I-toad ingeyokuhleleka kwama-amphibians angenantambo. Ubude bomzimba ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene buhlukahluka kusuka ku-2 cm kuya kuma-55 cm. Kanye nesisindo somzimba sento efanayo - kusuka kumagremu ayi-10 kuye kuma-3,6 kilogramu. Isidumbu sibanzi ngemilenze emifushane, azikho izimbambo. Isikhumba somile, siminyene, simbozwe ngama-tubercles. Lesi sakamuva singaba bushelelezi noma sibukhali. Umfundi uqondile, ngemuva kwamehlo kukhona indlala ekhethekile ye-parotid. Zifaka ubuthi obuyinqaba obuvikela izitha nezifo zesikhumba.
Lawa ma-amphibians aqala indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni, esebenza ebusuku. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo zemvelo ezinamanzi nezingama-Woody. Ngasikhathi sinye, wonke amatshe enza amaqanda emanzini, ngaphandle kwe-ovoviviparous. Zidla izibungu, iminenke, izinambuzane. I-Toad isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke; ayikho kuphela ezindaweni ezibandayo, eMadagascar, eNew Zealand, eziqhingini eziningi zoLwandlekazi iPacific.
Frog
Isele kungokwama-amphibians angenantambo e-oda. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-1,6 cm buye kuma-32 cm. Isisindo sisuka kumagremu ambalwa ukuya ku-3.2 kg. Isikhumba sibushelelezi futhi simanzi. Umfundi ulungile ngokuma ngokulinganayo. AmaParotid awavezwanga. Izingalo zesifuba zinkulu futhi ziqinile ngezikhumba ezithuthukisiwe.
Amaxoxo amaningi ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi noma eseduze. Ezinye izinhlobo zingaphila emanzini angaboli. Kunezinhlobo ezinamahlahla. Bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Isele libeka amaqanda emanzini. Kepha futhi, ezindaweni ezishisayo, kunezinhlobo ezibekela amaqanda emhlabathini.
Lawa ma-amphibians ahlala yonke indawo, ngaphezu kwezifunda ezibandayo. Bakhona naseNingizimu Afrika eseningizimu, eMelika eseNingizimu, eMadagascar nase-Australia, ngaphandle kwengxenye esenyakatho. Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, e-Afrika, eCaribbean, abantu badla imilenze yamasele ngemuva kokudla futhi bazibheka njengezibiliboco.
Ithebula lokufana nokwehluka phakathi kwamaxoxo namacici
Frog | Ithuluzi | |
Imilenze yangendlu: | imilenze emide, enamandla yokugxuma | imilenze emifushane yokuhamba |
Amaqanda: | amasele abeka amaqanda ngamaqoqo, izingane zihlala emanzini | ubuhlalu bubeka amaqanda ngamaketanga amade, kanti ezinye ubuhlalu abubeki amaqanda, kepha zizala amathole bukhoma, izingane zihlala emanzini |
Isikhumba: | olumanzi futhi olubushelelezi | yomile futhi ingalingani |
Isimilo: | ama-amphibians ahlala ikakhulu emanzini | ama-amphibians ahlala kakhulu emhlabeni |
Indawo yokuhlala: | Uncamela imvelo emanzi | khetha indawo eyomile, kepha ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimanzi. |
Amazinyo: | Isele linamazinyo emhlathini ongenhla | Amathuluzi awunamazinyo. |
Amehlo: | inhlamvu yamehlo | amehlo awashisi, kukhona izindlala ezinobuthi ngemuva kwamehlo |
Umsoco: | izinambuzane, iminenke, izicabucabu, izibungu ngisho nezinhlanzi ezincane | izinambuzane, izibungu, ama-slugs, izibungu kanye nezinye izilwanyane |
Amaxoxo - Incazelo
Amaxoxo yigama elijwayelekile leqembu lezilwane kusuka ku-oda wezilwane zasendle ezingenamila. Ngomqondo obanzi, igama elithi "frog" lisho bonke abamele i-oda labangenantambo. Ngomqondo omncane, leli gama lisetshenziswa kubamele abomndeni wamaxoxo wangempela. Izibungu zamasele zibizwa ngokuthi ama-tadpoles. Amaxoxo asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke - ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezifundeni ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kakhulu kuhlanganiswe emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Amasayizi wabantu abadala ahluka kusuka ku-8 mm (Paedophryne amauensis) kuya ku-32 cm (goliath frog). Abamele lo mdwebo banomzimba wesitoko, amehlo abhikayo, ulimi olwekwe kanye nezingalo zigobile ngaphansi komzimba, umsila ulahlekile. Indawo yokuhlala kwamaxoxo kuzo zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka ifaka imizimba yamanzi angenamanzi, futhi kubantu abadala, kufaka phakathi umhlaba, imiqhele yesihlahla nemisele yemihlaba engaphansi komhlaba. Indlela ebonakala kakhulu yamaxoxo ashukumisayo ukugxuma, kepha izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene sezikwazi izindlela ezengeziwe: ukuhamba nokugijima, ukubhukuda, ukugibela i-dart, ukuhlela.
