Ama-Ostriches abamba izintende ngesibindi ngosayizi wazo omkhulu kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izinkukhu. Ungahlangana nabo endle kuphela kuma-savannah ase-Australia noma e-Afrika. Izinyoni zingezomndeni wezinyosi, futhi indawo yazo eziyithandayo yokuhlala ziyindawo eyihlane.

Incazelo yokubukeka nezimpawu

Imvelo inikeze izintshe ezinobukhulu obukhulu bomzimba. Isisindo esiphilayo sezinyoni sifinyelela ku-150 kg, futhi ukukhula kungamamitha ayi-2. Izintshe zinemilenze enamandla nentambo enkulu. Izimpiko zikhuphuka kancane maqondana nomzimba. Ekhanda kukhona iso elihlabe izinkophe ezinde. Izimpaphe zezimpaphe zihlanekile, kodwa isudi lihlukile. Kuya ngobulili nezinhlobo inyoni okungezazo.

Namuhla, ukuze uhlangane nobuhle obuhlotshisiwe, akudingekile ngempela ukuya ezweni elikude lase-Afrika, ungavakashela ngokuphepha epulazini lezintshe, eliningi eRussia.

Ama-Ostriches awantuli ngokuphelele amandla okundiza, kepha uma kuvela ingozi engalindelekile, khona-ke angaphunyuka kuyo, esekhule isivinini esihle kakhulu - cishe i-70 km / h. Izinyoni zibamba ngamaqembu abantu abaningana; ezimweni zemvelo, ama-herbivores ahlukahlukene ahlala eduze nazo.

Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, izintshe zibonakaliswa ngama-omnivores. Isimo sezulu esishisayo asifaki sandla ekukhuleni kokudalwa okuhlukahlukene. Ukudla okuthandwayo yizimila, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye izinyoni zingathatha izinsalela ekudleni zezakhamizi ezidla inyama ze-savannah. Uma kunesidingo, inyoni ingakwenza ngaphandle kokudla. Lokhu kuyasebenza nasekuphuzeni amanzi.

Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalela, insikazi eyodwa inezinsikazi eziningana. Ngemuva kokufakwa komanyolo ngempumelelo, wonke amaqanda abekwa esidlekeni esivamile. Ubaba womndeni ubopha inzalo, ishiya intokazi ikhange abanye kunabanye.

Isisindo esijwayelekile senciniba lapho izalwa ingama-gramu ayi-1000. Lapho nje zisanda, amachwane ayakwazi ukuhamba ngokujwayelekile, akwazi ukubona kahle, futhi ngemuva kwamahora angama-24 angazitholela ukudla ngokuzimela.

Ukufuthwa kwezintshezi ekudingisweni kudinga ukuhambisana nemibandela ethile, efaka ukunakekelwa okugcwele. Kulokhu, abantu abathile baphila iminyaka eyi-70. Imvamisa, lezi zinyoni zigcinwa emapulazini ukuthola imikhiqizo yamaqanda nezimpaphe, ezibiza kakhulu. Kukhona nesidingo esihle kakhulu sezinto zenyama nezesikhumba. Imincintiswano yokubamba iqhaza kwezintshezi nokugibela amahhashi kulezi zinyoni ayithandwa kangako.

Izinhlobo zezinyoni

I-Ostrich iyinyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngokwesilinganiso, ukukhula kwayo ifinyelela ku-2-2,5 m, nesisindo - ama-150 kg. Unentamo ende ngaphandle kwamapayipi, umzimba wakhe umbozwe izimpaphe ezinkulu ezigobile, akakwazi ukundiza, kepha ugijima ngokumangazayo, ethuthukisa isivinini esingaphezu kuka-50 km / h. Umbala ungahluka phakathi kwabantu bezinhlobo ezihlukile. Indawo azalelwa kuyo nendawo yokuhlala yezinyoni yi-Afrika nase-Australia. Ekulandeni kwethu kunezindawo ezinamapulangwe lapho kudalulwa khona izinhlobo ezinkulu zezolimo.

Izintshe zase-Afrika

Ukuzalela ngokwako kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezine:

• omnyama omnyama
• Namibian
• OkweZimbabwe
• IsiMasai.

Okuthukuthela kakhulu yizihlobo zakamuva. Kepha-ke abalimi bathole indlela yokuphuma: ukuzalanisa inyoni ngokukhiqiza inyama kahle, bawela amaMasai ngokuzalanisa kwaseZimbabwe. Ukubonakala kwenciniba yase-Afrika ngeke kushiye noma ngubani ongenandaba ngenxa yobuhle bayo. Ngombala we-feather, omhlophe nomnyama bakhona.

Kuyadingeka ukuqukatha lezi zinyoni emazingeni okushisa ukusuka ku-+22 kuya ku- +36 degrees. Qiniseka ngokwakha ipulatifomu enkulu yokuhamba negumbi lasebusika. Okokuqala, ochwepheshe bazala izintshe ukuze zithole imikhiqizo enhle yesikhumba nemikhiqizo yesikhumba eqinile kubo. Isikhathi eside, eduze kwabantu, izinyoni ezinkulu zenziwa zithathwe kalula futhi zixhumane nenkosi yazo.

Mnyama

Le nhlobonhlobo ibonakala ngokukhula okuphezulu, imvamisa kuze kube ngu-270 cm, nesisindo esijabulisayo esingu-150-160 kg, izinyoni zingabameleli abakhulu bezinja, zinomzimba omnyama. Abantu abanjalo abazithobanga ezimeni zokuboshwa, buthule buthule kumazinga okushisa ukusuka ku-+35 kuya ku-20 ° C, okwenza ukuthi bakwazi ukuzalanisa cishe kunoma yiziphi izimo zezulu. Izinyoni ezimnyama zalolu hlobo zibizwa ngenxa yombala ohambisanayo wamapheya emadodeni, izinsikazi nazo zinombala omnyama, kepha eduze komthunzi onsundu. Izintshe ezimnyama zivame ukuhlala iminyaka engama-70-75, ngenkathi zigcina umkhiqizo wazo kuze kube yilapho zineminyaka engama-35. Abantu bafika ebusheni, ngokwesilinganiso, ngeminyaka emithathu yokuphila.

