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Ngobusuku ehlobo, izicishamlilo zingumbala ocashile futhi omangalisayo lapho, njengokuthi inganekwane, izibani ezimibalabala ziqhakaza njengezinkanyezi ezincane ebumnyameni.

Ukukhanya kwabo kubomvu-kuphuzi futhi kuluhlaza okotshani ngemibala ehlukahlukene futhi kukhanya. Isinambuzane se-Firefly kubhekiswa ngokulandelana kwamabhungane, umndeni wamabhungane, onezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaba zimbili, osatshalaliswa cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.

Abamele izinambuzane ezikhanyayo bazinza ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwethropiki nezindawo ezishisayo. Ezweni lethu kunezinhlobo ezingama-20. Glowworm ngesiLatini ibizwa ngokuthi: Lampyridae.

Izinambuzane ezifanayo amabhungane omhlabathi asebenza ebumnyameni. Ukuzibheka phakathi nosuku, akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukukholelwa ukuthi lesi sinambuzane esingabonakali kangako singamangaza ebusuku.

Zisuka kwesigamu kuya kwamasentimitha amabili ngosayizi, ziyehluka ngekhanda elincane, amehlo amakhulu kanye nomzimba ophezulu othambile. Glowworm, njengoba kubonile esithombeniinamaphiko nezimpondo ezimbili ezinamathiselwe ebunzini, ziyahlukahluka, kuya ngohlobo, ngesimo nangosayizi.

Isici esikhethekile sezicishamlilo ubukhona bezitho ezihlukile ze-luminescent esiswini, eziqukethe izibonakaliso ezigcwele amakristalu e-uric acid futhi etholakala ngaphezu kwawo, amangqamuzana esithombe se-photogenic aqoshwe ngama-nerve nama-tracheas ongena kuwo umoya-mpilo.

Izinqubo ze-oxidative ezenzeka lapho zichaza kahle kungani izicishamlilo ziphenduka nakulokho kukhanya. Izinambuzane zisebenzisa izibonakaliso ezinjengalezi, zivikele ezitheni ezingaba yizo, zizazise ngokungenakuzisiza, futhi zikhange nezidalwa ezifanayo zobulili obuhlukile.

Umlingiswa we-Firefly nendlela yokuphila

Phakathi kwabameleli ejwayelekile kakhulu yezinambuzane ezihlala emaceleni ethu yi-Ivan isibungu. Ukuphila okunje umlilo oshisayo ehlathini, ngenkathi efudumele, ibonisa imisebenzi yasebusuku.

Abamele lezi zinambuzane bachitha usuku becashe otshanini obukhulu. Izinsikazi zinomzimba omude, ohlanganisiwe, onsundu ngombala onsundu onemivimbo emithathu emhlophe esiswini, azikwazi ukundiza, futhi azinamaphiko. Ngokubukeka, zifana nezibungu ezibalelwa ku-18 mm.

Lezi zinambuzane ziyakwazi ukuguqula ihlathi ngokuphelele ngendlela yemilingo, zikhanyise izibani zazo otshanini nasezihlahleni, zikhanya futhi ziphele. Njengalokho isicishamlilo somlilo - umbono ongalibaleki. Ezinye zazo, lezo ezikhazimula ngokwedlulele zindizela emoyeni bese zihamba zidlula ezihlahleni.

Futhi-ke, ngesivunguvungu esinamandla, yehla njengamarokhethi ezinqenqemeni zomlilo ebusuku. Lezi zinsikazi ezivutha amalangabi zathola izintombi zazo futhi zaphuthuma otshanini obusondele kubo.

Abamele abamele izinambuzane banomzimba owenziwe ngogwayi ocishe ube ngamasentimitha elilodwa nesigamu, inhloko enkulu namehlo amakhulu we-hemispherical. Ngokungafani nabesifazane, bandiza kahle.

Kuhleliwe eCaucasus, abamele lezi zinambuzane ezivela kuhlobo lweLuolaola ngokukhazimula okufishane okuvame ukuvela imizuzwana eyodwa kuya kwemibili, kufana nokufana okufana nokubhungane le-photinus laseNyakatho Melika.

Kwesinye isikhathi izicishamlilo zikhipha ukukhanya okude endizeni, njengezinkanyezi zokudubula, izibani ezindizayo nezokudansa ngemuva kobusuku baseningizimu. Kunamaqiniso afisa ukwazi emlandweni wabantu abasebenzisa izicishamlilo empilweni yabo yansuku zonke.

Isibonelo, umlando ukhombisa ukuthi abokufika abamhlophe bokuqala, abahamba ngomkhumbi ngomkhumbi baya eBrazil, Kuphi futhi izicishamlilo ziphila, bakhanyisa amakhaya abo ngokukhanya kwabo kwemvelo.

Futhi amaNdiya, ayezingela, abopha lezi zibani zemvelo ezinzwaneni zazo. Futhi izinambuzane ezikhanyayo azisizanga nje ukubona ebumnyameni, kepha futhi zesabisa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Njengo isicishamlilo kwesinye isikhathi kuyisiko ukuqhathanisa izakhiwo nesibani se-fluorescent.

Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhanya kwemvelo kulula kakhulu, ngoba ngokukhipha izibani zazo, izinambuzane azishisi futhi azikhulisi izinga lokushisa lomzimba. Impela, imvelo yayinakekela lokhu, ngaphandle kwalokho kungaholela ekufeni kwezicishamlilo.

Umsoco

Izicishamlilo zihlala otshanini, emahlathini, emaxholweni, noma ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile. Futhi ebusuku bayazingela. Izicishamlilo ziyadla izintuthwane, izicabucabu ezincane, izibungu zezinye izinambuzane, izilwane ezincane, iminenke nezitshalo zokubola.

Izinhlobo zabantu abadala abacishi bomlilo abondli, kepha bukhona kuphela ngokuzala, bafe ngemuva kokuzalela nenqubo yokubekela amaqanda. Ngeshwa, imidlalo yokuzalela yalezi zinambuzane ngesinye isikhathi ifinyelela cannibalism.

Ubani obengacabanga ukuthi izintokazi zalezi zinambuzane ezihlaba umxhwele, ezihlobisa ubusuku baphezulu behlobo, zivame ukuba nomlingisi ongabonakali.

Izinsikazi zezinhlobo ze-Photuris, zinikeza izibonakaliso ezikhohlisayo kwabesilisa bolunye uhlobo, kuphela eziyenga, ngokungathi zizalisa, futhi esikhundleni sokuhlangana okufunwayo, zibadle. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kubizwa ososayensi ukulingisa okunolaka.

Kepha izicishamlilo nazo zilusizo olukhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu, ngokudla nangokuqeda izinambuzane eziyingozi emaqabunga awileyo ezihlahla nasezivandeni zemifino. Izicishamlilo engadini - Lesi isibonakaliso esihle kumgcini wegadi.

EJapan, lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingathandeki kakhulu nezihehayo, izicishamlilo zithanda ukuhlala emasimini erayisi, lapho zidla khona, zibhubhisa ngobuningi, iminenke yamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlanza amasimu amadolobhana angafuneki, kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Ukukhanya okukhishwa yizicishamlilo kungamasondo ahlukene, okubasiza lapho bekhomba. Lapho owesilisa efika isikhathi sokuzala, uhamba ayofuna okhethiweyo. Futhi nguyena omhlukanisa ngomthunzi wezimpawu ezikhanyayo njengowesilisa wakhe.

Izimpawu zothando nezicace ngokwengeziwe, amathuba umlingani angathanda umlingani othandekayo ongathandeka. Ezindaweni ezishisayo ezishisayo, phakathi kwezimila zamahlathi ezinesiphepho, amakhwapha aze ahlele ukuthola imicengezi yeqembu labo lomculo okhanyayo, ukukhanyisa nokucima izibani ezikhanyayo ezihlanzeka kangcono kunokhanyo lwe-neon lwamadolobha amakhulu.

Ngaleso sikhashana, lapho amehlo amakhulu owesilisa ethola isisusa esikhanyayo-iphasiwedi kusuka kowesifazane, uphiko olukhanyise umlilo luseduze, futhi abashadikazi babingelelane ngamalambu akhanyayo okwesikhashana, emva kwalokho inqubo yokuqothula isiqediwe.

Abesifazane, ezimweni lapho ukuhlangana kwezitho zangasese kuphumelela khona, kubeka ama-testicles, lapho kuvela khona izibungu ezinkulu. Zingamanzi namanzi, ikakhulukazi zinombala omnyama ophuzi umbala webala.

Izibungu zinobudlova obumangalisayo nokuthambekela okumangazayo. Njengokudla kwabo okufunayo, bangadla amagobolondo nama-mollusks, kanye nama-invertebrates amancane. Banekhono elifanayo lokukhanyisa njengabantu abadala. Ukugibela ehlobo, lapho kubanda isimo sezulu, bafika bacashe ekhoneni lesihlahla, lapho bahlala khona ebusika.

Futhi entwasahlobo, kuphela ngemuva kokuvuka, baphinde baqale ukudla inyanga yonke, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Bese kulandela inqubo yokuhlwitha, ethatha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-18. Ngemuva kwalokho kuqhamuke abantu abadala, sebelungele ukumangaza abanye ngemisebe yabo ebumnyameni ebumnyameni. Isikhathi sokuphila komuntu omdala cishe izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine.

Isinambuzane se-Firefly. Indlela yokuphila ye-Firefly nendawo yokuhlala

Ubani obukele ukugqama okumangalisayo nokungajwayelekile otshanini ekuqaleni kokuvela kokuhlwa kusihlwa kusihlwa? Konke okuzungezile kuthatha isithombe esihle. Emisebe ethile engaqondakali ngokungajwayelekile ivela kula maphuzu akhanyayo.

Ilokhu ihlaselwe ukufungela okuthile okuhle okuhle. Uyini lo mangaliso wemvelo? Lokhu kungenye into izicishamlilo ikhathuni lezingane kanye nezinganekwane ezidutshulwe ngabo.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ngalesi sinambuzane esimangalisayo kusukela ebuntwaneni. Firefly engadini ihlasela futhi ihehe, ihehe futhi ihehe ngamakhono ayo angajwayelekile.