I-frog integument icebile kwizindlala, isikhumba sezinhlobo zezinye izinhlobo sinobuthi ngokweqile. Umbala wamasele uyahlukahluka kusuka kumakhofi ansundu, aluhlaza okotshani nokumpunga kuya kobomvu okhanyayo obomvu, ophuzi namnyama, kuvame ukubonisa uphawu lobuthi (noma ukumlingisa). Isikhumba samasele sivumelekile emanzini, kepha ukuzivumelanisa ngokweqile kuvumela ukugwema ukulahleka ngokweqile komswakama ngesikhathi sokuphila komhlaba.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwamaxoxo nezinhlwayi
Imvamisa, amasele avela emanzini. Izibungu zasemanzini, amathuna anama-gill kanye nemisila ukudonsa kusuka emaqanda. Ama-watpoles adlulela esigabeni se-metamorphosis, ekugcineni kwawo ajika abe ngabantu abadala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ziyavela emhlabeni, kanti ezinye azidluleli esigabeni se-tadpole. Abadala bezinhlobo eziningi bangamazinyane okudla okuqukethe ama-invertebrates amancane, kepha kunezinhlobo zemvelo ezingafani neze futhi nezinhlobo eziningana ezidla izithelo.
Amaxoxo ayakwazi ukukhipha uhlu lwezimpawu ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ukuqashelwa kwamaxoxo kuveze izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphatha kumasiko okuguga, okusongela impilo nakwezinye izimo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamasele zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Abantu badla amasele njengokudla, aqukethe njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, amasele asebenza njengezinto ezilungele imodeli zokucwaninga ngemvelo.
Ithuluzi - Incazelo
Ama-Toads, noma ama-toads wangempela (i-lat. Bufonidae) - umndeni wama-amphibians angenantambo, okuwukuphela kwawo wonke ummeleli abizwa ngokuthi "ama-toads", yize ezinye izinhlobo zingabizwa ngokuthi amaxoxo (ngokwesibonelo, ama-atelopes). Ezingeni eliphakeme le-taxonomic, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “u-toad” akunqunyelwe kulo mndeni, kodwa futhi kusetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezivela kweminye imindeni (ngokwesibonelo, isoyi toad, isaladi-toad, i-frog eyakhiwe ngohlobo lwefrikh, i-toad eyakhiwe.
Ukubukeka nosayizi beleads kuyehluka kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-20 mm (iGuana harlequin) buye ku-250 mm (Blomberg toad). Umzimba uvame ukuba banzi, usindwe, futhi ube nemilenze emifushane. Izimbambo azikho. Isikhumba sivame ukoma lapho sithinta, siminyene, sivame ukumbozwa ngama-tubercles amaningi abushelelezi noma abukhali asayizi ahlukahlukene. Ulimi luncane, lukhulu. Amazinyo, ezimweni eziningi, anciphile ngokwengxenye noma ancishisiwe ngokuphelele. Umfundi ulungile, iminwe yezandla ezingemuva ixhumeke ingxenye ethile yokubumbana kokubhukuda.
Ama-parotid glands (parotid), angekho ngezindlela eziningi ezishisayo, abonakala kahle emuva kwamehlo. Lezi zindlala ziqukethe ubuthi be-alkaloid - bufotoxin, okuyinto ubuhlalu bufihle ngesikhathi sokucindezela. Ukwakheka nokulingana kwetyhefu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene kuyahluka. Ubuhlungu bezinye ubuhlalu (ngokwesibonelo, i-Colorado toad) isetshenziswa njenge-ejensi yokuzijabulisa yezokuzithokozisa.
Abesilisa bomndeni banesitho esikhethekile se-Bidder's neotenic, i-ovaryary ovary, ekhula onqenqemeni olungaphambili lwezivivinyo ze-larval futhi ingaqhubeka kuma-amphibians amaningi amadala. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, isitho siba i-ovary esebenzayo, kanti owesilisa, eqinisweni, uba ngowesifazane.
Amathuluzi ama-amphibians asemhlabeni angena emanzini afaka amaqanda kuphela, kepha kunezinhlobo zemvelo zasemanzini (ngokwesibonelo, i-ansonia) kanye ne-arboreal (izinhlwathi zezihlahla). Bahlala phansi emhlabathini. Zondla kuphela ngama-invertebrates amancane: izinambuzane, izibungu kanye neminenke. Ukuqothula okuwusizo kwezinambuzane zezolimo.