Ukukhiqizwa kweqanda lokuzalela amaqanda angama-50-80 ngesizini kusuka kowesifazane oyedwa. Amaqanda we-Ostrich makhulu kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni: ububanzi bawo buba cm 15-20, isisindo - 1.5-2 kg.

Namibian

Lokhu okubhalwe phansi kuyafana ngokubukeka kwezintshezi ezimnyama, noma kunjalo, kuncane: ukuphakama okujwayelekile komuntu kungamamitha ayi-2, isisindo - kuze kufike kuma-70 kg, kanti abesilisa bavame ukuba bancanyana kunabesifazane. Ukugqama kombala kuyintambo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-plumage ayivelakancane. Indawo oyithandayo yohlobo lwe-savannah, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziyomile impela. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa kuze kufike ku-+50 ° C, ngokulawula ngokuzimela ukuthunyelwa kokushisa.

Ukukhiqizwa kweqanda kuyinto ngokwesilinganiso - amaqanda angaba ngu-40-45 ngesizini enesisindo esingu-1-1-1,5 kg.

OkweZimbabwe

Inyoni enjalo ayiphansi ngosayizi kuya kwabalingani bayo abamnyama: ukukhula - cishe ngo-2-2,5 m, isisindo sowesilisa - ama-150 kg, abesifazane - ama-120 kg. Le nhlobo inesikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka entanyeni, futhi imilenze nomlomo ungimpunga omnyama ngombala.

Njengommeleli okhanyayo wohlobo lwase-Afrika, izinhlobonhlobo zaseZimbabwe zikhiqiza kahle amaqanda: izingcezu ezingama-40-50 ngesizini, zinikeza amasampula amakhulu kakhulu asisindo esingu-1.5-2.1 kg ngesisindo.

IsiMasai

Lokhu kuzalaniswa kubhekwa njengokugaywa kuphela ngesigamu, ngoba le nyoni ihlangana kabi nabantu. Ihlala eMpumalanga Afrika. Ezimweni zangaphandle, lolu hlobo lufana nommeleli wakudala wohlobo lwase-Afrika, kepha isikhumba senhloko, intamo nemilenze kunombala opinki obomvu. Izintshezi zamaMasai zinokukhiqiza okumbalwa kakhulu futhi epulazini lezinkukhu zisetshenziselwa kuphela ukuzalanisa ukuze kutholakale abantu abaningi abakhiqizayo nabanokuhlala.

Izinhlobo zezwe lase-Australia ezimfanelweni zalo zingabikwa kuzo zombili ezifana neenciniba kanye ne-cassowary. Le nyoni enkulu, efinyelela ku-170 cm ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-55 kg. Ngokungafani nezintshesi ezijwayelekile, inemilenze enezinyawo ezintathu futhi ayinaso isigaxa. I-plumage inoboya, ikhumbuza kakhudlwana uboya, umbala wesembozo uhluka kusuka kumpunga kuya onsundu omnyama onamabala ansundu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane balolu hlobo lokuzalwa bacishe babonakala ngokubonakala. Ukukhiqizwa kweqanda le-Emu kungokwesilinganiso, ngoba i-clutch eyodwa insikazi iletha amaqanda ama-7-8 amnyama aluhlaza angama-700-800 g lilinye, eliduna lize lifake izinsuku ezingama-55-60. Ngokukhiqiza, kusebenza ngempumelelo ukuzalanisa i-emu yenyama enokuqukethwe kwamafutha aphansi kakhulu (cishe u-1.5%) futhi okudla.

Nandu

Uhlobo lwezintshe laseMelika yilona lungu lomndeni elincane kunazo zonke: ukuphakama kwalo, ngokwesilinganiso, alikho ngaphezu kwe-1.5 m, futhi isisindo salo kuyaqabukela lidlula ama-40 kg. Ihlala eSouth America, eChile, eBrazil. Ngaphandle, i-nanda iyafana nabalingani base-Afrika ekwakhekeni kanye nohlobo lwepumula, noma kunjalo, isici sabo esiyingqayizivele ukungabi khona kwezimpaphe entanyeni nasekhanda, futhi umbala wesembozo sombala unombala ofiphele onsundu. Naphezu kosayizi wayo omncane, lokhu kuzalaniswa kufakwa amaqanda amahle ukubeka: amaqanda angama-18 - 20 ku-clutch, enesisindo esingu-1,1-1,3 kg, kanye nobubanzi obungu-15 cm.

Yikuphi ukuzalanisa okuhle kakhulu

Izintshezi ezizalisayo zizoba nomnotho uma uchaza kahle ukuthi imiphi imigomo oyiphishekelayo: ukuthola amaqanda, inyama noma ukukhiqiza okungadoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izinyoni zohlobo oluhlukile zinemizwa ehlukile nezidingo zezimo zokuboshwa. Yikuphi ukuzalanisa okufanele kakhulu ekuzalweni kwasekhaya? Ake sibheke ezinye izindlela eziningi:

1. Uma inhloso yokuzalanisa izinkukhu ukuthola inyama, khona-ke i-emu ilungele kangcono izici: zikhulu impela, ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama yazo inenani eliphakeme lokudla.
2. Esimweni lapho inhloso yokugcina izintshe ukuthola amaqanda, kufanelekile ukuthi ubhekisise kahle ukuzalaniswa kweNanda. Lezi zinyoni azisi-whimsical kakhulu, zincane, kepha ziyakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngokubekwa kweqanda njalo futhi kunala.
3. Abalimi babheka insini yase-Afrika njengezintandokazi ezicacile. Lokhu kuzalanisa hhayi nje kuphela nezinkomba eziphezulu zokukhiqiza, kepha futhi kusebenza okuhlukahlukene: ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene azisebenzisi amaqanda nenyama kuphela, kepha nesikhumba, izimpaphe namafutha enkukhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele lolu hlobo lokufuya baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi baba nomlingiswa olula, obalulekile uma ugcinwa epulazini.