Kumbuzo kungani izicishamlilo ziphenduka akusekho mpendulo eyodwa. Imvamisa, ososayensi bathambekele kwinguqulo eyodwa. Ngokumangazayo ukukhanya okuhle kangaka nokungajwayelekile kukhipha insikazi isikhukhukazi okuthi ngakho-ke kudonsele ukunaka ukunaka kwabobulili obuhlukile.

Ukuxhunyaniswa okunjalo kothando phakathi kocansi bezicishamlilo nokukhanya kwazo okungaqondakali kwaqashelwa emuva ezikhathini zasendulo, kungani amadlozi kade ahlobanisa ukukhanya kwawo okukhethekile nomkhosi ka-Ivan Kupala.

Kepha empeleni kusezinsukwini zokuqala zikaJulayi ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sibhekwa kaningi. Izicishamlilo zazibizwa ngezibungu ze-Ivanovo. Zingezokukhishwa kwamabhungane ama-lapirides. Akuyona yonke indawo lapho ungabubuka khona ubuhle obunjalo.

Kepha labo bantu abambone okungenani kanye empilweni yabo ngentshiseko bathi lo mbono ongalibaleki futhi omangazayo. Izithombe ze-Firefly ayihambisi ngobuhle bonke ubuhle bayo, kepha ungayibuka futhi isikhathi eside ngokuphefumula komoya. Akukuhle kuphela, kepha futhi kuyathandana, kuyahlaba umxhwele, kucokoloda, kuyamangaza.

Indlela Yendlela Yokuphila Yebhungane

Amaphutha akhanya ngokukhanya okuhlukile zibomvu ziluhlaza, ukukhanya kwesibani nakho kuhlukile kuwo wonke umuntu. Lesi yisinambuzane, lapho kunezinhlobo eziningi khona. E-Russian Federation kuphela abangaba ngamashumi amabili kubo. Amabhungane ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo zomhlaba.

I-Firefly ibhungane lomhlabathi lelo asebenzayo ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Okungenani, ukuyibona phakathi nosuku, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ucabange ukuthi le bug ejwayelekile kakhulu ingabukeka ingajwayelekile ebumnyameni. Isinambuzane sisuka ku-0,5 kuya ku-2 cm amasentimitha, sinekhanda elincane namehlo amakhulu. Umzimba uyisicaba phezulu. Kunamaphiko kanye namadevu ayi-11, atholakala ebunzini la bhungane.

Isici sesinambuzane yikhono lazo lokukhanya. Lo mphumela uzuzwa kumabhungane ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba wawo. Esiswini sebhungane kukhona amakristalu e-uric acid, ngaphezulu lapho kutholakala khona amaseli e-photogenic anezinzwa nama-tracheas aqhuba i-oxygen. Njengomphumela we-oxidation, i-firefly flickers futhi ikhipha ukukhanya. Sekukonke, ukuvutha kwembokodo kuzivikela ezitheni, kubatshengise ukuthi ayidliwe. Futhi, ngokukhanyisile, lesi sinambuzane sidonsela abantu bobulili obuhlukile.

Izicishamlilo zikhazimula kanjani

Izicishamlilo ziyavutha ngenxa yesitho esiyingqayizivele emizimbeni yabo - i-Photophore. Itholakala emsileni wesisu futhi inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinezendlalelo ezintathu ezisebenzayo. Ukucaciswa, cabanga ngethoshi elijwayelekile: ungqimba olungaphansi lubhekwe futhi kufanele lubonise ukukhanya okukhiqizwe ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi ngophakathi oluphakathi. Izicubu zesendlalelo esiphakathi zakhiwa amafotokhethi - amaseli angaguqula umoya-mpilo ube ukukhanya. Isendlalelo sokusebenza esiphezulu sifanekiselwa i-cuticle yokudlulisa ukukhanya okusobala.

I-oksijini, edingekayo ngobuningi bokwenza ukuvutha kwesibhakabhaka, idudulwa isuka kumathumbuondria amaselula ngokubuyiselwa nge-nitric oxide. Izinambuzane azinamaphaphu, ngakho-ke zonke izinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze kube khona zenzeka emangqamuzaneni, kufaka phakathi nokuphefumula. Futhi uhlelo lwezinzwa lulawula izindlela zokusebenzisa i- "tochi".

Emvelweni kunezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo "eziphethe ukukhanya" - izihlambi, izinhlanzi ezijulile olwandle, ama-mollusks, i-jellyfish, njll. Kokubili kuzo nasezihlotsheni zomlilo, i-luciferin pigment inesibopho se-luminescence, esivulwa ku-lucifase isebenzisa i-molecule ye-adenosine triphosphate - i-ATP (iyunithi yomhlaba wonke yamandla amaselula) futhi, i-oxidizing, idala ukukhanya komlingo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwama-molecule wekhabhoni dioksijeni, lapho ama-molecule e-luciferin ephuma esimweni esijabulisayo, ekhipha amandla okukhanya, ngaleyo ndlela enza ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka kube mnyama.

Ukukhanya okungaqondakali nokubandayo kwezi Firefut empeleni akufudumali nakancane - ngaphandle mhlawumbe komphefumulo. Ayikho imisebe ye-infrared noma ye-ultraviolet ezithombeni. Kepha “ukukhanyisa” kuthatha cishe u-98% wamandla asetshenzisiwe, ngokungafani nesibani sikagesi esijwayelekile, ukusebenza kahle kwawo kungamaphesenti ayi-10, futhi amandla akhe asetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ekushiseni okungenamsebenzi.

Kungani kukhanya izicishamlilo

Izicishamlilo zabesifazane, ngendlela, azihlukile ngobuhle obuthile - zona, ngokungafani nabesilisa, azinamaphiko, kodwa futhi zikhanyise ngendlela efanayo ngokuphendula abafana abavela esihlahleni. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane banobuqili - ikakhulukazi abesifazane bezilwane zohlobo lwe-Photuris, abazenza njengolunye uhlobo - i-Photinus. Kamuva, kudliwa abesilisa abakhohlisiwe bezinhlobo zeP Photinus, kepha izinsikazi zithola ukuzethemba ngekusasa, ngoba izidalwa zalabo abahlukumezekile ziqukethe i-enzyme ekhethekile eyethusa izinyoni nezicabucabu. Kwesinye isikhathi isenzo se-cannibalism senzeka ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle.

Abamele abesifazane banikeza isibonakaliso esikhethekile, okukhombisa ukuthi bakulungele ukufaka umquba. Ngakho-ke owesilisa uyaqonda ukuthi uzogibela kuphi. Ngokuvamile, lapho kukhanya, kukhanya kakhulu kwabesifazane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu zabo, i-pupae namaqanda ziyakhanya - yilokhu ososayensi abangakwazi ukukuchaza. Kepha kungacatshangwa ukuthi ngale ndlela badlulisela isiginali kubahlaseli bokuthi abanakutholakala.

E-Eurasia, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu, ezibizwa nge- "Ivanov worm." Kukholakala ukuthi kwakungobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala lapho lezi zinambuzane zenziwa zisebenze.

Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi ezinhlotsheni ezingama-2000, kuphela izicishamlilo ezimbalwa, ezinye zisebenza kuphela phakathi nosuku.

Isithonjana se-Firefly

Kepha inani elikhulu kakhulu lamasiko kanye nesibonakaliso esijulile sezipuni zomlilo banikezwa abaseJapan. Njengoba kufanelana nesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama, akhanya lapho ngentshiseko enkulu kunezihlobo zawo eziphuphukile ezivela phakathi nendawo. Ngoba isikhathi sokukhwelana kwabo singumbukiso omuhle kakhulu. IJapan igubha nomkhosi we-Firefly - umkhosi weHotaru.

Abantu basebenzise amabhungane e-firefly ngezinhlobonhlobo zezidingo - njengomhlobiso ezinweleni zabo, njengethuluzi lokwakha umoya wothando, njengesixhobo sokukhanyisa, njengabasizi ekulweni nemimoya emibi. Namuhla, i-luciferase yokwenziwa, eyayikhishwe ezinambuzaneni eziphilayo, isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, kanye nasekubhekeni ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokudla.

Isibalo sabantu abacishimlilo sehle kakhulu, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokungcoliswa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo abahlala kuzo. Iqiniso ngukuthi kulezi zindawo azithuthi, kodwa zimane zinyamalale.

Ividiyo yokuthi kungani izicishamlilo zikhanya

Izinambuzane ezimangazayo yilezi zimicishamlilo. Kuyamangaza, kukhanyisile, kuyathakazelisa, kuwukuhawukela kuphela - izakhamizi zasebusuku, phakathi nosuku ongeke uhlangane nazo, ngeke ubancome. Ngabe kukhanya kanjani? Futhi ngani? Okwani? Imibuzo eminingi kakhulu mayelana nendalo encane kangaka.

Okuncane mayelana nezicishamlilo: izinambuzane zasebusuku zilala phakathi nemini, zizingele ebusuku, kunezinhlobo ezingama-2 000 sezizonke, zihlala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, alikho izwe lapho zingazi khona ngezicishamlilo. Ubukhulu bezicishamlilo zisuka 2 kuya ku-4 mm (mm hhayi amasentimitha!). Inani elilodwa lezinhlobo liyakwazi ukubeka izibungu ezibhukuda emanzini.

Izinhlobo ezingathandeki kakhulu zezicishamlilo zihlala eJapan, indawo yazo yindawo yamasimu erayisi, lapho zidla khona ngeminenke emanzi ahlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, izicishamlilo eJapan ziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kubantu ngokususa izinambuzane ezitshalwa elayisi.

Isikhathi eside ungakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicishamlilo, uxoxe ngendlela yabo yokuphila ebusuku, uthole ukwelashwa okuthandayo, kepha into ethokozisayo kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi ukuvutha kuvela kuphi?

Ukuvutha kwempiko yomlilo kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka lapho kuhlanganiswa umoya-mpilo ne-calcium ngaphakathi kwesinambuzane. Inqubo ye-luminescence ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-bioluminescence. Ukuqunjelwa okukhulu kwe-calcium kutholakala esiswini senkanyezi, ngakho-ke, isisu saso sikhanya kakhulu, kufana nethoshi elincane elindizayo ebumnyameni. Kunezinhlobo ezikhipha ukukhanya emzimbeni wonke, bese kuthi ukukhanya kwazo kufakwe, kungakhanyi.

