlilo kuqoqo lezinkondlo zaseJapan lekhulu lesikhathi se-VIII.

I-Firefly - incazelo nesithombe. Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umnyama?

Izicishamlilo izinambuzane ezincane ezisukela osayizi abasukela ku-4 mm kuya ku-3 cm. Iningi lazo linomzimba omncane ophothiwe, ombozwe izinwele, kanye nesici sawo wonke amabhungane lapho zivelela khona:

Amaphiko ama-4, amabili angenhla aphenduka i-elytra, enemikhawulo futhi kwesinye isikhathi iminonjana yezimbambo,

inhloko eshukumayo, ehlotshiswe ngamehlo amakhulu anezici, embozwe ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ethile yesitatimende,

i-filiform, i-crested noma i-antennae ye-sawtooth, enezingxenye eziyi-11,

izinsiza zomlomo zohlobo lokugedla amazinyo (kaningi ibonwa ezinqolobaneni nasezinsikazi, kuyancishiswa kwabesilisa).

Iziduna zezinhlobo eziningi, ezifana namabhungane ajwayelekile, zihluke kakhulu kubesifazane, zikhumbuza kakhulu izibungu noma izibungu ezincane ezinemilenze. Abamele kanjalo banomzimba onsundu omnyama onamabhangqwana ama-3 wemilenze emifushane, amehlo amakhulu alula futhi awanamaphiko noma i-elytra nhlobo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, abazi ukuthi bangandiza kanjani. Izimpondo zazo zincane, zinezigaba ezintathu, kanti nekhanda elingaqondakali kalula lifihlwe ngemuva kwesihlangu sentamo. Lapho intokazi ikhula kancane, yilapho ikhanya khona.

Izicishamlilo azinombala ogqamile: abamele imibala e-brown bahlangana kaningi, kepha izimbozo zabo zingaba namathoni amnyama namnyama. Lezi zinambuzane zinezici ezibanzi ezithambile futhi eziguquguqukayo. Ngokungafani namanye amabhungane, i-elytra yezicishamlilo ilula kakhulu, ngakho izinambuzane ngaphambili zazibizwa ngokuthi yimizimba ethambile (lat. Cantharidae), kodwa bese ihlukaniswa ibe ngumndeni ohlukile.

Kungani kukhanya imililo?

Amalungu amaningi omndeni we-firefly ayaziwa ngekhono lawo lokukhipha ukukhanya kwe-phosphorescent, okuphawuleka ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abesilisa kuphela abangakhanya, kwezinye - abesifazane kuphela, kwabanye - bobabili (ngokwesibonelo, izicishamlilo zase-Italy). Abesilisa bakhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo endizeni. Izinsikazi azisebenzi futhi zivame ukugqama phezu kwenhlabathi. Kukhona nezicishamlilo ezingenalo ikhono elinjalo, kuyilapho ezinhlotsheni eziningi ukukhanya kuvela ngisho nakuzibungu namaqanda.

Ngendlela, izilwane ezimbalwa zomhlaba ngokuvamile zinomthelela we-bioluminescence (luminescence wamakhemikhali). Izibungu zamakhowe omiyane abakwazi lokhu, imisila yomlenze (i-collembole), izimpukane zomlilo, izicabucabu zamahhashi kanye nabamele amabhungane, ngokwesibonelo, njengama-fire nutcrackers (pyrophorus) avela eWest Indies, ayaziwa. Kepha uma ubala abahlali basolwandle, ke kunezinhlobo okungenani ezingama-800 zezilwane ezikhanyayo Emhlabeni.

Izitho ezivumela izicishamlilo ukuba zikhiphe imisebe ngamangqamuzana angama-photogenic (izibani), eziklanywe ngobuningi ngama-nerve nama-tracheas (izindunduma zomoya). Ngaphandle, izibani zibukeka njengezindawo eziphuzi ngaphansi kwesisu, embozwe ifilimu ebonakalayo (i-cuticle). Zingatholakala ezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu noma zisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu komzimba wesinambuzane. Ngaphansi kwalawa maseli kukhona abanye, abagcwele amakristalu e-uric acid futhi abakwazi ukubonisa ukukhanya. Ngokubambisana, la mangqamuzana asebenza kuphela uma kukhona umfutho wezinzwa ovela ebuchosheni besinambuzane. I-oksijini trachea ingena esitokisini se-photogenic futhi, ngosizo lwe-enzyme luciferase, esheshisa ukusabela, inika amandla i-luciferin (i-light-emitting pigological pigment) kanye ne-ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Ngenxa yalokhu, i-firefly iyakhanya, ikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi, obomvu noma oluhlaza.

Abesilisa nabesifazane bohlobo olufanayo bavame ukukhipha imisebe yombala ofanayo, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Umbala wokukhanya uhambisana nokushisa kanye ne-acidity (pH) yemvelo, kanye nokwakheka kwe-luciferase.

IBhungane ngokwalo lilawula ukukhanya, lingayithuthukisa noma liyenze buthakathaka, lenze kube ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngokuqhubekayo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunalo uhlelo lwalo oluhlukile lwemisebe ye-phosphoric. Ngokuya ngezinhloso, ukuvutha kwamabhungane okhuluphele kungaba ukudonsa, ukushwabana, ukuqina, ukuqothuka, kukhanye noma kube buthuntu. Owesifazane wohlobo ngalunye uhlangabezana nezimpawu zesilisa kuphela ngokuvama nokuqina kokukhanya, okungukuthi, imodi yazo. Ngesigqi esikhethekile sokukhanya okukhanyayo, izimbungulu azigcini ngokuheha abalingani, kodwa futhi zithusa izinyamazane futhi ziqaphe imingcele yezindawo zazo. Hlukanisa:

sesha ubize amasiginali kwabesilisa,
izimpawu zokuvuma, zokwenqaba nezimpawu ezihlobene nokwenzeka kubantu besifazane,
amasibonakaliso olaka, ukubhikisha kanye nokulingisa okulula.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izicishamlilo zisebenzisa cishe ama-98% amandla azo ekhipha ukukhanya, kuyilapho isibani esivamile (isibani se-incandescent) siguqula kuphela i-4% yamandla sibenze ukukhanya, wonke amanye amandla aqothulwe ngendlela yokushisa.

Izicishamlilo, ezihola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke, ngokuvamile azidingi mandla okukhipha ukukhanya, ngoba azikho kubo. Kepha labo bameleli basemini abahlala emihumeni noma emakhoneni amnyama ehlathi nabo bafaka "amalambu." Amaqanda azo zonke izinhlobo zezicishamlilo ekuqaleni nazo zikhipha ukukhanya, kepha ngokushesha ziyaphela. Ntambama, ukukhanya kwesibani somlilo kungabonakala uma umboza isinambuzane ngezintende ezimbili noma usiyisa endaweni emnyama.

Ngendlela, izicishamlilo nazo zinikeza amasiginali zisebenzisa indlela eya endizeni. Isibonelo, abamele uhlobo oluthile lwendiza bangena emgqeni oqondile, abamele enye inhlobo bandiza emgqeni ophukile.

Izinhlobo Zombani Womlilo

Zonke izimpawu ezikhanyayo zezicishamlilo i-V.F. Buck zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-4:

Ngale ndlela amabhungane amadala okuvela kulolu hlobo lwama-Phengode akhanya, namaqanda azo zonke izicishamlilo, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ukushisa okukhona noma ukukhanyisa okuphakathi akukuthinti ukukhanya kwemisebe yalolu hlobo olungalawulwa lokukhanya.

Ngokuya ngezici zemvelo kanye nesimo sangaphakathi sesinambuzane, lokhu kungaba ukukhanya okubuthakathaka noma okuqinile. Kungaphela ngokuphelele isikhashana. Ngakho-ke izibani eziningi ziyakhanya.

Lolu hlobo lwe-luminescence, lapho izinkathi zokuphuma kanye nokungabikho kokukhanya ziphindaphindwe ngezikhathi ezithile, luyisici se-genera yoshisayo iLuciola nePteroptix.

Akukho ukuncika kwesikhathi phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwama-flare nokungabikho kwawo kulolu hlobo lokukhanya. Lolu hlobo lwesiginali luphawuleka kakhulu ngezicishamlilo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo. Kulesi simo sezulu, amandla ezinambuzane ukukhipha ukukhanya kuncike kakhulu ezicini zemvelo.

