Umuthi wanamuhla uthwebula izifo eziningi zokuhluthwa, ama-causative agents awo angena ezithweni zomuntu. Enye yezizathu zokwakhiwa kwama-pathologies ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi ezingalungiselelwe kahle.
Isizathu sesibili sibalulekile uma ukupheka kwezinhlanzi kungalandeli ubuchwepheshe obulungile. Abathandi bezinhlanzi ezingavuthiwe baba iziguli ezivamisile ngeziphetho zezifo ezinobuthi.
I-heloundth enkulu phakathi kwama-trematodoses metacercaria. Itholakala ngaphakathi kwezinhlanzi, imifantu, ihlobene ngqo neqembu lama-flatworms. AmaHelminths alezi zinhlobo angena kuwo wonke ukufakwa kwezinhlanzi.
Okuyingozi kakhulu lapho engena phakathi kwamehlo kanye nobuchopho benhlanzi. Ama-Worms nawo athambekele ukuhlala ezinhlanzini. Bafika lapho bevela emachibini, baphinde bafike kabusha ngeminenke. Akuyona into evamile ukuthola ukudla endlini yezinhlanzi elula futhi uhlasele ngentshiseko izinto eziphilayo.
Izici zeMetacercaria nendawo yokuhlala
Metacercaria opisthorchis zitholakala izicubu zemisipha yama-cyprinid. Kwi-cecaria (izibungu), izinhlanzi zingumphathi ophakathi nendawo. Kuyo, i-cecaria ikhula ibe yi-metacercaria. Ama-parasites awanawo amandla wokudluliselwa kusuka kwenye inhlanzi iye kwenye, ayizibungu.
IHelminth ingatheleleka kuphela ngamagciwane abadala abavuthiwe. Ososayensi bakufakazele ukuthi i-crucian carp, minnow, river barbel, ne-eluhlaza akusoze kwatheleleka ngaleli gciwane.
Amagciwane ezimweni eziningi atholakala emehlweni, athinta:
- amalensi wamehlo
- imizimba enamandla
- imvelo yangaphakathi yezibuko zamehlo.
Kunamaqembu amane ahlanganisa izinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu zomonakalo esweni nakulensi. Ama-Metacercariae ayingozi ngoba asimeme kwezemvelo. Abesabi amazinga okushisa aphansi.
Metacercariae in inhlanzi
Kungokomisa umkhiqizo kuphela - 40 ° C okungenani amahora ayi-7 izibungu zinyamalale. Uma umnkantsha uvela ku-35 ° C, i-cecaria ilahlekelwa ukusebenza ngemuva kwamahora ayi-14 okubanda.
Uma ufriza izinhlanzi ku- - 28 ° C, kuthatha okungenani amahora angama-32 ukuqeda inambuzane. Kepha kumazinga aphezulu, izimuncagazi zizwela kakhulu. Ngemuva kwenqubo yokuhlukaniswa nezinhlanzi, bafa ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-5 ukuya ku-55 ° C.
Ukuvela metacercaria trematode, babe nezici:
- izizukulwane ngezizukulwane
- shintsha abanikazi.
I-Shellfish, inhlanzi, izinambuzane zisebenza njengabaphathi abaphakathi be-trematode. Lolu hlobo lwe-helminth luphinde lube nomgcini owengeziwe. Kepha ezimweni ezingama-80%, angakwenza ngaphandle kwawo ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka.
Izizukulwane ezikhiqizwa ngokushintshana kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokuzala kabusha kwamagciwane, hhayi kuphela kwizikelemu ezakhekile, kodwa futhi nezibungu. Ama-larvae azala esinye isizukulwane se-cecaria, okuthi ngenxa yaso sikhule sibe ifomu labantu abadala.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila ye-metacercaria
Ama-Metacercariae ahlukile kwamanye ama-helminths wesigaba sawo ngosayizi omncane. Umzimba we-helminth ufakwe izinkomishi ezimbili zokubamba:
1. isisu
2. ngomlomo.
Amagciwane ahlasela ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lomgcini waso, amunca izinto eziwusizo, ngaleyo ndlela esekela imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Ukuncela ngomlomo kungukuqala komgudu wokugaya ukudla. Ukuphela okungasemuva komzimba kunesiteshi sokukhishwa kokudla okusetshenzwe.
Lapho usungene ezinhlanzini zenhlanzi, izibungu azizali. Bahlala kule ndawo, abanakhono lokudla nokukhula. Balinde isikhathi lapho kudliwa khona izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Yonke le nkathi, ama-microorganisms afihla ngaphakathi kwekhaphethi, eyakhiwa izinhlwayi zenhlanzi.
AbakwaMetarercariae banempahla yokukhulula izinto ezinobuthi, okuholela ekufeni kwama-gill lobes. Izinhlanzi ziba buthaka, zingaphezulu kwamanzi, ngoba zithola isilinganiso esanele se-oxygen.
Inhlanzi ingena kwinethiwekhi yabadobi, noma iba yisisulu sezinyoni, izinja, amakati. Ngemuva kokudla inhlanzi egulayo, ama-helminths ahlasela umzimba womgcini wokugcina, ovame ukuholela ekwakhiweni kwe-pathology ebizwa ngokuthi clonorchis metacercaria.
Ama-parasites athinta kabi izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Uba ngophumuzayo, othinteka ukutheleleka ngamagciwane, okuholela enkambisweni yokubola kwe-fin. Ngokwezibalo, ukufa kwezinhlanzi ezihlobisa umzimba ezithinteka yi-metarceraria kungama-50% noma ngaphezulu.