Ososayensi baqhathanisa lesi sici sezinambuzane nesibani se-fluorescent, kodwa ngokungafani nesibani, izicishamlilo zingashisi, zikhipha ukukhanya okubandayo. Ngokunengqondo, uma isinambuzane sizifudumeza, siyovutha ngokushesha, ngakho-ke imvelo yayinakekela ukuvikela isibhakamlilo, siyinike amandla okukhanya ngaphandle kokushisa umzimba.

Ukukhanya akwenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngokumnyama nje, umnyama kufanele ucishwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umzimba olawula "ukukhanya" unikeza umoya-mpilo kulezo zindawo lapho kuye kwavela khona ukunqwabelana kwe-calcium. Ukumisa ukukhanya kukhanye ngokwanele ukumisa ukuhamba komoya-mpilo. Konke kulula. Cabanga ukuthi kukangaki abantu bebamba izicishamlilo, bazifaka embizeni bese belinda ukuthi kukhanyiswe umlilo. Kulokhu, lesi sinambuzane cishe sinomoya. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi i-firefly idinga umoya-mpilo, hhayi ubumnyama, ukuze likhanye.

Njengoba izinambuzane zingenamaphaphu, kunzima ukunikeza umoya emzimbeni - ngama-tracheoles, afakwe uhlelo olunamandla lesakhiwo semisipha. Imisipha, empeleni, ilawula ukuvutha kwesibhakabhaka.

Umsebenzi wemisipha uyahamba kancane, futhi isibani somlilo sikhanya ngokushesha - ososayensi basanda kuyixazulula le mfumbe. Iqhaza eliyinhloko kulokhu kukhanya yi-nitric oxide, ekhiqizwa ngumyalo wobuchopho. Isinambuzane siqoqa i-oxygen phakathi nosuku, siyibambe kuyi-mitochondria, futhi uma kunesidingo, ubuchopho bunikeza umyalo, kukhululwa i-nitrogen futhi kukhanye ngaso leso sikhathi. Indima yemisipha ihlala kuphela ekusekelweni ngokomzimba kohlelo lonke.

Ukukhanya kwesibanibani ebusuku nakho kuza ngezinhloso - kumele kusukume isimo esisongela impilo, umzimba ukhiqize ama-steroid enza ukuthi i-firefly ingemnandi, futhi ukukhanya kukhanye njengophawu lwesitha - isibonakaliso sokubuyela emuva.

Ngobusuku obufudumele ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, uhamba onqenqemeni lwehlathi, ubona izibani eziluhlaza okhanyayo otshanini, kube sengathi othile ufake izibani zama-LED amancane aluhlaza. Ubusuku behlobo bufushane, ungabuka lo mbukiso amahora ambalwa nje. Kepha uma ubheka utshani, ukhanyise ngethoshi endaweni lapho kukhanya khona isibani, ungabona izinambuzane ezibonakala zinjengamabala ahlukanisiwe, lapho ukuphela kwesisu kukhanya luhlaza. Kubukeka njengowesifazane isicishamlilo esivamile (I-Lampyris noctiluca ) Abantu bambiza Ivanov isibungu , Ivanovo isibungu ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi okokuqala unyaka uvela ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala. Abesifazane kuphela abalinde abesilisa phansi noma izimila abangakhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo, kanti abesilisa empeleni abakukhiphi ukukhanya. Iduna lomlilo libukeka njengebhungane elijwayelekile elijwayelekile eline-elytra eqinile, kuyilapho insikazi ebudaleni ihlala njengezibungu, futhi ingenamaphiko nakancane. Kukhanya kusetshenziselwa ukuheha owesilisa. Isitho esikhethekile esikhipha ukuvutha sisezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu futhi sihehe kakhulu ngesakhiwo: kukhona ungqimba olungaphansi lwamaseli. equkethe inani elikhulu le-urea amakristalu, futhi usebenza njengesibuko esibonisa ukukhanya. Ingqimba ekhanyayo ngokwayo ifakwa ngama-tracheas (ukufinyelela i-oxygen) nezinzwa. Ukukhanya kwakheka phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kwento ekhethekile - i-luciferin, ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-ATP. Okwezicishamlilo, le yinqubo esebenza kahle kakhulu, yenzeka ngokusebenza kahle kwe-100%, wonke amandla angena ekukhanyeni, cishe ngaphandle kokushisa. Futhi manje imininingwane eminingi ngalokhu.

Isicishamlilo esivamile (I-Lampyris noctiluca ) ungummeleli womndeni we-firefly (Lampyridae ) ukuhleleka kwamabhungane (Coleoptera). Abesilisa balawa mabhungane banomzimba omise okwasigaxa, ongafika ku-15 mm ubude, nekhanda elikhudlwana elinamehlo amakhulu. Zindiza kahle. Izinsikazi ngokubukeka kwazo zifana nezibungu, zinomzimba omise umbungu ongafika ku-18 mm ubude, futhi awunamaphiko. ISvetlyakov iyabonakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, emifudwini eluhlaza, ogwini lwamachibi asezinhlanjeni nasemifuleni.

Okusemqoka kuzo zonke izinzwa zegama yizitho ezikhanyayo. Ezikhunjeni eziningi zomlilo, zitholakala ngemuva kwesisu, kufana nethoshi elikhulu. Le mizimba ihlelwe ngesisekelo sendlu yokukhanyisela. Zinohlobo “lwesibani” - iqembu lamaseli e-photocyte aqiniswe ama-tracheas nezinzwa. Iseli ngalinye elinjalo ligcwele “uphethiloli”, okuyiqhaza lakhona i-luciferin. Lapho i-firefly iphefumula, umoya udlula kwi-trachea emzimbeni wesitho esikhanyayo, lapho i-luciferin ifakwa ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kukhipha amandla ngendlela yokukhanya. Indlu yokhanyiso lwangempela ihlala ikhipha ukukhanya ngendlela eyiyo - ibheke olwandle. Izicishamlilo kulokhu futhi nazo azikho ngemuva kakhulu. Izithombe zabo bezungezwe amaseli agcwele i-uric acid amakristalu. Benza umsebenzi wesibonisi (isibuko sokubonisa isibuko) futhi bayakuvumela ukuthi ungasebenzisi amandla abalulekile ngeze. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinambuzane zingadingeki zikhathazeke ngokulondolozwa, ngoba ukusebenza kwezitho zazo ezikhanyayo kungafiswa ngumuphi uchwepheshe. Izicishamlilo zisebenze kahle ngama-98%! Lokhu kusho ukuthi yi-2% yamandla kuphela echithiwe, kanti ekudalweni kwezandla zabantu (izimoto, izinto zikagesi), amandla angama-60 kuye kwangama-96% amandla.

Izakhi zamakhemikhali eziningana zibandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kokukhanya. Enye yazo imelana nokushisa futhi ikhona ngemali encane - i-luciferin. Enye into i-enzyme luciferase. Futhi, i-adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) nayo iyadingeka ekuphenduleni kokukhanya. I-Luciferase yiprotheni ecebile emaqenjini e-sulfhydryl.

Ukukhanya kukhiqizwa yi-oxidation ye-luciferin. Ngaphandle kwe-luciferase, izinga lokuphendula phakathi kwe-luciferin ne-oksijini liphansi kakhulu; i-luciferase catalysis ikhulisa kakhulu ijubane layo. I-ATP iyadingeka njenge-cofactor.

Ukukhanya kwenzeka lapho i-oxyluciferin inguquko isuka esimweni esijabulile iye emhlabathini. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-oxyluciferin ihlotshaniswa ne-molecule ye-enzyme futhi, kuye ngamandla we-hydrophobicity we-microen mazingira we-oxeluciferin othokozisiwe, ukukhanya okukhishwe kuyahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezikhukhula kusuka ku-green-green (ene-hydrophobic microen tikolo) ukuya ebomvu (ene-hydrophobic encane). Iqiniso liwukuthi nge-polar microenvelo eyengeziwe, ingxenye yamandla ichithiwe. Ama-Luciferases avela kwizicishamlilo ezahlukahlukene akhiqiza i-bioluminescence nge-maxima ukusuka ku-548 kuya ku-620 nm. Ngokuvamile, amandla okuphendula asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu: cishe wonke amandla okusabela aguqulwa abe ukukhanya ngaphandle kokuphuma kokushisa.

Onke amabhungane aqukethe i-luciferin efanayo. Ama-Luciferases, ngokuhlukile, ahlukile ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile. Kulandela ukuthi ukushintshwa kombala kukhanya ngokuya ngesakhiwo se-enzyme. Njengoba ucwaningo selukhombisile, izinga lokushisa ne-pH lesikhathi esiphakathi kunomthelela obonakalayo kumbala wokukhanya. Ezingeni le-microscopic, i-luminescence ibonakala kuphela nge-cytoplasm yamaseli, kuyilapho i-nucleus ihlala imnyama. Ukukhanya kukhishwa yimiganu ye-photogenic etholakala ku-cytoplasm. Lapho ucwaninga izingxenye ezintsha zamaseli we-photosgenic kwimisebe ye-ultraviolet, la magreyi angabonakala ngenye impahla yawo, i-fluorescence, okuncike ebukhona be-luciferin.

Isilinganiso se-quantum yokusabela siphezulu ngokungaqhathaniswa nezibonelo zakudala ze-luminescence, ezisondela ebunyeni. Ngamanye amagama, emolekyulu ngayinye ye-luciferin ebamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni, kukhishwa inani elilodwa lokukhanya.

Izicishamlilo yizilwane ezidla ezinye ezidla izinambuzane kanye nama-mollusks. Izibungu ze-Firefly ziphila impilo elahlekile, efana nesibungu se-mabhungane wasemhlabeni. Izibungu zidla ama-invertebrates amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-mollusks asemhlabeni, kumagobolondo ezivame ukucasha kuwo.