H.A. ULloyd uphinde waveza uhlobo lwesihlanu lokukhanya:

Lolu hlobo lwesiginali ekhanyayo libonisa uchungechunge lokukhanya okufushane (imvamisa ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 Hz), kuvela ngokuqondile ngokulandelana. Kutholakala kuyo yonke imindeni engezansi, futhi ukuba khona kwayo akuxhomekile endaweni nendawo ezihlala kuyo.

Amasistimu we-Firefly Wokuxhumana

Kwi-lampirid, izinhlobo ezi-2 zezinhlelo zokuxhumana ziyahlukaniswa.

Ohlelweni lokuqala, umuntu wobulili obufanayo (imvamisa ngowesifazane) ukhipha izincazelo ezithile zokunxusa futhi ahehe omelele ubulili obuhlukile, okukhona kwabo ukuba khona kwezitho zabo zokukhanya kungaphoqelekile. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana luphawuleka ngezicishamlilo zohlobo lwe-Phengode, i-Lampyris, i-Arachnocampa, iDiplocadon, i-Dioptoma (i-Cantheroidae).
Ohlelweni lohlobo lwesibili, abantu bobulili obufanayo (abesilisa abesilisa bendiza abaningi) bakhipha izibonakaliso zokuthi yiziphi izintokazi ezingena ezindlini ezinikeza izimpendulo eziphathelene nocansi nezinhlobo ezithile. Le ndlela yokuxhumana ibonakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezivela emikhayeni engaphansi kweLampyrinae (genus Photinus) neP Photurinae, ehlala emazweni aseMelika.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akukona ngokuphelele, ngoba kunezinhlobo zohlobo lokuxhumana oluphakathi nendawo kanye nesistimu yokuxoxisana esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu ye-luminescence (ezinhlotsheni zaseYurophu uLuciola italica kanye noLuciola mingrelica).

I-Firefly Sync Flash

Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izinhlobo eziningi zezimbungulu ezivela emndenini weLampyridae zibonakala zikhanya ndawonye. Ngasikhathi sinye bakhanyisa "amalambu abo" futhi ngasikhathi sinye bawacime. Ososayensi babiza lo mkhuba ngokuthi ukuqubuka kwezicishamlilo okuvumelanayo. Inqubo yokuqhafaza ofanayo kwezicishamlilo ayikafundwa ngokuphelele, futhi kunezinguqulo eziningana maqondana nokuthi izinambuzane zikwazi kanjani ukukhanya ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokusho komunye wabo, kukhona umholi eqenjini lamabhungane ezinhlobo ezifanayo, ukhonza njengomqhubi wale “kwaya”. Futhi njengoba bonke abamele bebazi imvamisa (isikhathi sekhefu nesikhathi esikhanyayo), bayakwazi ukukwenza lokhu ngendlela enobungane kakhulu. Kuqhakaza ngokuvumelanayo, ikakhulukazi abesilisa bama-lampirides. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke abacwaningi bathambekele kulolu hlobo lokuthi ukuvumelanisa kwezimpawu zezimpukane kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi kwezinambuzane. Ngokwandisa usizi lwabantu, maningi amathuba okuthola umlingani wokuphalaza. Ososayensi baphinde baqaphela ukuthi ukuvumelanisa kokukhanya kwezinambuzane kungaphulwa uma ulenga isibani eduze kwabo. Kepha ngokuphela komsebenzi wayo, inqubo iyabuyiselwa.

Ukuphawulwa kokuqala kwalesi simo kwenzeka ngo-1680 - lokhu kuyincazelo eyenziwe ngu-E. Kempfer ngemuva kokuhambela eBangkok. Kamuva, izitatimende eziningi zenziwa mayelana nokuqashelwa kwalesi simo eTexas (e-USA), eJapan, eThailand, eMalaysia nasezintabeni zaseNew Guinea. Ikakhulu iningi lalezi zinhlobo zezimpisi zihlala eMalawi: lapho lo mkhuba ubizwa ngabantu bendawo ngokuthi “kelip-kelip”. E-USA, izivakashi eziya e-Elkomont National Park (Izintaba Ezinkulu Zephunga Elikhulu) zibona ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwabamele izinhlobo ze-Photinus carolinus.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Izicishamlilo zidlangile eNyakatho Melika, e-Asia naseYurophu. Zitholakala emahlathini anqabayo futhi asezindaweni ezishisayo, ngama-glade, amamaki nezixhaphozi. Lokhu kungummeleli womndeni omkhulu kusuka ekuhleleni kwamabhungane, onekhono elimangalisayo lokukhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo impela.

I-Firefly - isinambuzane esingowomndeni wama-Fireflies (Lampyridae), umyalo wamabhungane. Umndeni unezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Imelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba nakwezindawo ezishisayo, futhi kunqunyelwe endaweni ethambile. Emazweni ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union, kuhlala izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa nezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngama-20. Futhi ezweni lethu, abantu abaningi bayazi ukuthi ibukeka kanjani inyathi yomlilo. E-Russia, izinhlobo eziyi-15 zibhalisiwe.

Ukwenza isibonelo, izinambuzane zasebusuku Ivanovo izibungu ezichitha usuku zinamaqabunga awileyo notshani obukhulu, kuthi lapho kusihlwa ziqale ukuzingela. Lezi zicishamlilo zihlala ehlathini, lapho zizingela khona izicabucabu ezincane, izinambuzane ezincane kanye neminenke. Insikazi ayikwazi ukundiza. Unombala ngokuphelele ngombala onsundu onsundu, ohlangothini lwesisu olungaphansi kuphela kukhona izingxenye ezintathu ezimhlophe. Ngakho bakhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo.

Izicishamlilo ezihlala eCaucasus zikhanya indiza. Ama-Spark adansa ebumnyameni obukhulu futhi anikeze ubusuku baseningizimu i-charm ekhethekile.

Zihlala kuphi izicishamlilo?

Izicishamlilo zivamile, izinambuzane ezithanda ukushisa ezihlala kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba:

emazweni aseMelika
e-Afrika
e-Australia naseNew Zealand,
eYurophu (kufaka phakathi i-UK),
e-Asia (Malaysia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia nase Philippines).

Izicishamlilo eziningi zitholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Iningi lazo zihlala emazweni afudumele, okungukuthi, ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi komhlaba wethu. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ezindaweni ezifudumele. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezingama-20 zezicishamlilo ezihlala khona, ezingatholakala kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle kwasenyakatho: e-Far East, engxenyeni yaseYurophu kanye naseSiberia. Zitholakala emahlathini anqenqemeni, amachibi, imifula kanye namachibi, ezindaweni ezivulekile.

Izicishamlilo azithandi ukuhlala ngamaqembu, ziyizifiso ezingapheli, kepha zivame ukwakha amaqoqo esikhashana. Izicishamlilo eziningi ziyizilwane zasebusuku, kepha kukhona nalezo ezisebenza phakathi nesikhathi semini. Emini, izinambuzane ziphumula otshanini, zifihle ngaphansi kwamagxolo, amatshe noma usilika, futhi ebusuku lezo ezikwazi ukundiza zikwenze kahle futhi ngokushesha. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, zivame ukubonakala ebusweni bomhlaba.

Indlela yokuphila

Izicishamlilo akuzona izinambuzane ezihlangene, kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu zivame ukwakha amaqoqo amakhulu kakhulu. Iningi labafundi bethu alazi nakancane ukuthi zibukeka kanjani izicishamlilo, ngoba kunzima ukuzibona phakathi nosuku: ziyaphumula, zihlala phezu kwesiqu sezitshalo noma emhlabathini, futhi ziphila impilo esebenzayo ebusuku.

Ngokwemvelo yokudla kwabo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpisi nazo ziyahlukahluka. Izimbungulu ezingena-Herbivorous ezingenangozi zidla umpe no-pollen. Abantu abahlaselayo bahlasela izicabucabu, izintuthwane, iminenke nezigayo. Kunezinhlobo abantu abadala abangazidli nhlobo; abanawo ngisho nomlomo.

Kungani kukhanya imililo?