Umsoco weMetacercaria
Ama-Metarercaria ahlala ngaphakathi kwama-vertebrates, anamathele ngokuqinile ezinkomishini zokuncela, zinamathumbu. Ama-Microorganisms adla ngezicubu zomsunguli wawo noma okuqukethwe amathumbu akhe. Uma izibungu zingena gill kwezinhlanzi, azondli nhlobo. Umsebenzi wabo ukuthelela inhlanzi ngegciwane ukuyibhubhisa ngomgcini wokugcina.
Ukuzala kabusha nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-metacercaria
Ngaphakathi kwenhlanzi ephilayo metacercaria opisthorchiasis isikhathi eside. Ukusebenza kwabo okumaphakathi kusuka eminyakeni emi-5 kuye kweli-8. Ukungena emzimbeni womsingathi wokugcina, izimuncagazi zibonakaliswa ngokuvuthwa okuphelele, lapho isibungu siba ngamasentimitha angama-0,5 kuye kwayi-1,2 cm ububanzi.
Uma umuntu engumnikazi, izibungu zihlala esibelekweni sakhe senyongo, izindunduma zepancreatic, izindunduma ze-bile zesibindi. Amaqanda abunjwe ngokuphelele, ama-metacercaria abeka imvelo engena endaweni kanye nezindunduma ezikhutshiwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwegciwane kwenzeka ngezigaba, kungena phakathi kwe-mollusk kumgcini ophakathi. Ngemuva kokuwa inhlanzi ye-carp, impi eyengeziwe ye-helminth. I-parasite evuthiwe ine-orcy noma i-cyst eyindilinga, ngaphakathi lapho kugcinwa khona isibungu.
Uma kwenzeka kutholwa ngokungafanele i-metacercariae, nokuyilahla ngokungafanele emzimbeni womgcini wokugcina, izifo eziningana ziyacasuka. Akupheli emzimbeni ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezokwelapha kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10-20.
UKUCHWANYELWA KWEMETACERCARIA E-FISH
Ocwaningweni, amasampuli we-10-15 athathwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi. izinhlanzi eziphilayo noma eziphilayo zohlobo ngalunye. Bhalisa usuku, uhlobo lwenhlanzi, igama lesithando. Ukuhlolwa kwesikali sangaphandle, isikhumba, amaphiko, amagilebhisi. Imisipha yenziwa kulezi zingosi futhi ihlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu usebenzisa indlela ye-compressor. Isisu sinqunywa ngesikali kusuka ku-anus kuye esifundeni senhliziyo. Besebenzisa isikhulisi esikhulu, bahlola inhliziyo, izinsimbi zesibindi, isibindi, izinso, amathumbu, isibalo se-serous, kanye nesinye isisi esikhanyayo. Isitho ngasinye sibekwe ngokwahlukile kwisitya sePetri noma engilazini yokubuka. Izingcezu ezincane (3-5 mm) zithathwa nesikhafu esitho ngasinye, zibekwe kuma-slides engilazi, zihlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ukubona kobukhona bezibalo ze-trematode, futhi kubukeka ukubonakala kwe-metacercariae.
Imisipha yezinhlanzi iyahlolwa, okuyilapho isikhumba sinqunywa ngesikali, kusukela ekhanda, bese kuthi izingcezu zithathwe ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zemisipha nokuqhekeka okuvela esikhunjeni (izibungu zivame ukwenziwa kwasendaweni kwezicubu zemisipha ngokujula kuka-2,5 - 3 mm). Izicucu zemisipha zibekwa kuma-slide engilazi noma kuma-compressors bese zibukwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
Emsipha wezinhlanzi we-paracic metacercaria trematode pathogenic kanye ne-non-pathogenic yabantu nasezilwaneni. I-Metacercaria pathogenic yabantu nasezilwaneni (opisthorchis, methorchis, clonorchis, pseudamphistomy) zitholakala kumakhakhasi, zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezinkomishi ezimbili zokubamba kanye ne-black extretory bladder oval noma emise okombala, okuhlala kuyo i-1/3 noma i-1/4 yomzimba wesibungu. Kuma-cysts, izibungu zi-motile ezisebenzayo. Ama-metacercariae angenayo i-pathogenic izibungu ze-genus bucephalus ne-ripidocotyl. Zinezindebe ezinkulu zokudla ezinkulu ezinemidwebo emise okomunwe, i-zigzag exretory bubble ehlala ku-2/3 yomzimba, ibuthakathaka obuthakathaka ku-cysts. Kwi-metacercaria paracenonymy, uhlelo olumnyama lokumbatha olunama-lumens amathathu amhlophe angathi shu luphawu.
Ukunquma ukusebenza kwesibungu, ama-trematode asuswa kwizitho zezinhlanzi nezicubu, afakwe kusawoti wezomzimba ukufuthelwa ku-40 ° C, ujusi wokufakelwa wamathambo (100 ml wesisombululo se-NaCl se-0.5%, 0.5 g we-pepsin, 0,75 ml ka-35% isixazululo se-hydrochloric acid), ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulisayo, sula ngokucophelela izibungu ngenaliti ehlanekezelayo. Ukuba khona kokunyakaza okubuthakathaka kukhombisa ukuthi bayaphila. Izibungu ezikhishwe ezakhiweni nasezithanjeni zenhlanzi ziyadedelwa kwezicubu ezengeziwe, zifakwe engilazini futhi ziminyene. Amaconsi ama-2 wesisombululo se-3% se-rosolic acid ku-70% utshwala okwemizuzu engu-2 asetshenziswa kulungiselelwa, kwehla iconsi lesisombululo esingu-0,1% se-potasiamu futhi kusasalelwe imizuzu emi-2. Upende obedlulele ugezwa ngosawoti, ukulungiswa komiswa ngephepha lokuhlunga, kumbozwe ngesembozo futhi kubhekwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Izicubu zemisipha nezibungu ezifile ziphenduka pink; izibungu ezibukhoma azenzi.