Amabhungane amadala awadli, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalela nokuzala amaqanda uyafa. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda amaqabunga noma emhlabathini. Ngokushesha, kuvela izibungu ezimnyama ezinamahlamvu aphuzi kubo. Badla okuningi futhi bakhula ngokushesha, futhi, ngendlela, nakho kukhanya. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, kusafudumele, bakhuphuka ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, lapho bahlala khona ubusika bonke. Entwasahlobo, baphuma endaweni yokukhosela, bakhuluphe izinsuku eziningi, bese bezitika. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, kuvela izicishamlilo ezincane.

Uma bebheka ukufiphaza okukhanyayo kwezicishamlilo, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bazibuza ukuthi kungani bengazisebenzisi izinhloso ezinhle. AmaNdiya awabophela kuma-moccasin ukugqamisa izindlela futhi asabise izinyoka. Abahlali bokuqala eSouth America basebenzise lezi bugs njengokukhanya kwezindlu zabo. Kwezinye izindawo, leli siko lisekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Isinambuzane se-Firefly siwumndeni omkhulu weqembu lamabhungane elinekhono elimangalisayo lokukhipha ukukhanya.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinambuzane zemililo ayilethi noma yiluphi usizo kubantu, isimo sengqondo kulezi zinambuzane esingajwayelekile besilokhu sihle.

Ukubuka ukufiphazwa kanyekanye kwezibane eziningi ehlathini lasebusuku, ungahamba isikhashana uye ku-inganekwane yezicishamlilo.

Ukubukeka

Ngaphandle, uvemvane lwangezinambuzane lubukeka luthobekile kakhulu, futhi luyimfihlo. Umzimba uphakeme futhi umfishane, ikhanda lincane kakhulu, izimpondo zifushane. Ubukhulu bokhozi lomlilo wesinambuzane lincane - ngokwesilinganiso ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-2 amasentimitha. Umbala womzimba onsundu, mpunga omnyama noma omnyama.

Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane ziye zasho umehluko phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane. Izicishamlilo zesiduna ngokubukeka kufana neqhude, ziyakwazi ukundiza, kepha alikhanyi.

Insikazi ibukeka ifana kakhulu ne-isibungu noma isibungu, ayinamaphiko, ngakho-ke iphila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Kepha owesimame uyakwazi ukukhazimula, okuheha abameli bobulili obuhlukile.

Kungani kukhanya

I-sverorgan ekhanyayo esikhungweni somlilo wesinambuzane itholakala ngemuva kwesisu. Kukunqwabelana kwamaseli akhanyayo - ama-photocytes adlula kuwo ama-tracheas amaningi nezinzwa.

Iseli ngalinye elinjalo liqukethe i-luciferin. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula nge-trachea, umoya-mpilo ungena esitho esikhanyayo, ngaphansi kwethonya luciferin oxidized, ukhipha amandla ngesimo sokukhanya.

Ngenxa yokuthi iziphetho zezinzwa zidlula kumaseli akhanyayo, isibhakabhaka sesinambuzane singalawula ngokuzimela ubukhulu benkambiso nemodi yokukhanya. Kungaba ukukhanya okuqhubekayo, ukushaywa, i-ripple noma i-flash. Ngakho-ke, izimbungulu ezikhanya ebumnyameni zifana nengubo kaKhisimusi.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Ibhungane lensikazi libekela amaqanda embhedeni wamaqabunga. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvela izibungu zamaqanda amnyama emaqandeni. Zihlukaniswa wukudla okumnandi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane ezikhanyayo ziyakhanya uma ziphazamisekile.

Izibungu zebhungane ebusika esihlahleni. Ngentwasahlobo, bashiya indawo yokukhosela, badle kakhulu, bese bathontana. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili kuya kwayi-3, kuvela izicishamlilo zabantu abadala ezivela ku-cocoon.

Ibhungane eliqhakaza umlilo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika.
Ngobude, ifinyelela amasentimitha angama-4 - 5, hhayi isisu kuphela, kepha nesifuba sikhanya kuso.
Ngokukhanya kokukhanya okukhishwe, lesi bug siphindwe amahlandla ayi-150 kunodlelani waso wase-Yurobhu - isibani somlilo esivamile.
Izicishamlilo zazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi zasemakhaya asezindaweni ezishisayo njengezinto ezilula. Babekwe ezitokisini ezincane futhi ngosizo lwezibani zakudala bakhanyisa amakhaya abo.

IFirefly Festival yenziwa minyaka yonke ekuqaleni kwehlobo eJapan. Kusihlwa, izibukeli zibuthana engadini eduze kwethempeli futhi zibuke indiza enhle yezimbungulu eziningi ezikhanyayo.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezivame kakhulu eYurophu i-firefly evamile, edume ngokuthi isibungu i-Ivanovo. Uthole leli gama ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi lesi sinambuzane somlilo siqala ukugqama ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala.

Ehlobo ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, ungabona umbono omangalisayo: ebusuku, izibani ezincane zikhanya njengezinkanyezi. Futhi lesi sikhwanyana esingajwayelekile sikhazimula - inyathi. Ake sixoxe kabanzi ngalezi zinambuzane ezingamalangabi ezingakhazimula futhi zibukeke njengezinkanyezi.

Isimilo se-Firefly Beetle

Endaweni yakithi, evame kakhulu i-Ivan isibungu. Nalu uhlobo lwenkanyezi ephila ehlathini futhi ibonwa ngobusuku obufudumele behlobo.

Emini, izinambuzane zivame ukucasha emahlathini otshani. Insikazi inombala onsundu nemivimbo emithathu esiswini. Ayikwazi ukundiza futhi ifane nezibungu ezifika ku-18 amasentimitha ubude engaphandle. Lezi izimbungulu dala umbono omangalisayo ukukhanya kwakhe kobusuku, kwakungathi izinkanyezi ziwe ezulwini.

Lo mbukiso wokukhanya ongenakuqhathaniswa uyimiliza. Ezinye izicishamlilo zikhanya kakhulu kunabanye futhi ngenxa yalokhu umehluko, ukuzibuka kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. Zindiza ngotshani nezihlahla futhi, ngokushesha ukundiza, zifana nosawoti.

Emadodeni, umzimba usesimweni se-cigar, cishe amasentimitha ayi-1.5. Banekhanda elikhulu namehlo. Ngokungafani nezintombi zabo, bangamaflaya amangalisayo.

Kunamaqiniso aziwayo ngokusetshenziswa kwezicishamlilo empilweni yomuntu. Izincwadi zamandulo zithi abafuduki bathuthela eBrazil basebenzise izicishamlilo njengokukhanya emizini yabo. AmaNdiya azingelayo amisa amabhungane ezinyaweni zawo futhi ngenxa yalokho akhanyise umgwaqo, futhi asatshiswe izinyoka. Lesi sici sezimbungulu siqhathaniswa nesibani se-fluorescent, kepha ngokungafani nesibani, isibhakabhaka asishisi ngesikhathi sokukhanya.

Ukuzala kabusha, inzalo nokuphila isikhathi eside kwalo mabhungane

Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, izicishamlilo zikhangisa ama-halves abobulili obuhlukile ekukhanyeni kwazo futhi zishade nazo. Lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalela ibhungane lesilisa, liphuma liyofuna umngane womshado futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho libona khona elikhethiwe ngalo umthunzi wokukhanya. Kukhanya ngokukhanya, okuthandwa kakhulu ngowesilisa futhi ukunakwa okukhulu kunikezwa kwabesifazane.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpisi ngesikhathi sokuzalela zihlela ukusebenza kwangempela kokukhanya lapho amaqembu wonke amabhungane ahlanganyela khona. Kubukeka kunobuhle ukwedlula izibani zasebusuku zedolobha elikhulu.

Lapho insikazi inikeza owesilisa isibonakaliso esithile sokuthi imkhethile, yehlela kuye bese bekhuluma imizuzu eminingana, ikhanya ngamalambu, emva kwalokho inqubo yokuzala iyenzeka. Ngemuva kokukopishwa, insikazi ibeka amaqanda aqanduselwa kuyo izibungu . Kakhulu zimnyama noma ziphuzi. Kukhona izibungu zomhlaba nezamanzi.

Yizidlakudla ezimangalisayo, izibungu ngamanani amakhulu udle ama-invertebrates amancane kanye nezinhlaka. Zingakhanya njengezinambuzane ezindala. Sebedlile ngesikhathi sasehlobo, ngoba ebusika bacasha ezihlahleni bachitha ubusika khona.

Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izibungu zivuka futhi zidle ngamanani amakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe inyanga noma isikhathi eside, emva kwalokho kwenzeka. izibungu , okuthatha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-18.

Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ibhungane labantu abadala, okuthi, njengalo lonke, likhanye ngobusuku obumnyama behlobo ukukhanya kwalo kukhanye. Abantu abadala abahlali isikhathi eside, cishe izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Umndeni uhlanganisa amabhungane emhlabathini angabusuku. Ikhanda lincane, linamehlo amakhulu. I-Antennae ehlukaniswe iziqeshana eziyi-11, ubude obufushane noma obulinganiselwe, obunamathiselwe ebunzini, ukuma kwabo kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-filiform kuya ku-sawtooth ne-comb. Isindebe esingaphezulu sithuthukisiwe. Inani lomzimba wamabhungane walo mndeni lithambile noma lihlolwe ngokulinganisela. Umzimba ongaphezulu uthotshisiwe ngokubonakalayo, i-pronotum ngokwengxenye noma ihlanganisa ikhanda ngokuphelele. U-Elytra uhlaselwe, imvamisa ngemifino. I-coxae ephakathi iguqukile, iyathinta. Izimpiko ezineseli ye-anal. Amabhungane ngokuvamile anezinto zokusebenza zomlomo ezincishisiwe futhi azondli. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ibalulekile futhi ikakhulukazi ibonakala ekunciphiseni kwe-elytra namaphiko kubantu besifazane, ngenxa yokuthi ngaphandle kwabo ifana kakhulu nezibungu.

