Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwempahla yakho kuzokusiza ukuvikela wena nabathandekayo bakho ezintweni ezilimazayo.

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwendlu, nakekela ukukhetha isiza sokuhlanza imvelo.

Ukuhlaziya okuhlukile kwezemvelo kuzokhomba ukungcoliseka okungenzeka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuphilayo.

Ukukalwa kwezici ezibonakalayo kukhomba izingozi ezingaba khona nemithombo yokungcola.

Ufuna oda ukuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo? Thinta ochwepheshe abanolwazi olunzulu, ilabhorethri yabo kanye nohlelo lomsebenzi olufakazelwe.

Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke, kunakwa kakhulu imvelo namazinga ezemvelo. Noma imuphi umsebenzi womuntu kufanele ube nomthelela omncane emvelweni, futhi manje akungabazeki. Ukubona ubungako bethonya, kukhona ukubuyekeza kwezemvelo - iqoqo lezinyathelo ezenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezindawo nezinqubo zokukhiqiza.

Umqondo, izinhloso kanye nezinhlobo zokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo

Umthetho we-Federal Law “on Isazi Sezemvelo” uchaza lo mqondo ngale ndlela: “Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo - ukuthola ukuvumelana kwemibhalo kanye (noma) nemibhalo eqinisa ibhizinisi neminye imisebenzi ehlelekile maqondana nokuqaliswa kokusebenza kokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo, kuzidingo zezemvelo ezisungulwe yimithetho yezobuchwepheshe kanye nomthetho emkhakheni wezokuvikela imvelo, ukuvikela umthelela omubi wezo zinto ezenziwayo emvelweni. ”

Ezweni lethu, umbuso, umphakathi, umnyango, izifundo zesayensi nezentengiselwano kuyenziwa.

Ukuqaliswa kwayo kuphoqelekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yokwakha. Kwenziwa yikhomishini yesazi, eyakhiwa yisigungu esiphezulu sombuso emkhakheni wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo (Rosprirodnadzor) ngendlela ebekwe ngumthetho.

Ukuhlolwa komphakathi kuhlanganisa bonke abathintekayo enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile zemvelo. Kwenziwa ngesinyathelo sezakhamizi nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye neziphathimandla zasekhaya. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa maqondana nezinto zokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo wombuso, ngaphandle kwalabo imininingwane yabo eyakha isimo sezentengiselwano, nezinye izimfihlo ezivikelwe ngumthetho.

Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo komnyango kuvame ukugxila kwezobuchwepheshe, kufakazela ukuphepha kwemvelo kwephrojekthi lapho noma iyiphi i-ejensi inentshisekelo kuyo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isiphetho sobungcweti bomnyango sithunyelwa ekubuyekezweni kwemvelo yezwe.

Ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kwemvelo kuyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaqiniso athile wesayensi. Alunikezeli amalungiselelo alawulwa ngokuqinile ngumthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe bezentengiso bezemvelo, njengobusayensi, abulawulwa ngumthetho futhi benziwa ngokuzithandela ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi iphephe kangakanani le nto noma leyo nto kubantu nemvelo. Ubuchwepheshe bezentengiso yinsizakalo efunwa kakhulu enikezwa izinkampani ezikhethekile. Sizogxila kulolu hlobo lokuhlolwa ngemininingwane eminingi.

Izinhloso kanye namakhasimende wokuhlola ngokuzithandela komthelela kwezemvelo

Ubani, nini futhi kungani kungadinga ukubuyekezwa kwezemvelo okuthengiswayo? Empeleni, amakhasimende amaningi angabanikazi bezakhiwo abafuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi kuphephile ukuhlala nokusebenza esakhiweni. Lokhu akuyona into eyize eyize - amacala lapho kutholakala amakhemikhali anobungozi, amagciwane we-pathogenic, ukwanda kwesizinda semisebe nemisebe kagesi kutholakala emafulethini, emahhovisi, ezindlini ezizimele noma ezindlini zasehlobo.

Iziphi izinto ezingabhekwa ukuhlanzeka nokuphepha?

• amafulethi
• izindlu zezwe
• umhlaba,
• amakamelo wehhovisi,
• izindawo zokukhiqiza kanye nemigqa,
• izimoto.