Ukusebenza kwesibungu kunganqunywa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu ngetafula yokushisa ku-36 - 37 ° C. Izibungu ezisele zedluliselwa etafuleni, kudonswa amaconsi ama-2-3 e-bile noma isixazululo esingu-0.5% trypsin. Izibungu ezibukhoma ziphuma kuma-cysts ngemizuzu engama-5 ukuya kwengama-10. Ungabeka izibungu eweni lesoline futhi, ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwesibonakhulu, ulikhiphe egobolondeni elingaphandle usebenzisa inalithi ehlukanisayo. Ukuba khona kweminyakazo ku izibungu kukhombisa ukusebenza kwayo.
Uma kunzima ukusungula uhlobo lwe-metacercaria, khona-ke izibungu ziyadedelwa kumagobolondo ngomshini noma ngamakhemikhali. Igobolondo lidwengulwa ngomshini ngezinaliti ezihluzayo ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwengilazi ekhulisayo. Amakhemikhali - izicucu zezinhlanzi ezihlutshiwe eziphelele (0.3x0.5 cm) ngesilinganiso esingu-10 - 15 g zifakwa ujusi wesisu wokufakwayo ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10, zifakwa ku-thermostat ku-37 - 40 ° C amahora ayi-2 - 3, bese ihlungwa cheesecloth. I-sediment idluliselwa esitsheni sePetri, ama-cysts afakwa ngombani odlulisiwe ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulisayo noma ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu noma. ukufaka usawoti endaweni eyindilinga esinyakazayo izinkomishi zigeza ama-cysts futhi zigxilisiwe enkabeni yenkomishi. Isixazululo esivela emaphethelweni sikhungulwe ngokucophelela nge-bulb yerabha. Kuhlanzwa kuze kube yilapho izinsalela zezicubu zomzimba zisuswa ngokuphelele. Ukuze ukhulule egobolondweni elingaphakathi, ama-cysts abekwa kwisisombululo esifudumele se-trypsin ne-sodium chloride endaweni efudumele engu-22-16 C C (1 g ye-trypsin ithathwa nge-100 ml yesisombululo se-1% se-NaCl). Ama-Metacercaria trematode, akhululiwe kumagobolondo, anezici zokuphawuleka, okusebenza njengesikhombisi sokuxhunyaniswa kwezinhlobo zazo.
Ithebula libonisa abalingiswa morphological of trematode izibungu parasitizing in izinhlanzi.
Izimpawu zokuxilonga zemibungu ye-trematode (metacercariae) yezinhlanzi eziyingozi kubantu naku-carnivores | |||||||||
No. p / k | Izinhlobo zeMetacercariae | Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlanza umzimba | Ukwenza kwasendaweni emzimbeni wezinhlanzi | Ubukhulu mm, ukuma kwe-cyst | Inani lama-membrane we-cyst, isakhiwo sawo | Ijamo le-bladder | Izinkomishi zeSuction nesimo sazo | Ukuhamba kwesidumbu ku-cyst | Izibungu ezikhishwe kuma-cysts: ubukhulu, mm, ukuma komzimba |
1 | I-Opisthorchis felineus | Umbono, uswidi, u-chebak, u-roach, u-brebel, u-barbel, u-gooseter, i-podust, i-asp, i-green carp, i-czech, i-rudd, i-carp ejwayelekile, i-tench | Izicubu zomsipha, izicubu ezingaphansi | 0.23 - 0.38 x 0.18 - 0.28, okusaqanda, okuncane okujikelezayo okujwayelekile | Okwesibili, kwangaphandle nangaphakathi | Izinso, zithatha u-1/3 womzimba wezibungu | Imijikelezo emibili, yomlomo - 0.088 mm, isisu - 0,077 | Iyashukumiseka | 0.20 - 0.26 x 0.12 - 0.22, enompheme obunjiwe |
2 | Metorchis albidus | Umbono, i-roach, ubomvu, umdaka, umhluzi, umhluzi, isabrefish, isifutho sesiliva | Imisipha, ukufakwa kwamehlo, imisebe yempi, imisebe yamaphiko | 0.21 - 0.38 x 0.14 - 0.24. nxazonke, okusaqanda | Into efanayo | Into efanayo | Imizuliswano emibili, usayizi ofanayo | Slow Motion | 0.17 - 0.24 x 0.11-0.17, ukuphela komzimba kukhuliswa |
3 | I-Pseudamphistomum truncatum | I-Roach, i-bream, i-rudd, isalamu yesiliva, i-dace namanye ama-cyprinid | Izicubu zomzimba | 0.32 - 0.46x 0.26 - 0.40, isiyingi | Amabili asondelene | Oval, kuqashwa umzimba we-1/3 wama-larva | Imijikelezo emibili, usayizi ofanayo (0.08 - 0.01) | Into efanayo | 0.30 - 0.44 x 0.24 - 0.38, umzimba umbozwe ngemijikelezo |
