I-Collared eurenis luhlobo lwenyoka encane engafiki ngisho nesigamu semitha, imvamisa ingabi ngaphezu kwama-30 cm.
Umzimba wakhe omncane awugqinsi ngaphezu kwepensela. I-Eurenis inekhanda elincane, elimbozwe ngemikhombe emikhulu futhi inqunywe kancane esiqwini, inesihlakala esifushane esiyindilinga namehlo amancane. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lupendiwe ngemithunzi ehlukahlukene yobumpunga noma nsundu. Akukho iphethini ebizwayo ephikisana nalesi sizinda, kepha i-flake ngayinye maphakathi nendawo ilula ukwedlula imiphetho, edala iphethini le-mesh elingacacile. Indawo okuyiyo kuphela ebonakalayo umucu omnyama noma onsundu odlulayo entanyeni ngendlela yokuthi "ikhola", ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo lwayo lwaqanjwa ngayo. Lo msele uqhakazile phakathi kwezinyoka ezincane, nazo kwesinye isikhathi zinemigqa enamachashaza amnyama noma amabala ezinhlangothini zemizimba yazo, nasemakhanda azo kukhona iphethini yezindawo ezimnyama nemivimbo. Ngaphansi komzimba kukhanya - grey, aphuzi noma abe bomvana, ngaphandle kwamabala.
ICollar Eirenis Habitat
Izwe lakulezi zinyoka yiIran, Iraq, Turkey, Caucasus, ezweni lethu zitholakala endaweni yaseDagestan.
Izindawo zokuhlala kwama-eurenise angama-collared ziyindawo evulekile neyomile. Zitholakala ogwadule abasemaphethelweni kanye nasemithambekeni enezihlahla ezinwebekile. I-Eurenis ibuye ikhwele izintaba ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1600. Imvamisa zitholakala emasimini.
Collared Eirenis - umhlali wezindawo ezinotshani.
Ama-Collared eurenis akhetha ukuhola indlela yokuphila ecashile, imvamisa izinyoka zifihla ezikhala emhlabathini, zigibela ngaphansi kwamatshe bese zingena emiseleni yesicabucabu nezinambuzane. Ezindaweni ezihle, ubungqabavu be-eurenis bungaphakama impela. Lezi zinyoka azivamile ukukhwela ziye phezulu. Kaningi zitholakala entwasahlobo, zishiswa yilanga emva kwemvula. Can overterter ngamaqembu abantu abangaba ngu-30.
Ukudla Kwe-Collar Eirenis
Lezi zinyoka zidla inyama yezilwane ezincane ezinhlobonhlobo: izintwala zezinkuni, izibungu zomhlaba, izibungu zamabhungane, amakesi, okungukuthi inyamazane etholakala emhlabathini nangaphansi kwamatshe. Futhi, i-Collared Eirenis ingahlasela izicabucabu ezinobuthi, i-scolopendras, ngisho ne-scorpion.
Ama-Aurenis ayizinyoka ezigcina imfihlo futhi ezesabekayo.
Ukusakazeka kwe-Collared Eurenis
Lezi zinyoka zibekela amaqanda azo. Owesifazane ngamunye ku-clutch angaba namaqanda amane kuya kwayi-8. Ububanzi bamaqanda bungaphansi kwamasentimitha amabili, ukwakheka kuyindilinga, ngoba izinyoka ezincane ezinobukhulu bamaqanda zibonakala zikhulu kangako.
Ngaphambi kokuzalela, izinyoka zinemidanso yokuqandanisa. Ngesikhathi sokudansa okunjalo, owesilisa ulandela lowesifazana futhi kwesinye isikhathi usonga umzimba wakhe eduze kwakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngakusasa ngemuva kokukhwelana, kuhlangana nemizimba.
UCollared Eirenis akuyona inyoka enobuthi.
"Izihlobo" ze-eurenis enamabala
Uhlobo olusondele kakhulu lwe-Collared eurenis yi-eirenis emnene. Lezi zinhlobo zinendawo yokuhlala efanayo nezindawo zokusatshalaliswa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyafana ngokubukeka futhi zinendlela efanayo yokubakhona.
Amatshe ezinhlobo zombili izinyoka ezingenangozi ngokuphelele. Azivikeli ngokuphelele, futhi asindiswa kubantu abahlukumezayo ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yemfihlo. Bahlaselwa izinyamazane ezinkulu nezincane ezahlukahlukene, ngisho namagundane nezigebenga.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Umndeni we-Uzov - uColubridae
Iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke lezinyoka zesimanje. Ikhanda livame ukudonswa ngokucacile entanyeni futhi limbozwe ngenhla ngezihlangu ezinkulu, ezihlelwe ngokufana. Amapulangwe we-ventral aqonde kakhulu ngaphesheya, asebenzisa lonke uhlangothi olungezansi lomzimba. Azikho izihlakala zemilenze noma amabhande. Iningi lezi zilwane azinobuthi, kepha ezinye zinamazinyo anamazinyo anobuthi akade ezijulile emlonyeni futhi zibeka engcupheni ingozi ebantwini. Ezinhlungwini ze-USSR, zingama-39 izinhlobo zofuzo eziyi-16.
URod Uzi - Natrix
Okujwayelekile - Natrix natrix (L.)
Ithebula 23: 1 - inyoka ejwayelekile (206), 1a - ifomu emthende, 2 - inyoka yamanzi (208), 3 - inyoka yenyoka (210), 4 - Inyoka yaseJapan (212)
Imephu 84. Okujwayelekile
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, efinyelela ku-140 cm ubude kanye nomsila omfishane wezikhathi ezingama-3-5. Izihlangu zangaphakathi zesimo se-trapezoidal esingaphansi noma esingaphansi. Umthungo phakathi kwe-intermaxillary nezivikelo zokuqala ze-labial awusekho ngaphezu komthungo ophakathi kwe-intermaxillary ne-Internalal. I-Preorbital imvamisa 1, orbital 2-4. I-Upper lip labyrinth, njengomthetho, i-7, kancane kakhulu i-6 noma i-8. Izikali zomzimba ezinezimbambo ezikhulunywayo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kuluhlu olulodwa lwezikali eziyi-19. Ukukhishwa kwesisu esiswini 153-193, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-caudal 50-88. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba uhluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okomnqumo ne-olive-grey kuya ku-brownish-brown futhi kucishe kube mnyama. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda ngemuva kwethempeli kunezindawo ezi-2 eziphuzi, eziwolintshi noma ezimhlophe lapho kuhlangana khona abamnyama. Ezimweni ezingavamile, lezi izindawo zinobuthakathaka noma azikho nhlobo. Engxenyeni eseningizimu yebanga, umuntu ngamunye onemigqa emibili emide ekhanyayo ezinhlangothini ezingemuva ayatholakala. Ngaphansi kucwebe okumhlophe okunamabala amnyama ngaphezulu noma kancane kunqenqemeni lwesimo esingajwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi kuhlangana ngokuphelele komunye nomunye, ukuze isisu sibe mnyama.
Ukubhebhetheka. Kusatshalaliswe kabanzi engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR, kufaka phakathi iCaucasus, eKazakhstan, eningizimu ye-Western Siberia naseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Turkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala osebeni lwemifula, amachibi, amachibi, ezimfundeni zezikhukhula, emibhedeni yomhlanga, ezixhotsheni zamahlathi nasezindaweni ezifanayo. Entwasahlobo iyatholakala futhi kude kakhulu namanzi. Ezintabeni yaziwa ukuthi ifinyelela kumamitha angama-2200 ngaphezu kolwandle. Njengamaphephelo, usebenzisa izikhala ngaphansi kwezimpande, izinqwaba zemishayo nangamatshe, izikhala phakathi kwezingodo zamabhuloho namadamu, imisele yemisele yamachilo, njll. Akakugwebi ukusondela kwezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu, ukuhlaliswa ezingadini zemifino, emiphongolweni, ngaphansi kwezindlu, emihosheni, izinqwaba zezindlu udoti kanye nezitishi. Yonke indawo ivame. Ibhukuda kahle futhi iwele, ihlale kuze kube yingxenye yehora noma ngaphezulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ezindaweni ezinkulu zamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi amakhilomitha amaningi kude nogu, itantanta nekhanda layo liphakanyiswe ngaphezu kobuso, ishiya ngemuva ukuqhuma okuyisimilo. Idla kakhulu amaxoxo, amasovu kanye nezibungu zawo, kepha futhi idla izinhlanzi, izibungu, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni. Imayini ihlala igwinywa iphila. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, abantu abaningi babuthana ndawonye, bakha i-tangle. NgoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti, insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-6- 35, inyoka ngenxa yalezo zinqwaba zamaqabunga awileyo noma umquba, ezimpondweni ezibolile, emiseleni yamagundane nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala, lapho kugcinwa khona umswakama owanele. Kwesinye isikhathi izintokazi eziningi zizalela amaqanda endaweni eyodwa efanele, ezindaweni ezinjalo amaqanda ayi-1000 noma ngaphezulu atholakala ngasikhathi sinye. Izinsimbi ezincane ze-11.5-14 cm zivele ngoJulayi - Agasti. Uma kwenzeka ingozi ivame ukugwinya inyamazane bese ibaleka. Kodwa-ke, uma engakwazi ukukhamba, uthatha indawo esongelayo, egoqa ibhola futhi ngesinye isikhathi ngokukhala kwakhe uphonsa ikhanda elibhekise ezitheni. Ikhambi liyiphunga eliphikelelayo elicasulayo elivela ku-cesspool. Ukulunywa umuntu akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ezindaweni zitholakala ndawonye nenyoka yamanzi, okuvela kuyo ihluka kahle ezindaweni eziphuzi noma ezisawolintshi ezinhlangothini zekhanda.
Amanzi vele - Natrix tessellata (Laur.)
Imephu 85. Amanzi vele
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, ifinyelela ku-140 cm kanye nomsila omfishane izikhathi ezingama-5-6 Amakhonkco angaphakathi wesimo esingunxantathu Ukuqina phakathi kwe-intermaxillary nezivikelo zokuqala ze-labial yinde kakhulu kunesibalo phakathi kwe-intermaxillary ne-Internalal. Isikali sangaphambi kwe-preorbital 2–3, i-postorbital 3-5, i-labial ephezulu yaphezulu, iyivelakancane ngokweqile 6. Izikali zomzimba nomsila onezimbambo ezishiwo ubude. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kuluhlu olulodwa lwezikali eziyi-19. I-abdominal flaps 162-190, ngababili abangaphansi kwe-caudal 47-87. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe.Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba luyi-olive, i-olive-grey, nsundu ngombala onsundu noma icishe ibe mnyama ngombala onamabala amnyama noma imithende emincane eshintshashintshayo. Ngemuva kwekhanda kuvame ukuba nesici esimnyama esimnyama ngendlela imichilo emibili ehlangana ngayo ekoneni elibuhlungu emuva kwekhanda. Ngaphansi kunombala omhlophe, ophuzi, obomvu obomvu noma o-orenji-obomvu, onamabala amnyama adluliswa ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ahlangana ezindaweni nomunye. Kunombala owodwa, umbala omnyama ngokuphelele.
U-fig. 46. Ikhanda lenyoka lamanzi evela phezulu
Ukubhebhetheka. Iseningizimu yengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, kufaka phakathi iCaucasus, iKazakhstan, iTurkmenistan, i-Uzbekistan, iKyrgyzstan neTajikistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ikakhulukazi ogwini lwamanzi kanye namachibi amile, ikakhulukazi emasimini erayisi, nasezigodini zolwandle naseziqhingini. Yonke indawo evamile. Ubhukuda futhi ushayeke kahle, uvame ukubhukuda aze afike olwandle. Uyakwazi ukufuduka kude ukusuka kukhoselo kuya endaweni yokugcina amanzi ngomhlaba. Itholakala ezintabeni ifinyelela kumamitha angama-2800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amakhebuli yizimbobo nemifantu emadwaleni asogwini, izinqwaba zamatshe, izimbobo zamagundane, izithungu zomhlanga, izindawo zokugcina utshani, njll. Okusebenzayo kusuka ngoMashi - Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba - Novemba. Idla ikakhulu izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa igibela le nhloso ukudoba izinhlanzi noma ukugwinya izinhlanzi ezibanjwa izingwegwe zabadobi. Ukudla okuncane kungamasele namaxoxo, kanye namagundane amancane nezikhathi ezithile zezinyoni. Idla inyamazane iphila. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, kwakheka amaqembu, kwesinye isikhathi abantu abaningana abaningana. Amaqanda anobude obuyi-3.0-4,5 cm, kufaka phakathi ne-6-23, alala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - Julayi. I-hatch emisha ubude obungu-15-22 cm.Uma kwenzeka ingozi, ivame ukuhlenga emanzini futhi icashe ezansi, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yingxenye yehora futhi ingasayi phezulu. Uma ifakwe ezweni, ivame ukuzigoqa ngebhola eliqinile bese ifihla ikhanda layo ngaphakathi, noma ihlasele ngensimbi eshaya ihlasela isitha.
Kwezinye izindawo, kulimaza kakhulu ukulima kwezinhlanzi nezokudoba, kuchitha izinhlanzi ezincane. Ukulunywa umuntu akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ezindaweni zitholakala ndawonye nenyoka ejwayelekile, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngezimpawu zokufakwa kombala kanye nokwakheka kwemikhakha ethile yaphezulu kwekhanda.
I-Tiger vele - Natrix tigrina (Voie)
Imephu 86. I-Tiger Isivele (1), i-dinodon ebomvu (2), i-dinodon yasempumalanga (3), inyoka yesiqhingi (4)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, efinyelela ku-130 cm ubude kanye nomsila omfishane wama-4-5. Izindwangu ezingaphakathi zise-trapezoidal ngesimo. Ukuqina phakathi kwe-intermaxillary ne-labial yokuqala kufushane kakhulu kunokuthenjwa phakathi kwe-intermaxillary ne-Internalal. Isikali se-preorbital 2, i-postorbital 3-4, i-labial ephezulu 7. Izikali zomzimba nomsila ezinezimbambo ezibukhali ezinde. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emugqeni owodwa kunezikali eziyi-19. I-tumbo esiswini i-141-170, ama-sub-caudal 46-85 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lube yi-olive emnyama, luhlaza okotshani, onsundu okhanyayo, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ocishe abe mnyama, elinemisho emnyama eshintshashintshwayo noma amabala eceleni kwefu futhi ngokuvamile amabala amnyama amakhulu ezinhlangothini. Imvamisa amabala ashubile nasemahlombe, ahlangana kanyekanye, akha umlingisi oguqulayo wesimo esithi "ihlosi". Emsamo kukhona ikhola emnyama ebanzi, kwesinye isikhathi ephukile yaba amabala amnyama angunxantathu amnyama abheke emuva. Engxenyeni yesithathu yangaphambili yomzimba, imiphetho yesikali se-trunk, phakathi kwezikhala phakathi kwamabala amnyama, ibomvu okhanyayo obomvu, obomvu noma owolintshi. Ngaphansi kweso kukhona umucu omnyama otshayayo onesigqabha sawo esikhomba emuva nangombala ofanayo, kodwa imichilo emincane kakhulu endaweni yemisipha ephakathi kwelebhu. Ngaphansi kwethafa elicacile, elinomnqumo ophuzi, onemiphetho yangaphambili yezihlangu ezingamakhompiyutha zivame ukuba namabala amnyama anqamukayo.
Ukubhebhetheka. INingizimu yezindawo zasePrimorsky neKhabarovsk.
Indlela yokuphila. Kutholakala ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi ezigelezayo nezimi futhi kude namanzi emahlathini exubile we-Taiga nezikhala ezingenamsebenzi. Idla amaxoxo, amadevu, izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu. Idla inyamazane iphila. Amaqanda ayi-18-22 abekwa ngoJulayi.Encane i-15-17 cm ubude ivela ngo-Agasti - Septhemba. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, izama ukubaleka, kepha imvamisa ithatha indawo esongelayo, icishe iphakamise umphambili wesithathu womzimba iphakamise izwi layo isitha. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kwezinye izindawo uhlala ndawonye nenyoka yaseJapan, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngokufaka imibala, ikakhulukazi ukungabikho kwamabala ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba.