Izici zokugcina izintshe ekhaya

Ekuboneni kokuqala, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuzalaniswa kwezintshezi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, kepha uma uziqhelanisa wehluka kancane kolunye uhlobo lokulima izinkukhu, noma kunjalo, izidingo eziyisisekelo zezimo zokuboshwa kufanele zinakwe.

Ama-Ostriches ngokwesiko aqukethe enye yamaphethini amathathu:

1. Okubanzi - kufaka phakathi ukuzalaniswa kwezintshe endaweni elinganiselwe ngaphansi kokuqashwa njalo kwabasebenzi basemapulazini.
2. Okubanzi - izinyoni zinikezwa inkululeko ephelele endaweni enkulu kodwa ekhawulelwe.
3. I-Semi-intensive - ihlanganisa amacebo amabili okuqala futhi isho ukuhamba kwezinyoni endaweni enkulu, kepha ngaphansi kokulawulwa ngumuntu.

Imvamisa, kusetshenziswa uhlelo olunamandla kakhulu, ngoba lukulungele umninilo futhi lujwayele izinyoni.

Kulokhu, izimo eziyisisekelo zokuboshwa kumele zibhekwe.

• izintshe zihlela indlu ebanzi, ngesilinganiso samamitha ayi-10. m ngamunye, izindonga zekamelo zifakiwe, okusalungiswa akufakiwe, kepha kuhlinzeka umoya omncane,
• indlu yendlu nepeni lokuhamba kumele impela ziye ohlangothini oluseningizimu, kuyilapho umhlambi kufanele ube nezindawo zokukhosela endaweni lapho zingacasha khona ekushiseni noma emafutheni,
• Kubalulekile ukuthi izinyosi zikhule imifino, ezizozondla ngayo, uma kungenjalo kuzodingeka zibanikeze ngotshani obusanda kusikwa,
• izinyoni zidinga ukondliwa okujwayelekile nokuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi: okusanhlamvu, imifino, imifino, izithelo, inyama kanye nokudla kwamathambo, amatshe amatshe, izithasiselo zevithamini ngesikhathi sokwakha,
• akufanele kube khona udoti esibayeni esidliwa yizinyoni,
• ngokufanele ngenhloso yokuvimbela, ukugoma okuhleliwe kwemfuyo kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa udokotela wezilwane.

Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula izici zokuzalelwa kwezintshezi kwenza ukuthi kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini kwalolu hlobo lomsebenzi bese ufinyelela iziphetho. Ipulazi lezintshe lifaka utshalomali olukhulu ekuqaleni, kepha, ngokugcinwa kahle kwezinyoni kufanele, lokhu kungaba yibhizinisi elithembisayo futhi elinenzuzo kakhulu.

Ukubukeka kwezinkanyezi

I-Ostrich ingummeleli oyingqayizivele wesigaba sayo. Unamaphiko, kepha akakwazi ukundiza. Ezinyaweni zakhe kuneminwe emibili kuphela, okuhlukile kwizinyoni.

I-Ostrich yilungu elikhulu kunazo zonke lesigaba sayo. Abamele bayo ababambe iqhaza kakhulu bafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-156 ngesisindo, futhi ukukhula kwabo kungamamitha angama-2.7. Nokho, umdlwane ojwayelekile, ojwayelekile kakhulu, unesisindo esingama-50 kg kuphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsikazi zincane kakhulu kunabesilisa.

I-Ostrich inesakhiwo esiminyene. Unentamo ende ende nekhanda elincane, lapho kukhona khona amehlo amahle ama-2, anezinhlwayi. Lapho-ke ikhanda lidlula kahle kube nguqhwaku olubunjiwe ngokukhula kwezicubu ze-keratinized.

Esikhundleni se-sternum evamile kuso sonke isigaba sezinyoni, izintshe kule ndawo zinesikhumba esikhulu ngaphandle kwezimpaphe. Akakhuli kahle futhi akha ummbila obizwa ngokuthi ummbila, osebenza njengosizo lapho inyoni ilele emhlabathini.

Izandla zangemuva zezinyosi zimelelwa yizicubu zomsipha ngeminwe emibili. Enye yazo inezinselo ezisiza inyoni ukuthi iqhubukushe ngenkathi igijima ngokushesha. Imilenze yangaphambili imelelwa ngamaphiko aneminwe emibili neminwe emide ngakunye.

Izintshe zineplamu emangalisayo. Inezimpaphe ezigobile, ezisakazekile ezisakazeke ngokulinganayo emzimbeni wonke. Okuhlukile kukhona: intamo, ikhanda nemilenze. Azinayo i-plumage evamile, kepha kukhona i-fluff encane.

Kulula ngokwanele ukwahlukanisa owesilisa nowesilisa ngemibala. Owokuqala usuphelile, izimpaphe zakhe zingenakuthengiswa ngombala onsundu. Izimpiko nomsila ku-mhlophe. Owesilisa unombala omnyama omuhle, futhi umsila kanye namaphambili awo amhlophe amhlophe.

Ostriches

Ama-Ostriches ayamangazi ngesakhiwo sawo kuphela, kodwa nangemikhuba yawo yokudla. Yimidwebo emincane. Amachwane amancanyana adla kuphela ukudla kwesilwane. Abantu abadala bancane kakhulu.

Zingadla izitshalo, imbewu, utshani. Kodwa-ke, akekho noyedwa wabamele babo ongeke alahle izinduku, izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene noma imfucumfucu yokudla yezinyamazane ezinkulu.

Incazelo yezintshe

Izintshe zase-Afrika zingukuphela kokumelwa kwe-oda le-Ostrich nenyoni enkulu kunazo zonke ekhona namuhla.

Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini, "imphungane" kusho "undlunkulu-ikamela." Ukuqhathanisa okunamandla okunjalo kusekelwe ngamehlo aqabulayo, amabele kanye nezinkophe ezinde, ezifana nomhlali wasogwadule onamabili. Ukufaniswa nenyoni encane kwavela ngenxa yamaphiko angatheni.