4 | Clonorchis sinensis | Umbono, isobho, i-roach, umhlanga, ubhule, isakhi esivamile | Izicubu zomsipha, izicubu ezingaphansi | 0.150 - 0.1 80 x 0.079 - 0.28, izinso | Ngaphandle nangaphakathi, hlwibanani | Okwenziwe izinso, kuthatha u-1/3 wezibungu | Imizuliswano emibili, enkulu ngokwedlula yomlomo | Ihamba ku-cyst futhi ikhululiwe | 0.319 - 0.375 x 0.12 - 0.17, okusaqanda okuphezulu |
5 | Metagonimus yokogawai | Umbono, i-crucian carp, i-whitefish, u-bream, i-carp yesiliva, i-carp evamile, isinaphi, i-gudgeon, i-taimen, i-lenok | Esikalini nasezinjeni | I-0.15 - 0,22, okusaqanda okwindilinga noma okuhlanganisiwe | Amagobolondo amabili | Unxantathu onemiphetho eyindilinga | Amasondo amabili, okomlomo kabili ngesisu | Iselula ebuthaka | 0.3 - 0.4 x 0.09 - 0.10 |
6 | Nanohietus salmincola | I-Taimen, i-lenok, i-salmon epinki, i-chum, i-greygeon, i-gudgeon, i-dace | Imisipha, izinso, gill, isikali, amaphiko | 0.20 - 0.35 x 0.17 - 0.33, okusaqanda | Okwesibili, kwangaphandle nangaphakathi | Oval | Imizuliswano emibili, ilingana | Ihamba ku-cyst futhi ikhululiwe | 0.35 - 0.65 x 0.17 - 0.36, okusaqanda okuphezulu |
7 | I-Echinochasmus perfoliatus | I-Pike, i-tench, i-carp ejwayelekile, i-bream, i-ide, i-silver bream, i-roach, i-rudd, i-asp, i-white-eye, i-crupian carp, i-perch, i-ruff | Gill amacembe | 0.080 - 0.110 x 0.079 - 0.098, okusaqanda, okujikelezayo | I-sheath yangaphandle isobala, nokunwebeka | Izimbotshana ezimbili ezivelelayo ziyi-oval | Indebe yokudonsa yomlomo ngezigwegwe, esiswini engxenyeni engemva yesithathu yomzimba | Ukunyakaza kuthambile kakhulu | I-0.116 - 0,043, indebe yokudonsa yomlomo ene-disc ye-adoral kanye nama-hook angama-24 |
8 | I-Rossicotrema donicum | I-Perch, i-ruff, i-pike perch | Amanzi, isikhumba ebusweni | 0.24 - 0.26 x 1.20 - 0.23, ellipsoidal | Sizungeze izindandatho zangaphandle ezimnyama zamagobolondo | Ngenxa ye-pigment ayibonakali | Akubukwa | Ukunyakaza kuthambile kakhulu | 0.49 - 0.53 x 0.13 - 0.15, umzimba u-oval-oblong |
Metacercaria trematode, non-pathogenic yegazi elifudumele | |||||||||
9 | Paracoegonimus ovatus | I-Pike, i-perch kanye ne-cyprinids | Ezicubu zomzimba | , 42 - 0,50 nge-capsule yangaphandle kuze kufike ku-0,0, okusobala okucacile okumnyama | Igobolondo langaphandle likhulu amahlandla ama-2 kuye ku-4 likhulu kune elingaphakathi | Ngendlela yetiyini eyindandatho enezikhala ezinjenge-slit-like, ithatha umzimba wonke wezibungu | Izimbili kanye neBrand organ organisation 0.08 - 0.12 0.04 - 0.07 | Iselula encane | I-Ovoid |
10 | I-Bucephalus polymorplius | I-Pike perch, imvamisa, i-pike, cyprinids | Ezikhaleni, ezingubeni, emisipheni | 0.27 - 0.36 x 0.20 - 0.34 | Thin, ukundiza ngokungafani komunye nomunye | I-Zigzag, ithatha u-2/3 womzimba wezibungu | I-0.18 - 0,22, inezinqubo zomsipha ezenziwe ngomunwe | Ukunyakaza okusebenzayo kwizibungu zama-cyst-free | 0.6 - 2.3x0.35, 7 ukuphuma kweminwe |
11 | Rhipidocotyle illense | Inhlanzi yaseCyprinid | Ezitheni, okokuhlunga, izicubu, izicubu, amehlo, ubuchopho, izicubu ezithambile | 0.27 - 0.37 okusaqanda okusobala okuyisiyingi | Thin, ukundiza ngokungafani komunye nomunye | I-Zigzag, ithatha u-2/3 womzimba wezibungu | I-0.18 - 0.23 x 0.15 - 0.22, inezindawo ezimbili eziphuma ezindlebeni ezinendlebe | Ukuhamba kwehlisiwe kwizibungu ezikhishwe | I-0.8 - 1.0 x 0.16 - 0.28, inezindawo ezimbili zokuphuma kwezintuthwane |
Ukusungula izinhlobo zezibungu, ikakhulukazi kusuka kulokhu. I-Opisthorchidae, pathogenic yabantu nezilwane, ibuye iguqukele kuma-bioassays. Lokhu, izilwane ezivivinyayo (kittens, Guinea Guinea, hamsters) zidla inyama yenhlanzi enama-metacercariae trematode noma inhlanzi encane. Bawaqukethe esitokisini. Uhlobo lwezibungu lunqunywa ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu kuya kwayi-4 ngokuthola amaqanda e-trematode noma ama-helminths avuthiwe ngokocansi emgodini wezilwane zezilwane esibindini, amabele enyongo, amathumbu (ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-helminths) lapho kuvulwa izilwane ezivivinyayo.