IsiJapane vele - Natrix vibakari (Boie)
Imephu 87. IsiJapane vele
Ukubukeka. Ubude obujwayelekile benyoka, bungadluli kubude obungama-53 cm, futhi bube mude amahlandla ama-4-5 ubude. Umthungo ophakathi kwama-scma we-intermaxillary ne-Internalal awufushane kuno-seam phakathi kwe-intermaxillary ne-labial yokuqala. I-Florbital flaps 1, kancane i-2, i-orbital 2-3. Isikali somzimba nomsila esinezimbambo ezinde ezikhule kahle. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kuluhlu olulodwa lwezikali eziyi-19. Ukuqunjelwa kwesisu okungu-130-152, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-caudal 45-88. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lubhokile onsundu, lube nsundu ngokubomvu noma lube nsundu onsundu, luvame ukuba mnyama ekhanda, ngaphambili komzimba ogibeni. Isithombe emzimbeni asikho. Upper lip labyrinths ophuzi, onamabala amnyama noma amnyama noma amnyama ngokuphelele emaphethelweni. Ukusuka ekhoneni lomlomo emuva emuva kwekhanda kukhona imivimbo ephuzi mpunga noma ophuzi. Isisu siluhlaza okotshani noma siphuzi ngokugqamile, sinezindawo ezincane ezingacacile emaphethelweni wesihlangu ngasinye sesisu, zihlangana zibe yimicu emide eqhubekayo, eqhubeka emsileni.
Ukubhebhetheka. ENingizimu ye-Khabarovsk ne-Primorsky izindawo.
Indlela yokuphila. Cishe akufundwanga. Kutholakala ngasemanzini nangasemadwaleni ezintaba. Ibambe ngaphansi kwamatshe. Ayijwayelekile. Idla kuma-amphibians amancane nezinambuzane. Intsha engu-15,5-16.0 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ezindaweni zitholakala ndawonye nenyoka yehlosi, kusuka lapho ihluka kahle emzimbeni wombala owodwa ngaphandle kwamabala.
I-Dinodon clan - I-Dinodon
I-East Dinodon - I-Dinodon orientale (I-Hilgendorf)
Ithebula 24: 1 - Central Asia cobra (268), 2 - dinodon empumalanga (213), 3 - bonito enemibala emibili (269)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka ejwayelekile, efinyelela ku-80 cm ubude, icishe ibe ngu-6,7 ifushane emsileni. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. I-scmaellum ye-intermaxillary imbozwe kancane ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle futhi ayibonakali kalula phezulu. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo bungabi ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezi-2 ububanzi be-infraorbital, futhi ubude bungaphansi kakhulu kobude bokuqina phakathi kwe-parietal. Izinduna ezingaphandle nangemuva zilingana ngobude. Azikho i-preorbital, no-orbitalhlangu 2, i-labial 8 ephezulu, lapho i-4th ne-5, futhi kwesinye isikhathi i-3, nazo zithinta iso. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emugqeni owodwa kunezikali eziyi-17 ezibushelelezi. Izithambeka zesisu 199-214, sub-caudal 60-76 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lube nsundu-grey noma lube nsundu ngombala, bese kudlula umnyama onsundu-umnyama emuva nomsila, amabala aphakanyiswe ngaphesheya kwesijamo esingajwayelekile. Kumugqa owodwa wombala ofanayo, amabala amancane atholakala ezinhlangothini. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lekhanda lube mnyama, ngaphandle kwamabala. Isisu sikhanya, kukhona amachashazi amnyama phakathi kwesihlangu ngasinye sesisu.
Ukubhebhetheka. Ngaphakathi kwe-USSR, itholakala kanye kuphela esiqhingini saseShikotan, eqenjini leziQhingi zaseKuril.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga. Kutholakala phakathi kwezimila ezinamahlahla nezinezihlahla ezinamatshe nasezigodini zezidumbu zamanzi. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kusuka kudayimane elibomvu elibomvu, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo lobuciko, kuhlukaniswa kahle ngokungabi bikho kwemikhonyovu yangaphambi kokubeletha nesihlangu somhluzi esihlukanisiwe.
U-Dinodon okholwe - I-Dinodon rufozonatum (Cantor)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu kakhulu, ifinyelela ku-110 cm ubude, izikhathi eziyisithupha zomsila omfishane. Ikhanda limiswe ngokugqamile kusuka entanyeni. Isikali se-intermaxillary sibuthakathaka buthaka ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo bungaphansi kwezikhathi ezi-2 ububanzi be-infraorbital.Ubude be-frontal bungaphansi kakhulu ubude be-suture phakathi kwe-parietal. Ubude beparietal abukho ngaphansi kobude be ubude bokuqala. Isihlangu sasemuva esingemuva sikhulu kunangaphambili. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 2, i-labial 8, okuyi-3, 4 no-5 okuthinta amehlo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. I-Abdominal flaps 185-208, sub-caudal 57-83 ngazimbili. Isihlangu sokuhlaziywa siyisiqephu esisodwa. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lubomvu olungamakhorali, ophuzi noma ophuzi ngombala, imicu emibalabala ebanzi emnyama ehlukahlukene ebunjiwe emuva, ububanzi bayo bungaphezu kobubanzi bezikhala ezihlukanisayo. Kuzo zonke izikali zohlangothi olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunezindawo ezinkulu ezimnyama ezinamaphethelo acwebezelayo, kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana emananini we-parietal abe umucu odlulela emathempelini. Ngaphansi kunombala ophuzi, ngaphandle kwamabala kwesinye isikhathi atholakala kuphela engxenyeni engaphansi yomsila.
Ukubhebhetheka. Kunobufakazi obudinga ukuqinisekiswa mayelana nale ndawo yenyoka eMpumalanga Ekude, eduze naseVladivostok.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga. Ezindaweni eziseduzane zaseKorea naseChina, zitholakala zombili eduze kwamanzi futhi kude nawo. Idla izinhlanzi, amasele, ubuhlalu, izibankwa nezinyoka. Kusatshalaliswa ngokubeka amaqanda. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Umbala uhluke kakhulu kwezinye izinyoka ezitholakala eMpumalanga Ekude.
Wolfhide Rod - Lycodon
Wolfhawk Okwehlisiwe - I-Lycodon striatus (Khombisa)
Ithebula 25: 1 - oligodon oguquguqukayo (248), 1a - ikhanda lakhe kusuka phezulu, 2 - i-Rhinchocalamus enenhloko emnyama (225), i-2a - inhloko yayo ivela phezulu, 3 - i-wolf-izinyo (214), i-3a - inhloko yayo ivela phezulu, 4 - Afghan litorinh ( 230), 4a - ikhanda lakhe liphezulu
Imephu 88. I-Wolfhawk eshisiwe
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane encane enobude bomzimba engekho ngaphezu kwama-40-45 cm kanye nezikhathi ezingama-3-5. Umfundi uthe mpo. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isizalo sithambile, futhi isihloko saso siyindilinga egcwele. Isigaxa esikhulu maxillary cishe asisongeli ngaphezulu kwekhanda futhi asibonakali sisuka phezulu. Imikhawulo yangaphambi kokuqala yinde futhi ibanzi kuneyangaphakathi. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 ubude be-infraorbital. Upper lip 8, akuvamile kakhulu 7. UNostril usike phakathi kwezikalo ezimbili zamakhala. Isikali somzimba sibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwezimbambo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emugqeni owodwa kukhona izikali eziyi-17, isisu 153-193 nezimbambo ezingaphansi kuka-caudal ezingama-42-66. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Ikhanda lingaphezulu futhi uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lube mnyama noma lube nsundu, imithende emhlophe noma ephuzi eqonda maphakathi nomhlane, izikhala phakathi kwazo eziba mncane ngomsila. Izikali zokukhanya zomuntu ngamunye engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba zinemivimbo emnyama noma amachashazi amnyama. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kudlula ngokulandelana kwezindawo ezikhanya ngokungakhethi ezakhiwe ngemiphetho yokukhanya kobumnyama phakathi kwesikali. Ngaphansi kwekhanda nomzimba kumhlophe noma kuphuzi.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Southern Turkmenistan, i-Uzbekistan ne-Western Tajikistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emaphethelweni e-stony, zobumba kanye nenhlabathi yama-loess enezimila ezihlala ogwadule kanye ne-steppe. Ezintabeni iyaziwa ukuthi ifinyelela ku-1800 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Ihola indlela yokuphila yesikhathi sobusuku nobusuku, efihla ngaphansi kwamatshe phakathi nosuku, emhlabathini owakhiwe kanye nakwezinye izindawo zokukhosela. Idla izidlozi ezincane. Amaqanda ama-2-4 abekwa ekupheleni kukaJuni - Julayi. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Umbala nephethini kuhluke kakhulu kwezinye izinyoka eziseCentral Asia.
URod Runner - UColuber
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi - Coluber jugularis (L.)
Ithebula 26: 1 - i-kawaidafishfish (246), i-2 - inyoka enombala ophuzi (216), 2a - ifomu elibomvu, 3 - inyoka yomnqumo (218), 4 - inyoka enemibala eminingi (ifomu elinamakhanda amnyama) (225), 4a - ifomu lokuhola (225) ), 5 - Inyoka ebomvu inemibala (220), 6 - inyoka enamabala (227), inyoka eyisikhombisa (222)
Imephu 89. Inyoka enobuthi ophuzi
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, enobukhulu obukhulu, enobude bomzimba okufika ku-150 cm kanye nomsila omfishane izikhathi ezingama-2,5 ukuya ku-2,5. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane.I-scmaellum ye-intermaxillary igoqwe kancane ngaphezulu kwaphezulu kwe-muzzle, ibe buthaka ngokungena phakathi kwe-Internovae. I-preorbital eyodwa enkulu, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-infraorbital encane. I-Postorbital 2-3, kusuka ku-8-9 labial 2 thinta amehlo. Kwabantu abasha, ama-mandibulars wangemuva ayathintana; kubantu abadala, ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa umugqa owodwa wesikali esincane. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba we-19, kungaphansi kakhulu izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. Abdominal 191-215, sub-caudal 87-131 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Mncane ngaphezulu kombala onsomi ophuzi, ompunga noma onsundu, on 1 noma 2 imigqa yamabala amnyama ansundu noma ansundu ansundu adlula emuva, kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana omunye komunye futhi akha imivimbo emifushane edlula ngendlela. Uchungechunge lwamabala amancane libuye lidlule ezinhlangothini zomzimba futhi lincane kakhulu ngasemaphethelweni wesikweletu esiswini. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda, amabala amancanyana akhiwe ngendlela ejwayelekile. Ngobudala, amabala amnyama emzimbeni kancane kancane anyamalala (iminonjana yawo isalokhu izinyoka ezinobude obungama-80-100 cm) futhi zithole umnqumo ompunga, ompunga, onsundu, omphuzi, onsundu, obomvu, obomvana noma obomnyama. Umzimba ngamunye ukalwa ngomucu olula wokuqina futhi ube mnyama emaphethelweni. Embala wesisu, kuya ngombala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba, amathoni aphuzi noma abomvu anophawu olukhanyayo lwe-pearly shimmer ngokulandelana. Ngokuvamile, umbala obomvu womzimba ubonakala kakhulu kubantu abavela eCaucasus naseTurkmenistan.
Ukubhebhetheka. Iningizimu yengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, kufaka phakathi iCrimea neningi leCaucasus, kanye neRobetdag ridge eningizimu yeTurkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Igcinwe ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezingwadule, emaphethelweni amahlathi asemaqeleni, ezindaweni zokugcina izihlahla, ezinesihlabathi esigqitsheni nasemadwaleni amatshe, ezigodini naseziqongweni ezisogwini lomfula, emibhedeni eyomile yomhlanga, ezivinjelweni zezithelo, ezivinini nokunye. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, isebenzisa imisele yokubamba, imifantu enhlabathini, izinqwaba zamatshe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi imigwaqo ephansi. Ezintabeni zitholakala kuze kufike ku-1500-1600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba.
Idla izinduku, izibankwa, izinyoka, ama-amphibians, izinambuzane, izinyoni namachwane. Isisulu esincane sivame ukugwinywa siphila, kanti inyamazane enkulu, emelana nayo, ifohlwe ngaphambi kokuyicindezela emhlabathini noma ngokubamba umphambili wesithathu womzimba. Ukubeka amaqanda ayi-6-16 ubude obu-4 cm kwenzeka ngoJuni - Julayi. Intsha efinyelela ku-35 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba. Enye yezinyoka ezimbi kakhulu futhi ezinolaka kwezilwane zethu. Lapho ehlangana nomuntu, imvamisa akazami ngisho nokuzama ukucasha, kepha uthatha indawo esongelayo nangomsindo omkhulu, evula umlomo, aziphose esitheni. Izinyoka ezinkulu nazo zingagxuma kuze kufike ku-1 m ubude, ziziphonsa ebusweni. Ukuluma kwabantu abadala kubuhlungu futhi kuyopha, kepha kepha akuyona ingozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokwezimpawu zokumboza isikhumba, kufana nenyoka yomnqumo, lapho ihluka khona kahle ngomzimba omningi nezimpawu zokufaka imibala - ukungabikho kwemivimbo ekhanyayo endaweni yeso.
Inyoka ye-Olive - Coluber najadum (Ngu-Eichw.)
Imephu 90. Inyoka yomnqumo (1), inyoka enamehlo amakhulu (2)
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obuphakathi, inyoka emide emide, enobude obude bufika ku-100 cm kanye nomsila omfishane izikhathi ezingama-2-3. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. I-scmaellum ye-intermaxillary igoqwe kancane ngaphezulu kwaphezulu kwekhanda bese ifinyelela buthaka phakathi kwezangaphakathi. Kukhona i-1 preorbital flap, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-infraorbital encane, ama-2 orbital, ama-2 labial aphezulu, noma ama-9, ayi-2 axhumana iso. I-mandibular yangemuva icishe ibe ngu-1.5 izikhathi eziphansi kunezangaphandle futhi imvamisa ihlukaniswe ngemigqa emi-2 yesikali esincane. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezingama-19 ezibushelelezi. Isikali sesisu 210-263, ngasemaphethelweni wesisu bakha ubambo oluchazwe kahle. Amabhuzu angaphansi komsila we-113-145. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu luyi-olive, i-olive olive, elinsundu elikhanyayo noma nsundu, imvamisa nge-tint eluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu.Ezinyokeni ezincane, iphethini yesimo ivezwa ngokusobala, equkethe ansundu noma icishe ibe mnyama, ihlanganiswe umucu wokukhanya wamachashaza, abekwe ezinhlangothini zentamo nangaphambi komzimba. Ebheke emsileni, la mabala ancipha, kancane kancane alahlekelwa ukukhanya kwawo okukhanyayo bese ephenduka amabala amancane amnyama afinyelela maphakathi nomzimba. Enye yalezi zingxenye kwesinye isikhathi zihlangana ngababili ngaphesheya kwentamo. Ezinyoka ezindala, amabala asemuva anyamalala ngokuphelele noma aqhakaze kakhulu, kugcina umbala umnyama kancane kuphela kunombala oyintloko womzimba. Ikhanda elingenhla lingumbala owodwa, ngaphandle kwamabala. Ngaphambili nangemuva kwamehlo kuhlala kunemivimbo yokukhanya engaphezulu noma engaphansi. Ngaphansi kunombala ophuzi noma onsomi.