Mhlawumbe, abaningi benzekile ebuntwaneni, baphumula nogogo noma ekamu osogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, ukubona ukuthi kusihlwa, lapho kuba mnyama, izicishamlilo ziyaqhuma. Izingane zithanda ukuqoqa izinambuzane ezingafaniyo ezimbizeni, futhi ziheheke ukuthi izicishamlilo zikhazimula kanjani. Isitho se-luminescence salezi zinambuzane yi-photophore. Itholakala ezansi kwesisu futhi inezingqimba ezintathu. Abaphansi kakhulu kubo babonwa. Ingakhombisa ukukhanya. Esingenhla siyisisekelo sobala. Engxenyeni ephakathi kukhona amaseli e-photogenic akhiqiza ukukhanya. Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uqagele, esakhiweni sayo lesi sitho sifana nethoshi.

Ososayensi babiza lolu hlobo lwe-luminescence bioluminescence oluvela ekuhlanganiseni kweseli le-oxygen ne-calcium, i-luciferin ye-pigment, i-molecule ye-ATP, ne-luciferase enzyme.

Zidlani izicishamlilo?

Zombili izibungu nabantu abadala bavame kakhulu ukuzidla, noma ngabe kukhona izicishamlilo ezidla umpe kanye ne-pollen yezimbali, kanye nezitshalo ezibolekayo. Izinyamazane ezihlaselayo zidla ezinye izinambuzane, kumakhompiyutha ama-scoops, imollusks, milliped, mesworms, ngisho nabazala bazo. Abanye besifazane abahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo (ngokwesibonelo, kusuka kuhlobo lwefoturis), ngemuva kokuganisa, balingisa isigqi sokukhazimula kwabesilisa bezinye izinhlobo ukuze bazidle futhi bathole umsoco wokukhulisa inzalo yabo.

Abesifazane lapho sebekhulile badla kakhulu kunabesilisa. Abesilisa abaningi abadli nakancane futhi bafa ngemuva kokukhwelana okuningana, yize kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi bonke abantu abadala badla ukudla.

Isibungu esishisa ngomlilo sinebhulashi elibuyisekayo engxenyeni yokugcina yesisu. Uyadingeka ukuze ahlanze umumbu osele ekhanda lakhe elincane ngemuva kokudla nokudla. Zonke izibungu ze-firefly ziyizidakamizwa ezisebenzayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, badla izimbaza futhi bavame ukuzinza kumagobolondo abo alukhuni.

Ngabe izicishamlilo zikhipha hlobo luni lokukhanya?

Ngokungafani namalambu kagesi, lapho amandla amaningi engena ekushiseni okungenamsebenzi, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kungaphezu kwe-10%, izicishamlilo zihumusha zize zifike kuma-98% amandla emisebeni yokukhanya. Lokho wukuthi, kuyabanda. Ukukhanya kwalezi bugs kutholakala engxenyeni ebonakalayo ephuziwe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehambelana nama-wavelength afinyelela ku-600 nm.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezicishamlilo ziyakwazi ukukhuphula noma ukunciphisa inani lokukhanya. Futhi ikhipha ukukhanya okuqhubekayo. Lapho uhlelo lwezinzwa lwesinambuzane lunikeza isibonakaliso sokuthi “sikhanyise” ukukhanya, umoya-mpilo ungena ngokuqinile ezithombeni, futhi lapho uyeka ukusuthisa, ukukhanya “kuyacima”.

Noma kunjalo, kungani kukhanya imililo? Ngemuva kwakho konke, hhayi ngenhloso yokujabulisa iso lomuntu? Eqinisweni, i-bioluminescence yezicishamlilo ziyindlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izinambuzane azivezi kalula ubukhona bazo, kepha futhi zibonisa ukuhlukanisa umlingani wazo emvameni ye-flicker. Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika nezasezindaweni ezishisayo zivame ukwenza ama-chonal septain abalingani bazo, zikhanye futhi zife kanyekanye nomhlambi wonke. Iqembu labobulili obuhlukile liphendula ngesiginali efanayo.

Ukuzala

Lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela, uphiko lwenduna luselusheni oluqhubekayo lokufuna isibonakaliso kusuka engxenyeni yayo yesibili, isilungele ukuzala.Ngokushesha lapho emthola, wehlela kwabakhethiweyo. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicishamlilo zikhipha ukukhanya ngamafrikhwensi ahlukene, futhi lokhu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameli bezinhlobo ezifanayo kuphela abazwana.

Ukukhetha ozakwethu

I-Matriarchy ibusa phakathi kwezicishamlilo - insikazi ikhetha umlingani. Iyinquma ngamandla wobukhanya. Uma kukhanya ukukhanya, kukhuphuka imvamisa yeflashini yayo, owesilisa kungenzeka akhange insikazi. Esihlahleni semvula, phakathi nemifudlana ehlanganayo, izihlahla ezimbozwe emigexo enjalo zikhanya ngokukhanya kunamafasitela ezitolo eziseMegalopolises.

Kube nemibiko eqoshiwe yemidlalo yokuphephetha enomphumela obulalayo. Insikazi, isebenzisa uphawu olukhanyayo, iheha abesilisa bohlobo oluhlukile. Lapho kuvela umanyolo ongabonakali, umgibeli onobuqili uyabadla.

Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, izibungu ziqhamuka emaqanda abekwe owesifazana. Zibukeka kanjani izibungu zemililo? Izikelemu ezinkulu, ezinamandla, ezinopende omnyama onamabala aphuzi ngokusobala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi bayakhanya njengoba kwenza abantu abadala. Eduze nekwindla, acasha khona emagangeni ezihlahla, lapho ebusika.

Izibungu zikhula kancane: ezinhlotsheni ezihlala endaweni ephakathi nendawo, izibungu hibernate, futhi ezinhlotsheni ezisencane kakhulu zikhula amasonto ambalwa. Isigaba sezingane sithatha amasonto angama-2,5. Ngentwasahlobo elandelayo, umdlwane wezidwaba nabantu abadala abasha bakhula kubo.

Umbani osusa ukukhanya okukhanyayo uhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika. Ifinyelela kubude bamasentimitha amahlanu. Futhi isifuba sakhe, ngaphandle kwesisu, siyakhanya. Ukukhanya kwayo kukhanya amahlandla angama-150 kunesihlobo saseYurophu.
Ososayensi bakwazile ukwahlukanisa uhlobo oluthinta ukuvutha. Kungeniswe ngempumelelo ezitshalweni, ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukuthola amasimu kukhanya ebusuku.
Izakhamizi zezindawo ezishisa basebenzisa lezi zinambuzane njengamalambu okuqala. Amabhuthi afakwa emigqonyeni emincane futhi amalambu anjalo okuqala akhanyisa izindawo.
Minyaka yonke, ekuqaleni kwehlobo, kuba nomkhosi oyisikhukhukazi eJapan. Izibukeli ziza engadini eduze kwethempeli kusihlwa futhi zibuke ngentshiseko indiza enhle ngokungafani nenqwaba yezimbungulu ezikhanyayo.
EYurophu, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu i-firefly evamile, ebizwa ngokuthi umhlonyane we-Ivanovo. Lesi bug sithole leli gama elingajwayelekile ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi liyakhanya ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala.

Siyethemba ukuthi uzitholile izimpendulo zemibuzo yokuthi kunjani ukubukeka komlilo, ukuthi uhlala kuphi nokuthi uphila impilo enjani. Lezi zinambuzane ezithokozisayo bezilokhu zivusa isithakazelo esikhulu kubantu futhi, njengoba ubona, ngokunengqondo.

Ngobusuku obufudumele ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, uhamba onqenqemeni lwehlathi, ubona izibani eziluhlaza okhanyayo otshanini, kube sengathi othile ufake izibani zama-LED amancane aluhlaza. Ubusuku behlobo bufushane, ungabuka lo mbukiso amahora ambalwa nje. Kepha uma ukhula utshani ukhanyise ngethoshi endaweni lapho kukhanya khona, ungabona isilokazane esingenakubukeka okufana nesibungu, lapho ukuphela kwesisu kukhanya kube luhlaza. Kubukeka njengowesifazane isicishamlilo esivamile (I-Lampyris noctiluca ) Abantu bambiza Ivanov isibungu , Ivanovo isibungu ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi okokuqala unyaka uvela ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala. Abesifazane kuphela abalinde abesilisa phansi noma izimila abangakhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, kanti abesilisa empeleni abakukhiphi ukukhanya. Iduna lomlilo libukeka njengebhungane elijwayelekile elijwayelekile eline-elytra eqinile, kuyilapho insikazi ebudaleni ihlala njengezibungu, futhi ingenamaphiko nakancane. Kukhanya kusetshenziselwa ukuheha owesilisa. Isitho esikhethekile esikhipha ukuvutha sisezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu futhi sihehe kakhulu ngesakhiwo: kukhona ungqimba olungaphansi lwamaseli. equkethe inani elikhulu le-urea amakristalu, futhi usebenza njengesibuko esibonisa ukukhanya. Ingqimba ekhanyayo ngokwayo ifakwa ngama-tracheas (ukufinyelela i-oxygen) nezinzwa. Ukukhanya kwakheka phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwento ekhethekile - i-luciferin, ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-ATP. Okwezicishamlilo, le yinqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu, yenzeka ngokusebenza kahle kwe-100%, wonke amandla angena ekukhanyeni, cishe ngaphandle kokushisa. Futhi manje imininingwane eminingi ngalokhu.