Umjikelezo wempilo
Ukuguqulwa kwe-cercariae ku-metacercaria kwenzeka ngemuva kokuba umphathi wesibili (i-fish noma i-crab) engena emzimbeni, lapho alahla umsila bese enza i-shell-capsule (cyst) evikela kubo. Ama-Metacercariae atholakala esikhunjeni, ezinjeni, izicubu ezithambile, izicubu zemisipha, ubuchopho, amehlo nomphimbo.
Ama-Metacercariae angena emzimbeni womgcini wokugcina (ocacile) (izilwane ezidla izinyoni, izinyoni, abantu) lapho edla inhlanzi enegciwane. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezingxenye zejusi le-duodenal (ikakhulukazi i-hydrochloric acid ne-pepsin), ulwelwesi luyachithwa, bese izibungu ezivela kulo zingeniswa ezingxenyeni ezihlangene (i-bile ducts, isibindi se-pancreatic, njll).
Ukuvezwa komuntu
Ama-Metacercaria trematode, lapho umuntu eyisiphethi sokugcina (esichazayo), lapho engeniswa (ukuhlasela) emzimbeni womuntu, akhula abe umuntu osemdala oyisidlakudla, onempilo yakhe engaba amashumi eminyaka. Ngenxa yalokho, izifo ezihambisanayo zikhula emzimbeni othintekile - opisthorchiasis, i-clonorchiasis, i-schistosomiasis, njll.
Ukubukeka nokwakheka kwezibungu
Izibungu zifinyelela kubukhulu obungu-0.3-1 mm ubude. Ngaphandle, ukwakheka komzimba kanye nesimo sawo kufana ne-bluke endala, noma kunjalo, i-cercaria inomsila wokubhukuda onemisipha onesitho sangasese sangaphambi kokukhula.
I-parasite ine-sucker yesisu nangomlomo, isisu esithuthukisiwe, isimiso sezinzwa, i-protonephridia. Abanye abantu sebevele banamehlo, indlala yobuchopho.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweCercaria
I-Cercaria ihlala kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi ahlanzekile nosawoti. Amaqanda ama-Helminth angena emanzini kanye nezindunduma zabathwali bazo. Ngaphambi kokungena emzimbeni womsingathi wokugcina, izibungu kudingeka zikhule emzimbeni womphathi ophakathi (inkontileka). Ukutheleleka kwabantu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ogwini, emanzini angajulile (indawo evamile yeminenekazi).
Ukungena esikhunjeni somuntu, i-cercaria ivusa izifo zesikhumba, ezihambisana nokulunywa kanzima. Kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi izibungu azikwazi ukukhula kumuntu ovuthiwe emzimbeni womuntu.
Umjikelezo wempilo yezimbungu
Kuma-schistosomes anjalo, umthwali wemvelo ophethe i-waterfowl, ngokwesibonelo, amadada, kanye neminenke kudlala indima yomgcini ophakathi. I-Cercariae itholakala kakhulu emazweni anezimo zezulu ezilinganiselwe.
Isikimu sokuthuthukisa amagciwane silula:
- iqanda
- miracidium (uhlobo oluyinhloko lwama-larva),
- i-sporocyst (emzimbeni wezithwali eziphakathi),
- cercaria,
- metacercaria (emzimbeni womsingathi omkhulu).
Kwezinye izinhlobo zama-schistosomes, umuntu ungumgcini wokugcina wemvelo, ngakho-ke akhula emathunjini akhe, ohlelweni lwezitho zofuzo nokujikeleza kwegazi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuqubuka kwe-allergic kuthiwa futhi kuqhubeka isikhathi eside, ngoba isibungu asifi ngaphansi kwesikhumba somphathi waso.
I-parasite ayidluliswanga isuka kumuntu iye komunye. Izindlela zokwelapha ezikhethekile azidingeki, ukwelashwa okubonakalayo kuphela okungenzeka - izimpawu zokutheleleka zinyamalala zizodwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.
Izimpawu kumuntu onegciwane
Izibungu ziyakwazi ukungena esikhunjeni kuphela ezindaweni ezivulekile zomzimba ezazingambozwa yingubo yokugeza.
Amagciwane aphakamisa lezo zimpawu:
- umuzwa wokuxwaya, wokushiswa, wokumiswa kwesikhumba esithintekile,
- ukwakheka kwezinduna ezincane ezibomvu, amaqubu.
Ukungakhululeki esikhunjeni kuziveza engxenyeni yokuqala yehora noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokutheleleka. Ukulunywa ngokushesha kuba okukhulu, kepha kunciphe emavikini ambalwa. Izinduna ezinamabhulashi zakha ngaphakathi kwamahora ayi-12 ngemuva kokubhukuda emanzini angcolile.
Ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezithintekile kukhulisa ubukhali bezimpawu, kufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo zesibili, ukuvuvukala.
Udinga futhi ukucabanga - lesi sifo sikhula ngokushesha lapho umuntu onegciwane exhumana kabusha namanzi angcolile - izimpawu ziya ziqina, lapho i-pathogen iphinda ingena esikhunjeni.
I-Cercaria hepatic trematode
I-Cercariae yisibalo se-hepatic trematode esiphume emzimbeni womthwali ophakathi futhi sifuna umsingathi omusha, wokugcina noma owengeziwe - konke kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo zegciwane.
Njengomaphakathi, abathwali abengeziwe izinhlanzi, izinambuzane, ama-mollusks.
Zingafakwa emithini yezitshalo, ezidliwa ngabathwali abakhulu (abantu, izilwane).