Kwesinyathelo esisodwa inyoni inqoba ukusuka kumamitha amathathu kuya kwayisihlanu

Zidlani izinyoni ezihamba ngejubane elikhulu?

Ama-Ostriches angama-omnivores. Kuyiqiniso, ukudla okuyinhloko kubo izitshalo (imbewu, izithelo, izimbali, amahlumela amasha), kepha zingadla izinsalela zokudla kwezilwane ngemuva kwesilwane esidla ezinye, futhi kwesinye isikhathi nazo zidla izinambuzane, izinduku nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngokuqondene nokuphuza amanzi, izinti lapha aziziqholo kakhulu. Futhi umuntu angaba mhlophe kanjani ngenkathi ehlala e-Afrika eshisayo? Ngakho-ke, umzimba wenyoni uguqulwa ukuze uphuzwe ngokungavamile futhi ubekezelela ngokuphelele.

Iqembu lezigilamkhuba ezinkulu

Zivusa kanjani izintshe?

Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izintshe zamaduna zizungeza “i-harem” yabesifazane ababili kuya kwabane. Kepha ngaphambi kokuqoqa “omakoti” abaningi kangaka abesilisa kufanele badonsele ukunaka kwabo: bashintsha umbala we-plumage ukuze ukhanye bese uqala ukwenza umsindo omkhulu.

Zonke izinsikazi zomanyolo ze- “mini-harem” zibeka amaqanda azo esidlekeni esivamile. Kodwa-ke, owesilisa kanye nalowo okhethiwe (munye) ngowesifazane. Amaqanda ezintshe inkulu kakhulu, inegobolondo eliqinile.

Amachwane azalwe asevele enamehlo futhi ayakwazi ukuzulazula. Ekuzalweni, isisindo sawo singaphezu kilo elilodwa. Ngosuku impela ngemuva kokuvela kweqanda, izingane ziya ukuzitholela ukudla kanye nowesilisa osekhulile (ubaba). Isikhathi sokuphila kwezimpunga cishe iminyaka engama-75!

Cassowary Muruka

Izitha zemvelo zezintshe

Njengezinye izinyoni, izintshe ziba sengozini enkulu yezintshe. Ojoka, imifino nezinyoni ezinkulu zezinyamazane kungazihlasela. Amathoyizi asanda kuzalwa angaba yisisulu sezilwane kalula, kanti izinyamazane azizibheki kangako izintshezane ezindala, ngoba ungathola ukukhahlela okuqinile noma ukuswakama okujulile ngesigaxa senciniba esiqinile.

Kuliqiniso yini ukuthi izintshezi zimboza ikhanda esihlabathini, noma lolu dumo luvelaphi?

Iqiniso liwukuthi lapho kudotshwa amachwane, insikazi, lapho kuvela ingozi, “isakazeka” ekhanda nasemqaleni, ngaleyo ndlela izama ukungabonakali. Kepha lobu buqili asisetshenziswa izinyamazane kuphela, cishe zonke izintshe zikwenza lokhu lapho kuvela inyamazane. Futhi kusukela ohlangothini kubukeka sengathi ikhanda "laya" esihlabathini.

Izinhlobo zezinyoni

• Intshe yangempela yase-Afrika. Kutholakala e-Afrika, eSahara, eMauritania nakwezinye izindawo.
• Okubhaliselwe eMelika. Inezinhlobo ezimbili: I-Darby's Rnda ne-Big Rnda.
• I-Cassowary (izinhlobo - i-cassowary kawaida ne-cassowary muruka) ne-emu (uhlobo olulodwa).

Kuyathakazelisa!

Ngokusho kwemithetho yezilwane, izintshe kungezokugijima kwezinyoni, futhi esifubeni noma esifubeni. Ukuhleleka okunjengezintshe kungokwaluphi uhlobo lwezintshe ezinhlobo olulodwa - izintshe zase-Afrika.

Izingulule zezincithakalo zase-Afrika zihlala: iMaliya (iBarbary) eNyakatho Afrika, iMasai eMpumalanga Afrika, eSomalia e-Ethiopia, Kenya naseSomalia. Uma sekuphinde kwabikwa ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zenciniba yase-Afrika - eseNingizimu ne-Arabhu, esezisabalele. Izinsikazi zezinsikazi zase-Afrika zingaba ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ukuphakama zibe nesisindo esingama-150 kg.

AmaNanduiformes afaka uhlobo lwakwaNandu ohlala eSouth America. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili - iNanda esenyakatho neyeyinde, noma iDarwin, eNanda. I-Northern Rhea (i-Rhea enkulu) ingaba phezulu ngo-150-170 cm futhi ibe nesisindo esingu-25-50 kg.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinyoni esifubeni

Ukuchithwa kwesithathu yi-cassowary. Indawo abahlala kuyo yiNyakatho Australia naseNew Guinea. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imindeni emibili - i-cassowary (izinhlobo - okujwayelekile i-cassowary kanye ne-cassowary muruka), ne-emu (uhlobo olulodwa). AmaCassowaries ahlala esiqhingini saseNew Guinea naseziqhingini eziseduze kwaso. Ama-Cassowaries afinyelela ku-150-170 cm nesisindo sama-85 kg.

U-Emu, uhlala e-Australia kanye nesiqhingi saseTasmania. Ukuphakama kwaso kufinyelela ku-180 cm futhi isisindo sifinyelela kuma-55 kg.

Ama-Ostriches futhi afaka izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Kiwi suborder. UKiwi ungumhlali waseNew Zealand. Le nyoni iyi-midget uma iqhathaniswa nezintshe. (ukuphakama - 30-40 cm, nesisindo - 1-4 kg). Isici esiyingqayizivele se-kiwi yizinzwane ezi-4.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Isici Esisebenzayo

Endle, kujwayelekile ukuthi iningi lezintshezi liqale ukubeka amaqanda lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni emi-4 ubudala. Kepha uma igcinwa epulazini, le nkathi incishiswa ngesigamu.