Ukubhebhetheka. Kusakazwa kabanzi eCaucasus naseKopetdag eningizimu yeTurkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emithambekeni edwala, okhalweni kanye nasezinqwabeni zamatshe agcwele imifino yotshani ne-shrubby, emahlathini ama-oak nase juniper, okuvamisile ukuba ezindaweni ezivulekile zamadwala aluhlaza. Kuyatholakala nasezivandeni, ezivinini nasezitshalweni. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, zisebenzisa izikhala nemifantu emadwaleni, izinqwaba zamatshe nemisele yemisele. Ezintabeni ifinyelela ku-1800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. ETranscaucasia kuvame kakhulu. Isebenza kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izidlozi ezahlukahlukene; kwesinye isikhathi idla izinambuzane ezinkulu namagundane. Imvamisa ibamba inyamazane ekuhambeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, igwinye izibankwakazi ezincane ziphila, futhi ikhihlize ezinkulu, icindezele phansi ngomzimba wayo. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-3-6 ngoJuni - Julayi. Intsha engu-28-9 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba. Ngokuya ngejubane kanye nokushesha kokunyakaza, inyoka yomnqumo ishiya kude nezinye izinyoka eziningi zezilwane zethu. Ishaywe endaweni ethile ematsheni noma emagatsheni esihlahla, inyamalala ngejubane elikhulu kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukulandela ukunyakaza kwayo, futhi esimweni esihle kakhulu kunombono wokuqhuma nokufihla irowu. Uma ibanjiwe, iphatha ngesihluku nangamandla, iluma igazi, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoka ayizenzi futhi ngendlela esongela ishesha ithululela isitha. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngezinye izibonakaliso, ifana nenyoka enombala ophuzi ejwayelekile eCaucasus, lapho ihlukaniswa khona kahle ngomzimba wayo omncane nezici ezinemibala - kunemivimbo emhlophe eguqukayo ngaphambili nangemuva kwamehlo.
Inyoka - I-Coluber rhodorhachis (Jan)
Imephu 91. Inyoka enezimbobo ezibomvu (1), inyoka enemigqa (2)
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obuphakathi, inyoka emide emide, enobude obude bufika ku-100 cm kanye nomsila omfishane izikhathi ezingama-2-3. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesiphesheli siyakhonjwa. I-scmaellum ye-intermaxillary iphuma ngamandla phakathi kwama-engela angaphakathi. Kukhona imithambo ye-infraorbital eyi-1 ne-2 infraorbital, 2 orbital, 2 labial ephezulu, eyi-8 kuyaqabukela, okuyi-2 yayo ethinta amehlo. Emuva kwendawo yakhona i-mandibular yinde futhi incane kunezi ezingaphandle futhi ihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngemigqa engu-2-3 yezikali. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi, zizungeze maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali eziyi-19. Isisu esiswini 210-263, ngasemaphethelweni wesisu bakha ubambo olubekiwe. Amabhuzu angaphansi komsila we-110-145. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lube mpunga, omnqumo, ompunga, onsundu noma onsundu ikhofi, okuhlukile kulo ngaphambili nangemuva kwesigamu somzimba. Umucu omncane obomvu noma opinki welula eceleni komqobelo, usuka ezikweletini zepharietali uye phakathi nomzimba, kwesinye isikhathi uze ufike esisekelweni somsila, noma, esikhundleni sawo, ugijimela ngasengxenyeni yangaphambili yomzimba uchungechunge oluncanyana olunobumnyama, oludlule phakathi kwezindawo, kancane kancane luye lubheke emsileni. Esikhaleni esiphakathi kwendawo e-dorsal ezinhlangothini zomzimba imvamisa amabala amancanyana anemibala efanayo. Isisu sikhanya, sinamabala amancane amnyama eceleni kwemiphetho yesisu esiswini.
Ukubhebhetheka. Sisakazeke kabanzi eningizimu yeTurkmenistan, eningizimu ye-Uzbekistan, enyakatho nentshonalanga yeTajikistan, entshonalanga neKyrgyzstan naseningizimu yeKazakhstan.
Indlela yokuphila. Kwenzeka ezintabeni nasezintabeni zezinyawo, kungena ezindaweni nasezingxenyeni eziseduze zamahlane.Kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi kube nezigodi nemifula ewela umfula imifula yemifula, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamanxiwa, izinqwaba zamadwala namathanga ezihlahlana, emithambekeni emnene. Ezintabeni ifinyelela ku-2300 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, lapho ihlala khona esifundeni sehlathi lejuniper. Yonke indawo ivame. Ukhetha imisele yokugunda, imifantu nezimbobo enhlabathini nezikhala ngaphansi kwamatshe njengezindawo zokukhosela. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izinyamazane namagundane amancane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi idla izinyoni. Isisulu esabanjiwe sivame ukugoqa izindandatho zomzimba eziningana. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-3-9 ngoJuni - Julayi. Abasha bavela ngoSepthemba.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngaphandle kufana nenyoka enyinyithekile, okuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu abantulayo. Esimweni sokugcina, kungahlukaniswa kukho ngokungabi bikho kwendawo emnyama ethempelini okuyisimo somgijimi okhuthele.
Inyoka emangele - Coluber karelini Brandt
Imephu 92. Inyoka yeTranscaucasian (1), inyoka ekhathazekile (2)
Ukubukeka. Ngobukhulu obumaphakathi, inyoka emincane kakhulu, enomsila omude, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-60,5 cm kanye no-2-3.5 wamsila omfishane. Ikhanda lincipha kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesiphesheli siyakhonjwa. I-scmaum ye-intermaxillary inwebeka ngokunamandla phakathi kwama-engela angaphakathi. I-pre- kanye ne-infraorbital icwilisa eyodwa ngasikhathi, i-postorbital 3, i-labial 9, okuyi-1 kuphela, okuyi-5, okuthinta iso. I-mandibular engemuva yincane futhi incane kuneyangaphandle futhi ihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngemigqa engu-2-3 yezikali. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwezimbambo. Maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali eziyi-19. Izithambeka zesisu zingama-192-220 ngababili, ngasemaphethelweni wesisu bakha ubambo oluchazwe kahle. Amabhuzu angaphansi komsila 85-117. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lunga-grey nge-tint ephuzi noma e-brownish. Ngasemuva zilandelana kunemivimbo emincane emnyama noma emnyama edlulayo. Esikhaleni esiphakathi kwabo, ezinhlangothini zesquunk kudlula umugqa owodwa wombala ofanayo wezindawo, udlulela emaphethelweni wesikweletu esiswini. Ithempeli ngalinye linombala omnyama noma ocishe umnyama ngaphezulu noma ongalingani nano-ovalolope oshelela ngokuqondile ekhoneni lomlomo. Ngaphansi kukhanya, ngaphandle kwamabala.
U-fig. 47. Inhloko yenyoka ekhungathekile
Ukubhebhetheka. ITurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan kanye neNingizimu Ntshonalanga Kazakhstan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ugwadule lobumba nesihlabathi, ama-steppes omile, ibuye ihlale ezintabeni nasezintabeni, ikhuphuke ifike ku-1600-1800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Okuvame kakhulu emadwaleni ase-loess nezigodi emabhange emifula nangamanxiwa ahlukahlukene. Isebenzisa imfucumfucu nezimbobo enhlabathini kanye nemisele yemigqa njengezindawo zokukhosela. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izidlozi ezahlukahlukene, idla namagundane amancane. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-4-9 maphakathi noJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Abasha bavela ngo-Agasti. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokubukeka, ifana nabantu abanephethini elinyinyithekile yabantu benyoka enemibala obomvu, abahlukaniswe yindawo enhle yobumnyama emathempelini.
Inyoka emthende - I-Coluber spinalis (Peters)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encanyana, emfishane, enobude bomzimba ofinyelela ku-86 cm futhi cishe izikhathi ezingama-3-4 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. Isikali se-intermaxillary sibuthakathaka buthaka ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda. Ububanzi bangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo lilingana nobubanzi be-infraorbital. I-Preorbital 2, akuvamile 1, i-orbital 2, i-labial 7-8, okuvamisile ukuthi i-4th ne-5 kuthinte amehlo. I-mandibular engemuva ihlukaniswe komunye nomunye ngemigqa engu-1-2 yesikali esincane. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. I-tumbo esiswini i-188-207, ama-pa-caudal 91-101 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lube nsundu, luhlaza okomnqumo noma luhlaza grey. Eduzane kwegquma, kusukela ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda, kukhona umucu omfishane omhlophe noma ophuzi ohlanganiswe umugqa onamachashaza amnyama noma amnyama angasho lutho. Isikali esingaphezulu se-labial, preorbital, ne-postorbital siphuzi ngokugqamile noma simhlophe.Ngaphansi kunombala omhlophe noma ophuzi.
U-fig. 48. Inyoka enemichilo
Ukubhebhetheka. Isikhathi okuwukuphela kwaso esitholakele ekucindezelekeni kwamaZaysan e-East Kazakhstan. Kunemininingwane edinga ukucaciswa mayelana nokuba seMpumalanga Ekude eduze neKhabarovsk.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga e-USSR. EKazakhstan, kutholakale ogwadule owomile wamatshe obumba. Idla izidlozi ezahlukahlukene. EMongolia naseNyakatho China, amaqanda angama-4-9 abekwa ngoJulayi. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokubukeka nangejubane lokuhamba, ifana nenyoka yomcibisholo, futhi etholakala kuyo kubheseni lweLake Zaysan. Ihluka ngokulula kumcibisholo wenyoka ngokwenzakaliswa kombala, ikakhulukazi, umucu wokukhanya omncane onqenqemeni lomqobelo, oqala ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda.
Inyoka enemibala - I-Coluber ravergieri (Amadoda.)
Imephu 93. Inyoka enemibala eminingi
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoka, inobude bomzimba ofinyelela ku-100 cm nezikhathi ezi-2,5 zomsila omfishane. Ikhanda liyanqanyulwa ngokusobala entanyeni ephansi. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. Iphepha le-intermaxillary libuthakathaka buthaka ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle bese liphuma kancane phakathi kwe-Internovae. Imiphetho yemikhawulo yangaphambili inomugqa. Imvamisa 2 preorbital, ngaphansi engezansi kukhona infraorbital encane, 2 orbital, 2 eliphezulu labial, kaningi 9 noma 10, 2 wabo uthinta iso. Izikali zomzimba ezinezimbambo ezicacile ezinde. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emugqeni owodwa kunezikali ezingama-21-25. Ukukhishwa kwesisu esiswini 190-225, ngababili abangaphansi kwe-caudal 74-108. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe noma, ngokwejwayelekile, sihlangene. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lube nsundu-grey noma mpunga onsundu nge-tinge ephuzi. Amabala ansundu, okupunga grey noma acishe abe mnyama, avame ukubonakala amabala amancanyana noma imichilo eshintshashintshayo, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlangana ezindaweni zibe umucu we-zigzag oqhubekayo, zitholakala ngemuva zilandelana. Umbala ofanayo, amabala amancane kulayini owodwa noma amabili atholakala ohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba. Kanye nomsila, imivimbo emi-3 emnyama imvamisa ithuthuke kahle, isebenza njengokunwetshwa kwezindawo zeziqu. Cishe ama-speciens we-monochromatic aqhamuka namabala anganqabile e-dorsal noma ngaphandle kwawo. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kuneqembu lezindawo ezincane emngceleni okhanyayo akha iphethini efanele. Ukusuka emaphethelweni ongaphandle weso kuya ekhoneni lomlomo kudlula umucu omnyama obonakalayo, umucu ofanayo, omfushane ngaphansi kweso. Ingaphansi lomzimba lingwephuzi-elimhlophe noma lipinki, livame ukuba namabala amnyama namachashazi. E-Central Asia, kunezinhlobo ezinenhloko emnyama ngokuphelele noma emnyama ngokuphelele.
Ukubhebhetheka. IGeorgia, i-Armenia, iAzerbaijan, iSouth Dagestan neTurkmenistan, i-Uzbekistan, iTajikistan, iKyrgyzstan kanye neningizimu yeKazakhstan.
Indlela yokuphila. Kwenzeka emadwaleni amatshe agqunywe izihlahla, emadwaleni ngasogwini lwemifula yezintaba, odwaleni nasezindaweni zamatshe ezinamadwala, ezindaweni ezinamatshe e-juniper nase-oak, okuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamagquma nezintaba zezintaba. Futhi akagwemeli ukusondela komuntu, ahlala emanxiweni, ezivinini, ezivandeni, ophahleni nophahla lomhlanga lwezakhiwo. Kuhle okujwayelekile. Ezintabeni ifinyelela ku-2600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, zisebenzisa imifantu emadwaleni, ezigodini zenhlabathi, izikhala ngaphansi kwamatshe, kanye nemisele yamagundane, amafudu kanye nezinyoni. Enhlabathini evulekile, abagijimayo bayakwazi ukumba izimbobo uqobo, bekha umhlaba ngekhanda eligobekile njengengwegwe. Isebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya ku-Okthoba - Novemba. Idla kuma-amphibians, izibankwa, izinduku, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Izinyamazane ezincane - amagundane, izindlebe, izibankwa ezincane, amachwane - kudliwa kuphila, kuyilapho eziklanywe zingakakalwa, kufakwe emgobeni womzimba noma kufakwe izindandatho eziningana. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-5-16 ama-5,5 cm ubude ngoJuni - Julayi. Intsha efinyelela ku-31,5 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba. Inyoka, iphazanyiswa ngumuntu, imvamisa ikhipha umsindo omfishane futhi icashe endaweni yokuhlala eseduze. Ukulunywa, ukuluma kalula esikhunjeni. Akunangozi kubantu, noma kunjalo, kunobufakazi bokuthi amathe wezinyoka ezinkulu, ukungena egazini lapho elunywe, kungadala ubuthi bendawo, ohambisana ne-edema.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka ezihlala kuzo ezihlangene ngephethini yesimo ekhanda nemivimbo emithathu emnyama emide emsileni.
Skus Flaky Skids - Spalerosophis
Inyoka echithiwe - I-Spalerosophis diadema (Schhelgel) (= Coluber tyria)
Imephu 94. Inyoka eyilahliwe
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu impela, hhayi obukhulu, enobude bomzimba efinyelela ku-150 cm kanye nomsila omfishane izikhathi ezingama-4-5. Ikhanda selinqunywe ngokusobala kusukela entanyeni emncanyana. Ithiphu ye-muzzle iyindilinga. Ubhalo lwe-intermaxillary luboshwe kancane ngaphezulu kwaphezulu kwesiqalo. Phakathi kwezikalo zangaphambili nangaphambili, ngokuvamile ezihlukanisa, isikali esincane se-1-6 sitholakala, kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile ezingekho ngokuphelele. Eduzane neso kukhona okuncane okuyi-7-13, okulingana ngezihlangu, ezaphansi okuyihlukanisa ngokuphelele ne-labia ephezulu. I-12-13 yokugcina, akuvamile ukuba ibe yi-10 noma i-14. Ama-postmaxillary wangemuva avame ukuba mancane kunegumbi elingaphandle futhi ahlukaniswe kakhulu omunye komunye ngemigqa engu-2-3 yezikali. Isikali somzimba esinezimbambo ze-longitudinal underdeveloped, ehlukile ngokwengeziwe engxenyeni yayo yangemuva. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 25-25, imvamisa 27-27. I-Abdominal flaps 207-255, sub-caudal 65-110 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlanganisile, sivame ukwehlukaniswa. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ngmpunga okhanyayo noma onsundu okhanyayo ngombala nge-tish ephuzi noma epinki. Uchungechunge lwebala elimnyama le-rhombic noma i-oval pass lidlula phakathi maphakathi, ikakhulukazi okukhulunywa ngalo kubantu abasha, okuvame ukuthi lizungezwe umngcele okhanyayo. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba, ezikhaleni phakathi kwe-dorsal, kukhona umugqa owodwa wezindawo ezincanyana nezincane zombala ofanayo. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda phakathi kwamehlo kunombala onsundu obanzi, ovame ukunqunywa ngaphambili, obekwe ngumngcele omncane wokukhanya. Umbala ofanayo, umucu omncane oxegayo kwesinye isikhathi utholakala kwizikena zangaphambili. Kubantu abadala, le mivimbo imvama iyehluka futhi ihlukaniswe izingxenye, ingxenye engaphezulu yekhanda ihlalwa izindawo ezimnyama, ezisontekile. Emathempelini ukusuka emaphethelweni ongemuva wamehlo ekhoneni lomlomo kudlula umucu omnyama. Isisu sikhanya, ngaphandle kwamabala.