Izindlela zokwelapha
Ngokuvamile, akukho ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa okudingekayo ukwelapha i-cercariosis. Izimpawu ziyanyamalala zodwa ezinsukwini noma amasonto ambalwa - ngawodwana kumuntu ngamunye.
Ukwelashwa kwe-anthelmintic kungadingeka uma ukutheleleka kwenzeka nge-cercariae, othwala bokugcina abangumuntu - abantu abanjalo bazokhula emzimbeni womuntu.
Ukudambisa izimpawu, kufanelekile:
- okokugcoba kwe-corticosteroid, okhilimu,
- amaphakethe abandayo
- amabhathi anosawoti, oatmeal, usawoti we-Epsom,
- unamathisela isoda
- i-antipruritic lotions.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kubalulekile ukugwema ukusongela isikhumba esithintekile - kuzovela amanxeba ku-dermis, okuyindawo efanelekayo yokuthuthukiswa kwama-microorganisms we-pathogenic.
Ngokuvamile, i-cercariae ayingozi kubantu, noma kunjalo, ukutheleleka kuhambisana nezimpawu ezingezinhle ezithinta ikhwalithi yempilo. Ukuze ugweme ukuhlaselwa, kungcono ukubambelela emithethweni yokuvimbela, kugweme ukubhukuda emizimbeni yamanzi angcolisiwe.
Ukuzelapha kungazenza zibe zimbi kakhulu izimpawu - kungcono ukubonana nodokotela. Kungemva kokuthola ukuxilongwa okuyikho kuphela lapho kungenzeka ukhethe izindlela ezanele zokwelapha.
Ungawanqoba amagciwane!
I-Antiparasitic tata® - Ukulahlwa okuthembekile futhi okuphephile kwezimuncagazi ngezinsuku ezingama-21!
- Ukuqanjwa kubandakanya izithako zemvelo kuphela,
- Ayikho imiphumela emibi
- Kuphephile impela
- Kuvikela isibindi, inhliziyo, amaphaphu, isisu, isikhumba ezifweni
- Isusa emzimbeni izinto zokungcola ze-parasites.
- Ngokucophelela ubhubhisa iningi lezinhlobo zama-helminth ezinsukwini ezingama-21.
Manje kunohlelo olukhethwayo ukufakwa kwamahhala. Funda umbono wochwepheshe.
Izinkomba
- Izikhungo Zokuvinjezelwa Kwezifo. I-Brucellosis Amaphara. Xhumanisa
- Izifo zeCorbel M. J. Parasitic // Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba. Xhumanisa
- Omncane u-E.J Umdlalo omuhle kakhulu wezifo zamathumbu emathunjini // Izifo Ezithathelwanayo Zokugula. - 1995. Umq. 21. - P. 283-290. Xhumanisa
- Yushchuk N.D., Vengerov Yu. A. Izifo ezithathelwanayo: incwadi. - Uhlelo lwesi-2. - M: Imithi, 2003 .-- 544 k.
- Ukudlanga kwezifo ezibangelwa yisinambuzane kubantu, ngo-2009 / Kokolova L. M., Reshetnikov A. D., Plonov T. A., Verkhovtseva L. A.
- Ama-Helminths ama-carnivores ezifuywayo esifundeni saseVoronezh, 2011 / Nikulin P.I., Romashov B.V.
Izindaba ezinhle kakhulu zabafundi bethu
Itimu: Ama-parasites kufanele asolwe ngazo zonke izinkinga!
Kuvela kubani: ILyudmila S. ([email protected])
Iya ku: Ezokuphatha Noparasites.ru
Kungekudala, isimo sami sempilo saba sibi. Waqala ukuzwa ukukhathala okungapheli, ikhanda, ubuvila nohlobo oluthile lokungakhathali okungapheli kwavela. Izinkinga zesisu zavela futhi: ukuqhakaza, uhudo, izinhlungu nomoya omubi.
Bengicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokusebenza kanzima futhi nginethemba lokuthi konke kuzodlula ngokwako. Kepha nsuku zonke ngangiya ngiba nzima. Odokotela nabo abakwazanga ukusho lutho ngempela. Kubukeka sengathi konke kujwayelekile, kepha ngandlela thile nginomuzwa wokuthi umzimba wami awuphilile.
Nginqume ukuxhumana nomtholampilo wangasese. Ngemuva kwalokho ngalulekwe, kanye nokuhlaziya okujwayelekile, ukuba ngidlulise ukuhlaziywa kwezihlwathi. Ngakho-ke, kolunye uvivinyo, ngathola izimuncagazi. Ngokusho kodokotela, kwakuyizibungu ukuthi 90% wabantu banazo futhi cishe wonke umuntu uthelelekile, ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane.
Ngabekwa inkambo yemithi ye-antiparasitic. Kepha akuzange kunginikeze imiphumela. Ngemuva kwesonto, umngani wangithumelela isixhumanisi endatshaneni lapho udokotela othile obulala izilwanyana abelana ngezeluleko zangempela zokulwa namagciwane. Lo mbhalo wasindisa ngokoqobo impilo yami. Ngalandela wonke amathiphu ayelapho futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngazizwa ngingcono kakhulu!
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Metacercaria O. felipeus
Ukuzimisela kwe-trematode ezinhlotsheni ngokuya ngesakhiwo se-cyst kungenzeka kuphela ngekhono elanele lomcwaningi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukucacisa izinhlobo ezihlanganiswa nge-trematode, kungakuhle ukuthi kukhishwe i-metacercaria ku-cyst.