Izinzuzo zokulima izintshe zingabonakala kulesi sibonelo esilandelayo:

• izinyoni zibonakala ngokukhiqiza kahle amaqanda - kufika ezingcebeni ezingama-80-100 ngesizini ngayinye yokukhiqiza,
• isisindo seqanda eliyisilinganiso esifinyelela ku-2 kg,
• isikhathi sokufakwa kwezinsuku ezingama-42 kuya kwengama-45,
• izintokazi zikhiqiza kakhulu kufinyelela eminyakeni engama-35,
• abesilisa baneminyaka engu-5 ubudala
• amaphesenti wokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yamaqanda angama-90%.

Kubalulekile ukwazi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izintshe ziphatha kahle abantu, ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa bakhombisa ubutha obungajwayelekile kubo ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, abasebenzi basemapulazini kumele bazi ngokucacile futhi bahambisane nezindlela zokuphepha. Ukwehlisa abesilisa, kusetshenziswa izingwegwe ezikhethekile, okuthi izinyoni ziphonswe phansi emhlabeni ukuze zidideke. Uma lokhu kungasizi, ungavala ikhanda lomkhiqizi usebenzisa isikhwama sendwangu lapho kushiywe khona ukhethe olukhethekile lomlomo.

Yini okudingeka uyazi mayelana nokondla izilwane ezincane?

Ngemuva kokuba kuzalwe izintshe, ochwepheshe abayeluleki ngokubanikeza ukudla. Ukwanelisa ngezinto ezinekhalori ephezulu, basebenzisa i-yolk intrauterine sac, isitoko sanele izinsuku ezintathu. Kusukela ngosuku lwesine unganikeza imifino eqoshiwe exutshaniswe ne-feed feed eyenzelwe izinkukhu.

Izici Zangaphandle

Le nyoni ihlukile esakhiweni sayo somzimba. Akundiza, ayinayo i-keel, iminwe emi-2 kuphela etholakala emilenzeni. Lezi zici zithathwa njengezinqabile esigabeni seZinyoni.

• isisindo - kufika ku-160 kg ngesilinganiso esingu-50 kg,
• ukuphakama - 2,7 m

Ngobukhulu, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane.

Isikhathi sokuphila siphakathi kweminyaka engama-40 nengama-50.

Ithebula 1. Ukubukeka.

Umzimba uqinile, unentamo ende kakhulu

Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinyoni ukuphuma okuhlukile komchamo kanye nokugcwala komzimba. In the rest, product of the inqubo yokugaya ukudla kungama-Half-liquid droppings. Njengoba izintshe kungukuphela kwezinyoni emhlabeni ezine-bladder, lezi zinqubo zenzeka kuzo ngokuzimela.

Ngenxa yokwelula kwentamo, ziyakwazi ukugwinya izingcezu ezinkulu zokudla zizonke. I-goiter ayikho, umlomo omkhulu uphumula emehlweni, abonakala ngokuphelele. Ingqondo iqhathaniswa ngosayizi nezitho zomzwelo zohlelo lokubonwayo.

Izici zeplamu

Ubuye uhlukane nezinyoni ezindizayo ekwakhekeni kwezimpaphe zakudala, nentshebe yazo engavali ndawonye. Ngenxa yalokhu, fan ayakhiwa. Isiqu ngokwayo sinama-appffages angama-fluffy amahle, aqukethe izimpaphe eziyi-16 ezindizayo, izimpaphe ezingaba ngu-20 ze-oda lesibili. Inani lokuqondisa lisuka ku-50 laya ku-60.

Izindlebe zikhombisa ngokusobala ekhanda elisanda kwenziwa

I-plumage yezintshezi igobe, ngesakhiwo esihlukile ngokuya ngengxenye yomzimba. Ingxenye enamakha kakhulu i-torso. Intambo yambozwa ngamafushane phansi, imilenze - isikali esikhulu. Lokhu kuvame ukunikeza umbono wokuthi izintshe zinqunu.

Umbala weplamu ubangelwa ubulili. Umbala ojwayelekile wezintshe zase-Afrika umnyama ngomsila omhlophe nezeluleko zephiko. Owesifazane upendiwe emthunzini onsundu onsundu ngama-splashes amhlophe angcolile.

Izinsikazi zase-Afrika nabesilisa

Izici zokudla

Babhekwa njengezinyoni ezihlasimulisayo. Ukondliwa kwezilwane ezisencane kuncike kakhulu ekudleni kwemvelaphi yezilwane. Abantu abadala bayihluza ngemifino, emelelwa yizikhundla ezilandelayo:

Njengoba lezi zinyoni zingenayo indlela yokuhlafuna ukudla, zidonsa amatshe amancane nesihlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathanda ukudla izinambuzane, izibankwa, ukudla okungondleki kwezilwane ezinkulu ezidlayo namagundane amancane.

Uhlelo lokugaya izintshe luhlukile

Njengamakamela, izinyoni zingenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Kepha lapho bebona ichibi, bazokubuyisela isikhathi eside ukuntuleka kwamanzi.

Habitat

Zihlala ikakhulu i-savannah yase-Afrika. Phila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Bazama ukugwema izihlahla zem mang mangves, bekhetha indawo enamapulazi ayihlane kanye nezindawo ezinotshani. Izinkomba ezithandekayo - eningizimu nasenyakatho yamahlathi e-ikhweyitha. Izilwane ezinezimbotshana zigwema izindawo ezinamathuku neziwugwadule, kanye namathanga aminyene. Abakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha ezimeni ezinjalo. Imvamisa hlala eduze kwemihlambi yamadube futhi uhlale ngokuthula. Ngokuqala kokuhwalala bayasebenza. Phumula imini nobusuku.

Enye yezigaba zokulala imile ikhanda lakhe libanjwe phezulu futhi amehlo akhe evulekile.