Ukubhebhetheka. ITurkmenistan, i-Uzbekistan, iThajikistan eseNingizimu-ntshonalanga, iKyrgyzstan neSouth Kazakhstan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ogwadule olunesihlabathi nodaka kanye nogwadule olunesiqingatha, ikakhulukazi ikhetha izindawo ezinezitshalo ezinotshani nezimila ezinotshani. Ufihla imisele yemicibisholo nezimfudu, kanye nasemijondolo nasezigodini zenhlabathi. Yonke indawo ivame kakhulu. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoMashi - Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izinduku nezibungu. Izinyoka ezisongela, ezisonga izindandatho emzimbeni wonke. Ayikho imininingwane yokuzalanisa. I-Oviposition ngokusobala yenzeka ngoJuni. Lapho ehlangana nowesilisa, uyabaleka, acashe emgodini oseduze. Unikezwe ithuba lokucasha, uvame ukuthatha indawo esongelayo futhi, ememeza kakhulu, ngomlomo wakhe ovulekile, ugijimela isitha, futhi angaluma isikhumba sakhe egazini kalula. Akuyona ingozi kubantu.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokubukeka nokufakelwa imibala, ifana nenyoka enemibala ehlukahlukene, lapho ihluke ngezihlangu ezincane phakathi kwamehlo nezihlangu ezingaphezulu zelebhu.
Izinyoka zeGenus Bigeye - uPtyas
Inyoka enamehlo amakhulu - I-Ptyas mucosus (L.)
Ithebula 27: 1 - inyoka emfushane (241), 2 - inyoka yengwe (232), 3 - Inyoka yaseTranscaucasian (233), 4 - Inyoka ye-Aesculapius (235), 5 - inyoka enamabala amane (239), 6 - inyoka enamehlo amakhulu (229)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, ifinyelela ku-2 m ubude. Umsila cishe izikhathi ezingama-3-3,5 mfushane kunomzimba onekhanda. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Amehlo makhulu kakhulu ngesidunu esiyindilinga. I-infraorbital eyodwa enkulu futhi evamile eyodwa, i-postorbital 2, i-labial 8, lapho i-4 ne-5 ithinta amehlo. Izikali ze-Zygomatic ezingeqi ngaphansi kwe-2. Isikali somzimba sibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwethamo, lapho isikali sikhona ngezimbambo ezinde. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emugqeni owodwa kunezikali eziyi-17, izithambeka zesisu u-180-213, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-95- 135. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Mncane ngaphezulu kukhona okumpunga okukhanyayo, okukhona esikalini somuntu ngamunye esimhlophe noma esimhlophe ngokuphelele.Kubantu abadala, i-torso engenhla i-tan, i-olive brown noma i-brown, imivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshashintshintshi emnyama okwesithathu emuva nasemsileni. I-labrum iphuzi futhi inemiphetho emnyama. Isisu sinombala ompunga, omhlophe ngokwebala, ophuzi noma ophuzi. Kukhona abantu futhi abamnyama ngokuphelele.
Ukubhebhetheka. ISoutheast Turkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Izimpilo ezigudle amachibi agqunywe yizimila ezinotshani nezihlahla ezinamatshe, ezindaweni ezigudle ugu naseziqongweni zezihlambi zesikhukhula soMfula iMurghaba. Kutholakala futhi emaphethelweni emihosha yokunisela nasemasimini amasiko - ezivandeni, ezivinini, amakhabe nezitshalo. Musa ukugwema amadolobhana. Kuhle okujwayelekile. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, zisebenzisa imigqa yamagundane nezinyoni, izimbobo enhlabathini nasemithini. Isebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya ku-Okthoba, kepha esimweni sezulu esifudumele ihlala ibonakala ebusika. Ukubhukuda futhi ushayele kahle, ukuhlala isikhathi eside emanzini. Ungagibela izihlahla nezihlahla. Idla amaxoxo, amadevu, izibankwa, izinduku, izinyoka futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi. Imvamisa idla inyamazane iphila. Ukubeka amaqanda ayi-6-16 kuze kube ngu-6 cm ubude ngoMeyi. Izinsimbi ezinde ezingama-36-8 cm ziyavela ngo-Agasti. Lapho ehlangana nomuntu, uzama ukucasha noma ukuthatha isimo esongelayo - uphakamisa kakhulu ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba nge-engela, eyandisa kakhulu endizeni ende ende ngemuva kwekhanda. Akuyona ingozi kubantu.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Eziqhamuka kwezinye izinyoka ezitholakala eningizimu yeTurkmenistan, ihlukaniswe kahle ngezici zayo zombala nosayizi omkhulu.
URod Litorinch - uLythorhynchus
I-Afghan litorinh - Lythorhynchus ridgewayi Boul.
Imephu 95. Afghan Litorinh (1), Sniz Lizard (2)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane enobude bomzimba engekho ngaphezu kwama-36 cm futhi ingama-5-7 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isihlakala sikhomba phambili phambili, silenga ngaphezulu kwegebe lomlomo. I-scapula yama-maxillary igobeke kude nendawo engenhla ye-muzzle, imvamisa ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa imikhawulo yangaphakathi, i-scutellum yangaphambili ibanzi kakhulu: ububanzi bayo eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 ububanzi be-infraorbital. Emakhaleni ngesimo sokuqhekeka kwe-oblique. Ingaphambili 1, ichopho le-labial alithinti amehlo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezingama-19 ezibushelelezi. Ukukhishwa kwesisu esiswini 170-188, sub-caudal 40-52. Isihlangu se-anal sihlanganisiwe noma sihlukene phakathi. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwabantu abadala abanombala wesihlabathi onomthunzi wokusa. Ngasemuva emugqeni owodwa obude kunamabala akhanyayo ansundu noma ansundu adlulwe ngogobolondo nge-contour serated, aboshwe ngaphambili nasemaphethelweni umngcele omnyama, futhi kwesinye isikhathi omhlophe. Eduzane kwegquma kukhona umucu wokukhanya omncane. Ezinhlangothini, eceleni komugqa owodwa omude wezinwele ezincane ezimpunga eziyindilinga, amabala ansundu noma akhanyayo, amile maqondana namabala amboze ingemuva. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunephethini elinsundu elimnyama noma elinsundu ngendlela ye-anchor, ama-paws awo angemuva anqamula amehlo, afinyelela emakhoneni egebe lomlomo. Uhlangothi lwe-ventral lube mhlophe.
U-fig. 49. Inhloko ye-Afghan Litorinha
Ukubhebhetheka. Izindawo eziwugwadule zaseTurkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ezigodini eziphansi futhi eziwugwadule zesihlabathi, lapho imvamisa inamathela khona emikhawulweni eminceleni ngamabibi namathanga aminyene. Akuvamile. Isebenza kusuka ngoMashi kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Ezinyangeni ezishisayo, inendlela yokuphila yobusuku nobusuku futhi kuyaqabukela kakhulu ngesikhathi sasemini. Igcinwa ngaphansi kwamatshe, emifantwini enhlabathini nasezidlekeni zezinsika, ingena lapho kuhamba khona kude ekujuleni kwenhlabathi. Idla izidlozi ezincane, kanye nezinambuzane. Amacala okudla amaqanda ezihlambi ziyaziwa. Amaqanda ama-3-4 abekwa ngoJuni. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka kahle kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka ezincane zokumba ezisezingeni eliphansi lomlomo waso ongajikeli emuva, kanye nangemibala yayo ethile nephethini yomzimba.
Izinyoka Ezikhuphuka Izinyoka - U-Elaphe
Inyoka yengwe - Elaphe situla (L.)
Imephu 96. Inyoka yengwe
Ukubukeka. Usayizi omaphakathi, inyoka emfishane, ubude bawo bomzimba bufika kuma-78 cm futhi bube nezikhathi ezimfishane izikhathi ezingama-3-5,5. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. I-preorbital flap 1, i-orbital 2.Ubude befilakidi le-zygomatic likhulu kakhulu kunokuphakama kwaso futhi lingaphansi kancanyana ubude beziphatho zamakhala ezihlanganisiwe. Upper lip labial 8, unciphise kakhulu u-7 noma u-9. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 27, ngaphansi kwesilinganiso 25 noma 23. Isikali sesisu 232-251, ama-sub-caudal 72-92 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ungwevu, onsundu okhanyayo, ophuzi noma onsomi. Ngaphesheya kwegquma kukhona umucu wokuqina noma ompunga, ezinhlangothini zazo kukhona imisho emincane lapho kuhlangana khona umnyama, noma lonke ingemuva kuhlala umugqa owodwa wamabala amakhulu ansundu, abomvu ngokubomvu noma esifubeni asendleleni enqamlezayo, ehlelwe mnyama. Ekhanda phakathi kwemaphethelo angaphambili kwamehlo kukhona umugqa wenyanga omnyama. Ukusuka maphakathi nendawo yokuthambeka phakathi kwe-infraorbital ne-frontal scges, umugqa ocacile wombala ofanayo udlula, ufinyelela emaphethelweni ongemuva womlomo. Kukhona ibala elincane elimnyama ngaphansi kweso. Isisu sikhanya sinamabala amnyama noma sicishe sibe mnyama-onsundu noma simnyama.
Ukubhebhetheka. Ingxenye eseningizimu yeNhlonhlo YaseCrimea. Kunobufakazi obutholakala ngokutholakala kwale ndawo yale nyoka naseNyakatho Caucasus naseTranscaucasia.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala emadwaleni amatshe agqunywe izihlahla, kanye nasehlathini elinamaqabunga naphakathi kwezihlahla ezigodini ezomile ezivulekile. Musa ukugwema ukusondela komuntu. ECrimea, kuvame impela. Ezintabeni zitholakala kuze kufike ku-600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Ukucasha ngaphansi kwamatshe nemisele yemigqa. Isebenza kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba - Novemba. Idla izinduku, ama-shrews, izinyoni ezivamisile. Izinyoka ezisongela, ezisonga izindandatho emzimbeni wonke. Ekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2-5 ukuya kuma-3.7-4.0 cm.Inyoka ehambayo, ekhuphukayo, ekhuphuka kahle emadwaleni, ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni.
Idinga ukuvikelwa njengengxenye yemvelo yasendulo yobuCrimea. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. ECrimea, kwezinye izindawo kwenzeka kanye nenyoka enemikhondo emine, lapho ihluka khona ngosayizi omncane nezici zokufaka imibala, ikakhulukazi, uhlobo oluhlukile lwephethini ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda.
U-fig. 50. Inhloko yenyoka yengwe
Inyoka yaseTranscaucasian - Elaphe hohenackeri (Str.)
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoka, ubude bawo bomzimba bufika kuma-75 cm, umsila cishe izikhathi eziphindwe ka 4-5. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Ukugoqeka okukodwa okuphezulu kwe-preorbital, akukho infraorbital, i-2 orbital, i-2 ephezulu ye-labial, imvamisa ingaphansi kuka-7 noma u-9. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi noma zinezimbambo ezicashile ezinde zobuchopho, zivame ukwahluka engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 23, akuvamile ukuba kube nezikali ezingama-21 noma ezingama-25. Isikali sesisu 195-226, ngasemaphethelweni wesisu bakha ubambo olubekiwe. Ama-sub-caudal 57-74 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Ngaphezulu kombala onsundu onsundu, onsundu onsundu noma okhanyayo onsundu onemigqa emi-2 emide yobude obunombala onsundu, onsundu noma acishe abe mnyama, imvamisa ihlukaniswe umucu wokukhanya omncane onqenqemela umgibeli futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlangana kube yimicu emifushane enqobayo. Umugqa owodwa wezindawo ezincane ezihlukile zombala ofanayo utholakala ezinhlangothini, inhloko phezulu kumachashazi amnyama amnyama, amakhulu kunawo wonke akhona endaweni yezigcawu zepharietal. Ngemuva kwekhanda kunezindawo ezi-2 ezimnyama ezixhunyiwe ngendlela ye-pitchfork enemiphetho emincane edonswe phambili. Imicu emnyama eqondile isuka emaphethelweni angaphandle omlomo iye ekhoneni lomlomo; indawo encane yombala ofanayo itholakala ngaphansi kweso. Isisu sinombala onsundu, sinezindawo eziningi ezimnyama kanye nopende ophakathi. Ngaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu yangaphandle ye-torso kuvame ukuba nsundu.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Eastern Georgia, i-Armenia, iAzerbaijan, iDagestan neChechen-Ingushetia.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ezintabeni nasezintabeni zezinyawo, ihlangana emithambekeni yamatshe enezimila ezomile, emaxhaphozini phakathi kwamatshe asemadwaleni ngasosebeni lomfula, ezindaweni ezinamadwala asezintabeni ze-xerophytic steppes. Futhi akagwemeli ukusondela komuntu, ahlala ezivinini nasezivandeni, lapho evame ukugcina phakathi kwamanxiwa nasezicijeni ezakhiwe cishe ngamatshe amakhulu. Ezintabeni yaziwa indawo ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Kuhle okujwayelekile.Isebenza kusukela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izinduku ezinjengegundane, ngemuva kwayo ivame ukungena ngaphansi kwemisele yayo. Ishaya inyamazane enkulu, izungeza izindandatho zomzimba. Amaqanda ama-3-7 abekwa ekupheleni kukaJuni. Amaqanda wesigayethi esidonsa ngokuqinile esifinyelela ku-4,5- 46.7 cm ubude.Izinsana zivela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba. Inyoka ephathekayo, igibela kahle emadwaleni nasezihlahleni. Esimweni esisongelayo, inwebisa kakhulu ingemuva lekhanda, futhi, ngemisindo emfushane yokwesabisa, yenza ukuphonsa ebhekise ezitheni, noma kunjalo iluma kancane kakhulu. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokubukeka, ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwephethini, ngokusobala lifana nabantu abasha benyoka emzila emine, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngohlobo oluhlukile lwephethini ekhanda nokungabikho kwamathoni aphuzi kumbala womzimba.
Inyoka ye-Aesculapian - Elaphe longissima Laur.
Imephu 97. Inyoka ye-Aesculapius
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu ngokulinganayo, emile, enobude bomzimba obungu-100-150 cm, umsila cishe izikhathi eziphindwe ka-3.5-5. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Indwangu enkulu yangaphambi kokubeletha 1, ukungabikho kwe-infraorbital, i-postorbital 2, i-labial ephezulu 8, kuyivelakancane kakhulu 9. Izikali zengxenye yangaphambili yomzimba zibushelelezi ngokuphelele, emuva ngezimbambo ezingekho ngaphansi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 23, ngaphansi kwesikali esingama-21. I-tumbo esiswini i-205-248, ezinhlangothini zesisu zakha i-angle ekhonjiwe. I-sub-caudal 60-91 pair. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba uhlukahluka kakhulu ebangeni lempunga ephuzi, nsundu omnyama, onsundu omnqumo futhi ucishe waba mnyama. Imiphetho emhlophe yesikali somuntu ngamunye esivamisile ngokuvamile iba yiphethini le-mesh elincane noma elingaphansi. Ikhanda liyi-monochromatic kusuka phezulu, ngaphandle kwamabala, ezinhlangothini zalo ngemuva komlomo kuvame ukuba namabala afiphele, amhlophe amhlophe afinyelela emuva kwekhanda. Ukusuka emaphethelweni ongaphambili weso kuya ekhoneni lomlomo kudlula umucu omnyama onsundu, umbala ofanayo nendawo emincane ethe mpo ngaphansi kwamehlo. Isisu sisezindaweni ezincane ezimnyama, kwesinye isikhathi sinemigqa emide yokukhanya okude emaceleni. Izinyoka ezincane ezinemigqa engu-4-7 yezindawo ezimnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlangana zibe yimicu emide, ngezikhathi ezithile ziphikelela kubantu abadala.
Ukubhebhetheka. Iseningizimu yeMoldova, iNingizimu-Ntshonalanga ye-Ukraine kanye neCaucasus ngaphakathi kweKrasnodar Territory, North-West Abkhazia, Ntshonalanga Georgia kanye naseNingizimu Azabajani.