Ihlukaniswe ngokucophelela nezicubu ezizungezile, i-cyst ibekwa engilazini edonseni lamanzi noma kusawoti. Igobolondo laso lidwengulwe ngenaliti ezondile (mhlawumbe izikhonkwane ze-entomological N 00) noma ingcindezi ekhanyayo kwisembozo. Uma izibungu ngokwazo zingaphumi i-cyst, khona-ke ihlanjwa ngamanzi avela kwi-pipette. Ukuphuma kwe-metacercariae kusuka kuma-cysts kungavuselelwa ngokuchayeka kokuqukethwe komuntu noma kwesilwane kwe-duodenal noma i-trypsin.
Uma izibungu ze-opisthorchis zitholakala emikhiqizweni yezinhlanzi, i-incl. lapho kuhlolwa ukusebenza kwe-disinitness yayo, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukusebenza kwawo, ngoba Ingozi engaba khona empilweni yabantu imelelwa kuphela ngama-larlenth bukhoma.
Okokuqala, ungagxila kwizimpawu ze-morphological nomsebenzi we-motor. I-Metacercaria opisthorchisis ekhishwa ezicutshini zenhlanzi isebenzisa inaliti ehlukanisayo ifakwa endaweni yesithulu samanzi afudumele noma kusawoti (ama-37- 40 degrees C) kwisilayidi sengilazi, embozwe ngesembozo futhi ihlolwe ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esincane esikhulu. Ukwephulwa okusobala kokwethembeka kwezingqimba zama-cysts, ushintsho olukhulu esakhiweni sangaphakathi sezibungu, ukubola kokuqukethwe kwalo, kanye nokubhujiswa kwe-bladder ye-excretory kuyizimpawu zokufa kwe-metacercaria. Ukuba khona kokunyakaza okuzimele okubuthakathaka kakhulu kwezibungu kukhombisa ukusebenza kwawo. Ukuntuleka kokuhamba kungakhombisi ukufa. Ukunyakaza kungashukunyiswa ngokucindezela kancane i-metacercariae ngesembozo.
Kwi-compressor, izibungu zinomumo oyindilinga noma omile kancane. Ubukhulu bayo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-0.17 x 0.21 kuya ku-0,34 x 0,43 mm futhi kuncike, ngokusobala, sobabili esilinganisweni sezibungu kanye nasekukhuleni kokutheleleka kwenhlanzi. Izinduna ezimbili ezondile ezungeze i-metacercaria zisobala, futhi ngazo izibungu zibonakala ngokucacile ku-compressor. Ubude be-larva ngokwayo bukhulu kakhulu kunobubanzi be-cyst, ngakho-ke ibekwa ku-cyst kuphela endaweni egobile, ehlala iguquka ngenxa yokunyakaza okucishe kube njalo kwesihlava. Umsebenzi wayo ukhuphuka kakhulu ngokushisa okwandayo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokushisa kancane kwe-compressor).
Izibungu ezibunjiwe njengama-larva zikhishwe kuma-cysts. Ingaphezulu lengxenye yayo engaphandle kuya emaphethelweni angaphandle esibeletho ambozwe ngemijikelezo emincane. Ngokunokwenzeka, ziqothuka kalula, ngoba zingabonwa kuphela esibondweni esiphilayo, esisanda kukhishwa se-cyst larva. Ubude be-metacercaria kuphela u-0.22-0.62, ububanzi ngu-0.12-0.27 mm. Esimweni esiqondile, ingafinyelela ku-1mm. Ngemuva komzimba cishe kuhlalwa ngokuphelele yi-bladder. Ama-tubules amabili acwebile, abonakala ezingeni le pharynx, anweba kusuka emaphethelweni angaphambili.
I-sucker yomlomo enobubanzi ka-0,071-0.12 mm isendaweni engaphambili yomzimba futhi iqondiswe ohlangothini lwesisu. I-pharynx (0,025x0.046 mm) isondele emaphethelweni ongemuva osubekayo womlomo. Ama-bifurcates achazwa kahle esophagus nge-angle eyingozi yaba ngamagatsha amabili wesisu phakathi nebanga phakathi kwezinkomishi zokuncela noma kancane eduze kwenkomishi yokudonsa yomlomo. Womabili la magatsha afinyelela ekugcineni komzimba.
Indebe yokudonsa kwesisu (0.088x0.139 mm) inkulu kunebebe yomlomo yokuncela. Itholakala engxenyeni yangemuva yomzimba, ihlukanise ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 0.5 - 1: 0.7. Lapho ugcina izibungu nge-carmine, ungabona iziqalo zezinsini ngesimo samaqembu amangqamuzana amaseli asondelene nhlangothi zombili zesibeletho esibonakalayo. Amacala alele omunye komunye. Odongeni olungaphambili lwesinye i-excretory kukhona elinye iqembu lamaseli - i-ovary ne-testis. Ngaphambi kwawo izihlungo zesibeletho nomsele we-ejaculatory.
Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, njengomgcini ocacile O. felipeus Izinhlobo ezingama-33 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-7 zibhalisiwe. AmaHelminths ahlanganisa wona emgodini nasezindongeni zesibindi, kaningi kumanyikwe. Ngokwengeziwe ku-O. feline kanye s ama-metacercariae ezinhlobo eziningana zomndeni Opisthorchidae atholakala emisipha yezinhlanzi, ehlanganisa isigaba se-marita ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, izinyoni ezidla inyama nezinyoni zamanzi.