Umndeni unabantu abadala abayi-6, kubo kungu-1 kuphela owesilisa, nenzalo. Kwesinye isikhathi inani lemihlambi liyahlukahluka kusuka kumayunithi angama-20 kuye kwangama-30. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga, izinyoni ezincane zakha ngamaqembu wezinyoni ezingafika ku-100. Ngaphakathi kweqembu, isikhundla esiphakeme esiqinile siyabonakala, esizibonakalisa ngokwakhiwa kwezitho zomzimba. Abantu abakhohlisayo babamba intamo nomsila ngokuqondile, futhi bengaphansi.

Izintshe zinesivinini esifinyelela ku-70 km / h. Enye yezinto eziyimpawu ukushintshwa okubukhali kokuqondisa ngaphandle kokunciphisa ijubane. Amabhuga afinyelele ezinsukwini ezingama-30 asebenza cishe ngokulinganayo nabazali bawo.

Iso lezintshe likhulu kunesitho esifanayo endlovu

Izinyoni zinezitha ezimbalwa. Ukufa okuphezulu kuyabonakala lapho kudonswa amaqanda futhi kukhuliswe ukukhula okuncane. Izidleke, izimpungushe nezinyamazane zidla amantshontsho amantombazane angakahlafunwa. Ingwe, amabhubesi namabhungane kuhlasela izilwane ezincane.

Imikhuba yemvelo

Uhlobo oluqhubekayo lokungcwaba ikhanda lakho esihlabathini lapho ubona isitha linephutha. Le ndlela yaqhamuka ngenxa yomkhuba wezintshezi wokufuna amatshe amancane emhlabathini noma ukubeka ikhanda lakhe esihlabathini ngemuva kokuhamba isikhathi eside.

Ososayensi bachaza umkhuba wezinyoni ukubeka amakhanda azo phansi ngesidingo sokulalela umsindo wesinyamazane esisondelayo. Imvamisa izinyoni zizalela amaqanda azo endaweni efanelekile kwezinkomba zokushisa - ezifana, isibonelo, ukungcola. Babheka inzalo yabo kulokhu, baphinde bachitha isikhathi esiningi ngentamo yabo imile.

Ostriches bavame ukuphumula amakhanda abo emhlabathini.

Ngenkathi kudliwa ukudla, izinyoni zihlala ziphakamisa amakhanda zazo futhi zihlola okuzungezile. Ngenxa yombono omuhle, bangabona inyamazane ibanga eli-1 km. Izinyoni zizama ukuvimba ukushayisana nesitha futhi zisuswa ngendlela efanele. Bahlala baphapheme ikakhulukazi ngenkathi kubekwa amaqanda. Ngesikhathi sokuqhanyelwa, uma kunesidingo, bonisa ulaka futhi uvikele inzalo. Kunezimo lapho impisi iyodwa ishaye ibhubesi ngenxeba elingahambelani nempilo.

Isikhathi sokuzala

Bajwayela ukuya ocansini beneminyaka emi-2. Izinyoni ezihlala ogwadweni zizalela unyaka wonke. Lapho izalanisa, iduna ligcina ngokucophelela indawo yalo, lisuka ku-2 liye ku-15 km². Ukuheha izintokazi, imilenze nentamo yakhe kubomvu. Ukuze akholwe kakhudlwana, uphonsa ikhanda emhlane. Futhi, le nyoni yenza umsindo ojwayelekile nokukhala kwamacilongo kufana nokubhonga. Ngesikhathi somdanso wokuphelisa, welula amaphiko akhe, afinyelela ku-2 m ubukhulu, uhlala emahlombe akhe futhi alule ikhanda lakhe kusuka kwelinye ihlombe kuya kwelinye.

Naphezu kobuwula bokubonakala kwezimpunga, baqaphela kakhulu

Konke ukunakekela izingane, kufaka phakathi nokuqhanyelwa, kusendaweni yemfanelo yowesilisa. Ngenqubo yokunakekela amaphuphu esikhathi esizayo, izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda amasha phambi kwakhe, azigingqa ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwakhe.

Owesilisa okhipha inzalo

Iziphi izici ezithinta ukubeka kweqanda kwekhwalithi? Esihlokweni esikhethekile, ungajwayelana namaqiniso athakazelisayo ngamaqanda ezintshe.

1. Abantu abavuthiwe bazalela amaqanda angama-7 kuye kwayi-9.
2. Esidlekeni esisodwa kuvame ukusuka kwezingama-15 kuye kwezingama-25.
3. Ngokushoda kweziduna okubonwa ezindaweni zokuxoshwa kwezinyoni eziningi, kufinyelela amaqanda angama-50 esidlekeni.
4. Isikhathi sokufakwa ngaphakathi siyizinyanga eziyi-1.5.
5. Umzali unakekela inzalo ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku ahambe ayofuna ukudla.
6. Isisindo sezingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingama-1,2 kg.

Ngenxa yokuthi umzimba wesilisa uhlanganisa amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-30 ngangokunokwenzeka, ngeke akwazi ukuzala enye inzalo

Ngosuku lwe-2, amaphuphu asevele ebambe iqhaza ekukhishweni kokudla.

Inyama yenkanyezi

Umkhiqizo wokudla owusizo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngokuya kwesilinganiso samaprotheni ku-cholesterol, ibuye idlule nesikhuni. Inyama igcwele bomvu. Ukunambitheka kufana ne-veal. Adume kakhulu emazweni ase-Europe nase-Asia. Inyama ye-Ostrich isetshenziselwa ukupheka okugazingiwe, ama-meatball, ama-steaks kanye nokudla okubandayo. Ngobukhulu obuningi kuqukethe i-iron, i-manganese, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-nicotinic acid namavithamini we-B.

Inyama ekhalori - 98 kcal nge-100 g yomkhiqizo ophekiwe

Amaqanda we-Ostrich

Okukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, kepha maqondana nomzimba wenyoni - omncane kunayo yonke. Isisindo esijwayelekile sisuka ku-1.5 siye ku-2 kg. Lokhu kulingana nenkukhu engama-35. Ububanzi bungamasentimitha ayi-13. Igobolondo liqinile, lingama-0.6 mm ubukhulu, lingamelana nesisindo somzimba somuntu omdala. Umbala - ukhilimu, utshani noma omhlophe.