Indlela yokuphila. Kutholakala emahlathini aqobayo, ama-shrubbery acwebile, emithambekeni yemigwaqo esetshenzisiwe naphakathi kwezindawo eziphuma edwaleni. Inyoka ejwayelekile. Ezintabeni kuhlala kuze kufike ku-1000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, isebenzisa imisele yemigqa, iziqu ezibolile, izimbobo ngaphansi kwamatshe nemigodi ephansi. Isebenza kusuka ngoMashi - Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izinduku, kanye nezigebenga kanye nezinyoni. Ngokuvamile inyamazane ihlanganiswa emasongweni omzimba. Amaqanda ayi-5-8 ukuya kuma-55 mm ubude abekwa ekupheleni kukaJuni - Julayi. I-agile kakhulu, inyoka ephathekayo, ukugibela izihlahla namadwala kahle. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kutholakala kwezinye izindawo kuhlangene inyoka enemigudu emine, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngombala owodwa, ngaphandle kwephethini yomzimba nokungabikho kwephethini ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda.
Inyoka ebomvu emuva - Elaphe rufodorsata (Cantor)
Ithebula 28: 1 - inyoka ebomvu-backed (236), 2 - Amur inyoka (238), 3 - inyoka scaly (243), 3a - omnyama, 4 - inyoka yesiqhingi (244), 5 - inyoka yaseJapan (245), 6 - inyoka enomsila omuhle (245)
Imephu 98. Inyoka enobumba obomvu
Ukubukeka. Inyoka ephakathi nendawo, inobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-77 cm kanye nomsila omfishane wezikhathi ezi-3.5-6. Ikhanda eliphakeme kancane lifakwe uphawu entanjeni. Izihlangu zangaphakathi zesimo esingunxantathu noma esingaphansi. Impumulo inqunywa kwis scutellum eyodwa enkulu, ihlukaniswe kusuka ngaphansi. I-Preorbital 1, i-infraorbital none, i-orbital 2, i-labial ephezulu ye-7 noma 8. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kunama-flakes angama-21. I-abdominal flaps 154-182, sub-caudal 46-63 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lubunjiwe ngombala onsundu noma omnqumo ngombala onemigqa emine yobude obude, imvamisa ezindaweni ezinamabala amancane, lapho engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba ihlangana ibe yimicu eqhubekayo, emincane eqhubeka emsileni.Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunephethini eliqukethe imisho emnyama emincane ehlangana ngamabili nge-engela eyingozi ebunzini, idlula emuva libuyele emapheshana ama-trunk amafushane amabili afinyelela eceleni kwezinhlangothi zentamo. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kusuka emaphethelweni ongemuva wamehlo kuya emakhoneni omlomo kudlula umucu omnyama omncane, kwesinye isikhathi udlulela entanyeni nangaphambili komzimba. Isisu siphuzi, amabala amnyama abade ngaphesheya, amile ezindaweni.
Ukubhebhetheka. ENingizimu yeMpumalanga Ekude, enyakatho kuya cishe eKhabarovsk nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya emifuleni yeZeya neF Burei.
Indlela yokuphila. Njengomthetho, igcina eduze kwamanzi, ihlala emathunjini osebeni lwamachibi okugeleza nokuma. Kuhle okujwayelekile. Ukubhukuda nokudunwa kakhulu. Idla ezinhlanzini ezincane nama-amphibians. Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, insikazi ibeletha ama-8-20 cubs aze afike ku-20 cm ubude kuma-translucent amaqanda amagobolondo, avele aqhume ngokushesha, namawundlu asakazekela ezinhlangothini (ovoviviparous). Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka kahle kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zezilwane zethu ngezindawo ezinkulu eziyinxantathu emnyama ngakwesokunxele somzimba.
Inyoka ye-Amur - Elaphe schrencki (Str.)
Ukubukeka. Enye yezinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke kwezilwane zethu, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-170 cm nomsila omfishane ka-4.5-5,5. Ikhanda lincipha kancane kusuka entanyeni. I-flap eyodwa enkulu ye-preorbital, ngaphansi kwayo kwesinye isikhathi kuba ne-infraorbital encane, i-2 orbital, i-2 labial ephezulu, inciphise kaningi i-6 noma i-8. Ukuvulwa kwempumulo kutholakala phakathi kwezintambo ezi-2. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwezinyoka ezindala zinombala onsundu, omnyama-onsundu noma ocishe ube mnyama, olunemivimbo ephuzi noma engcolile ephuzi eqondile, ngalinye lihlukaniswe ngamagatsha ama-2 ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Inhloko engenhla imvamisa i-monochrome - imnyama. Amaphephadonga aphezulu we-labial, ngaphandle kwasemuva, aphuzi ngezinsimbi ezimnyama. Umugqa omnyama wehla usuka emaphethelweni ongaphandle wamehlo uye emagumbini omlomo; iminonjana yomugqa ofanayo iyabonakala phakathi kwamakhala neso. Isisu siphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi sinezindawo ezimnyama. Amancane phezulu anombala onsundu noma amabala ansundu amakhulu noma ansundu aphakama ngaphesheya, nawo akhona emsileni. Ekhanda labo, iphethini elinsundu elikhanyayo lihlala lichazwa kahle, lihlanganisa imicu edwetshwayo enqenqemeni olungaphambili, kumishayo yangaphambili nengxenye ephakathi yemikhawulo ye-infraorbital.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Primorsky ne-Khabarovsk Territories, enyakatho ukuya e-Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Indlela yokuphila. Imvamisa inyoka yasehlathini, etholakala emaphethelweni, ema-glade, emahlathini wamakhasi, nasekujuleni kwamahlathi. Futhi akukugwebi ukusondela komuntu, ukuhlala ezivandeni, ezivandeni nasemakhosombeni ezakhiwo ezakhiwe. Kuhle okujwayelekile. Njengezindawo zokukhosela, isebenzisa ukungabi nalutho ezimpondweni ezindala, izinqwaba zamaqabunga awileyo, izinqwaba zamatshe nemisele yemifantu egelezayo. Idla izinduku, kanye nezinyoni namaqanda ayo, ifuna yona ekhuphukele phezulu ezihlahleni. Ngenhloso efanayo, imvamisa ingena kumakhukhamba enkukhu. Amaqanda asongwe, njengazo ezinye izinyoka zethu, afohlozwa engxenyeni engaphandle yesithango ngezinqubo eziphakeme ze-vertebrae. NgoJulayi - Agasti, insikazi ibekela amaqanda amakhulu ayi-11-30. Encane enobude obungama-30 cm avela ngoSepthemba. Lapho ehlangana nomuntu, uvame ukubalekela, kodwa imvamisa, ezivikela, uthatha indawo esongelayo futhi ngezwi elikhulu, evula umlomo, aqhamuke esitheni, akhiphe iphunga elimuncu. Izinyoka ezinkulu zingaluma. Esimweni esijabulisayo, iyakwazi ukuthuthumela masinyane ngensipho yomsila, okuthi, lapho ishaywa ngezinto eziqinile, ikhiqize ukuqhekeka kwesimilo. Akuyona ingozi kubantu.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ubukhulu obukhulu nezimpawu zokufakwa kwemibala kuhluke kakhulu kunakwezinye izinhlobo zethu zezinyoka ezikhuphukayo.
Inyoka enamaphepha amane - Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacep.)
Imephu 99. Inyoka yomgwaqo emane
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-160 cm futhi icishe ibe ngu-3.5-5.0 izikhathi zomsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Iphephethi elilodwa elikhulu le-preorbital eline-infraorbital encane elele ngaphansi. I-Postorbital 2-3. Ngaphansi kokhonkolo lwe-zygomatic kuvame ukuba namafosholo amancane angama-2-3.Izikali zeParietal ezinqenqemeni lwangaphambili olungaphandle, njengomthetho, thinta i-postorbital engezansi, i-labial ephezulu 8, kuyaqabukela 9. Izikali zomzimba ezinezimbambo ezingashisi obude. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 25, isikali esingajwayelekile kakhulu esingu-23 noma 27. Ukukhishwa kwesisu ngo-195-224. Sub-umsila 58-78 ngazibini. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba unombala onsundu, ophethe umugqa omude onsundu omkhulu, onsundu-onsundu noma ocishe abe mnyama, acishe abe amabala, ahlangane ezindaweni ngendwangu ye-zigzag, umugqa owodwa wombala ofanayo, amabala amancane abekwe ezinhlangothini. Le iphethini ivezwa kahle kubantu abasha futhi icishe ilahlekelwe ngokumelene nesizinda se-motley ejwayelekile kubantu abadala, ngoba kunendawo encane emnyama esikalini ngasinye somzimba phakathi. Izinyoka ezincane ezingxenyeni engenhla yekhanda zinendlela yokulinganisa, enombala onsundu onsundu, oqoshiwe phambi komucu we-arched phakathi kwemiphetho yamehlo, amabala ama-2 amancane anombala ofanayo, atholakala emaphethelweni wangemuva wesikwele se-infraorbital, nemizila emi-2 ebanzi ehambisana ibheke komunye nomunye isifunda se-parietal, exhuma entanyeni nge-trunk ndawo yokuqala. Imivimbo emnyama ezinhlangothini zekhanda, iqala kubantu abadala abavela emaphethelweni esango, kubantu abasha nayo ivezwa kahle ezinhlangothini zesisulu. Ngobudala, iphethini lekhanda lilahlekile ngokuphelele kusizinda esinsundu-onsundu noma isicishe sibe mnyama. Ngaphansi komzimba kunotshani ophuzi, umbala owodwa noma onamabala amancane amfushane.
U-fig. 51. Ikhanda lenyoka encane emzila emane
Ukubhebhetheka. IMoldova, iSouthern Ukraine, eCrimea, eningizimu engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-RSFSR, Chechen-Ingushetia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, Eastern Georgia, Armenia ne Western Kazakhstan.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala eziqongweni nasezintabeni zamahlathi, futhi ezitholakala emagqumeni angamatshe, esihlabathini esinezinyoni, ezintabeni nasezindongeni zezintaba. Ezintabeni ziyaziwa ukuthi zifinyelela kumamitha angama-2500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Yonke indawo evamile. Njengezindawo zokukhosela ukhetha imigqa yamagundane (ama-squirrels nama-gerbils), imifantu nezimbobo enhlabathini. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla ngamagundane alinganiselwa njengamahhashi amancane, izinyoni, amantshontsho awo, amaqanda nezibungu ezingaphansi kakhulu. Efuna izidleke zezinyoni, ugibela phezulu ezihlahleni. Ukuzungeza okukhulu kwesisulu futhi kuphula izindandatho zomzimba. NgoJulayi - Agasti, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-6-16 ama-6-6-6.0 cm ubude.I-hatch encane ngoSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Esimweni esisongelayo, siphakamisa ingxenye yesithathu yomzimba, bese, icindezela izinhlangothi zentamo, inezinwele ezimfushane, iphonsa izitha. Isesimweni esijabulisayo, iyakwazi ukudlidliza ngensila yomsila, okuthi, lapho ihlangana nezinto eziqinile, ikhiqize ukuqhekeka kwesimilo. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Umbala ngikhumbuza ngandlela-thile ingwe nezinyoka ezisetshenzisiwe, uhlukile kubo ngosayizi omkhulu nesisu sotshani.
Inyoka emfushane - Elaphe dione (Khubaza.)
Imephu 100. umgijimi oyisibonelo
Ukubukeka. Inyoka ephakathi nendawo, emincane ngokulinganayo, enobude bomzimba kuze kufike ku-100 cm futhi iphindwe izikhathi ezi-3.5-5,5 ngomsila omfishane. Ikhanda lincipha kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isikali sokuqala singathinta i-supraorbital ngesicubu esifushane. I-preorbital eyodwa enkulu, ngaphansi kwayo evame ukutholakala i-infraorbital encane, i-2-3 postorbital, i-8 ephezulu ye-labial, inciphise kaningi i-7 noma i-9. Ama-Parietal scute ane-anterior-yangaphandle emaphethelweni angaphakathi athinta i-postorbital engezansi. Isikali somzimba esibushelelezi sibushelelezi, isichitho - ngezimbambo zangaphansi ezakhiwe ngaphansi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 23-25, kuyaqabukela izikali ezingama-27. Isikali sesisu 171-214, ezinhlangothini zesisu asizakhi izimbambo ezichazwe kahle. Sub-umsila 51-78 ngazibini. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ngmpunga nge-brownish noma i-brownish tint. Emzimbeni wonke kukhona ama-4 ububanzi, imichilo ebomvana engabonakali ebunjiwe noma e-brownish, emi-2 ephakathi iyaqhubeka nomsila. Eduzane ne-ridge, kunqenqema okugqamile okumbala onsundu, omnyama, noma amabala abomvu kakhulu wezitini, kuvame ukwakhiwa imiphetho emnyama yesikali.Ezinhlangothini ezilandelana umugqa owodwa wobude bemibala efanayo kukhona amabala amancanyana, kancane kancane anyamalala abheke emsileni. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunomlingiswa, ngokwezinga elithile noma kwelinye, iphethini ebizwayo yomuntu onqenqemayo, ovame ukubanjwa, omnyama onemiphetho emnyama phakathi kwemiphetho yangaphambili yamehlo nephethini etholakala ngemuva kokumiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi, wedlula waya entanyeni ngesimo semisho emibili emnyama emngceleni omnyama. Isisu ezindaweni eziningi ezinsundu noma ezimnyama ezingejwayelekile. Kunemibala emnyama kakhulu, ecishe ibe mnyama, imodeli, kanye nomuntu ngamunye, umdwebo emzimbeni wokuphinyiselwa.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Ukraine engakwesobunxele, i-Eastern Ciscaucasia ne-Eastern Transcaucasia entshonalanga enqamula eningizimu yengxenye ye-Europe ye-RSFSR, lonke laseKazakhstan, e-Asia Ephakathi naseSouthern Siberia kuya ePrimorsky Territory empumalanga. Kutholakala kwezinye iziqhingi zasolwandle zaseCaspian nase-Aral.
Indlela yokuphila. Indawo yokuhlala ihluke kakhulu. Kwenzeka emaqeleni, emahlathini anqabile, eTugai, ezikhukhuleni zemifula, ezindaweni ezinosawoti, ezindaweni eziwugwadule, ezihlahleni nasemibhedeni yomhlanga, lapho kuhlala khona amanzi aseduze namanzi futhi kude nawo. Akugwemeli ukusondela komuntu, ukuhlangana emazweni aniselwe, amasimu erayisi, izihlahla zezithelo, izivini nezilimo. Yonke indawo evamile. Ezintabeni baziwa bufika ku-1600 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Njengezindawo zokukhosela zisebenzisa imisele yemicibisholo, imbobo yesihlahla, izimbobo ngaphansi kwamatshe, imifantu nezimbobo enhlabathini. Isebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Novemba. Idla izinduku ezincane, izinyoni, amaqanda awo namachwane, izibungu, amasele, izinyoka ezincane nezinhlanzi. Ukubeka amaqanda ayi-5-16 ukuya kuma-5.0-5,5 cm ubude ngoJulayi - Agasti. Intsha efinyelela ku-20 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Inyoka ehambayo kakhulu igibela kahle emhlabathini, emadwaleni nasegatsheni lezihlahla nezihlahla. Ngokuzithandela ungena emanzini, kubandakanya nolwandle, futhi ubhukuda kahle. Ikwazi ukushukumisela masinyane ngensipho yomsila, okuthi, lapho ihlaselwa izinto eziqinile, ikhiqize ukuwohloka kwesimilo. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Imvamisa etholakala kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka, okuvela kuzo ihluke kahle ngephethini yesimo esehlangothini eliphezulu lekhanda.