Isicishamlilo esivamile (I-Lampyris noctiluca ) ungummeleli womndeni we-firefly (Lampyridae ) ukuhleleka kwamabhungane (Coleoptera). Abesilisa balawa mabhungane banomzimba omise okwasigaxa, ongafika ku-15 mm ubude, nekhanda elikhudlwana elinamehlo amakhulu. Zindiza kahle. Izinsikazi ngokubukeka kwazo zifana nezibungu, zinomzimba omise umbungu ongafika ku-18 mm ubude, futhi awunamaphiko. ISvetlyakov iyabonakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, ezindaweni ezinamachaphaza, ogwini lwamachibi nemifula yamahlathi.

Okusemqoka kuzo zonke izinzwa zegama yizitho ezikhanyayo. Ezikhunjeni eziningi zomlilo, zitholakala ngemuva kwesisu, kufana nethoshi elikhulu. Le mizimba ihlelwe ngesisekelo sendlu yokukhanyisela. Zinohlobo “lwesibani” - iqembu lamaseli e-photocyte aqiniswe ama-tracheas nezinzwa. Iseli ngalinye elinjalo ligcwele “uphethiloli”, okuyiqhaza lakhona i-luciferin. Lapho i-firefly iphefumula, umoya udlula kwi-trachea emzimbeni wesitho esikhanyayo, lapho i-luciferin ifakwa ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kukhipha amandla ngendlela yokukhanya. Indlu yokhanyiso lwangempela ihlala ikhipha ukukhanya ngendlela eyiyo - ibheke olwandle. Izicishamlilo kulokhu futhi nazo azikho ngemuva kakhulu. Izithombe zabo bezungezwe amaseli agcwele i-uric acid amakristalu. Benza umsebenzi wesibonisi (isibuko sokubonisa isibuko) futhi bayakuvumela ukuthi ungasebenzisi amandla abalulekile ngeze. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinambuzane zingadingeki zikhathazeke ngokulondolozwa, ngoba ukusebenza kwezitho zazo ezikhanyayo kungafiswa ngumuphi uchwepheshe. Izicishamlilo zisebenze kahle ngama-98%! Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuphela 2% wamandla amachaphazelo, nasekudalweni kwezandla zabantu (izimoto, izinto zikagesi), kusuka kuma-60 kuye kwangama-96% wamandla achithwa.

Izakhi zamakhemikhali eziningana zibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kokukhanya. Enye yazo imelana nokushisa futhi ikhona ngemali encane - i-luciferin. Enye into i-enzyme luciferase. Futhi, i-adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) nayo iyadingeka ekuphenduleni kokukhanya. I-Luciferase yiprotheni ecebile emaqenjini e-sulfhydryl.

Ukukhanya kukhiqizwa yi-oxidation ye-luciferin. Ngaphandle kwe-luciferase, izinga lokuphendula phakathi kwe-luciferin ne-oksijini liphansi kakhulu; i-luciferase catalysis ikhulisa kakhulu ijubane layo. I-ATP iyadingeka njenge-cofactor.

Ukukhanya kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwe-oxyluciferin kusuka esimweni esijabulisayo kuya emhlabathini. Kulokhu, i-oxyluciferin ihlotshaniswa ne-molecule ye-enzyme futhi, kuye ngamandla we-hydrophobicity we-microen mazingira we-oxeluciferin othokozisiwe, ukukhanya okukhishiwe kuyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezikhukhula kusuka ku-green-green (ene-hydrophobic microen tikolo) ukuya ebomvu (ene-hydrophobic encane). Iqiniso liwukuthi nge-polar microenvelo eyengeziwe, ingxenye yamandla ichithiwe. Ama-Luciferases avela kwizicishamlilo ezahlukahlukene akhiqiza i-bioluminescence nge-maxima ukusuka ku-548 kuya ku-620 nm. Ngokuvamile, amandla okuphendula asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu: cishe wonke amandla okusabela aguqulwa abe ukukhanya ngaphandle kokukhipha ukushisa.

Onke amabhungane aqukethe i-luciferin efanayo. Ama-Luciferases, ngokuhlukile, ahlukile ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile. Kulandela ukuthi ukushintshwa kombala kukhanya ngokuya ngesakhiwo se-enzyme. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa ne-pH le-medium linomphumela obonakalayo kumbala wokukhanya. Ezingeni le-microscopic, i-luminescence ibonakala kuphela nge-cytoplasm yamaseli, kuyilapho i-nucleus ihlala imnyama. Ukukhanya kukhishwa yimiganu ye-photogenic etholakala ku-cytoplasm. Lapho ucwaninga izingxenye ezintsha zamaseli we-photosgenic kwimisebe ye-ultraviolet, la magreyi angabonakala ngenye impahla yawo, i-fluorescence, okuncike ebukhona be-luciferin.

Isilinganiso se-quantum yokusabela siphezulu ngokungaqhathaniswa nezibonelo zakudala ze-luminescence, ezisondela ebunyeni. Ngamanye amagama, emolekyulu ngayinye ye-luciferin ebamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni, kukhishwa inani elilodwa lokukhanya.

Izicishamlilo yizilwane ezidla ezinye ezidla izinambuzane kanye nama-mollusks. Izibungu ze-Firefly ziphila impilo elahlekile, efana nesibungu se-mabhungane wasemhlabeni. Izibungu zidla ama-invertebrates amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-mollusks asemhlabeni, kumagobolondo ezivame ukucasha kuwo.

Amabhungane amadala awondli, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalela nokuzala amaqanda ayafa. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda amaqabunga noma emhlabathini. Ngokushesha, kuvela izibungu ezimnyama ezinamahlamvu aphuzi kubo. Badla okuningi futhi bakhula ngokushesha, futhi, ngendlela, nakho kukhanya. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, kusafudumele, bakhuphuka ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, lapho bahlala khona ubusika bonke. Entwasahlobo, baphuma endaweni yokukhosela, bakhuluphe izinsuku eziningi, bese bezitika. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, kuvela izicishamlilo ezincane.

Uma bebheka ukufiphaza okukhanyayo kwezicishamlilo, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bazibuza ukuthi kungani bengazisebenzisi izinhloso ezinhle. AmaNdiya awabophela kuma-moccasin ukugqamisa izindlela futhi asabise izinyoka. Abahlali bokuqala eSouth America basebenzise lezi bugs njengokukhanya kwezindlu zabo. Kwezinye izindawo, leli siko lisekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Ngobusuku ehlobo, izicishamlilo zingumbala ocashile futhi omangalisayo, lapho, ngokungathi kunganekwane, izibani ezimibalabala zifiphala njengezinkanyezi ezincane ebumnyameni.

Ukukhanya kwabo kubomvu-kuphuzi futhi kuluhlaza okotshani ngemibala ehlukahlukene futhi kukhanya. Isinambuzane se-Firefly kubhekiswa ngokulandelana kwamabhungane, umndeni onezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili, osatshalaliswa cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

Abamele izinambuzane ezikhanyayo bazinza ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwethropiki nezindawo ezishisayo. Ezweni lethu, kunezinhlobo ezingama-20. I-Firefly ngesiLatini ibizwa ngokuthi: Lampyridae.

Kwesinye isikhathi izicishamlilo zikhipha ukukhanya okude endizeni, njengezinkanyezi zokudubula, izibani ezindizayo nezokudansa zibhekene nobusuku baseningizimu. Kunamaqiniso afisa ukwazi emlandweni wabantu abasebenzisa izicishamlilo empilweni yabo yansuku zonke.