Metorchis bilis (= ai-lbidus) (Umdwebo 3, 2) - Uhlobo lwentuthuko olusondele kakhulu kwizibungu u-O. felipeys. Inani elijwayelekile lama-cysts lingaphansi kancane kwelezinhlobo ezedlule (kusuka ku-0.13x0.19 kuya ku-0.16x0.23). Kepha, njengoba osayizi abakhulu kakhulu bama-cysts ohlobo olulodwa ehlangana nosayizi omncane omunye, lesi sici asikwazi ukubonwa njengethembekile lapho sihlukanisa. Amagobolondo Amancanyana asobala, kuvame ukuba negebe phakathi kwabo, okubonakala ngokucacile ku-compressor. Ukuhamba kwezibungu ku-cyst kuchazwe kahle, kepha kusengaphansi kwalokho kuka-O. jelipeys. Izinsika ezinxantathu, zibonakala ngokucacile nge-microscopy, zimboza umphambili womzimba onqenqemeni lwangasemva lwesisu esiswini. Isigaxana esidabukisayo esingaphezu kwe-1/4 yevolumu yangemuva lomzimba. Izibungu ezikhishwe ku-chis-ta zifinyelela ku-0,4-0,5 mm ubude kanye ne-0.12 mm ububanzi. I-sucker yomlomo (0,09 mm) inkulu kuneyisisu (0,06 mm), etholakala kancane ngemuva maphakathi nomzimba futhi ihlukanise ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 0.6 - 1: 0.3. AmaMaritas ahlala ezilwaneni ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo (ama-carnivorous kanye namagundane asondelene namanzi) nezinyoni zezinyamazane (izimbungulu, izilokazana).
Umdwebo 3 - Metacercaria ovela emsipheni onobuhlakani bezinhlanzi zomndeni. cyprinids:
1 .- metacercaria opisthorchids in cysts, 2 - metacercaria ekhishwe kuma-cysts, 3 - metacercaria I-Rhipidocotile Illusions (ku-cyst futhi ngaphandle kwe-cyst). kodwa - O. félipeeus, O. viverriпi C. isipensis, b - R. truncatum, c - M. bilis, d - M. xaptosomus, n - esophagus
I-Metorchis xanthosomus (= M. intermedius) (Umdwebo 3, 3) uhlukile ezinhlotsheni zangaphambili kugobolondo obukhulu obukhulu. Ekamelweni le-compressor, kubukeka ngathi yindandatho elula elizungeze isibungu. Ubukhulu be-cyst enegobolondo obukhulu buyi-0,23 - 0,32 mm, ngaphandle kwawo - ngu-0,15 - 0,25 mm ububanzi. Ingxenye yangaphambili yama-larva imbozwe ngokuningilize ngemikhakha, ibonakala ku-compressor ngisho nangegobolondo obukhulu. Ama-suckers omlomo nasesiswini alingana ngosayizi (0.037x0.07-0.067x0.071 mm). I-esophagus efanayo.
Isibeletho se-oval excretory sihlala iningi lomzimba ngemuva kwenkomishi yokudonsa yesisu. Izibungu zi-0,40-0.86 mm ubude no-0.11-0.14 mm ububanzi.
Umdwebo 4 - Izimpawu zamanye ama-opisthorchids: 1 - Pseudathisthistum truncatum, 2 - Metorchis bilis (= albidis), 3 - Oristhorchis felipeus (ngokusho kukaE. G. Sidorov)
Ama-parasites abantu abadala ahlala ebhandeni lwesinyongo nasemibeleni yesibindi sezinyoni zamanzi (ama-cormorants, ama-pelicans, amadada, njll.). I-Pseudadphistot truncat kwisimo esinqunyelwe ukwehlukanisa kusuka ku-O. fi-elipeeus Kunzima kakhulu futhi amaphutha ayenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa okucacisiwe. Ubukhulu be-cyst elikhudlwana (0.30-0.44x0.24-0.38 mm) awukwazi ukusebenza njengesikhombisi esinokwethenjelwa, ngoba kuya ngeminyaka yobudala bezibungu. Kufanele kushiwo okufanayo mayelana nekhabhuleki yezicubu ezixhunyiwe ngaphezulu. Ubude be-larva abakhishwe egobolondo ngu-0.6-0.9 mm, ububanzi buyi-0.16-0.2 mm. Izinkomishi zeSuction zilingana ngosayizi (0,08-0.1 mm ubukhulu). I-esophagus ayikho. Isiginali yokugcina ikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise lolu hlobo kusuka O.felipeus futhi M. bilis (= albidus).
IMaritas igxabha emgodini kanye nezicubu zesibindi zezilwane ezincelisayo ezahlukahlukene. Ngokugcwele ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezimpawu zeCaspian, ubukhulu bokuhlasela okungafinyelela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-trematode.
Izimpawu ezibonakala kakhulu ze-metacercariae zama-opisthorchids achazwe ngenhla anikezwa etafuleni (ithebula 2), elingasiza ekuzimiseleni kokuqala kwezibungu.
Ngaphezu kwezibungu ze-opisthorchid, i-metacercariae ivame ukutholakala emisipha yezinhlanzi eziningi emisipha Bucephalus polytorphus futhi I-Rhipidocotyle ezingemthetho - abamele umndeni Bucephalidae. Umumo oyindilinga we-cyst, ubukhulu obusondele (0.27-0.51 x 0.27-0.40), ukwakheka okusobala, ukuba khona kwe-bladder e-excretory - konke lokhu ngokubheka okuyisazi kwakha ukufana nesihlava se-opisthorchids.