Izibungu zeCampodeoid, ziqonde, zithambile kancane enkambisweni ye-dorsoventral, inombala omnyama kakhulu. I-prothorax inkulu kune-mesothorax ne-mesothorax. Ikhanda ingxenye enkulu edonswe kuyo. Kukhona ukuthambekela ekwakhekeni kwamafulegi asemuva kwama-tergites: izibungu zabamele bohlobo Lampyris futhi Luciola izinhlangothi ze-tergites zezingxenye zesisu zivele ziqonde eceleni nangasemuva. Ikhanda lezibungu lincane kakhulu, liphakeme kakhulu, kuhlu lwezifo zofuzo Lampyris cishe isikwele. Amakhanda athuthukiswe kahle. Umlomo ophezulu awukho. Ama-mandibles enjenge-Crescent enomjamo wangaphakathi wokuncela, uhlolwe ngokuqinile. Amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi alahlekile. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kunamehlo amakhulu akhanyayo. I-Antennae ihlukaniswe kathathu. Ingxenye yesithathu incane kakhulu, itholakala endaweni yesitezi esicwebezelisi sesigaba sesibili esiseduze kwesithasiselo sezinzwa, njengakwabamele abomndeni wemizimba ethambile.

Izibungu ngumhlaba noma amanzi. Izibungu zasemanzini zinama-gal besisu asemuva, ahlukaniswe aba ngamagatsha ama-2.Izibungu zidla ama-invertebrates amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-mollusks asemhlabeni, kumagobolondo ezivame ukucasha kuwo.

Imigomo ejwayelekile yokuxhumana

Kukhanya izicishamlilo zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu. Abamele lo mndeni bahlukanisa cishe zonke izinkomba ezihlobene ngandlela thile nokuziphatha kwezocansi, amasignali okuvikela nawezindawo: noma ngabe zingenelele futhi zifuna ukusesha kwabesilisa, amasiginali "wemvume", "ukwenqaba" kanye "nezimpawu zokuhlasela" zabesifazane. futhi kulingisa okulula. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezinazo zonke izinkomba ezingenhla. Ezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, I-Lampyris noctilucabayakwazi ukukhipha amasiginali wokushayela kuphela, nakwabamele iningi lemindeni Photinus futhi Photuris akukho mehluko phakathi kokusalungiswa nokusayiniwe kwezibonakaliso kwabesilisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela kwabesifazane bohlobo Photuris isimo sokulingisa okukhanyayo siyabonakala, lapho izinsikazi zikhipha khona uphawu lwezimpawu zezinhlobo zohlobo Photinus. Abesilisa Photinusukukhangwa yizimpawu ezinjalo ziba yizisulu zabesifazane abazingelayo bohlobo Photuris .

Ekukhulumisaneni okulula, izicishamlilo zihlukanisa izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana. Ohlelweni lokuqala lohlelo, abantu bobulili obufanayo (ikakhulukazi abesifazane abangenabhano) bakhiqiza amasiginali akhethekile wokuxhumana aheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile, ngaleyo ndlela enze umsebenzi we “beacon”. Lolu hlobo lohlelo luyisichilo sezicishamlilo zokuzalwa kwengane. ILampyris, iPhengodes, iDiplocadon, iDioptoma, iPyrophorus nabanye abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezibonakaliso zokukhanya okungaphakathi kokundiza kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile kungakhethwa.

Ohlelweni lohlobo lwesibili, abantu ezindizayo bobulili obubodwa (ikakhulukazi abesilisa) bakhiqiza izibonakaliso zokukhanya eziqondene nezinhlobo ezithile, ekuphenduleni lapho abantu bobunye ubulili beveza izimpendulo ezikhethekile noma eziqondene nobulili. Uhlobo olufanayo lohlelo lokuxhumana lutholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezicishamlilo, ikakhulukazi emindenini engezansi I-Lampyrinae futhi Photurinaeuhlala emazweni aseMelika.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo zezindlela eziphakathi nendawo zezinhlelo zokuxhumana. I-Firefly I-Phausis reticulata bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bakhipha ukukhanya okuhlala isikhathi eside, futhi uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, izinsikazi ziyakwazi ukuyeka ukukhanya. Ezinhlotsheni Dioptoma adamsi izintokazi ezingenazindiza zikhangisa izinkomba zokukhanya ezingakhiphi abesilisa ngokukhanya okude. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa balolu hlobo, lapho bevuswa ngocansi, bakhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivumelanisiwe zohlobo I-Pteroptix zombili lezi zinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa yizimbungulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuqubuka kwe-Synchronous kwamanani amakhulu abantu ukuwaqoqa emihlambi, ngaphakathi lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukushintshana kwezimpawu zokuxhumana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuyabonakala nasezinhlotsheni. Luciola discicollis futhi Luciola obsolenta .

Izitho ezikhanyayo

Izitho ezikhanyayo zezicishamlilo (izibani) zimelelwa yisibani esikhulu esisodwa kuma-sternites wokugcina wesisu, noma izitho eziningi ezincane zokukhanya, ezisatshalaliswa ngomzimba wonke ngokulinganayo. Ukwakheka, indawo kanye nenani lezitho ezikhanyayo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezicishamlilo kuhluka kakhulu. Isibonelo, kubamele bohlobo Ama-Phengode, iDiplocladon, iHarmatelia nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezindawo ezishisayo, izitho ezincane ezikhanyayo zitholakala ohlangothini lwesikhumba lwazo zonke izisu zesisu. Izinhlobo zase-European, zase-Afrika, ezaseMelika, zase-Asia kanye nezaseMpumalanga Ekude zezicishamlilo zivame ukuba nesitho esisodwa esikhulu se-luminescence esisogwini lwe-sternites emibili yokugcina yesisu.

Isibungu sobuningi bezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane nazo ziye zathamba noma izitho zokukhanya ezincane ezincane emizimbeni yazo.

Isakhiwo se-morphological kanye nesomlando

Izinhlobo eziyisithupha zesakhiwo se-morphological sezitho ezikhanyayo ziyahlukaniswa. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuqala zesakhiwo sokukhanya kwesitho sokukhanya zibonakaliswa ukungabikho kwalapho okubizwa kanjalo amaseli esibulalayo. Zenzelwe izicubu ze-photogenic futhi azitholakali kwezinye izitho zomzimba.

Uhlobo lokuqala. Izitho zomlilo kuphela ezingamalungu alo. Ama-Phengode, ukukhanya okukhishwa ngamangqamuzana amakhulu, kufana ne-morphology emzimbeni we-enocyte-fat. Amaseli we-Photogenic akahlotshaniswa ne-trachea. Ngasohlangothini lwe-ventral, isibani simbozwe nge-cuticle esobala, ngemuva kwayo kukhona izingqimba ezimbili noma ezintathu ezakhiwe ngamaseli we-photogenic.
Uhlobo lwesibili. Kutholakala ngezicishamlilo zohlobo I-Phrixotrix nabesifazane Lamprohisa splendidula izibungu Phausis delarouseei . Izitho ezikhanyayo zalolu hlobo zincane, ziyindilinga futhi zinamathela ku-cuticle ebonakalayo. Ubuningi be-compact of izicubu ze-photogenic bungenwa ngama-tracheols athile, aqukethe njengohlelo lwezimpande.
Uhlobo lwesithathu kuyafana ngesakhiwo sohlobo lwesibili futhi kubonakaliswa ukuthi kukhona isendlalelo esikhethekile samaseli wekholomu angenakukhipha ukukhanya ngokwawo, noma kunjalo, i-cytoplasm equkethe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya ze-urea. Zibonisa kakhulu. Leli thishu libizwa nge- “Reflex layer”. Ama-Tracheoles adlula lo ungqimba negatsha ngaphakathi kwe- "photogenic layer". Lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo luphawu lwezibungu zezinhlobo eziningi zezimpisi nabanye abadala.
Uhlobo lwesine kubonakaliswa ngukuphawulwa kwe-trachea emngceleni wezinto ze- “Photogenic” ne- “Reflex”. Amaseli we-terminal akhiwe ekugcineni kwamagatsha aqonde phezulu we-trachea, enza izinqubo ekuqondisweni kwe-dorsoventral. Lokhu kuyaphawulwa kwezinye izinhlobo. Photuris (Photuris pennsylvanica, Photuris jamaisensis).
Uhlobo lwesihlanu kuchazwe kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala eJapan (Luciola parva, Luciola vitticollis), I-South-East Asia (I-Pyrocoelia rufa, i-Luciola cruciata) kanye ne-Afrika (Luciola africana) Isici esakhiwe wukuba khona kokuxhunyelwa kwe-trachea ngaphakathi kwe- “Photogenic ungqimba” kanye nokuhlelwa okuvundlile kwezinqubo zamaseli wokugcina.
Uhlobo lwesithupha yiyona egcwele kabanzi futhi ihleleke kakhulu ngokwengeziwe. Kutholakala kunhlobo iningi laseMelika Photinus futhi Photuris , Luciola parvula , Luciola lusitanica nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Izibani zalolu hlobo zibonakala ngosayizi omkhulu nendawo ohlangothini lwe-ventral lwe-6th kanye ne-7 sternites yesisu emadodeni kanye ne-6th sternitis kwabesifazane.

Izinqubo ezenza kukhanye

Ukusabela kukhathazwe luciferase lomlilo kuqhamuka ngezigaba ezimbili:

luciferin + ATP → i-luciferyl adenylate + PP_i
luciferyladenylate + O₂ → oxyluciferin + AMP + ukukhanya.

Amapharamitha wokukhanya okukhishwe

Izici zokukhanya kokukhishwa kwamabhungane zifundwe ngokucophelela ezinhlotsheni eziningi kangaka. Lokhu kuhlala kuyi-monochromatic, non-polarised radiation. Akuhambisani nomkhuhlane. Imvamisa, inhlobo ngayinye ikhipha ukukhanya okukodwa, okucaciswe ngokuqinile, kepha amabhungane ayaziwa lapho ukugqama kwabesilisa nabesifazane kunombala ohlukile.