Isibonelo, umlando ukhombisa ukuthi abokufika abamhlophe bokuqala, abahamba ngomkhumbi ngomkhumbi baya eBrazil, kuphi futhi izicishamlilo ziphila , bakhanyisa amakhaya abo ngokukhanya kwabo kwemvelo.

Futhi amaNdiya, ayezingela, abopha lezi zibani zemvelo ezinzwaneni zazo. Futhi izinambuzane ezikhanyayo azisizanga nje ukubona ebumnyameni, kepha futhi zesabisa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Njengo isicishamlilo kwesinye isikhathi kuyisiko ukuqhathanisa izakhiwo nesibani se-fluorescent.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhanya kwemvelo kulula kakhulu, ngoba ngokukhipha izibani zazo, izinambuzane azishisi futhi azikhulisi izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Impela, imvelo yayinakekela lokhu, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaholela ekufeni kwezicishamlilo.

Umsoco

Izicishamlilo zihlala otshanini, emahlathini, emaxholweni, noma ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile. Futhi ebusuku bayazingela. Izicishamlilo ziyadla , izibungu ezincane, izibungu zezinye izinambuzane, izilwane ezincane, iminenke nezitshalo zokubola.

Izinhlobo zabantu abadala abacishi bomlilo abondli, kepha bukhona kuphela ngokuzala, bafe ngemuva kokuzalela nenqubo yokubekela amaqanda. Ngeshwa, imidlalo yokuzalela yalezi zinambuzane ngesinye isikhathi ifinyelela cannibalism.

Ubani obengacabanga ukuthi izintokazi zalezi zinambuzane ezihlaba umxhwele, ezihlobisa ubusuku baphezulu behlobo, zivame ukuba nomlingisi ongabonakali.

Izinsikazi zezinhlobo ze-Photuris, zinikeza izibonakaliso ezikhohlisayo kwabesilisa bolunye uhlobo, kuphela eziyenga, ngokungathi zizalisa, futhi esikhundleni sokuhlangana okufunwayo, zibadle. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kubizwa ososayensi ukulingisa okunolaka.

Kepha izicishamlilo nazo zilusizo olukhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu, ngokudla nangokuqeda izinambuzane eziyingozi emaqabunga awileyo ezihlahla nasezivandeni zemifino. Izicishamlilo engadini - Lesi isibonakaliso esihle kumgcini wegadi.

Ku, lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingathandeki kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisa kakhulu, izicishamlilo zithanda ukuhlala emasimini erayisi, lapho zidla khona, zibhubhisa ngobuningi, iminenke enamanzi amnandi, ukuhlanza amasimu emizana engafunekiyo, kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala

Namuhla, kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingama-2 000 zemvelo. Ukubonakala kwabo nondescript ngesikhathi sasemini akuhambelani nobuhle obukhishwa kusukela kwezicishamlilo ebusuku.

Iseli ngalinye elinjalo linento yalo, oyiphethiloli elibizwa ngokuthi i-luciferin. Lonke lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi logesi lusebenza ngokuphefumula isinambuzane. Lapho usubambe umoya, umoya uhamba kanye ne-trachea ungene emzimbeni we-luminescence.

Lapho, i-oxidation ye-luciferin iyenzeka, ekhipha amandla futhi inikeze ukukhanya. Ama-phytocides ezinambuzane acabanga kakhulu futhi abuthakathaka kangangokuba awasebenzisi ngisho namandla. Yize kungafanele bakhathazeke ngalokhu ngoba lolu hlelo lusebenza ngokuxakile kanye nomthelela.

I-QCD yalezi zinambuzane ilingana no-98%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi yi-2% kuphela engasetshenziswa ngeze. Ukuqhathanisa, ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwabantu kune-QCD kusuka kuma-60 kuye kuma-90%.

Abaphumelele ebumnyameni. Lokhu akuyona impumelelo yabo yokugcina futhi ebalulekile. Bangakwazi ukulawula kalula "amathoshi" abo ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi. Abanye babo kuphela abanikezwa amandla okulawula ukuhamba kokukhanya.

Bonke abanye bayakwazi ukuguqula izinga lokukhanya, bese bekhanyisa, bese bekhipha "ama-bulbs" abo. Lo akuwona nje umdlalo wesinambuzane glare. Ngosizo lwezenzo ezinjalo bahlukanisa ezabo nezingabazi. Izicishamlilo ezihlala eMalawi ziphelele kulokhu.

Ziyeka futhi ukukhanya kukhanye kwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye. Ehlathini lobusuku, ukuvumelanisa okunjalo kuyadukisa. Kubukeka sengathi othile ulengele ingubo yomkhosi omuhle.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amandla anjalo okukhanyisa ebusuku awekho endalweni kuzo zonke izicishamlilo. Phakathi kwabo kukhona labo abathanda ukuhola impilo yansuku zonke. Azikhanyi nhlobo, noma ukukhanya kwazo okubonakalayo kubonakala emahlathini ashubile asemahlathini nasemihumeni.

Izicishamlilo zidlangile endaweni esenyakatho yeplanethi. Insimu yeNyakatho Melika ne-Europe yindawo yabo abayithandayo. Zikhululekile emahlathini anqenqemeni, emasimini nasezixhaphozini.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Lesi sinambuzane esingahlangene neze sisaqoqwa kakhulu ngamaqoqo amaningi. Emini, ukuhlalela kwabo otshanini kuyabonwa. Ukufika kokuhlwa kugqugquzela izicishamlilo ukuba zihambe futhi zindize.

Zindiza kahle, ngokulinganisa futhi ngokushesha ngasikhathi sinye. Awukwazi ukubiza izibungu zezicishamlilo zixazululwe. Bancamela ukuziphilela indlela yokuphila ephambukayo. Zikhululekile hhayi emhlabathini kuphela, kepha nasemanzini.

Izicishamlilo zithanda ukushisa. Ngenkathi ebusika, izinambuzane zifihla ngaphansi kwamagxolo esihlahla. Futhi lapho kufika intwasahlobo nangemva kokudla okuhle, ziyatapa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izintokazi, ngaphezu kwakho konke okuhle okungenhla, nazo zinobuqili.

Bayazi ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokukhanya lungakhanya kanjani. Qala ukukhanya futhi. Ngokwemvelo, owesilisa waleso zinhlobo ubona ukukhanya okujwayelekile nezindlela zokuzalela.

Kepha umfokazi owesilisa obonile ukubanjwa akasanikwa thuba lokucasha. Owesifazane uyayiqeda, ngenkathi ethola inani elanele lezinto eziwusizo empilweni yakhe nasekuthuthukiseni izibungu. Kuze kube manje, izicishamlilo aziqondakali ngokuphelele. Kusekhona okuningi okutholwe yisayensi ngaphambi kwalokhu.

Ukubukeka

Ngaphandle, uvemvane lwangezinambuzane lubukeka luthobekile kakhulu, futhi luyimfihlo. Umzimba uphakeme futhi umfishane, ikhanda lincane kakhulu, izimpondo zifushane. Ubukhulu bokhozi lomlilo wesinambuzane lincane - ngokwesilinganiso ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 amasentimitha. Umbala womzimba onsundu, ompunga omnyama noma omnyama.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane ziye zasho umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane. Izicishamlilo zesiduna ngokubukeka kufana neqhude, ziyakwazi ukundiza, kepha alikhanyi.

Insikazi ibukeka ifana kakhulu ne-larva noma isibungu, ayinamaphiko, ngakho-ke iphila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Kepha owesimame uyakwazi ukukhazimula, okuheha abameli bobulili obuhlukile.

Kungani kukhanya

I-sverorgan ekhanyayo esikhungweni somlilo wesinambuzane itholakala ngemuva kwesisu. Kukunqwabelana kwamaseli akhanyayo - ama-photocytes adlula kuwo ama-tracheas amaningi nezinzwa.

Iseli ngalinye elinjalo liqukethe i-luciferin. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula nge-trachea, umoya-mpilo ungena esitho esikhanyayo, ngaphansi kwethonya luciferin oxidized, ukhipha amandla ngesimo sokukhanya.