Inyoka yeScaly - Elaphe quadrivirgata (Voie)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, enobude bomzimba efinyelela ku-120 cm kanye nomsila omfishane wezikhathi ezi-3-4,5. Ikhanda selinqunyiwe ngokusobala kusukela entanyeni. I-Florbital eyodwa enkulu enkulu, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-infraorbital encane, ama-postorbital angama-2-3. Izikali ze-parietal ezinomugqa ophakeme we-anterior-low inferior musa ukuthinta i-postorbital engezansi, i-labial ephezulu 8. Izikali ze-Dorsal ezinezimbambo ze-longitudinal eziphinyiselwe kancane ezingekho ezinhlangothini. Maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali eziyi-19. I-tumbo esiswini i-195-215, ezinhlangothini zomzimba azakhi izimbambo. Ama-sub-caudal 70-99 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Izinyoka ezindala ngaphezulu zibomvu ngombala obomvu noma ophuzi njengomnqumo, zibe yimivimbo emi-4 emide emnyama, zibuye zidlulele emsileni. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwekhanda lu-umbala owodwa, ngaphandle kwephethini. Ukusuka onqenqemeni lwangemuva lwamehlo kuya ekhoneni lomlomo kukhona umugqa omnyama obonakalayo. Ngaphansi kunombala ophuzi, imvamisa inombala obomvana engxenyeni engemuva kwesisu nesisila. Kukhona futhi amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, amasampula. Insundu emincane e-brownish-olive noma ebomvu-brown, enemisho emincane emincane, evame ukuzamazama, kancane kancane inyamalala engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kukhona iphethini ebunjiwe yomucu owenziwe ngo-M obonakalayo ngaphambili, isikwati se-infraorbital kanye nengxenye yepharietali kanye nomucu odonsayo omnyama phakathi komphetho wamehlo.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Kunashir Island eqenjini lamaKuril Islands.
Indlela yokuphila. Kuqondwe kabi. Ihlala ehlathini, emaphethelweni ezixhaphozi nasezihlahleni. Idla izinduku. Kusatshalaliswa ngokubeka amaqanda. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kusukela kwezinye izinyoka ezitholakala esiqhingini saseKunashir, iyahlukahluka ezicini zemibala nenani elincane lesikali elizungeze phakathi komzimba.
Inyoka yesiqhingi - Elaphe climacophora (Boie)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, enobude bomzimba efinyelela ku-130 cm kanye nomsila omfishane wezikhathi ezi-3-4.Ikhanda selinqunyiwe ngokusobala kusukela entanyeni. I-Flaporital eyodwa enkulu, evame ukutholakala ngaphansi kwe-infraorbital encane, eyi-2-3 postorbital. Isikali se-parietal enomugqa wangaphambili-ophansi awuthinti i-postorbital engezansi, i-labial engenhla 8. Izikali zomzimba ezinezimbambo ezikhule ngokuqinile, ezingekho emigqeni engu-2-3 kuphela emngceleni wesisu. Maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezingama-23. Isikali esiswini 224- 244, ngasemaphethelweni wesisu bakha ubambo obuchazwe kahle. Bangaphezulu kuka-90 ama-tails (97-123) ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lwabadala luphuzi ngombala onsundu, omnqumo-onsundu noma ompunga ngombala, ngemivimbo emide emide noma engaphansi emnyama. Ikhanda elingenhla liyi-monochrome ngaphandle kwephethini. Ukusuka emugqeni ongaphambili weso kuya ekhoneni lomlomo, kudlula umugqa omnyama obanzi. Imibala yecala elingaphansi lomzimba iyahlukahluka kusuka kokuswini kuya komnqumo onsundu omnyama, ubambo olungemuva kwesisu luvame ukukhanya. Ezinyokeni ezincane, amabhendi we-longitudinal trunk band awekho futhi umzimba umbozwe ngezindawo eziningi ezimnyama zesimo esingajwayelekile, imvamisa etholakala emigqeni eshintshashintshayo. Amabala amnyama amnyama nawo akhona ngasemaphethelweni wezigcawu zesisu ezimhlophe.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Kunashir Island eqenjini lamaKuril Islands.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga. Igcina isezindaweni ezinamahlathi amaningi noma ngaphansi, ngaphandle kokugwema ukusondela kwemizana. Idla izinduku, izinyoni, amaqanda namantshontsho. Kusatshalaliswa ngokubeka amaqanda. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ukusuka enyoka enamabala amancane atholakala esiqhingini saseKunashir, iyahluka ngohlobo lombala nenani elikhulu lesikali elizungeze phakathi komzimba.
Inyoka yaseJapan - Elaphe japonica UMaki
Imephu 101. Inyoka ye-Amur (1), inyoka enomsila omncane (2), inyoka yaseJapan (3)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka ephakathi enobukhulu, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-74 cm kanye nomsila omfishane amahlandla amane Ikhanda selinciphile noma lingaphansi ngokulingene kusukela entanyeni. Isikhala esisodwa esikhulu se-preorbital, i-infraorbital, i-postorbital 2. I-Parietal sc scale nge front-low elorated emaphethelweni athinta i-postorbital engezansi, i-labial ephezulu 7. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi. Cishe maphakathi nesihlangu 21 somzimba. Isisu esiswini 205- 221, emaphethelweni wesisu akha ubambo olubuthakathaka. Ama-Sub-caudal 66-74 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu ngumbala woshokolethi obomvu obomvu, ngaphandle kwephethini. Umugqa owodwa noma emibili esikalini emngceleni ngesisu ilula. Isisu siphuzi ngombala ophuzi.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Kunashir Island eqenjini lamaKuril Islands.
Indlela yokuphila akufundwanga.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Esiqhingini saseKunashir sitholakala kanye nesiqhingi kanye nezinyoka ezinesikali, kusuka lapho sihluke kalula ngombala owodwa, ngaphandle kwephethini yomzimba.
Inyoka enomsila omuhle - Elaphe taeniura Ukubhekana
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu kunalokho, enobude bomzimba kuze kufike ku-195 cm futhi iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-3-5. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isigaxa esikhulu esisodwa, esivame ukungathinti i-scalellum yangaphambili, ye-infraorbital, ngaphansi kwayo kukhona i-infraorbital encane, i-2 orbital, i-2 labial ephezulu, noma i-9. Isikali somgogodla esinezimbambo ze-longitudinal underdeveloped, samuva - - bushelelezi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba ka-25-28, kuyaqabukela izikali ezingama-27. Ukukhishwa kwesisu 225-259. Amabhuzu angaphansi komsila 95-111. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lungumnqumo okhanyayo nge-lilac hue, imvamisa inemigqa emibili emincane emide, emabangeni alinganayo phakathi lapho kunemigqa eguqukayo yombala ofanayo, yakha iphethini yesitebhisi esibonakalayo. Kuwo wonke umsila kukhona imivimbo engu-4 ebanzi emnyama. Ikhanda elingenhla lingumbala owodwa, ngaphandle kwephethini. Ukusuka emaphethelweni ongemuva wamehlo kuya ekhoneni lomlomo noma ngaphezulu ngenhla kudlula umugqa omnyama obanzi. Isisu siphuzi noma simhlophe, sinamabala amnyama.
Ukubhebhetheka. Isikhathi okuwukuphela kwaso sitholakala ogwini lwePosyet Bay eningizimu yePrimorsky Krai.
Indlela yokuphila. Kufundwe kabi. EChina, itholakala emahlathini asezintabeni nasezindaweni eziphansi futhi ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezihlahla notshani. Musa ukugwema ukusondela komuntu. Iyondla ngamagundane, ikakhulukazi kumagundane. Ukuqothuka kwamaqanda ayi-10-13 kwenzeka ngoJuni - Julayi.Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Eziqhamuka kwezinye izakhamizi zaseMpumalanga Ekude, izinyoka zihlukaniswa kalula ngemibala nemisho emide emide emsileni.
URod Medyanka - uCoronella
Yethusi elivamile - Coronella austriaca Laur.
Imephu 102. I-kawaidafishfish
Ukubukeka. Inyoka ephakathi enobukhulu, enobude bomzimba engeqi kuma-65 cm, futhi cishe izikhathi ezingama-4-6 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda ligcotshwe kancane futhi lidonswa kancane kusuka entanyeni. Umfundi uyindilinga. I-intermaxillary flap ihlangana ngokuqinile phakathi kwama-engela angaphakathi ukuze ubude bengxenye yayo ebonakalayo evela phezulu ayimfushane kunomthungo ophakathi kwabo. I-Nostril phakathi kwemikhuba emibili. I-Preorbital 1, akuvamile-2, i-orbital 2, i-infraorbital imvamisa ayikho. Isikali somzimba sibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwezimbambo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kuluhlu olulodwa lwezikali eziyi-19. Abdominal 153-199, sub-caudal 41-48 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Amapuleti wesisu emaphethelweni wesisu akha ubambo obuchazwe kahle. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba uhluka kakhulu kusuka kokumpunga, okumpunga ngokumpunga nokumpunga okumpunga kuya komphuzi onsundu, obomvu-onsundu nokubomvu okwethusi. Iphethini ihluka kakhulu. Ngefomu layo eliphelele kunazo zonke, yakhiwa imigqa engu-1-2 emikhulu kakhulu, ephakemeyo kuzo zonke izindawo ezidlula ngemuva. Kaningi lezi zindawo zivezwa buthaka kakhulu kuze kube yimigqa engu-2-2 ka-2004 eyehluleka ukuthamba izindawo ezinde nezinsundu. Entanyeni kukhona imivimbo emi-2 emfushane (noma amabala ama-2), ahlangana ngemuva kwekhanda. Ikhanda elivela phezulu liyi-monochromatic noma ngesimo sokuma komugqa obunjiwe, ongaphambili osikwe phambi kwamehlo kanye nomugqa ophukile onqamula emibuthweni ye-infraorbital ne-frontal. Ukusuka emakhaleni ngeso futhi kuya ekhoneni lomlomo kudlula umucu omude omncane, kwesinye isikhathi uqhubeke ezinhlangothini zentamo. Ngaphansi kunompunga, onsundu, onsundu-onsundu, insimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, opinki noma ocishe abe bomvu, kuvame ukuba namabala amachashazi namachashazi amnyama. Umsila ovela ngezansi uvame ukufakwa imibala ngendlela ehlukile kunesisu.
Ukubhebhetheka. Ingxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR, kufaka phakathi iCaucasus, neNtshonalanga Kazakhstan, enyakatho kuya ku-60-61 ° C. w.
Indlela yokuphila. Kutholakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, emiseleni, esihlahleni, ezindaweni ezivulekile nasezintabeni, lapho eCaucasus yaziwa khona indawo ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Yonke indawo ejwayelekile. Amasheltha yimisele yemicibisholo nezigwedlo, izikhala ngaphansi kwamatshe, imifantu emadwaleni, njll. Iyasebenza kusukela ngoMashi- Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Idla izidlozi ezahlukahlukene, ezigwinywe ziphila noma ziklanywe, zisonga izindandatho emzimbeni wonke. Imvamisa, idla amagundane amancane, ama-shrews namachwane. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba, insikazi ibeletha kusuka 2 kuya ku-15 cubs 12.5-16.7 cm ubude. Isici esibonakalayo se-copperfish yikhono lokungenela kwisigaxa esiqinile, ngaphakathi sifihla ikhanda, futhi ingena kuphela kukho konke okuthinta ngokucindezela okukhulu komzimba. Kulesi sikhundla, ingaphonsa futhi ikhanda layo ebhekise ezitheni nge-hiss emfushane. Ukubanjwa, ukulunywa ngobudlova, nabantu abakhulu bayakwazi ukuluma isikhumba egazini. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, ukulunywa kwakhe akunangozi ngokuphelele ebantwini.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngokubukeka, ifana nenyoka ephekiwe, lapho ihluke ngesibalo esigcwele sesiqu kanye nenani elincane lesikali elise umugqeni owodwa phakathi komzimba.
IGenus Oligodons - u-Oligodon
Voligile oligodon - Oligodon taeniolatus (Jerd)
Imephu 103. I-Voligile Oligodon
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enobude bomzimba efinyelela kuma-51 cm futhi ingama-5-7 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isikali se-intermaxillary sithandeke kakhulu phakathi kwezangaphakathi. Isihlangu esingaphambili sisebenza nge-angle ephakathi kwangaphambi kwaso, ububanzi baso emgqeni oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo abungaphansi kwezikhathi eziyi-2,5 sibanzi kune-infraorbital. I-Nostril phakathi kwezithinta ezimbili zamakhala. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 2, ngaphansi kaningi 3. Izikena ze-mandidula ezihlanganisiwe zivezwe buthaka. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezingama-19 ezibushelelezi. I-abdominal flaps 158-218, sub-caudal 29-56 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba luyinyama, luphuzi-nsundu, luhlaza noma lube nsundu.Imichilo nemibala emnyama eguqukayo itholakala eduze kwesiqu nomsila, iboshwe yimiphetho emnyama yesikali esithile futhi kwesinye isikhathi ivezwe ukukhanya. Kukhona abantu abane imicu emide engu-4 ekhanyayo emide, 2 ephakathi, elula kakhulu emaceleni weganga. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda 3 kukhona imivimbo egqamile emnyama, eyedlule ingaphezulu kwemigwaqo eyandulelayo, ephakathi iphukile ngendlela engele ngayo nge-apex esesikhathini esingaphambili, kuthi emuva kutholakala ezilinganisweni zeparietal, iqhubeke entanyeni. Kwesinye isikhathi yonke imivimbo emi-3 ihlangana nenye phakathi nendawo kwekhanda noma iwele eceleni. Ngaphansi kwamehlo kunendawo emnyama noma umucu omile. Isisu sikhanya, imvamisa ngaphandle kwamabala.
U-fig. 52. Inhloko ye-oligodon eguquguqukayo
Ukubhebhetheka. Inyoka engandile, eyaziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezitholakala eKopetdag.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga. Kuyatholakala ezintabeni. Idla amaqanda ezilwane ezihuquzelayo namazimba amancane. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke kwezinye izinyoka ezincane ezihlathini zethu ngombala wayo kanye nephethini engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda layo.
Rhynchocalamus genus - Rhynchocalamus
URinchocalamus onekhanda elimnyama - I-Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus (Jan.)
Imephu 104. Rhinchocalamus enekhanda elimnyama
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enemibala egqamile, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-36 cm kanye nama-4-5 times umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane emzimbeni. I-scapula yama-maxillary igobeke ngokuqinile ohlangothini olungaphezulu lekhanda. Impumulo inqunywe kwis scutellum esisodwa, esiphakeme kakhulu, ubude baso budlula kakhulu ububanzi beso. Ukuphakama kwesihla sesifuba kungaphansi kokuphakama kweconsi. Ama-mandibular wangemuva awatshengiswanga. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kolayini owodwa kukhona izikali ezi-15 ezibushelelezi. Abdominal 202-232, paudal 52-64 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Ngaphezulu kombala wewolintshi ogqamile noma omncane, osatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ngemuva nangezinhlangothini futhi ungekho ngasohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba kuphela emigqeni yezikali zesibumbu esinqamula isisu. Ikhanda likhanya kusuka phezulu ngentambo emnyama ecijile ewela umgwaqo we-infraorbital, pre-prealal, Internalal and partally frontal sc scally. Ibala elinombala ofanayo wefomu elibunjiwe yinhliziyo lisebenzisa iningi lemikhakha yephariyali. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwentamo kukhona umugqa omnyama odlulayo oqoshiwe ngokujulile ngaphambili. Ngaphansi kunombala omhlophe noma opinki. Izinhlobo ezisetshenziselwa utshwala ziyaphela ngokushesha, zithole umbala omhlophe onsundu.
U-fig. 53. Inhloko ye-rinchocalamus
Ukubhebhetheka. Isigodi sendawo ephakathi yoMfula i-Araks ngaphakathi kwe-Armenia kanye neNakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Indlela yokuphila. Lihlala esihlahleni somhlonyane esiwugwadule emithambekeni eyomile, enamathela kakhulu enama-shrubbery anezimbali nezimila ezinotshani. Ezintabeni baziwa bude bufika kuma-1200 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Entwasahlobo nasengxenyeni yokuqala yehlobo kutholakala ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphansi kwamatshe, isikhathi esisele siholela indlela yokuphila yokumba ekujuleni kwenhlabathi. Ayijwayelekile. Idla izibungu zezintuthwane, izinkumbi zokhuni nezinambuzane ezincane. Ukuzala akucwaningwanga. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kwezinye izindawo kutholakala nezinyoka ezincane zohlobo lwe-Eirenis, lapho zihluka khona kahle ngombala okhanyayo we-orange womzimba kanye nephethini ethile ekhanda.
URod Eirenis - u-Eirenis
(Phambilini e-USSR, izinhlobo zalolu hlobo zanikezwa ngephutha kuhlobo lweContia.)
Collared Eyrenis - I-Eirenis collaris (Amadoda.)