Kunezimo eziningi lapho kuhlolwa khona umthelela wezemvelo. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuthenga noma ukuthengisa izindlu noma umhlaba. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi kulabo abathenga izindlu zokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, kunezimo lapho, ngenxa yokusebenzisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphansi zokwakha nezinto zokuqedela, izinga lobuthi ezakhiweni ezintsha lidlula okujwayelekile, izindlu ezimakethe zesibili zitheleleka isikhunta, futhi iziza zomhlaba zinemvelaphi yokwanda kwemisebe. Abanini bempahla ethengiswayo, ikakhulukazi abahlala kuyo, bayala ukuba kubhalwe ukuthi kunephunga elingathandeki yini efulethini noma ezindlini, kanye nokwanda kokuvela komzimba, futhi nangaphambi kokulungiselela ifulethi ukubonakala kwezingane.

Kwenziwa izifundo zemvelo kuyanconywa futhi kubathuthukisi ngaphambi kokuzakha izindlu (ukuhlolwa kwezindawo zokwenziwa komhlaba), abanikazi bemikhakha yezemithi nezokwelapha, izinkampani ezihlela ukuhlela indawo yolwandle, i-sanatorium, i-resort noma isikhungo sezokwelapha, abaqashi besiqalo, abanikazi bomhlaba lapho izidumbu zamanzi namadlelo zitholakala khona , abanikazi bezakhiwo ezenzelwe inhlangano yezikhungo zezingane.

Izinkomba Ezihlaziyiwe

Ubuchwepheshe bemvelo isethi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinyathelo ezibandakanya ukucubungula kwebhubhoratri nezilinganiso kusetshenziswa amathuluzi anembe kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene babamba iqhaza kukho - izazi zebhayoloji namakhemikhali, ososayensi bezemvelo kanye nesayensi yezemvelo. Zombili izinto ezilawulwayo (amanzi ahlanzekile nenhlabathi, ukuba khona kobuthi) nokungalawulwa (ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe) kuncike ekuqinisekisweni.

Zonke izinkomba ezihlaziyiwe zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu.

• Okwenyama. Izinga lemisebe, umsindo, ukudlidliza, imisebe ye-electromagnetic, izinga lokukhanyisa nezimpawu ze-microclimate zembulwa.
• Amakhemikhali. Kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zaselabhorethri, ochwepheshe banquma ubukhona bezinto ezingcolisayo zamakhemikhali (ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwe-zebusamu, izinsimbi ezisindayo, i-phenol, i-formaldehyde, i-ammonia). Amanzi ayahlolwa futhi, angahle angcoliswe ngemikhiqizo kawoyela, abe nezinga eliphakeme likasawoti, i-iron, chlorine ne-manganese.
• I-Microbiological. Izazi zemilrobiology zibheka ukuba khona kwamagciwane we-pathogenic emoyeni nasemanzini, ezinhlamvu zobumba nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo.

Ubuchwepheshe bemvelo wefulethi

Isifundo esijwayelekile sefulethi sifaka ukukalwa kwezinsimu zamandla kagesi wamaza wezezimboni, imithombo yazo ingaba yimpahla yasendlini, i-wiring engafanele, ukufakwa kwe-transformer eseduze nezinye izinto, amakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye nokuhlaziywa komoya ngemisebe, izilinganiso zomsindo nemvelaphi yemisebe.

Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo ekhaya

Njengomthetho, ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kwendlu yasendlini kufaka ukuhlaziya okufanayo nezilinganiso njengokuhlolwa kwefulethi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamanzi izinkomba zamakhemikhali nezamagciwane kanye nesilinganiso se-radionuclide, igesi yomsakazo evame ukuqoqana ezingaphansi futhi ingena emaphutheni ekuqothulweni komhlaba.

Ukubuyekezwa Kwemvelo Yehhovisi

Lapho uhlola ihhovisi, imisebe ye-electromagnetic ephansi imvamisa ilinganiswa, imithombo okungamakhompiyutha, izintambo zikagesi, amaseva nemishini yasehhovisi, kuhlaziywa umoya wamakhemikhali komoya ngenxa yokungcola okuvame kakhulu okuvela emoyeni wasemgwaqweni, izindundana zomoya zenziwa ngenxa yemishini yasehhovisi iyalinganiswa, kukalwa amazinga imisebe kanye nokuhlaziya komoya.