Ngenxa yokuthi iziphetho zezinzwa zidlula kumaseli akhanyayo, isibhakabhaka sesinambuzane singalawula ngokuzimela ubukhulu benkambiso nemodi yokukhanya. Kungaba ukukhanya okuqhubekayo, ukushaywa, i-ripple noma i-flash. Ngakho-ke, izimbungulu ezikhanya ebumnyameni zifana nengubo kaKhisimusi.

Izinhlobo zezicishamlilo, izithombe kanye namagama.

Sekukonke, izazi ze-entom zibala cishe izinhlobo ezingama-2000 zezimpisi. Ake sixoxe ngabadumile kunabo bonke.

I-Firefire Ejwayelekile (uyikho isikhumbuzi esikhulu) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Inamagama abantu i-Ivan isibungu noma u-Ivan isibungu. Ukuvela kwalesi sinambuzane kuhlangene neholide lika-Ivan Kupala, ngoba ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuqala isikhathi sokuzaleliswa kwezithandani zomlilo. Ukusuka lapha kwaqhamuka isidlaliso esidumile, esanikwa owesifazana esifana kakhulu nesibungu.

Umbani omkhulu uyisidudla esiveza ukubukeka okufana nomnyama. Ubukhulu besilisa bufinyelela ku-11-15 mm, abesifazane - 11-18 mm. Isinambuzane sinomzimba ocwengekile futhi wonke ezinye izinkomba zomndeni nokuhleleka. Owesilisa nowesifazane balolu hlobo bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Owesifazane ufana nezibungu futhi uhola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabathini. Bobabili ubulili banamandla e-bioluminescence. Kepha insikazi imenyezelwa kakhulu, kusihlwa ikhipha ukukhanya okukhulu. Iduna lindiza kahle, kepha likhanya buthaka kakhulu, licishe lingabonakali. Ngokusobala, ngowesifazane onikeza umlingani isibonakaliso.

- Umhlali ojwayelekile wezinkambu zerayisi eJapan. Ihlala kuphela kusilika olumanzi noma ngqo emanzini. Izingela ama-mollusks ebusuku, kufaka phakathi amabutho aphakathi nendawo yemikhuhlane. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kukhanya kakhulu, kukhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

uhlala esifundeni saseNyakatho Melika. Abesilisa abavela kuhlobo lwefotinus bakhanya kuphela lapho behamba futhi bandiza ngendlela ye-zigzag, kanti izinsikazi zisebenzisa ukukhanya okulinganayo ukudla abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo. Kulabo abamele lolu hlobo, ososayensi baseMelika bahlukanisa i-luciferase ye-enzyme ukuze bayisebenzise ekwenziweni kwemvelo. Umlilo ovamile osempumalanga uvame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika.

Leli bhungane elihamba nobusuku elinomzimba onsundu omnyama ongu-11-14 mm ubude. Ngenxa yokukhanya okukhanyayo, kubonakala ngokucacile ebusweni bomhlabathi. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo ziyafana nezibungu. Izibungu ze-Photinus ezivuthayo zihlala kusuka eminyakeni eyi-1 kuya kwengama-2 futhi zicashe ezindaweni ezinomswakama - eduze nemifudlana, ngaphansi kwamagxolo nangaphansi komhlaba. Bachitha ubusika bezingcwaba emhlabathini.

Zombili izinambuzane ezindala nezibungu zazo zingabadli, zidla izibungu neminenke.

uhlala eCanada nase-USA kuphela. Ibhungane elidala lifinyelela osayizi abangama-2 cm. Linomzimba omnyama obusicaba, amehlo abomvu namabala aphuzi aphuzi. Ezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu sakhe kukhona amaseli e-photogenic.

Isibungu salesi sinambuzane sabizwa ngokuthi "isibungu esikhanyayo" ngekhono laso le-bioluminescence. Izinsikazi ezinjengomhlonyane zalolu hlobo zinamandla okulingisa ukukhanya; zilingisa izibonakaliso zezinhlobo zezimpukane ze-Photinus ukuze zibambe futhi zidle abesilisa bazo.

ICyphonocerus ruficollis - izinhlobo zakudala kakhulu nezingafundiswanga kahle zezibhamu. Ihlala eNyakatho Melika nase-Europe. E-Russia, lesi sinambuzane sitholakala ePrimorye, lapho izintokazi nezinsikazi zikhanya khona ngo-Agasti. Ibhungane libhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia.

I-Red Firefly (i-Firefly Pyrocelia) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) -uhlobo olungafundile nolungasebenzi kahle oluhlala eMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia. Ubude bawo bungafinyelela ku-15 mm. Bambiza ngokhanyikhanyi obomvu onekhanda ngoba i-scutellum yayo ne-expressionot eyindilinga ine-tint ye-orange. I-Elytra ye-beetle brown brown, antennae antennae futhi encane.

Isigaba sokudla kwalesi sinambuzane sithatha iminyaka emi-2. Ungathola izibungu otshanini, ngaphansi kwamatshe noma udoti wehlathi. Amadoda amadala andiza futhi akhanye.

- ibhungane elincanyana elimnyama elinekhanda lewolintshi ne-tendril eyenziwe ngomumo (imichilo). Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo zindiza futhi ziyavutha, kuyilapho abesilisa belahlekelwa amandla okususa ukukhanya ngemuva kokuphenduka isinambuzane esidala.

Amabhungane eFir ahlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika.

- Umhlali esikhungweni saseYurophu. Ekhondweni lebhungane lesilisa kukhona amabala asobala, kanti umzimba wakhe wonke upendiwe ngombala onsundu okhanyayo. Ubude bomzimba wesinambuzane buhluka kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 mm.

Abesilisa bagqama kakhulu endizeni. Izinsikazi zenziwe ngesibungu futhi ziyakwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Izitho zokukhiqiza ezikhanyayo zitholakala kuCentral European worms hhayi kuphela ekugcineni kwesisu, kodwa futhi esigabeni sesibili sesifuba. Izibungu zalolu hlobo nazo zingakhanya. Banomzimba omnyama we-fleecy onamachashazi aphuzi-aphuzi ezinhlangothini.

Izicishamlilo - isimangaliso semvelo esikhanyayo

Izindiza ezindizayo, ezindizayo - ezihehayo eziyimfihlakalo ehlobo. Kepha kungakanani esikwaziyo ngokuthi yiziphi izicishamlilo. Nawa amanye amaqiniso ngabo.

1. Ayini amabhungane omlilo
Izicishamlilo izinambuzane ebusuku - zihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo ebusuku. Lawa ngamalungu omndeni wamabhungane anamaphiko uLampyridae (okusho ukuthi “khanya” ngesiGreek). Igama elithi "uphiko lomlilo" lidukisa kancane, ngenxa yezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-2000 zezimpisi, ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zinekhono lokukhanyisa.

2. Ngaphezu kwezicishamlilo, kunezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhanyayo
Izicishamlilo mhlawumbe zingenye yezinhlobo ezidumile ngenxa yekhono lazo. Izidalwa eziningi ze-bioluminescent zihlala olwandle - abantu banokuxhumana okuncane nabo. Ukukhanya kwabo kudalwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho i-oksijini ihlangana khona ne-calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kanye ne-luciferin besebenzisa i-enzyme luciferase. Izicishamlilo zisebenzisa i-bioluminescence yazo, mhlawumbe ukwethusa izilwane ezizingelayo.

3. Akuzona zonke izicishamlilo ezine "mlilo"
Izicishamlilo, iningi lezinhlobo zazo, azishisi nje. Izicishamlilo ezingezona ze-bioluminescent ezingakhiqizi ukukhanya azivamisile izimbungulu zasebusuku - zisebenza kakhulu phakathi nosuku.

4. Ososayensi bathole iluciferase ngenxa yezicishamlilo
Ukuphela kwendlela yokuthola i-luciferase yamakhemikhali ukuyikhipha emgodini womlilo. Ekugcineni, ososayensi bathole ukuthi bangayakha kanjani i-luciferase yokwenziwa. Kepha abanye abantu basaqoqa i-enzyme evela "kwizibani ezindizayo." I-Luciferase isetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi ukuvivinya ukuphepha kokudla kanye nezinqubo ezithile ze-forensic.