Izici eziwusizo nezingozi zokudla amaqanda ezintshe

Izici nokubukeka

Izintshe zinobukhulu bomzimba obuhlaba umxhwele. Isisindo salo bukhoma singamakhilogremu ayi-150 ngokukhula okungamamitha ayi-2! Isilwane sinikezwe imilenze enamandla, intamo enkulu. Izimpiko zalo ziphakanyiswa kancane maqondana nomzimba. Kukhona futhi amehlo aqwayimbayo anama-eyelashes amade. Ama-Ostriches anikezwa ngokwemvelo izimpaphe. Umbala ngokuqondile uncike ebulilini nasezinhlotsheni. Uma endle, izinyoni ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka zitholakala e-Australia, eningizimu-Ntshonalanga naseMpumalanga Afrika, lapho-ke ekhaya zigcinwa emapulazini amaningi eenciniba. Iningi lazo liyatholakala ezweni lethu.

Izintshe ngeke zikwazi ukundiza, kodwa kunalokho zibaleke ngokushesha uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Iyakwazi ukushesha ifike ku-70 km ngehora. Izinyoni ezinjalo zikhethwa ngamaqembu amancane. Eduze kwakho ungathola izilwane ezinjengeziziba namazondo. Lolu hlobo lomakhelwane aluphazamisi izinyoni noma izilwane eziqanjwe amagama ezihlala ngokuthula nabo. Amatshe okugcotshwa ngokwemvelo anikezwa ilukuluku lokwazi futhi athambekele ngokuthula kubantu.

Ku-vivo, bacishe babe ngama-omnivorous. Ezimweni sezulu ezishisayo kunzima ukuthola izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla. Okuthandwa kunikezwa ekudleni kwemvelaphi yezitshalo. Musa ukungakuthandi ukudliwa izinsalela zokudla kwezinyamazane, izinambuzane nezinambuzane. Uma kunesidingo, angaba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Okufanayo kuhamba namanzi. Ngokuqondene nenzalo, owesilisa uvame ukuphatha izinsikazi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-4. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, zivame ukubeka wonke amaqanda esidlekeni esivamile. Owesilisa ukhetha ukuzizalela yedwa, athathe enye yezinsikazi njengabasizi.

Ostriches lapho kuzalwa inesisindo esingu-1 kg. Kusukela ekuzalweni, banikezwe amandla okubona, ahamba ngokujwayelekile, futhi emva kosuku, adlula kusukela lapho bezalwa, bangakuthola kalula ukudla ngezidingo zabo siqu. Uma ngesikhathi sokuzalelwa kwalezi zinyoni ezinhle ezinamandla ekhaya ukwenza ukunakekelwa okugcwele, izinyoni ezinempilo enhle zingahlala emkhakheni wangasese kuze kube iminyaka engama-75! Abalimi ngokuvamile bakhetha ukudala amapulazi eenciniba zonke ukuze bathole izimpaphe ezinhle zobucwebe nezingubo. Kudliwa amaqanda. Ikhophi elilodwa nje elingondla abantu abaningi. Kusetshenziswe futhi isikhumba senyama nenkukhu. Futhi ukugibela izintshe nokugibela izintshe kunika ama-connoisseurs imizwelo eminingi emihle.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo

Okulandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zanamuhla ezaziwayo zamasele, abantu abadala nezingane abazithanda kakhulu. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zasepulazini ezidumile ezilungele ukuzalaniswa ekhaya, kunezinhlobo ezinjengamantethe anjenge-Afrika, i-Emu neNandu. Ngayinye yazo inezimpawu zayo, esizokhuluma ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izintshe zase-Afrika

Lolu hlobo luhlukaniswe ngama-subspecies angama-4 ayinhloko. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izinyosi ezimnyama zase-Afrika, eNamibia, eZimbabwe naseMasai. Izinyoni zakwaMasai ziyaziwa ngokuziphatha kwazo okunolaka. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kufezekiswe ukuzalaniswa kwezinyoni ngenkomba ephezulu yokukhiqiza inyama, abalimi bazivumelanisa nezindlela zokunqamula lokhu okubhalwe phansi nokwaseZimbabwe. Ngaphandle, izintshe zase-Afrika muhle impela. Ngombala wezimpaphe zakhe, wonke umuntu angabona imibala eyisibopho emhlophe nemnyama.

Ngokugcina isilwane esinjalo, izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi + 22 ... + 36 degrees lifanelekile.

Kudinga ukugcina ku-paddock. Ebusika, izinyoni kufanele zidluliselwe esibayeni esivaliwe. Kuqala, inyoni enjalo ibikhiqizwa ngochwepheshe ukuze ithole izimpaphe ezimibalabala nesikhumba. Ukuhlala useduze nomuntu, isilwane esinjalo kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukuba sematheni kakhulu futhi sixhumana nomninipulazi ngenjabulo.

Izimpaphe ze-Ostrich

Iqaphelekile emuva ngenkathi yasendulo. Njengoba zakhiwe njengabalingisi, ngaphambili zazisetshenziselwa ukudala amapuleti ezempi. Ezikhathini zasendulo, babehlobisa izigqoko zabesifazane.

Inani eliphakeme lokuthandwa labonwa ngekhulu le-XVIII. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni zaqothulwa ezindaweni ezinkulu. Isibonelo, inani labantu ababhaliselwe ama-Arabhu lanciphiswa kangangokuba maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka edlule wanyamalala.

Isidingo sezimpaphe zenciniba kwaholela ekutheni ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XX. Amathani angama-370 eziluhlaza okhiqizwayo athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe esuka e-Afrika njalo ngonyaka.

Isigaxa segazi sidlula izimpaphe ngamunye

I-Ostrich esejwayelekile noma eseNyakatho ne-Afrika

I-subspecies enkulu kunazo zonke.