Ithebula 32: 1 - i-eirenis enemigqa (253), i-1a - ikhanda layo kusuka phezulu, i-2 - i-collar eirenis (252), i-2a - inhloko yayo ivela phezulu, i-3 - i-Armene eurenis (254), i-3a - inhloko yayo ivela ngaphezulu, i-4 - eirenis (4) - I-256), u-4a - ikhanda lakhe kusuka phezulu, u-4b - ikhanda lakhe kusuka phezulu, u-5 - wase-Persian Eirenis (257), u-5a - ikhanda lakhe liqhamuka ngaphezulu
Imephu 105. Collared Eirenis (1), Persian Eirenis (2)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-32 cm futhi ingama-3-5 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane emzimbeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. I-scapula ye-intermaxillary igobile kancane ingaphezulu kwekhanda. I-preorbital flap 1, i-orbital 1-2. I-mandibular yangemuva, njengomthetho, iyathintana. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-15 ezibushelelezi. Abdominal 147-177, sub-caudal 44-60 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe.Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ngaphandle kwephethini, olwe-brownish brown, brownish-grey, browned-red or brown or pinkish-beige, lube mnyama emaphethelweni wesikali ngasinye sesiqu. In kubantu abasha, ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunephethini elicacisiwe elibonisa ubumnyama, ngesinye isikhathi kuhlangana amabala emaphethelweni angaphambili emikhonkwane yephariyali nombala ofanayo wenqubomgomo engalingani ka-M eyenziwe phakathi kwemiphetho yangaphambili yamehlo. Kubantu abadala, iphethini echaziwe ayisho lutho futhi imvamisa ayikwazi ukwahlukanisa. Entanyeni ngemuva kwekhanda kuhlala kukhona umucu onsundu, onsundu noma onsundu omnyama - ikhola. Ngaphansi komzimba kuphuzi, ukhilimu noma obomvu.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Eastern Georgia, i-Armenia, iAzerbaijan, iDagestan kanye, mhlawumbe nezindawo ezingomakhelwane zeChechen-Ingushetia.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala kuzo zombili izindawo ezivulekile zobumba olunamatye nolomhlonyane ogwadule, nasezintabeni ezithambile neziphakathi nendawo ezinotshani obunotshani kanye nezitshalo eziminyene. Kuyatholakala nasezivandeni zezithelo, ezivinini nasezweni elihle. Imvamisa igcinwa ngaphansi kwamatshe, imvunulo yomhlaba, emiseleni yezinambuzane nasemifantu enhlabathini. ETranscaucasia kuvamile. Kuyasebenza kusukela ngoMashi - Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba. Idla ezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene, imishayo, izicabucabu kanye nezibungu. Ngokweminye imibiko, nayo idla izibungu ezincane. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-4-8 1.7-1.9 cm ubude kwenzeka ngoJuni - Julayi. Mancane cishe ngo-11 cm ubude avela ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Imvamisa etholakala ngaphansi kwamatshe ihlanganiswa ne-Armeni Eirenis, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngombala, lapho kungekho imivimbo kanye namabala emzimbeni.
Imigqa evuthiwe - I-Eirenis meda (Cern.)
Imephu 106. I-Eirenis enokuthula (1) enokuthula, i-Eurenis (2)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-32 cm kanye nezikhathi ezingama-3-5 umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lidonswe kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. Isapula se-maxillary sigoqeke kancane ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwe-muzzle. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital, imvamisa 2. I-Posterior mandibular ehlukaniswe yisilinganiso esincane. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-15 ezibushelelezi. Ukukhishwa kwesisu esiswini 154-174, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-caudal 44-62. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lube nesihlabathi-esimpunga, esimpunga noma esinsundu ngombala, simnyama ngasemaphethelweni wesikali sesiqu. Imivimbo eminyene emincane edonsayo emnyama noma uchungechunge lwezindawo ezincane ezakhiwe yimiphetho emnyama yesikali zitholakala ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba. Ibhendi ye-occipital eguqukayo - akukho khola. Ngokuqagela okusha, amabala amnyama amnyama atholakala esikalini se-parietal, frontal kanye ne-infraorbital, anyamalale kubantu abadala. Ngaphansi komzimba kuphuzi okuphuzi, ngaphandle kwamabala.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-South Turkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila cishe akufundwanga. Ayijwayelekile. Ihlala emaphethelweni amatshe asehlane, lapho igcinwa ngaphansi kwamatshe. Yaziwa kufika ku-2000 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Idla izinambuzane, izicabucabu kanye namanye ama-invertebrates. Ayikho imininingwane yokuzalanisa. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ezindaweni zitholakala ndawonye ne-Persian Eirenis, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngohlobo lokufakwa kwemibala.
I-Armeni Eirenis - I-Eirenis punctatolineatus (Boett.)
Imephu 107. I-Armenian Eirenis
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enobude bomzimba efinyelela kuma-40-41 cm futhi ingama-3 umsila omfishane. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. I-scapula ye-intermaxillary igobile kancane ingaphezulu kwekhanda. I-preorbital imvamisa i-1, i-orbital 2. I-mandibular yangemuva ifushane kunangaphambili futhi ngaphambili ivame ukuthintana. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. I-abdominal flaps 153-175, sub-caudal 63-78 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba uhluka ngaphakathi kompunga ompunga, ompunga we-olive, onsundu okhanyayo, obomvu nobomvu wethusi. Isikali ngasinye somzimba, ikakhulukazi emsileni nasezinhlangothini zomzimba, silula engxenyeni ephakathi. Engxenyeni engaphambili yomzimba, kunemigqa emide engu-8-10 yobumpunga obumnyama, amabala ansundu noma amnyama namachashazi, ahlangana futhi emigqeni emnyama eqinile edlula emingceleni ephakathi kwemigqa yezikali zesibalo.Ngokuvamile amabala ansundu angaqhamuki ngendlela evamile avela ezivikelweni zekhanda. Kunezinhlobo zokuthi imivimbo yazo emzimbeni ivezwe buthaka. Ngaphansi kunombala ompunga omhlophe, opinki, noma osawolintshi okhanyayo.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Southern Armenia, iNakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic kanye ne-Azerbaijan eseNingizimu.
Indlela yokuphila. Kwenzeka ikakhulu emithambekeni emnene, enamatye kakhulu nasezindaweni ezingama-semi -hlane anotshani obunqabile obunamanzi notshani. Okuvame kakhulu eziteshini zokugcwala kodaka nemifudlana yezintaba egcwele isihlabathi, amatshe amatshe amatshe amancane. Izikhala ezingaphansi kwamadwala, kanye nezihlava kanye nokuqhekeka emadwaleni, zisebenza njengezindawo zokuphephela. Ezintabeni iyaziwa ukuthi ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Yonke indawo ejwayelekile. Isebenza kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Esikhathini esishisayo sasehlobo, ngoJuni - Agasti, akwenzeki ebusweni bomhlaba. Idla izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates amancane, ebamba ikakhulu ngaphansi kwamatshe. Ukubeka amaqanda angama-sausage angama-sausage obude obungu-2,5-2,7 cm ngoJulayi. Abancane ukufika ku-11.5 cm ubude bavela ngoSepthemba. Lapho ibanjwa, imvama iziphatha kabi futhi izama ukuluma. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kutholakale ngaphansi kwamatshe kanye nama-collared kanye ne-mealy eirenises, lapho kuhluke khona kahle ngemivimbo emide namabala ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba.
Ukuthula i-Eirenis - Eirenis modus (Mart.)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, enobude bomzimba kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ku-59 cm, okuyi-10-14 cm yayo ethatha umsila. Ikhanda lincipha kancane kusuka entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. I-scapula ye-intermaxillary igobile kancane ingaphezulu kwekhanda. I-preorbital imvamisa ihlukaniswe ngesi-1, i-orbital 2. I-mandibular yangemuva, njengomthetho, ayithinteki futhi ihlukaniswe imigqa engu-1-2 yezikali ezincane. Cishe maphakathi nesisindo somzimba esingu-17. Ukuqunjelwa kwesisu 166-187, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-55-77. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Ngaphezulu kwempunga, e-brownish-grey, brownish-grey noma ebomvu-beige, mnyama mnyama emaphethelweni esikali sesiqu. Umsila ulula kancane kunomzimba. Ekhanda labantu abancane nabaphakathi nendawo, kunephethini eliqukethe umucu omnyama onobukhulu obuncane noma ngaphansi phakathi komphetho wamehlo nombala ofanayo nendawo enkulu yangaphambi kwendawo ekwi-scari parietal, kwesinye isikhathi kube negebe eliyindilinga phakathi. Emsamo ngemuva kwekhanda kukhona umucu omnyama omnyama - ukholamu ekupendweni ophuzi noma opinki. Njengoba isilwane sikhula, ukhokho kanye nephethini ekhanda kukhanya kakhulu kubantu abadala. Ngaphansi komzimba kuphuzi.
Ukubhebhetheka. ENingizimu naseningizimu mpumalanga yeGeorgia, iAzerbaijan, i-Armenia neDagestan.
Indlela yokuphila. Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezinamathele kakhulu ezinotshani obunotshani obomile, ezindaweni zokhuni lomhlonyane nentshebe kanye nasethangeni ezihlahleni ze-xerophytic. Kukhuphuka ezintabeni kuze kufike ku-1500-1800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. ETranscaucasia kuvamile. Isebenza kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Amakamelo angamawashi ngaphansi kwamadwala nokuqhekeka emadwaleni. Idla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, izibungu, ama-mollusks, izinyoni, izicabucabu. Ukubeka amaqanda ama-3-8 ubude ubude kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Intsha efinyelela ku-12 cm ubude ivela ngoSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kwezinye izindawo uhlala ndawonye ne-eirenis enamabala, okuvela kuwo ihluka ngephethini ekhanda.
I-Persian Eirenis - I-Eirenis Persicus (Anderson)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka encane, emincane kakhulu, enobude bomzimba efinyelela kuma-31 cm kanye nama-3-3,5 izikhathi ezimfishane ngomsila. Ikhanda elithobekile kancane lidonswa kancane entanyeni. Isipikili sesizelesi siyindilinga elimfushane. I-scmaellum ye-intermaxillary ifake buthaka engxenyeni engenhla ye-muzzle. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 1. Imikhawulo emincane ye-mandibular, njengomthetho, ithintana. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-15 ezibushelelezi. Abdominal 183-231, sub-caudal 51-110 ngazibini. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Ngaphezulu kombala we-olive olula okhanyayo onsundu noma onsundu onsundu, inxenye engemuva yomzimba ilula kakhulu kunangaphambili. Umaphakathi wesilinganiso somzimba ngamunye umnyama kancane kunezinhlangothi zawo.Imivimbo emnyama eshintshashintshayo emnyama, kancane kancane inyamalala engxenyeni engemuva yomzimba, itholakala ngemuva. Umucu we-occipital nephethini ekhanda ayikho. Isisu sikhanya, ngaphandle kwamabala.
Ukubhebhetheka. Yaziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlamvu ezakhiwe eningizimu yeTurkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila akuqondwa kahle. Ayijwayelekile. Kwenzeka ezintabeni nasezintabeni zamatshe ezakhiwe ngamatshe anezimila ezinotshani ezomile zothando. Ibambe ngaphansi kwamatshe. Idla izinambuzane, izicabucabu kanye namanye ama-invertebrates. Akukho datha kokuzala. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluke ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene kakhulu - i-eurenis enemigqa enomzimba omncane, kanye nezimpawu zokufaka imibala.
I-Feline Snake Genus - I-Telescopus
Inyoka yekati yaseCaucasian - I-Telescopus fallax (UFleisch.)
Ithebula 29: 1 - Inyoka yekati yaseCaucasian (258), 1a - iso lakhe, 7 - Inyoka yekati yase-Iranian (259), 2a - iso lakhe, 3 - inyoka yezinyoka (263), 3a - iso lakhe, 4 - boyga (261) I-4a iso lakhe, i-5 inyoka yesihlabathi (266), u-5a iso lakhe, u-6 ungumcibisholo wenyoka (264), u-6a iso lakhe
Imephu 108. I-Iranian Cat Snake (1), Inyoka Yekati yeCaucasian (2)
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoka, inobude bomzimba obufika kuma-70 cm kanye nama-4-6 times umsila omfishane. Ikhanda lihlukaniswe kanzima esiqwini, licindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini. Umfundi ubonakala egebe mpo. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa imiphetho yamehlo lungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kobubanzi be-infraorbital. Indabuko ende ye-zygomatic ethepha kancane engemuva ethinta iso. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 2, i-labial 8 ephezulu (akufani ngo-7 noma u-9), okuyi-2, 3 no-4 okuthinta amehlo. Imikhawulo yangemuva yangemuva ayikhulunywa. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba we-19, akuvamile ukuthi kube nezikali ezingama-21. Ukukhishwa kwesisu kwesibeletho i-186-243, ngababili abangaphansi kwe-caudal 35-75. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ngmpunga, mpunga omnyama noma opinki. Amabala amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi amnyama, ama-brownish-grey noma aphuzi ngombala adlula ngemuva emgqeni wokuqala, isikhala esiphakathi kwawo esivame ukwelula kunezinhlangothi zomzimba. Izindawo ezifanayo ezincane zitholakala ezikhaleni phakathi kwe-dorsal ezinhlangothini. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwekhanda luba nombala owodwa, kwesinye isikhathi lube nebala elincane elimnyama phakathi kwezikhonkwane ze-parietal. Ukusuka emaphethelweni ongemuva wamehlo kuze kufike ekhoneni lomlomo, kudlula isigaxa esimnyama esimfushane. Isisu sikhanya kancane kunesizinda somzimba esiyinhloko, esinendawo emnyama namachashazi. I-iris iphuzi yegolide noma ipinki. Phansi kwekhanda kumhlophe.
Ukubhebhetheka. ICaucasus ingaphakathi kweMpumalanga ye-Georgia, iAzerbaijan, i-Armenia, neMpumalanga kanye neSouthern Dagestan.
Indlela yokuphila. Itholakala emithambekeni enamadwala egcotshwe ngohlaza olunotshani nobunamaqabunga, ezindaweni ezixhunyelwa ezintabeni ze-xerophytic, futhi nase-semi-lefe evulekile. Futhi akagwemeli ukusondela komuntu, ahlala ophahleni lwezindlu zomhlanga, imifantu ezindongeni ze-adobe noma zamatshe, ezivinini nasezivinini. Ezintabeni iyaziwa ukuthi ifinyelela kumamitha angama-1700 ngaphezu kolwandle. ETranscaucasia kuvamile. Kwenzeka kusukela ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - Mashi kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Kuyasebenza ubusuku nemini, nokho, ngesikhathi esishisayo, kwenzeka kuphela kusihlwa nasebusuku. Ukhuphuka kahle ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, nasezindongeni zamatshe nasemadwaleni, enamathela kokungahambi kahle komhlaba okuncane ngokugoba umzimba. Idla ikakhulukazi kwizibungu, idla namagundane nezinyoni ezinjengegundane. Isisulu esabanjiwe, ngaphandle kokuvula imihlathi, sisonga indandatho eyodwa noma ezimbili zomzimba futhi siqhubeke sikulesi sikhundla kuze kube yilapho isisulu sesifile. Ukufa kwesisulu akwenzeki kangako ekuqothulweni kwesenzo sobuthi esilethwe ngamazinyo amabili avuthiwe atholwe ekujuleni komlomo wenyoka. Amaqanda ayi-6-9 abekwa ngoJulayi. Abasha bavela ngoSepthemba. Lapho ehlangana nomuntu, uhlala ezama ukubalekela, noma kunjalo, umuntu obanjwayo uvame ukuthatha indawo eyisongela engajwayelekile, aqoqe umhlane womzimba esigaxeni esinyene noma esingaphansi, kuyilapho ingxenye yayo yangaphambili egobile ikhuphuka ibheke phezulu. Ukuba kulesi sikhundla, inyoka buthule noma inomsindo omfushane yenza ukuphonsa ngokushesha isitha.Kunezimo lapho ukulunywa yinyoka yomuntu kuholele ekutheni anobuthi bendawo, kepha, obuhlala buqeda lapho izisulu zisheshe.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kutholakala kwezinye izindawo kuhlangene nezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka, okuvela kuzo ngekhanda lazo ngokunqenqemeni kusuka entanyeni nangendlela eqondile yomfundi. Ngombono osondele - inyoka yekati yase-Iranian ihlukaniswe ngokwendawo.