Kuyisiko ukwahlukanisa izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezimpawu zokukhanya eziyimpawu yabamele abahlukahlukene bomndeni we-firefly:

Ukukhanya okuqhubekayo. I-bioluminescence engalawulwa, isimilo samaqanda cishe azo zonke izinhlobo zezicishamlilo. Lolu hlobo lwezimpawu ezikhanyayo luphinde lubonakale kubantu abadala bhungane lohlobo. Ama-Phengode. Kulolu hlobo lokukhanya, izici zezemvelo kanye nesimo sangaphakathi somzimba akukuthinti ukukhanya kokukhanya.
Ukukhanya okungaphakathi. Ngalesi hlobo lwe-luminescence, amabhungane akhipha ukukhanya isikhathi eside, ukugqama kwawo kungahlukahluka kusuka ekuqothulweni okuphelele kokukhanya okukhanyayo kuya kokukhanya okukhulu kakhulu, kuya ngezici zezemvelo, izigqi ezijikelezayo, kanye nesimo sangaphakathi sesinambuzane. Lolu hlobo lwe-luminescence luboniswa izibungu zezinhlobo eziningi nabantu abadala abavela kuhlobo. I-Phryxotrix, iDiplocladon, iLampyris, iLamprohisa, i-Dioptoma, iPhausis nabanye.
I-Ripple. Lolu hlobo lwesiginali lumelwe ngokukhanya okufushane kokukhanya okukhishwa yizicishamlilo ngezikhathi ezithile. Lolu hlobo lwesiginali luvama ekuvumelaniseni izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo zase-tropical genera. I-Pteroptix futhi Luciola .
Ukuqubuka. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezimpawu zokukhanya ezibonwe kakhulu eYurophu, eMelika (Photinus, Photuris), Izicishamlilo zase-Afrika - uhlobo Luciola, Robopus, Pleotomus nabanye - Ngokungafani nohlobo lwangaphambilini, i-periodicity ye-inter-flash intervals ayithinteki kakhulu hhayi kuphela ngemigqi ejikelezayo "ekhanyayo" noma "icishe" isibonakaliso sokukhanya, kodwa nezinye izinto zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ezibangela ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi sokuphumula kwesikhawu phakathi, izinkomba zokukhanya , amanani okubambezeleka kokuphendula namanye amapharamitha wesiginali sokukhanya.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezicishamlilo zilawula izinqubo zokukhanya kahle kangangokuba zinganciphisa futhi zikhulise amandla okukhanya noma akhiphe ukukhanya okuphakathi. Ezinye izicishamlilo zomlilo ezishisayo ziyamangalisa ngoba bonke abantu babo, behlangana ndawonye, baqhuma futhi baphume ngasikhathi sinye.

Ukusebenza kahle kwezibane zezimpiko ziphakeme ngokungavamile. Uma kwisibani se-incandescent kuphela u-5% wamandla uguqulwa ube ukukhanya okubonakalayo (okuseleyo kuchithwe ngendlela yokushisa), bese kusuka kumicishamlilo kusuka kuma-87 kuye kwangama-98% wamandla adlulela emisebeni yokukhanya.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ngo-2019, izinga eliphakeme lomndeni lahlelwa kabusha futhi kwahlongozwa: ukukhuphula izinga lesizwe saseLamprohizini Kazantsev kufika ezingeni Lamprohizinae Kazantsev subfamily, 2010, kubandakanya uhlobo I-Phausisunomusa Memoan futhi Izinduna dlulisela ku-subfamily Amydetinae, uhlobo IScissicauda idluliselwe kwi-subfamily Lampyrinae, isimo se-genera eminingana sisaqondakali futhi ichazwa njenge-incertae sedis (I-Pollaclasis, Vestini, I-Vesta, Izibongo, Dryptelytra, I-Ledocas), I-Photoctus McDermott, ne-Araucariocladus Silveira & Mermude zidluliselwa eLampyridae).

I-Incertae Sedis ("itekisi lesikhundla esingaqinisekile"):

Isimilo se-Firefly Beetle

Endaweni yakithi, evame kakhulu i-Ivan isibungu. Nalu uhlobo lwenkanyezi ephila ehlathini futhi ibonwa ngobusuku obufudumele behlobo.

Emadodeni, umzimba usesimweni se-cigar, cishe amasentimitha ayi-1.5. Banekhanda elikhulu namehlo. Ngokungafani nezintombi zabo, bangamaflaya amangalisayo.

I-Firefly - incazelo nesithombe. Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umnyama?

Izicishamlilo izinambuzane ezincane ezisukela osayizi abasukela ku-4 mm kuya ku-3 cm. Iningi lazo linomzimba omncane ophothiwe, ombozwe izinwele, kanye nesici sawo wonke amabhungane lapho zivelela khona:

Amaphiko ama-4, amabili angenhla aphenduka i-elytra, enemikhawulo futhi kwesinye isikhathi iminonjana yezimbambo,

inhloko eshukumayo, ehlotshiswe ngamehlo amakhulu anezici, embozwe ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ethile yesitatimende,

i-filiform, i-crested noma i-antennae ye-sawtooth, enezingxenye eziyi-11,

izinsimbi zomlomo ezigayayo (imvamisa ibonwa kwizibungu nabesifazane, iyancishiswa kwabesilisa abadala).

Iziduna zezinhlobo eziningi, ezifana namabhungane ajwayelekile, zihluke kakhulu kwezinsikazi, zifana kakhulu nezibungu noma izibungu ezincane ezinemilenze. Abamele kanjalo banomzimba onsundu omnyama onamabhangqwana ama-3 wemilenze emifushane, amehlo amakhulu alula futhi awanamaphiko noma i-elytra nhlobo. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, abazi ukuthi bangandiza kanjani. Izimpondo zazo zincane, zinezigaba ezintathu, kanti nekhanda elingaqondakali kalula lifihlwe ngemuva kwesihlangu sentamo. Lapho intokazi ikhula kancane, yilapho ikhanya khona.

Obhokolofesi abajwayelekile besifazane

I-Firefly Lamprophorus cf. I-Tenebrosus

Izicishamlilo azinombala ogqamile: abamele imibala nsundu bavame kakhulu, kepha izinombolo zazo zingaba namathoni amnyama namnyama. Lezi zinambuzane zinezici ezibanzi ezithambile futhi eziguquguqukayo. Ngokungafani namanye amabhungane, i-elytra yezicishamlilo ilula kakhulu, ngakho izinambuzane ngaphambili zazibizwa ngokuthi yimizimba ethambile (lat. Cantharidae), kodwa bese ihlukaniswa ibe ngumndeni ohlukile.

Kungani kukhanya imililo?

Amalungu amaningi omndeni we-firefly ayaziwa ngekhono lawo lokukhipha ukukhanya kwe-phosphorescent, okuphawuleka ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abesilisa kuphela abangakhanya, kwezinye - abesifazane kuphela, kwabanye - bobabili (ngokwesibonelo, izicishamlilo zase-Italy). Abesilisa bakhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo endizeni. Izinsikazi azisebenzi futhi zivame ukugqama phezu kwenhlabathi. Kukhona nezicishamlilo ezingenalo ikhono elinjalo, kuyilapho ezinhlotsheni eziningi ukukhanya kuvela ngisho nakuzibungu namaqanda.

Ngendlela, izilwane ezimbalwa zomhlaba ngokuvamile zinomthelela we-bioluminescence (luminescence wamakhemikhali). Izibungu zamakhowe omiyane abakwazi lokhu, imisila yomlenze (i-colemole), izimpukane zomlilo, izicabucabu zamahhashi kanye nabamele amabhungane, ngokwesibonelo, njengama-fire nutcrackers (pyrophorus) avela eWest Indies, ayaziwa. Kepha uma ubala abahlali basolwandle, ke kunezinhlobo okungenani ezingama-800 zezilwane ezikhanyayo Emhlabeni.

Izitho ezivumela izicishamlilo ukuba zikhiphe imisebe ngamangqamuzana angama-photogenic (izibani), eziklanywe ngobuningi ngama-nerve nama-tracheas (izindunduma zomoya). Ngaphandle, izibani zibukeka njengezindawo eziphuzi ngaphansi kwesisu, embozwe ifilimu ebonakalayo (i-cuticle). Zingatholakala ezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu noma zisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu komzimba wesinambuzane.Ngaphansi kwalawa maseli kukhona ezinye, ezigcwele amakristalu e-uric acid futhi akwazi ukubonisa ukukhanya. Ngokubambisana, la mangqamuzana asebenza kuphela uma kukhona umfutho wezinzwa ovela ebuchosheni besinambuzane. I-oksijini trachea ingena esitokisini se-photogenic futhi, ngosizo lwe-enzyme luciferase, esheshisa ukusabela, inika amandla i-luciferin (i-light-emitting pigological pigment) kanye ne-ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid). Ngenxa yalokhu, i-firefly iyakhanya, ikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi, obomvu noma oluhlaza. Abesilisa nabesifazane bohlobo olufanayo bavame ukukhipha imisebe yombala ofanayo, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Umbala wokukhanya uhambisana nokushisa kanye ne-acidity (pH) yemvelo, kanye nokwakheka kwe-luciferase.

IBhungane ngokwalo lilawula ukukhanya, lingayithuthukisa noma liyenze buthakathaka, lenze kube ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngokuqhubekayo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunalo uhlelo lwalo oluhlukile lwemisebe ye-phosphoric. Ngokuya ngezinhloso, ukuvutha kwamabhungane okhuluphele kungaba ukudonsa, ukushwabana, ukuqina, ukufa, ukukhanya noma ukukhanya. Owesifazane wohlobo ngalunye uhlangabezana nezimpawu zesilisa kuphela ngokuvama nokuqina kokukhanya, okungukuthi, imodi yazo. Njengoba unesigqi esikhethekile sokukhanya okukhanyayo, amabhungane akagcini ukuheha abalingani, kodwa futhi asabisa izinyamazane futhi aqaphe imingcele yezindawo zawo. Hlukanisa:

sesha ubize amasiginali kwabesilisa,
izimpawu zokuvuma, zokwenqaba nezimpawu ezihlobene nokwenzeka kubantu besifazane,
amasibonakaliso olaka, ukubhikisha kanye nokulingisa okulula.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izicishamlilo zisebenzisa cishe ama-98% amandla azo ekhipha ukukhanya, kuyilapho isibani esivamile (isibani se-incandescent) siguqula kuphela i-4% yamandla sibenze ukukhanya, wonke amanye amandla aqothulwe ngendlela yokushisa.