• ukuphakama - 2.74 m,
• isisindo - kuze kufike ku-156 kg
• ukwakheka kwegobolondo kukhululeke kahle, iphethini ifana nenkanyezi,
• imilenze nentamo ngokubomvu okujulile
• ekhanda kunendawo eyimpandla.

Indawo yokuhlala kuze kube muva nje isimboze izingxenye ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho ne-Afrika, isuka e-Uganda eningizimu iye eGibhithe enyakatho. Manje sekudlulele emkhakheni wamazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika.

Izinyoni ezifanayo nezimpungushe zase-african

Izinhlobo eziningana zezinyoni ziyaziwa ezibukeka njengezintshe, kepha aziwona owomndeni wakwa-Ostrich.

Ithebula 2. Ukuchazwa kwezimpawu zangaphandle.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zinyoni ezivela kumbungu wase-Afrika: ukuba khona kwezinzwane ezi-3 nentambo enezinwele.

Imiyalo yezinyathelo ngezinyathelo

Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwashukumisela abalimi ukuthi baqale inqubo yokufuya. Ukuhlala ekudingisweni, izinyoni zakhombisa ukungazinaki ezimweni zokuboshwa kanye nokuvumelana nezimo ezinhle ezimeni zezulu ezintsha. Amazwe angaphezu kwangama-50 azalanisa lezi zinyoni, kubandakanya nezindawo ezibandayo njengeSweden.

Izintshe zingasekela isisindo somuntu futhi zize zizihambise ngamabangana amafushane.

Inyama ethambile nenqinile uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni zasepulazini. Ukunambitheka kusondele enyameni. Amagobolondo amaqanda asetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekwenzeni izikhumbuzo. Izimpaphe azidingeki kakhulu, kepha kuyathokozwa ngesikhumba esigqokile, okuyisinto esiyingqayizivele sombhalo. Amafutha asetshenziswa ku-cosmetology nakwezokwelapha, ngoba inezici ze-antiseptic. Izinkinobho zemfashini zenziwa kusuka kuzipele, futhi amaqanda aneliseka ngendlela emangalisayo ayenziwa ngamaqanda.

Imikhiqizo ye-Ostrich yehlukile

Isinyathelo 1. Ukuhlola Inzuzo

Imali engenayo ingatholwa iminyaka emi-2 ngemuva kokwethulwa kwephrojekthi.

• ukuzivumelanisa kahle nesimo sezulu saseRussia,
• ukumelana nezifo
• amandla abantu besifazane ukubeka amaqanda iminyaka engama-40,
• ithuba lokuzuza ekuthengisweni kwenyoni yonke, kufaka phakathi izilenge kanye nezinkophe,
• izindleko eziphansi zesisekelo sokuphakelayo,
• ukufuna okuzinzile kwemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi kuma-megacities.

E-Russia, izidingo zemikhiqizo yezinyosi zivaliwe kuphela 2%.

Inzuzo yepulazi ngokuphathwa kwebhizinisi elifanele ingu-150%.

Ukukhokhelwa okulinganiselwe - isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka

Isinyathelo 2. Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe nezindleko ezihleliwe

Ngaphambi kokuthenga izilwane ezisencane, kubalulekile ukutadisha imakethe ngenani lezindleko ezihleliwe nezindleko zokukhiqizwa. Kuyazuzisa nokuthola isisekelo samakhasimende kusengaphambili futhi uqashe abasebenzi abasebenza ekugcineni.

• amachwane ayabiza - ukusuka kuma-8 00 kuya kuma-ruble ayi-10 000,
• ukukopela iqanda - ama-ruble ayi-3 000,
• ukuthutha izilwane ezincane kuvame ukwenziwa kusuka ezindaweni ezikude, okunyusa izindleko zazo,
• ngesikhathi sokuhamba, kunengozi yokufa kwesinyoni esiningi.

Izindleko noma ukuqashwa komhlaba kuncike endaweni. Njengoba udinga indawo enkulu, intengo izoba phezulu.

Umhlaba izogcinwa kuwo izinti kufanele ugcotshwe ngotshani

Minyaka yonke kusuka kubashadikazi abadala abangu-1 kuwe ungathola inzuzo elandelayo ngokuthengisa:

• Amathoyizi angama-40 abiza kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-8,000 kuya ku-10,000. - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-320,000 kuya kwangama-400,000.,
• Amaqanda angama-40 ama-ruble ayi-1 000 noma ayi-3,000. - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-40,000 kuya kwangama-120,000.,
• 1 800 kg yenyama kuma-ruble angama-250 ama-sludge 850. nge-1 kg - kusuka ku-450,000 kuya kuma-ruble ayi-1,530,000.,
• I-50 m² yesikhumba ngentengo ka-3,000 kuya ku-7,000 we-1,2 m² - ukusuka kuma-ruble ayi-150,000 kuya kuma-350,000.

Imali etholakala epulazini kuphela ngokuthengiswa kwezilwane ezisencane ingama-ruble angama-400 000. ngonyaka

Isinyathelo 3. Ukukhetha kwezimo zokuboshwa

Izindlela ezi-3 zokukhula zithandwa:

1. Okujulile. Kusho imodi yokudonsa, ngokuhlelwa kwamapeni, ukutholwa kwe-incubator kanye nokuvunwa kwefodder eluhlaza.
2. Kuyandiswa. Ifanele izifunda zaseningizimu. Izinyoni zihlala endaweni yemvelo, esiza kakhulu ukuzondla kwazo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaqanda amaningi ayahlanganiswa.
3. Kuhlanganisiwe. Ezifundeni ezinobusika obubandayo. Ehlobo, izinyoni zigcinwa esibayeni, kuthi ebusika kugcinwe ezitolo. Inketho enhle kakhulu yabalimi bezinkukhu abaqalayo.

Kwaphinde kwasungulwa nezinhlelo ezi-2 zokuzalela: eyodwa-level and multi-level. Esimweni sokuqala, izilwane ezincane zitshalwa kuphela ngomkhiqizo wokugcina. Okwesibili kuthatha ukugcinwa kweminyaka eminingi.