Habitat
Amaxoxo achitha iningi lesikhathi sawo emanzini, isikhathi esiningi atholakala osebeni lwamachibi nasezixhaphozini. Banikelwe endaweni abazalelwa kuyo futhi abasuki lapho impilo yabo yonke.
I-toad ijwayelekile ezivandeni. Njengoba bezalwe emanzini, babuyela elondolo labo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi sokwenza. Isikhathi sonke, ubuhlalu buhlala bude buduze nalo.
Ukubukeka
Amathuluzi makhulu futhi abanzi kunamaxoxo, imizimba yawo iyathambile, inzima, futhi amakhanda awo aseduze komhlabathi. Naphezu kosayizi abancane bomzimba, ikhanda lamasele likhulu kunelethadi, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, liphakama njalo.
Isikhumba se-toad siqinile, somile, sinama-tubercles, ansundu ngeblue phezulu, futhi sikhanya esiswini, sinamabala amnyama. Amaxoxo anendawo eshelelayo, ebushelelezi futhi emanzi efihlekile njengezimila zasemanzini.
Zombili lezi zelele kanye namaxoxo ziginya inyamazane yazo yonke. Iqiniso ukuthi i-toad ayinawo amazinyo ngokuphelele. Isele linamazinyo, kepha kuphela elingaphezulu. Vumelana, ukuhlafuna ukudla ngenxenye eyodwa kuphela yemihlathi akulula kakhulu.
Izinsiza:
- Umphakathi mayelana nezitshalo zezitshalo zabathandi nabachwepheshe http://www.botanichka.ru
- Isichazamazwi solimi lwaseRussia S. I. Ozhegova
- Isiza esizinikezelwe kuma-amphibians http://www.zemnovodik.ru
Ngokusho kwesichazamazwi se-Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary, amasele nezinhlwayi zinezici ezihlukile zokwehlukanisa: amasele anemilenze emide yasemva evunyelwe ukugxuma, futhi ubuhlalu bunesikhumba esibuthakathaka. I-Biology ichaza umehluko omningi kakhulu.
Ukubekwa kukaCaviar
Zombili lezi ziqu namasele zithanda ukubeka amaqanda emanzini. Amaqanda amaxoxo ahlanganisiwe ndawonye, futhi ukubukeka kwawo ngokujwayelekile kufana nengubo efana nejelly. Amaqanda esinqe axhumeke ngeketanga, ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ambalwa. Leli cimbi le-toad lilimele ekuguqukeni okuningi okuzungeze isitshalo emanzini.
Isele nenyoni
Izintandokazi zokudla
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamaxoxo namacici izinambuzane, futhi iningi lazo izinambuzane. Uhlobo ngalunye lunokudla kwalo oluthandayo: iselekazi lesi-moor likhetha izicabucabu kanye nama-cicadas, utshani obukhetha i-slugs kanye notshani, i-grey toad ithanda izimbungulu nezintuthwane, kanye nezimbungulu eziluhlaza eziluhlaza. Kepha uma ukudla okuthandayo kusilela, khona-ke bayokujabulela ukudla noma yiziphi izidalwa eziphilayo abahlangabezana nakho: ibhere, ama-weevils, ama-wireworms, ama-larvae we-Colado amazambane kanye namabhungane ngokwawo, amacimbi nabanye abaningi. Amaxoxo agxuma kahle enyamazaneni izinambuzane ezindizayo, kufaka phakathi omiyane novemvane.
Isele lidla ukudla okungama-1-2 g ngosuku, isinaphi - kuze kufike ku-8 g. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ehlobo ixoxo likadla cishe izinambuzane eziyi-1300. Isibalo sezilokazane ezidliwa amaxoxo namacici siphezulu siphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kunesezinyoni ezingavikeleki. Abazenqabeli izinambuzane ngephunga elingathandeki nokunambitheka, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka izibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado, ezingadliwa yizinyoni. Babamba izinambuzane kangcono kunezinyoni, umbala wazo uhlangana nesizinda. Bazingela ebusuku lapho izinyoni zilala, zidla izinambuzane ezihola indlela yokuphila yasesikhathini: izimvemvane ze-scoop, amabhu, amabhungane, amasila.
Amaxoxo kanye nobuhlalu engadini
Amaxoxo nobuhlalu, ngaphandle kokubukeka kwabo okungathandeki nezwi elinomsindo omkhulu, kungenzeka bangabangane kunezitha esizeni lethu. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-amphibians izinambuzane, imvamisa kakhulu izinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, abalimi abanolwazi bakha ngamabomu izimo ezinhle zokuphila kwalezi zilwane engadini nasezingadini zabo.