Inyoka yekati yase-Iranian - I-Telescopus rhynopoma (Blanf.)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu, enobude bomzimba kuze kube ngu-130 cm, okuyi-20-30 cm yayo ethatha umsila. Ikhanda lidonswe kakhulu esiqwini, ngandlela thize licindezelwe kamuva. Umfundi uthe mpo. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa imiphetho yamehlo lungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kobubanzi be-infraorbital. Ukugoba kwe-zygomatic okufika ekugcineni kwayo kuthinta iso. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 2, i-labial 10, okuyi-4, 5 ne-6 kuthinta amehlo. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba 23, ngaphansi kwemingcele engama-22 noma engama-24 esikalini. Ukukhishwa kwesisu okungama-259-280, ngababili abangaphansi kuka-caudal 71-84. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukanisiwe noma siqinile. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma olimpunga, olunendawo ebomvu ebomvu noma ebomvu onsundu. Faka ikhanda phezulu ezindaweni ezincane ezimnyama namachashazi. Isisu yinsimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, engenabala. Izindawo ezincane ezingaphansi komsila.
Ukubhebhetheka. Ngaphakathi kwe-USSR yaziwa ngezinhlobo ezimbili zamaminerali eSouth Turkmenistan (Kopetdag).
Indlela yokuphila akucacisiwe. Ihlala ezintabeni emithambekeni eyomile enezimbali ezinotshani obuluhlaza kanye notshani obumanzi. Kuyivelakancane. Idla kuma-vertebrates amancane. Akuyona ingozi kubantu.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Kuhlukaniswe ngokwezindawo kusuka ezilwaneni ezisondelene - inyoka yekati yaseCaucasus.
URod Boygy - uBoiga
Umfana - Boiga trigonatu (Shneider)
Imephu 109. I-Boyga
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoka, ubude bawo bomzimba bufika ku-94 cm, obuyi-12-23 cm buthatha umsila. Ikhanda linqunywe ngokuqinile kusuka entanyeni. Isifinyezo sincishisiwe. Umfundi uthe mpo. Umzimba ucindezelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ububanzi bophahla lwangaphambili eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa izikhungo zamehlo bungaphansi kwezikhathi eziyi-1.5 ububanzi endaweni efanayo ye-infraorbital. Isigaxa maxillary cishe asisongeli phezulu kwekhanda. I-preorbital flap 1, iphakeme, kepha imfushane, ayithinti eyaphambili. I-Postorbital 2, akufani 3, i-labial 8 noma i-9, okuvame ngayo ukuthi i-3, 4 ne-5 kuthinte amehlo. Izikali zomzimba zibushelelezi, kanti izikali zohlu olude oludlula ngakuleli gaba lihlukahluka kwezinye izikali zohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ngosayizi omkhulu. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kunama-flakes angama-21. Ukukhishwa kwesisu kwesibeletho 206-256, ngababili abangaphansi kwe-caudal 74-96. Isihlangu sokuhlaziywa siyisiqephu esisodwa. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba lubukeka ngombala ophuzi ophuzi, onsundu onsundu noma ophuzi ngombala, imivimbo emincane emincane eshintshashintshashintshane etholakala emngceleni omnyama ngemuva. Ikhanda phezulu limnyama, noma licishe libe mnyama, elinesikhumba esimnyama esimnyama. Isisu sikhanya, ngaphandle kwamabala.
Ukubhebhetheka. ITurkmenistan, Uzbekistan neTajikistan. Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala ogwadule olunesihlabathi nobumba, ogwadule olungamaphethelo kanye nasezintabeni zamatshe ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza owomile. Kwezinye izindawo kuyinto evamile emazweni atshaliwe futhi okuniselwe, akugwemeli ukusondela komuntu. Amasheleni yimisele yemicibisholo nemifantu enhlabathini. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya kuSepthemba - Okthoba. Kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yobusuku. Idla kakhulu izinyoni nezinyoni. Ikuluma futhi isebenzise izindandatho zomzimba. Ukuzala kabusha e-USSR akufundwanga. Ukudonsa amaqanda ama-3-11 ukufika ku-4 cm ubude ngoJulayi - Agasti. Abancane abangama-24-26 cm ubude bavela ngoSepthemba - Okthoba. Inendlela yokuzigoqa ngokwengeziwe endaweni evulekile ukuze indandatho eyodwa yomzimba ibekwe ngaphezu kolunye. Kubantu, akunangozi ngokuphelele. Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka kahle kwezinye izinyoka eziseCentral Asia ngesimo sayo somzimba onxantathu oxantekile kusuka ezinhlangothini nangokuba khona kwesikali esandisiwe esinamandla esidlula esihlahleni.
U-fig. 54. Isikali seDorsal of the Boygy
Izinyoka Zesifo Sezinja - Malpolon
Inyoka yesisi - Malpolon monspessulanus (UHermann)
Ukubukeka. Inyoka enkulu enobude bomzimba efinyelela ku-170 cm, engama-40-55 yayo ithatha umsila. Ikhanda lincipha kancane kusuka entanyeni. Ingaphezulu elingenhla le-muzzle libonakaliswe kahle njengekhonkolo ngendlela yokubhula okude, futhi umkhawulo wayo ongaphezulu we-lateral umisiwe. Umfundi uyindilinga. Isihlangu esingaphambili sinciphile, ububanzi baso obukhulu eceleni komugqa oxhumanisa isikhungo samehlo bungaphezu kwezikhathi ezi-2 ngaphansi kobubanzi endaweni efanayo ye-infraorbital. Indawo engaphambili ithintwa yimisipha eyi-2 elele enye emva kwenye. I-preorbital 1 inkulu, kwesinye isikhathi ihlukaniswe ngokwengxenye, futhi i-2, ingaphansi kwe-3 postorbital, i-labial ephezulu 8, engaphansi kuka-9, okuvame ngayo ukuthi i-4 ne-5 kuthinte amehlo. Ama-mandibular wangemuva ahlukaniswe yisikali. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba emgqeni owodwa kukhona izikali ezi-17 noma eziyi-19 ezibushelelezi, okuyi-trunk flake ngayinye kuvame ukuthi kube negreythi ebonakalayo ende. Izithambeka zesisu 160-189, ama-sub-caudal 68-102 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Mncane ngaphezulu kombala onsundu, onsundu noma onsundu ngombala onsundu, onsundu omnyama noma acishe abe amabala amancanyana amnyama, imvamisa etholakala emigqeni yegama elide obizwa kahle. Imiphetho yezikali ngazinye emuva nasemaceleni omzimba aphuzi noma mhlophe, okuthi lapho kuhlangana khona namabala amnyama kudaleke umbala ongafani nalutho wezimpawu zezinyoka ezincane. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda kunephethini yezindawo ezimnyama ezihlelwe ngokwezimpawu emgqeni okhanyayo. Isisu sinombala ophuzi, onamabala ansundu noma amnyama ansundu, atholakala emigqeni kulesisiga ngasinye esiswini. Njengoba lesi silwane sikhula, amabala asemuva nesisu ayanyamalala, kuthi abantu abane-body cm angaphezu kuka-70 cm kusuka phezulu bavame ukuba mpunga, oku-olive noma oku-brownish-grey ngesisu ophuzi, esingenabala. Ezinyokeni ezinkulu, emugqeni owedlulele wesikali somququ ohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba, umucu omnyama uvame ukucaciswa kahle, umngcele onqenqemeni olungaphezulu ngumugqa ophuzi ophuzi.
Ukubhebhetheka. I-Southern Armenia, i-Eastern Georgia, i-Azerbaijan, iDagestan, iChechen-Ingushetia, iningizimu-mpumalanga yeStavropol Territory neKalmyk ASSR.
Indlela yokuphila. Ihlala endaweni eyomile, enamadwala, futhi ikhetha izindawo ezinendawo engalingani kanye nenqwaba yezicucu zamadwala. Kutholakala nezindatshana ezomile, esihlabathini esingaguquki nasezindaweni ezomile ezingamahlathi. Imvamisa ihlala ezindaweni zamasiko: ezivandeni, ezivinini, emasimini kakotini naseziseleni zemisele yokunisela. Ngokwengxenye kuhle kakhulu. Isebenzisa imisele yemigqa ehlukahlukene njengezindawo zokukhosela. Ukusebenza kusuka ngoMashi - Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba, - Okthoba. Esikhathini esishisayo, kuholela i-twilight kanye nobusuku. Isisulu sivame ukuma endaweni ebonakala ngayo, cishe siphakamise umphambili womzimba bese siqalaza. Idla izinduku, izibankwa nezinye izinyoka. Aqale alume isisulu, avule kakhulu umlomo wakhe, abese azisonga ngokushesha emzimbeni wonke ngezindandatho. Izilwane ezincane zibulawa ukulunywa kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-1-2. NgoMeyi - Juni, insikazi ibekela amaqanda angama-20 lilinye, ifinyelela kubude obuyi-3.5-4,5 cm.Izinsana ukuya ku-24 cm ubude zivele ngo-Agasti - Septhemba.
Uma kwenzeka ingozi, ivama ukubalekela futhi, iwele umgodi oseduze noma ngaphansi kwetshe, ngokushesha iqonde lapho ngebhola. Njengoba engakwazi ukufihla, uvame ukuphatha kabi kakhulu: ukukhulisa umzimba, ukukhala kakhulu nangokuphindaphindekayo, ukuluma ngobudlova futhi kungenza nokuxhuma kuze kufike kumamitha angu-1 kubhekelwa ezitheni. Ukulunywa yizinyoka ezinkulu kumuntu kubuhlungu, kepha kuhlale kuphole ngokushesha kwalabo abahlukumezekile.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. ETranscaucasia kwesinye isikhathi itholakala ihlangene nomcibisholo wenyoka, lapho ihluke khona kahle ngohlobo lokufakwa imibala nosayizi omkhulu.
Umcibisholo Snake Arrow - Psammophis
Umcibisholo wenyoka - Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt) (= Taphrometopon lineolatum)
Imephu 110. Umcibisholo Wenyoka
Ukubukeka. Inyoka emincane, emide, efinyelela ku-91 cm enomsila omfishane ongaba ngu-2,5-3.0. Ikhanda elincane linciphisiwe kancane kusukela entanyeni; ubude bawo bungaphezulu kwezikhathi ezi-2 ububanzi. Umfundi uyindilinga. Isihlangu esingaphambili sinde futhi sibanzi kakhulu. Ingaphezulu elingenhla le-muzzle li-concave ethile, futhi imiphetho yalo yangemuva imiswe ngokubonakalayo. I-Zygomatic ichopho elide nelincane.I-Preorbital 1 ne-2-3 ye-postorbital, ephezulu ye-labial 9, okuvame ukuthi yona 4, 5 ne-6 kuthinte amehlo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. I-abdominal flaps 168-204, sub-caudal 71-114 ngazimbili. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ungwevu lomnqumo, nsundu-mpunga noma onsundu. Kuwo wonke umzimba kukhona imivimbo emi-4 emnyama enemiphetho emnyama eqala ezivikelweni zekhanda, imvamisa ilahlekile noma isele kuphela ngesimo emnyama emincane, kwesinye isikhathi imivimbo edonswayo. Isisu simhlophe, sinombala onsundu noma sinamabala ansundu, ansundu noma amabala omnqumo, kwesinye isikhathi sihlangana sibe umugqa oqhubekayo, sidlule maphakathi nengxenye yesithathu.
Ukubhebhetheka. ITurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan kanye neNingizimu Kazakhstan, kanye ne-Eastern Transcaucasia (eningizimu yeNakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).
Indlela yokuphila. Izimpilo zihlala ogwadule olunesihlabathi, lapho zitholakala khona esihlabathini esingaguquki. Imvamisa, ihlala odakeni nasezimpondweni eziyizintaba, ezintabeni ezisesilinganisweni, ezintabeni nasezigodini zezintaba, lapho yaziwa khona kuze kufike ku-2600 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Okuvamile eCentral Asia, akuvamile eTranscaucasia. Izindawo zokukhosela yimisele yemicibisholo, izikhala ngaphansi kwamatshe kanye namahlumela asendulo ashubile wezihlahla zasogwadule. Kuyasebenza kusuka ngoFebhuwari - Mashi kuya ku-Okthoba. Idla izidlozi eziningi zasogwadule. Ukubamba inyamazane kuzungeza izindandatho eziningana zomzimba. Izibazi zibulawa ukulunywa ngokuvamile ngemuva kwemizuzwana nje. NgoJuni - kuJulayi, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-3 - 11 amabanga amade ngo-3-5-5,5 cm. Amaqanda amancanyana afinyelela ku-35 cm ubude aqala ngoJulayi-Agasti. Inyoka ehambayo kakhulu, ihamba ngejubane elikhulu esihlabathini futhi ikakhulukazi emathangeni ezihlahlana, imvamisa inyukela kumagatsha, ilindele inyamazane. Kumuntu, ukulunywa ngumcibisholo wenyoka akunabungozi, kepha abantu bendawo bakubona kungenangqondo.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Eziqhamuka kwezinye izinyoka ezihlala esihlabathini, ihlukaniswa kahle ngumzimba omude futhi omncane, kusuka kwinyoka yesihlabathi ngumlingisi wephethini ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda.
Inyoka yesihlabathi, noma zering, - Psammophis schimoto I-Forskal
Imephu 111. I-Sand Snake
Ukubukeka. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile benyoka, inobude bomzimba obufika kuma-95 cm futhi bube mude ngomsila amahlandla ama-3-4. Ikhanda elincane impela linqunywe entanyeni. Ubude bekhanda bungaphezulu kwezikhathi ezi-2 ububanzi bawo. Umfundi uyindilinga. Isihlangu esingaphambili sisekude, sithinta kusuka emuva. Ingaphezulu elingenhla le-muzzle li-concave ethile, futhi imiphetho yalo yangemuva imiswe ngokubonakalayo. I-Zygomatic ichopho elide nelincane. I-Preorbital 1, i-postorbital 2, i-labial 8-11, okuvame ngayo ukuthi i-5 ne-6 ithinte amehlo. Cishe maphakathi nomzimba kukhona izikali ezi-17 ezibushelelezi. Ukukhishwa kwesisu esiswini 174-191, ngababili abangaphansi kwe-caudal 107-123. Isihlangu se-anal sihlukaniswe. Umbala uhluka kakhulu. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba ezimweni eziningi lu-brown omphuzi, ophuzi, ompunga onsundu noma onsundu, enemithende emi-2 emide eqala ngamehlo futhi iqhubekela phambili emaceleni ekhanda nasemzimbeni. Imicu emincane yesikhashana ivame ukugijimisana nohlangothi, ezinhlangothini zazo kukhona imithende emnyama kakhulu emngceleni wamachashazi amnyama. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhanda, kubukeka ngendlela emnyama, evame ukwenziwa ngemidwebo engahlelwanga ngokungakhethi emikhakheni yephariyali kanye nendawo eyindilinga phakathi kwabo, kuvame ukushiwo kahle. Ngokungafani nomcibisholo wenyoka, iphethini lekhanda alingeni ngqo emigqeni emnyama eqhubeka emzimbeni. Isisu siphuzi noma simhlophe ngamabala amnyama amnyama emaphethelweni naphakathi kwesikalo sesisu, kwesinye isikhathi sihlangana sibe yimichilo emide.
Ukubhebhetheka. Yaziwa ngaphakathi kwe-USSR ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezimayini eningizimu yeTurkmenistan.
Indlela yokuphila. Akufundwanga. Ihlala emithambekeni eyomile enezimbali ezinotshani obuluhlaza kanye notshani. Iyazidla izibankwa. Kusatshalaliswa ngokubeka amaqanda. Kubantu akunangozi.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo. Ihluka ngokubuka eduze - imicibisholo yenyoka emzimbeni omncane omncane nendlela yokulinganisa echazwe ngenhla ohlangothini lwaphezulu.