Izicishamlilo, ezihola indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke, ngokuvamile azidingi mandla okukhipha ukukhanya, ngoba azikho kubo. Kepha labo bameleli basemini abahlala emihumeni noma emakhoneni amnyama ehlathi nabo bafaka "amalambu." Amaqanda azo zonke izinhlobo zezicishamlilo ekuqaleni nazo zikhipha ukukhanya, kepha ngokushesha ziyaphela. Ntambama, ukukhanya kwesibani somlilo kungabonakala uma umboza isinambuzane ngezandla noma usiyisa endaweni emnyama.

Ngendlela, izicishamlilo nazo zinikeza amasiginali zisebenzisa indlela eya endizeni. Isibonelo, abamele uhlobo oluthile lwendiza bangena emgqeni oqondile, abamele enye inhlobo bandiza emgqeni ophukile.

Firefly Lamprohiza splendidula

Izinhlobo zezimpawu zokukhanya kwezicishamlilo.

Zonke izimpawu ezikhanyayo zezicishamlilo i-V.F. Buck zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-4:

Ukukhanya okuqhubekayo

Ngale ndlela amabhungane amadala okuvela kulolu hlobo lwama-Phengode akhanya, namaqanda azo zonke izicishamlilo, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ukushisa okukhona noma ukukhanyisa okuphakathi akukuthinti ukukhanya kwemisebe yalolu hlobo olungalawulwa lokukhanya.

Ukukhanya okungaphakathi

Ngokuya ngezici zemvelo kanye nesimo sangaphakathi sesinambuzane, lokhu kungaba ukukhanya okubuthakathaka noma okuqinile. Kungaphela ngokuphelele isikhashana. Ngakho-ke izibani eziningi ziyakhanya.

Lolu hlobo lwe-luminescence, lapho izinkathi zokuphuma kanye nokungabikho kokukhanya ziphindaphindwe ngezikhathi ezithile, luyisici se-genera yoshisayo iLuciola nePteroptix.

Akukho ukuncika kwesikhathi phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwama-flare nokungabikho kwawo ngalolu hlobo lokukhanya. Lolu hlobo lwesiginali luphawuleka kakhulu ngezicishamlilo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo. Kulesi simo sezulu, amandla ezinambuzane akhiphe ukukhanya kuncike kakhulu ezicini zezemvelo.

I-HA. ULloyd uphinde waveza uhlobo lwesihlanu lokukhanya:

Lolu hlobo lwesiginali ekhanyayo libonisa uchungechunge lokukhanya okufushane (imvamisa ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 Hz), kuvela ngokuqondile ngokulandelana. Kutholakala kuyo yonke imindeni engezansi, futhi ukuba khona kwayo akuxhomekile endaweni nendawo ezihlala kuyo.

Amasistimu we-Firefly Wokuxhumana.

Kwi-lampirid, izinhlobo ezi-2 zezinhlelo zokuxhumana ziyahlukaniswa.

Ohlelweni lokuqala, umuntu wobulili obufanayo (imvamisa ngowesifazane) ukhipha izincazelo ezithile zokunxusa futhi ahehe omelele ubulili obuhlukile, okukhona kwabo ukuba khona kwezitho zabo zokukhanya kungaphoqelekile. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana luphawuleka ngezicishamlilo zohlobo lwe-Phengode, iLampyris, i-Arachnocampa, iDiplocadon, iDioptoma (Cantheroidae).
Ohlelweni lohlobo lwesibili, abantu bobulili obufanayo (abesilisa abaningi kakhulu ezindizayo) bakhipha izibonakaliso zokunxusa, lapho abesifazane abahamba ngendiza benikeza izimpendulo eziphathelene nocansi nezinhlobo ezithile. Le ndlela yokuxhumana ibonakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezivela emikhayeni engaphansi kweLampyrinae (genus Photinus) neP Photurinae, ehlala emazweni aseMelika.

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akuphelele, ngoba kunezinhlobo zohlobo lokuxhumana eziphakathi nendawo yohlelo lwengxoxo oluthuthukisiwe (ezinhlotsheni zaseYurophu iLuciola italica neLuciola mingrelica).

Izicishamlilo zikhazimula ngokuvumelanayo.

Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izinhlobo eziningi zezimbungulu ezivela emndenini weLampyridae zibonakala zikhanya ndawonye. Ngasikhathi sinye bakhanyisa "amalambu abo" futhi ngasikhathi sinye bawacime. Ososayensi babiza lo mkhuba ngokuthi ukuqubuka kwezicishamlilo okuvumelanayo. Inqubo yokuqhafaza ofanayo kwezicishamlilo ayikafundwa ngokuphelele, futhi kunezinguqulo eziningana maqondana nokuthi izinambuzane zikwazi kanjani ukukhanya ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokusho komunye wabo, kukhona umholi ngaphakathi kweqembu lamabhungane ezinhlobo ezifanayo, futhi ukhonza njengomqhubi wale “kwaya”. Futhi njengoba bonke abamele bebazi imvamisa (isikhathi sekhefu nesikhathi esikhanyayo), bayakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngokuthula. Kuqhakaza ngokuvumelanayo, ikakhulukazi abesilisa bama-lapirides. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke abacwaningi bathambekele kulolu hlobo lokuthi ukuvumelanisa kwezimpawu zezimpukane kuhlotshaniswa nokuziphatha kocansi kwezinambuzane. Ngokwandisa usizi lwabantu, maningi amathuba okuthola umlingani wokuphalaza. Ososayensi baphinde baqaphela ukuthi ukuvumelanisa kokukhanya kwezinambuzane kungaphazamiseka ngokulengisa isibani eduze kwabo. Kepha ngokuphela komsebenzi wayo, inqubo iyabuyiselwa.

Ukuphawulwa kokuqala kwalesi simo kwenzeka ngo-1680 - lokhu kuyincazelo eyenziwe ngu-E. Kempfer ngemuva kokuhambela eBangkok. Kamuva, izitatimende eziningi zenziwa mayelana nokuqashelwa kwalesi simo eTexas (e-USA), eJapan, eThailand, eMalaysia nasezintabeni zaseNew Guinea. Ikakhulu izinhlobo eziningi ezinjalo zezicishamlilo zihlala eMalawi: lapho, le ndaba ibizwa ngabendawo ngokuthi “kelip-kelip”. E-United States, e-Elkomont National Park (Izintaba Ezinkulu Zephunga Elimnandi), izivakashi zibona ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwabameleli bohlobo lwe-Photinus carolinus.

Zihlala kuphi izicishamlilo?

Izicishamlilo zivamile, izinambuzane ezithanda ukushisa ezihlala kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba:

emazweni aseMelika
e-Afrika,
e-Australia naseNew Zealand,
eYurophu (kufaka phakathi i-UK),
e-Asia (Malaysia, China, India, Japan, Indonesia nase Philippines).

Izicishamlilo eziningi zitholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Iningi lazo zihlala emazweni afudumele, okungukuthi, ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi komhlaba wethu. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ezindaweni ezifudumele. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezingama-20 zezicishamlilo ezihlala khona, ezingatholakala kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle kwasenyakatho: e-Far East, engxenyeni yaseYurophu kanye naseSiberia. Zitholakala emahlathini anqenqemeni, amachibi, imifula kanye namachibi, ezindaweni ezivulekile.

Izicishamlilo azithandi ukuhlala ngamaqembu, ziyizifiso ezingapheli, kepha zivame ukwakha amaqoqo esikhashana. Izicishamlilo eziningi ziyizilwane zasebusuku, kepha kukhona nalezo ezisebenza phakathi nesikhathi semini. Emini, izinambuzane ziphumula otshanini, zifihle ngaphansi kwamagxolo, amatshe noma usilika, futhi ebusuku lezo ezikwazi ukundiza zikwenze kahle futhi ngokushesha. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, zivame ukubonakala ebusweni bomhlaba.

Zidlani izicishamlilo?

Zombili izibungu nabantu abadala bavame kakhulu ukuzidla, noma ngabe kukhona izicishamlilo ezidla umpe kanye ne-pollen yezimbali, kanye nezitshalo ezibolekayo. Izinyamazane ezihlaselayo zidla ezinye izinambuzane, kumakhisimusi wezimvemvane ze-scoop, ama-mollusks, ama-milliped, ama-earthworms, ngisho nabazala bazo. Ezinye izintokazi ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo (ngokwesibonelo, ezivela kuhlobo lwefoturis), ngemuva kokuganisana, zilingisa isigqi sokukhanya kwabesilisa bakolunye uhlobo ukuze zizidle futhi zithole umsoco wokukhulisa inzalo yazo.

Abesifazane lapho sebekhulile badla kakhulu kunabesilisa. Abesilisa abaningi abadli nakancane futhi bafa ngemuva kokukhwelana okuningana, yize kunobunye ubufakazi bokuthi bonke abantu abadala badla ukudla.

Isibungu esishisa ngomlilo sinebhulashi elibuyisekayo engxenyeni yokugcina yesisu. Uyadingeka ukuze ahlanze umumbu osele ekhanda lakhe elincane ngemuva kokudla iminenke nokwenqena. Zonke izibungu ze-firefly ziyizidakamizwa ezisebenzayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, badla izimbaza futhi bavame ukuzinza kumagobolondo abo alukhuni.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezicishamlilo.

Njengawo wonke amabhungane, izicishamlilo zikhula ngokuguqulwa okuphelele. Umjikelezo wempilo walezinambuzane uqukethe izigaba ezi-4:

Iqanda (amasonto angama-3-4)
I-Larva, noma i-nymph (kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuya kwengu-1.5),
UPupa (amasonto angu-1-2),
Omdala, noma okhulile (izinyanga ezi-3-4).

Abesifazane nabesilisa baganana emhlabathini noma ezitshalweni eziphansi amahora angama-1-3, emva kwalokho insikazi ibekela amaqanda afinyelela kwayi-100 ekutholeni kwenhlabathi, udoti, endaweni engezansi yamaqabunga noma ku-moss. Amaqanda omlilo ojwayelekile abukeka njengamaparele aphuzi agqotshwe ngamanzi. Amagobolondo abo mncane, kanti uhlangothi "lwamaqanda" amaqanda luqukethe igciwane elibonakala kwifilimu ebonakalayo.