Ixoxo lomhluzi lithanda izicabucabu namacacadas, isele likhipha utshani kanye notshani, isigaxa esimpunga sithanda izimbungulu nezintuthwane, isithwathwa esiluhlaza sithanda izimbungulu. Ziphinde zidle ama-weevils, amabhele, ama-wireworms, izibungu zamabhungane aseColorado, amacimbi nezinye izinambuzane. Amaxoxo aqhamukayo abamba izimvemvane nomiyane. Amaxoxo asencane adla umiyane, ama-weevil kanye nangamabhungane okusajingijolo.
Ehlobo, kuwo wonke amakhulukhulu engadi, ama-toads namaxoxo adla kuze kube yinkulungwane yezinambuzane. Futhi isibalo sezinhlobo zezinambuzane eziyingozi ezonakaliswa ubuhlalu namasele siphezulu izikhathi ezingama-2-3 kunesibalo sezinambuzane ezidliwayo yizinyoni ezihlubukayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-amphibians kwenziwa ngezinambuzane ezinephunga elingathandeki kanye nombala wokuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zizingela ebumnyameni, zibhubhisa amabhu asebusuku, izibungu zabo kanye nama-insimu wasendle - izinambuzane eziholela empilweni yobusuku, ngenkathi izinyoni zilele.
Izimo zokuphila ezithandekayo zamaxoxo namasele kusayithi
Amachibi okuhlobisa namachibi kunomthelela ekusindeni nasekukhuleni kwenani lama-amphibians. Amasele namathoyizi azohlala ngenkuthalo engadini uma ahlela ipuli ethokomele kusuka kubhasikidi olujulile olungadingekile, umkhombe, amathayi ezimoto noma ubhavu wakudala. Onqenqemeni lwechibi lokuhamba, kungakuhle ukuthi ubeke amapulangwe ukuze izilwane zikwazi ukuphuma emanzini.
Ichibi libekwe kahle endaweni ephansi yendawo. Kufanele ibe nokujula okwenele futhi ingagxilili phansi ebusika.
Ezingadini zokugcina izithombo, ungashiya iziqukathi ezifuywayo ngamanzi ngaphansi kwamaqabunga wamakhukhamba. Bese ubeka amasele ambalwa. Amathuluzi angajabulela “izindlu” ezivela emishinini yokhuni, amagatsha nezitini ezisele engadini. Emagumbini angadini abekelwe eceleni engadini, kungakuhle ukuthi ushiye izindawo ngotshani obunjiwe. Izindawo ezinjalo zizoba yisiphephelo sezilwane eziwusizo.
Ahlala kuphi amathole?
Lawa ma-amphibians asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezwekazi lase-Australia nase-Antarctica. Okuhlukile i-toad aga, elethwe ngobuciko emkhakheni weGreen Continent kanye neziqhingi eziseduze. Emvelweni, ubuhlalu buvame ukukhetha ukubuyela emuva kwemifula, amahlathi emvula, amaxhaphozi - okungukuthi, izindawo ezinomswakama nezingashisi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi izihlahla zingasebenza njengekhaya lethadi.
Ubusika, lezi zilwane zifihla imfiva, zikhuphukela endaweni esekusithekeni: ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile noma ezindaweni zokukhosela zemvelo.
Lalela izwi lesinqe
Izwi le-Toad Yeah
Izwi le-toad eluhlaza
Izwi lomhlanga
Owesifazane ovundisiwe ubekela amaqanda; ubukeka njengamabhele amade we-mucus. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezi-5 kuye kwezingama-60. Izibungu zobuhlalu zangaphandle zifana ngokuqinile nefishi lezinhlanzi: azinayo imilenze.
Yebo, unobuthi, ngakho-ke babanjwa kumagilavu.
Kunokuhluka okukodwa okumangazayo emthethweni ojwayelekile wokuzalela ubuhlalu: okuwukuphela kwesihlakala se-viviparous emhlabeni ohlala e-Afrika. Uphethe amathole akhe esikhathi esizayo ngaphakathi kuye izinyanga ezingaba ngu-9, emva kwalokho athola kabusha ubuhlalu obuncane.
Izitha Zobuhlalu
Lezi zilwane zizingelwa yi-ibise, izingwamza, izinyoka, iminki, izingulube zasendle, izimpungushe, ama-raccoon, ama-herons. Ama-toads ajwayelekile (hhayi anobuthi) awazivikeli ngokuphelele ezitheni zawo; kuphela ukuzala okuphezulu okusindisa izinhlobo zazo ekuqothulweni.
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