5. Izicishamlilo zisebenza ngamandla
Izibani ze-Firefly ziyimithombo yamandla esebenza kahle emhlabeni. Amaphesenti ayikhulu wamandla abawakhiqayo akhishwa ngokukhanya. Ukuze uqhathanise, isibani se-incandescent sikhipha amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela amandla aso ngendlela yokukhanya, futhi izibani ze-fluorescent zikhipha amaphesenti angama-90 amandla ayo ngesimo sokukhanya.

6. Umbukiso wabo okhanyayo uyizenzo zokuhlanganisa
Iningi labesilisa abesilisa abasa amalulwane bafuna umngane womshado. Uhlobo ngalunye lunesithombe esithile sokukhanya abakusebenzisa ukuxhumana nomunye. Ngemuva kokuthi insikazi ibone owesilisa futhi iphendule uthando lwayo, isabela kuye ngephethini efanayo. Imvamisa, izinsikazi zihlala ezitshalweni, zilindele owesilisa.

7. Ezinye izinhlobo zinamandla okuvumelanisa ukukhanya kwazo
Ososayensi abanaso isiqiniseko sokuthi kungani izicishamlilo zenza lokhu, kepha ezinye izinkolelo zithi izicishamlilo zikwenza lokhu ukuze zibonakale. Uma iqembu lezinyamazane lishanela iphethini elilodwa, ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu likwenza ukuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Ukuphela kwezinhlobo zezicishamlilo eMelika ezikhanyelana ngokufana i-Photin carolinus. Bahlala eGreat Smoky National Park, eMelika, lapho insiza yepaki ihlela khona amahora amaningi izivakashi ezizobukela kusihlwa.

8. Akuzona zonke izicishamlilo ezigqama ngokufana
Uhlobo ngalunye lunombala walo othile wokukhanya. Ezinye zikhiqiza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma okuluhlaza okotshani, kanti ezinye zikhanya ngawolintshi noma ziphuzi.

9. Banambitha okunengekayo.
Ngokungafani nama-cicadas, izicishamlilo azikwazi ukupheka ngamabhungane agayiwe. Uma uzama ukudla umnyama, kuzoba nokunambitheka okubabayo. Amabhungane angaba ubuthi futhi. Lapho kuhlaselwa izicishamlilo, ziphonsa amaconsi egazi. Igazi liqukethe amakhemikhali adala ukunambitheka okubabayo nobuthi. Iningi lezilwane liyakwazi lokhu futhi zigwema ukuhlafuna izinyamazane.

10. Izicishamlilo kwesinye isikhathi zenza insangu
Lapho izicishamlilo zisesesigabeni se-larval, zikulungele ukudla iminenke. Imvamisa, lapho ivuthwa, iba imifino - isuka kude nenyama. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izicishamlilo zabantu abadala ziphila umpe neplen, noma zingadli nhlobo. Kepha abanye, izicishamlilo, njenge Photuris, bangakujabulela ukudla uhlobo lwabo. Izintokazi ze-Photuris zivame ukudla abesilisa bolunye uhlobo. Baheha amabhungane angalindeleki ngokulingisa iphethini yabo elula.

11. Inani labo liyancipha
Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani inani le-firefly lincipha, kufaka phakathi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokubhujiswa kwendawo. Lapho, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo noma okunye ukwakhiwa, indawo yokuhlala kwesicishamlilo iyaphazamiseka, azithutheli endaweni entsha, kodwa zimane zinyamalale.

12. Jabulela umdlalo okhanyayo wezicishamlilo ngenkathi unethuba
Abaphenyi bazi okuncane mayelana nezicishamlilo futhi abaniki mpendulo eqondile yokuthi kungani zinyamalala. Jabulela umbukiso okhanyayo ngenkathi lesi sinambuzane sisekhona emvelweni. Mhlawumbe izizukulwane zabantu abeza emva kwethu ngeke banikezwe ithuba lokubona lezi zinambuzane ngokukhazimula kwazo okungaqondakali.

Izinto zakamuva ezikulesi sigaba:

AbakwaFerns bangomunye wabameli bakudala bezimbali emhlabeni. Namuhla azivamisile ukutholakala endle. Kulena.

Ukuze umtshali wokuqalisa, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle ukuthi yiluphi umhlabathi okufanele utshale i-cactus kuwo. Imvamisa lokhu kuqonda kuza ngemuva kochungechunge lwezivivinyo nokwehluleka. Akufanele.

IFuchsia isitshalo esidala esikhula ngokwemvelo eCentral naseNingizimu Melika naseNew Zealand. Indoor fuchsia yi-hybrid.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Ibhungane lensikazi libekela amaqanda embhedeni wamaqabunga. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvela izibungu zamaqanda amnyama emaqandeni. Zihlukaniswa wukudla okumnandi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane ezikhanyayo ziyakhanya uma ziphazamisekile.

Izibungu zebhungane ebusika ezihlahleni zezihlahla. Ngentwasahlobo, bashiya indawo yokukhosela, badle kakhulu, bese bathontana. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili kuya kwayi-3, kuvela izicishamlilo zabantu abadala ezivela ku-cocoon.

Ibhungane eliqhakaza imililo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika.
Ngobude, ifinyelela amasentimitha angama-4 - 5, hhayi isisu kuphela, kepha nesifuba sikhanya kuso.
Ngokukhanya kokukhanya okukhishwe, lesi bug siphindwe amahlandla ayi-150 kunodlelani waso wase-Yurobhu - isibani esivamile.
Izicishamlilo zazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi zasemakhaya asezindaweni ezishisayo njengezinto ezilula. Babekwe ezitokisini ezincane futhi ngosizo lwezibani zakudala bakhanyisa amakhaya abo.

IFirefly Festival yenziwa minyaka yonke ekuqaleni kwehlobo eJapan. Kusihlwa, izibukeli zibuthana engadini eduze kwethempeli futhi zibuke indiza enhle yezimbungulu eziningi ezikhanyayo.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezivame kakhulu eYurophu i-firefly evamile, edume ngokuthi isibungu i-Ivanovo. Uthole leli gama ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi lesi sinambuzane somlilo siqala ukugqama ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala.

Ngobusuku ehlobo, izicishamlilo zingumbala ocashile futhi omangalisayo, lapho, ngokungathi kunganekwane, izibani ezimibalabala zifiphala njengezinkanyezi ezincane ebumnyameni.

Abamele izinambuzane ezikhanyayo bazinza ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwethropiki nezindawo ezishisayo. Ezweni lethu, kunezinhlobo ezingama-20. I-Firefly ngesiLatini ibizwa ngokuthi: Lampyridae.

Kungani kufanele kube nezicishamlilo?

Uma ososayensi besungula izizathu zokukhazimla kwezicishamlilo kudala, umbuzo wokuthi kungani izinambuzane zidinga impahla engafani nalokhu zihlale zivulekile isikhathi eside. Namuhla, iningi labaphenyi liyakholelwa lokho ngale ndlela engajwayelekile, amabhungane aheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicishamlilo zikhipha ukukhanya kwamaza ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze owesilisa ngamunye, eheha owesimame, anake kuphela abamele izinhlobo zakhe. Sekukonke, cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ziyaziwa emhlabeni, futhi ngayinye yazo ikhipha ukukhanya kwayo okukhethekile. Kuliqiniso, ngeso lomuntu, lo mehluko ungabonakala, kepha ngamabhungane amancane akhanyayo abaluleke kakhulu.

Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi ukukhanya okukhishwa yilezi zinambuzane ezingafani nalinye akubheki, kepha kuyabanda. Ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhanya kwelanga, le radiation ayifudumali nakancane. Ungakubona lokhu uma unenhlanhla ngokwanele yokubamba okungenani isicishamlilo esisodwa. Yibeke embizeni bese ubukela ubhungane. Noma utshala amakhulu ezinambuzane lapho, imbiza ngeke ifudumale nakancane. Futhi konke ngoba izicishamlilo azikwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okufudumele. Kungenxa yezinto ezinjalo abathi: ziyakhanya, kepha zingafudumali.

Ngubani omunye okhanyayo emvelweni?

By indlela, hhayi kuphela izicishamlilo ezinezipho zemvelo ezingandile kanjalo . Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezivame ukuphuma ekukhishweni kwamandla okukhanya ziyaziwa futhi. Lokhu kufaka, ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-jellyfish.