Ngemuva kwamaviki angama-3-4, izibungu zomhlaba noma zamanzi, eziyizidlakudla ezinamandla, zidonsa ukusuka emaqanda. Umzimba wesibungu umnyama, uthambile kancane, unemilenze emide egijimayo. Ezinhlotsheni zasemanzini, kuqhutshekiswa amagalari asesiswini akamuva.Ikhanda elincane elingaphakeme noma lesikwele le-nymph enezinhlangothi ezinezihlukanisi ezintathu lidonswa ngokuqinile ku-prothorax. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kutholakala iso eli-1 elikhanyayo. Ama-mandibles ahlolwe kakhulu (ama-mandibles) wezibungu anokwakheka kwesikela, ngaphakathi kwawo kukhona umsele owuncela. Ngokungafani nezinambuzane ezindala, i-lip ephezulu yama-nymphs ayikho.

Izibungu zihlala phezu kwenhlabathi - ngaphansi kwamatshe, kudoti wehlathi, kumagobolondo e-mollusk. Ama-nymphs ezinhlobo ezithile zezimfudu zomlilo zibhidlika ekwindla efanayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi zisinda ebusika futhi entwasahlobo kuphela ziba yipupae. Izibungu ezingena ngaphansi kwenhlabathi noma ngokuzilengisa kugxolo lwesihlahla, njengoba kwenza amacimbi. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-1-2, amabhungane aqala ukuphuma ku-pupae.

Izinhlobo zezicishamlilo, izithombe kanye namagama.

Sekukonke, izazi zezinkulungwane zingaba ngu-2000 izinhlobo zezimpisi. Ake sixoxe ngabadumile kunabo bonke.

I-Firefire Ejwayelekile (Ungu isikhumbuzi esikhulu) (lat.Lampyris noctiluca) Inamagama abantu i-Ivan isibungu noma u-Ivan isibungu. Ukuvela kwalesi sinambuzane kuhlangene neholide lika-Ivan Kupala, ngoba ekuqaleni kwehlobo kuqala isikhathi sokuzaleliswa kwezithandani zomlilo. Kulokhu kwaqhamuka isidlaliso esidumile, esanikwa owesifazana esifana kakhulu nesibungu. Umbani omkhulu uyisidudla esiveza ukubukeka okufana nomnyama. Ubukhulu besilisa bufinyelela ku-11-15 mm, abesifazane - 11-18 mm. Isinambuzane sinomzimba ocwengekile futhi wonke ezinye izinkomba zomndeni nokuhleleka. Owesilisa nowesifazane balolu hlobo bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Owesifazane ufana nezibungu futhi uhola indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabathini. Bobabili ubulili banamandla e-bioluminescence. Kepha insikazi imenyezelwa kakhulu, kusihlwa ikhipha ukukhanya okukhulu. Iduna lindiza kahle, kepha likhanya buthaka kakhulu, licishe lingabonakali. Ngokusobala, ngowesifazane onikeza umlingani isibonakaliso.

Impophoma (lat.Luciola cruciata) - Umhlali ojwayelekile wezinkambu zerayisi eJapan. Ihlala kuphela kusilika olumanzi noma ngqo emanzini. Izingela ama-mollusks ebusuku, kufaka phakathi amabutho aphakathi nendawo yemikhuhlane. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kukhanya kakhulu, kukhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Firefly Ejwayelekile YaseMpumalanga (i-Fire Photinus) (Latin Photinus pyralis) uhlala eNyakatho Melika. Abesilisa abavela kuhlobo lwefotinus bakhanya kuphela lapho behamba futhi bandiza ngendlela ye-zigzag, kuyilapho izinsikazi zisebenzisa ukukhanya okulinganayo ukudla abesilisa bezinye izinhlobo. Kwabamele le nhlobo, ososayensi baseMelika bahlukanisa i-luciferase ye-enzyme ukuyisebenzisa ekwenzeni izinto eziphilayo. Umlilo ovamile osempumalanga uvame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika. Leli bhungane elihamba nobusuku elinomzimba onsundu omnyama ongu-11-14 mm ubude. Ngenxa yokukhanya okukhanyayo, kubonakala ngokucacile ebusweni bomhlabathi. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo ziyafana nezibungu. Izibungu ze-photinus zomlilo ziphila kusuka eminyakeni eyi-1 kuya kwemi-2 futhi zicashe ezindaweni ezinomswakama - eduze nemifudlana, ngaphansi kwamagxolo nangaphansi komhlaba. Bachitha ubusika bezingcwaba emhlabathini. Zombili izinambuzane ezindala nezibungu zazo zingabadli, zidla izibungu neminenke.

I-Pennsylvania Firefly (i-Lat. Photuris pennsylvanica) uhlala eCanada nase-USA kuphela. Ibhungane elidala lifinyelela osayizi abangama-2 cm. Linomzimba omnyama obusicaba, amehlo abomvu namabala aphuzi aphuzi. Ezingxenyeni zokugcina zesisu sakhe kukhona amaseli e-photogenic. Isibungu salesi sinambuzane sabizwa ngokuthi "isibungu esikhanyayo" ngekhono laso le-bioluminescence. Izinsikazi ezinjengomhlonyane zalolu hlobo zinamandla okulingisa ukukhanya; zilingisa izibonakaliso zezinhlobo zezimpukane ze-Photinus ukuze zibambe futhi zidle abesilisa bazo.

ICyphonocerus ruficollis - izinhlobo zakudala kakhulu nezingafundiswanga kahle zezibhamu. Ihlala eNyakatho Melika nase-Europe. E-Russia, lesi sinambuzane sitholakala ePrimorye, lapho izintokazi nezinsikazi zikhanya khona ngo-Agasti. Ibhungane libhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia.

I-Red Firefly (i-Firefly Pyrocelia) (lat.Pyrocaelia rufa) -uhlobo olungafundile nolungasebenzi kahle oluhlala eMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia. Ubude bawo bungafinyelela ku-15 mm. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-firefire ekhanda elibomvu ngoba i-scutellum yayo ne-expressionot eyindilinga ine-tint ye-orange. I-elytra yaleli bhungane imdaka omnyama, izintuthwane zingama-sawtooth futhi amancane. Isigaba sokudla kwalesi sinambuzane sithatha iminyaka emi-2. Ungathola izibungu otshanini, ngaphansi kwamatshe noma udoti wehlathi. Amadoda amadala andiza futhi akhanye.
I-Firefly Fir (lat.Pterotus obscuripennis) - ibhungane elincanyana elimnyama elinekhanda lewolintshi kanye nothingi obunjiwe (saw). Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo zindiza futhi ziyavutha, kuyilapho abesilisa belahlekelwa amandla okususa ukukhanya ngemuva kokuphenduka isinambuzane esidala. Amabhungane eFir ahlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Melika.

Isibungu sase-Central European (isibungu esikhanyayo) (lat.Lamprohiza splendidula) - Umhlali esikhungweni saseYurophu. Ekhondweni lebhungane lesilisa kukhona amabala asobala, kanti umzimba wakhe wonke upendiwe ngombala onsundu okhanyayo. Ubude bomzimba wesinambuzane buhluka kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 mm. Abesilisa bagqama kakhulu endizeni. Izinsikazi zenziwe ngesibungu futhi ziyakwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Izitho zokukhiqiza ezikhanyayo zitholakala kuCentral European worms hhayi kuphela ekugcineni kwesisu, kodwa futhi esigabeni sesibili sesifuba. Izibungu zalolu hlobo nazo zingakhanya. Banomzimba omnyama we-fleecy onamachashazi aphuzi-aphuzi ezinhlangothini.

Izinzuzo kanye nokulimala kwezicishamlilo.

Izicishamlilo izinambuzane ezizuzisayo. Babhubhisa amabutho aphakathi kwe-parasitic flatworms - ama-mollusks nama-slugs. Njengama-elve Faan, akhanyisa kahle indawo ahlala kuyo. Ososayensi bayazisebenzisa ukwehlukanisa izinto ezinganquma ukuba khona kokuphila kwamanye amaplanethi nokwakha izinto ezintsha.

Izicishamlilo zinezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngoba izinambuzane zigcina zinobuthi noma zingathandeki ezintweni ezinambithekayo zeqembu lama-lucibufagin nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlaselayo.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo

Ibhungane eliqhakaza umlilo lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika.
Ngobude, ifinyelela amasentimitha angama-4 - 5, hhayi isisu kuphela, kepha nesifuba sikhanya kuso.
Ngokukhanya kokukhanya okukhishwe, lesi bug siphindwe amahlandla ayi-150 kunodlelani waso wase-Yurobhu - isibani somlilo esivamile.
Izicishamlilo zazisetshenziswa izakhamuzi zasemakhaya asezindaweni ezishisayo njengezinto ezilula. Babekwe ezitokisini ezincane futhi ngosizo lwezibani zakudala bakhanyisa amakhaya abo.

IFirefly Festival yenziwa minyaka yonke ekuqaleni kwehlobo eJapan. Kusihlwa, izibukeli zibuthana engadini eduze kwethempeli futhi zibuke indiza enhle yezimbungulu eziningi ezikhanyayo.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezivame kakhulu eYurophu i-firefly evamile, edume ngokuthi isibungu i-Ivanovo. Uthole leli gama ngenxa yenkolelo yokuthi lesi sinambuzane somlilo siqala ukugqama ngobusuku buka-Ivan Kupala.

Kuyathakazelisa

I-Myrmycins, enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wezintuthwane.

Ukuze wandise ubuhle bakho noma ubhale umbiko nekhwalithi esezingeni, sincoma kakhulu ukuthi ufunde izindatshana ezingezansi.Siyaqiniseka ukuthi ngemuva kokufunda lezi zihloko, uzofunda imininingwane eminingi eyingqayizivele futhi ewusizo. Sifisela wena umoya omuhle eqenjini lethu elinobungane!

Isililo se-Butterfly (lat.Nymphalis antiopa)

Isimenywa esithandekayo! Ukuze uthole imininingwane ephelele ngezilwane zasendle noma izinambuzane, udinga ukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kwesayensi. Ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwesayensi yezilwane kufaka:

Siphakamisa ukuthi ulandele isixhumanisi esingezansi futhi ungeze ulwazi lwakho ngamaqiniso esayensi. Siyabonga ngokuba nathi!

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