Kodwa-ke, kwakuyizicishamlilo ezazithola udumo olunjalo ngoba zazikhanya ebumnyameni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezicishamlilo zingakhanyi hhayi kuphela ngawodwana, kodwa futhi nakumaqoqo amakhulu. Imvamisa, izehlakalo ezinjalo zibonwa emazweni ashisayo atholakala ezinkulisa eziseningizimu. Ukubona ubuhle obunjalo yinhlanhla yangempela. Ngalezo zikhathi ezinjalo, kubonakala sengathi yonke into ezungezile igudluzwa imisebe yezibani ze-iridescent, ezivele zishabalale, bese zikhanya futhi. Kwamanye amazwe, iziqu zezicishamlilo zikhanya kaningi futhi zikhulu kangangokuba baze basebenzise lezi zinambuzane njengokukhanya kwamahhala ebumnyameni.

Akumangazi ukuthi ososayensi abaningi banamuhla banesithakazelo ezintweni ezinhle zezicishamlilo. Abaphenyi abaningi banombuzo: kungenzeka yini ukuthi ngandlela thile usebenzise amandla alezi zinambuzane? Mhlawumbe, eminyakeni ezayo, ososayensi bazothola impendulo yalo mbuzo othokozisayo. Okwamanje, singabujabulela kuphela ubuhle balezi zilwanyana ezimangalisayo nokukhanya kwazo okuhle.

Izizathu ze-bioluminescence

Ukukhanya kwenzeka lapho izinto ezithile emzimbeni wezinambuzane zixutshwe. Kwenzeka kanjena:

ugwebu lomlilo luvunguza
umoya udlula kuma-tracheas amaningi ukuya kumaseli we-photogenic,
ama-molecule we-oksijini ahlangana ne-calcium ne-adenosine triphosphate.

Izitho ze-luminescent zesinambuzane (izibani) zitholakala ekugcineni kwesisu. Ngokuvamile zimbozwa nge-cuticle ecacile. Izibani zakhiwa ngamaseli amakhulu e-photogenic aqondiswe ngukugcwala kwe-trachea nezinzwa. Ukukhanya bekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kokukhanya okukhanyayo. Amangqamuzana ane-uric acid amakristalu.

Kwesinye isikhathi amandla okukhanya ebumnyameni abonakaliswa kuphela ngamabhungane amadala, kepha namaqanda abo nezibungu. Lokhu kungenxa yobuningi be-enzyme luciferase.

Isinambuzane sikhipha ukukhanya okubandayo. Ingxenyeni ebonakalayo eluhlaza okotshani ebonakalayo ku-wavelength range 500-600 nm. Ukusebenza kahle kwesibani esijwayelekile se-incandescent kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10%, kuyilapho le bug ihumushela emisebeni ekhanyayo ifinyelela kuma-98% amandla asetshenzisiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo zezicishamlilo zingalawula ukuqina kokukhanya nokuvama kokushaywa.

I-Bioluminescence yindlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Blinking, isinambuzane esikhanyayo simemezela indawo yaso. Imvamisa yokuqunjelwa kwamabhungane iyahlukahluka, ngakho-ke izinsikazi zingabona kalula umlingani wazo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo nezaseNyakatho Melika bavele baphume ngobuningi babo, lapho imihlambi yezinsikazi isabela khona lapho kwethulwa okufanayo.

Kungani izimbungulu zithe chithi saka ngasikhathi sinye?

Cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zezimpisi zomlilo ziyaziwa yisayensi, kepha izinambuzane, ezithuthukise amandla okuxhumanisa amafulethi ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo, zihlala ezindaweni ezimbalwa emhlabeni, okungukuthi:

EGreat Smoky Mountain National Park e-USA,
eMalaysia
eThailand
ePhilippines.

Ososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yaseCloudicut benza izivivinyo eziningana nezinambuzane zohlobo lwe-Photinus carolinus ukuthola ukuthi kungani izicishamlilo zikhazimula ngokufana. Imvamisa uchungechunge lokushintshana lushintshana nokuhlaba ikhefu isikhathi eside, emva kwalokho ukulandelana kuphinda. Ngesikhathi sekhefu, insikazi inika isignali yokuphendula. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi yi-1% nje kuphela yohlu lwezinhlobo zezimpukane ezinokuvumelanisa okunjalo.

Emizamweni yokuhlolwa kwama-entomologists, abesifazane u-Photinus carolinus wayebandakanyekile. Abesilisa batshintshwa ngamalambu e-LED, baphinda bakhipha isigqi esasijwayelwe ngalolu hlobo lwezimpisi.

Ngesikhathi sokuzama kokuqala, wonke ama-diode ayenamakhompiyutha ngasikhathi sinye, kwesibili, ukuvumelanisa kwakuphazamisekile ngokungenangqondo, kwathi ngokulandelayo, ukuqubuka kwavela kwaqhela ngokuhlukile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ezimweni zokuqala ezimbili, abesifazane baphendule ukusayina ngamacala angama-80%. Ngesikhathi sokuzama okwesithathu, ukusabela kulandele kuphela kwi-10%.

Abaphenyi baphinde bathola ukuthi insikazi ezungezwe abesilisa abakhanyayo ayikwazi ukukhomba umlingani wayo, kanti ukuxhumana nomuntu wobulili obuhlukile koyedwa akuhambisi ubunzima kuye. Isigqi esingaguquki sokushwibeka sinciphisa umsindo futhi sisiza izinambuzane zitholane.

Isithasamlilo yisinambuzane esingoku-oda i-Coleoptera (noma amabhungane), isizinda sezinhlobo ezihlukile, umndeni wezicishamlilo (izibane zezibani) (isiLatin Lampyridae).

Izimbangela Zomlilo

Umbuzo wokuthi kungani kukhanya izicishamlilo ungakaqondakali ngokuphelele. Akukho iphuzu elilodwa lokubuka kule ndaba. Akuzona zonke izicishamlilo ezikhanyayo, kwezinye izinhlobo kuphela izinsikazi zazo ziyakhanya. Kepha insikazi, ngokungafani nowesilisa, ayikwazi ukundiza. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi "ukukhanya okubandayo" kwamabhungane e-firefly kususelwa kwinqubo ye-biochemical bioluminescence.

Izinqubo ezimbili zamakhemikhali zenzeka emzimbeni walesi sinambuzane, ngenxa yalokho kukhiqizwa izinto ezimbili - i-luciferin ne-luciferisis. I-Luciferin, ehlanganiswa ne-oxygen, inika lokhu kukhanya kwesiliva okupholile, kanti okwesibili kusebenza njengegalelo kulokhu kusabela. Lokhu kukhanya kungamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ungafunda nawo. Eminye imibhalo yesandla ithi ukuqoqa izicishamlilo emikhunjini kukhanyiselwe amakamelo okuhlala.

Uyasikhumbula isaga saseRussia: siyakhanya, kepha asifudumali. Ufanelwe kahle kakhulu lesi simo. Ukube be behlukile, khona-ke imbokodo yomlilo imane nje ife. Lezi zinambuzane ezimangalisayo zinesitho esikhethekile esilawula amandla okukhanya.

Njengazo zonke izinambuzane, izicishamlilo zingenazo izitho zokuphefumula, kepha kuphela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamashubhu - i-tracheol, okuhlinzekwa ngalo umoya-mpilo. Lolu hlelo futhi lubamba iqhaza elikhulu emandleni okwenza kukhanye lapho kunesidingo. Umbuzo wokuthi kungani lo mlilo wesifazane ukhipha lokhu kukhanya okungaqondakali futhi uhlala uvulekile

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lokukhanya, ugebhezi luzivikela kwizilwane ezidla nezinyoni zasebusuku ezingazizingela. Ezinye izinambuzane zinemihlathi noma nephunga le-pungent, kuyilapho izicishamlilo zivikelwe ukukhanya. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kukhanya kusebenza njengophawu lokuhlonza lowesifazane olungele ukuzaliswa.

Kunephuzu lokuthi abesifazane nezinsikazi zezicishamlilo zikhanye, kanti ukukhetha kwabalingani ngokufaka umquba kwenzeka ngokwamandla okushaywa kowesilisa. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngumbhokolokazana wesifazane okhonza njengokuqala kovalo, futhi yiso kanye isici sokuqhafaza namandla e-flux ekhanyayo evumela owesilisa ukujabulisa umlingani. Okwamanje, lolu daba aluzange lufundwe ngokugcwele, singamane sithande ukucwazimula kwamalambu amancane kuthulele ubusuku bangoJulayi.

Send