Ukulawulwa kokukhiqiza

Ukulawulwa kwezimboni ukuqapha kokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano ezingokomthetho phakathi nemisebenzi yebhizinisi yemithetho yokuhlanzeka kanye nezindinganiso zokuhlanzeka. Le nqubo yenziwa ngokuya ngemithetho yezenhlanzeko ye-SP 1.1.1058-01 "Inhlangano kanye nokuziphatha kokulawulwa kwezimboni ngokuhambisana nemithetho yezokuhlanzeka kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokulwa nokulwa nobhubhane". Ngokungeziwe kuzivivinyo zaselebhu kanye nezilinganiso zokusiza, kufaka phakathi ukulawula:

• ukutholakala kwezitifiketi
• iziphetho zokuhlanzeka nobhubhane
• amarekhodi ezokwelashwa ezabasebenzi,
• izizathu zokuphepha kubantu nemvelo yezinhlobo ezintsha zemikhiqizo nobuchwepheshe bokwenza kwazo,
• ukubikwa kusungulwe ngumthetho mayelana nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuqaliswa kokulawulwa kokukhiqiza,
• ukwazisa umphakathi neziphathimandla zasekhaya ngezimo eziphuthumayo.

Izinkampani eziningi ezisebenza kuhlolo lwethonya lemvelo zinikela ngamaphakeji ejwayelekile wenkonzo yamakhasimende wezimo ezahlukahlukene nezinto, kepha ungahlala u-oda izifundo ezengeziwe uma ufisa. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi lokhu kuzonyusa zombili izindleko nesikhathi sokubhala.

Yisiphi isikhungo sobuchwepheshe bezemvelo engingaxhumana nabo?

Uma ufuna ukuthola ukuhlola okuhle kwezemvelo, thintana nalabo ongoti abanolwazi olunzulu, indawo yabo yokusebenzela kanye nohlelo lomsebenzi olusungulwe kahle. Sincoma ukuthi unake iqembu le-EcoStandard lezinkampani - enye yezinhlangano ezethembekile futhi ezaziwayo emakethe yokuhlola umthelela kwezemvelo.

Ngo-1997, yaqala ukwakha imakethe yokuhlola umthelela kwezemvelo eRussia, futhi sibonga ngayo, izindlu ezingaphezu kuka-11,000, amakamelo namahhovisi sekuba nemvelo futhi zikhululekile. Ngo-2019, ukuhlaziya komoya namanzi, izilinganiso zezinga lemisebe kagesi, imisebe, umsindo nokukhanyisa, ukuhlolwa kwamapharamitha we-microclimate ezindlini nasezindlini kwaba inkambiso entsha nesinyathelo esilandelayo esinengqondo ngemuva kokudla okunempilo nemidlalo.

Iqembu le-EcoStandard linesikhungo salo sokwenza indawo egunyaziwe kanye nabasebenzi bamakhemikhali abasezingeni eliphakeme, onjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo kanye nonjiniyela bezemvelo, kubandakanya nabavakashile. Amandla okwenza wonke umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuzibandakanya kosonkontileka basivumela ukuthi siqinisekise ikhwalithi ephezulu futhi ingagqithisi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa komoya endlini kubiza kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-6 500, amanzi - kusuka kuma-ruble angama-4 500, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezindlu - kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-14 500. Ochwepheshe benkampani abagcini nje ngokuhlaziya nokuthumela umbiko wezobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi babuye bachaze imiphumela, bayiqhathanise nezindinganiso zezwe futhi banikeze nezeluleko ezisebenzayo zendlela yokwenza ngcono isimo semvelo egumbini.

Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kwezentengiso kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuzithandela, kepha kwezinye izimo ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo kuyinto edingekayo engokomthetho. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwezimo zokusebenza (i-SOUT) kwenziwa kuwo wonke amabhizinisi anoma yiluphi uhlobo lobunikazi. Ikhodi Yezabasebenzi yeRussian Federation inikezela ngezitifiketi zemisebenzi okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Ukwephulwa kwalo mthetho kuzoholela ezinhlawulweni.

Umqondo wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo

Umqondo wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo unikezwa ku-Art. 1 komthetho wase Federal "On Isazi Sezemvelo" ka 11.23.1995 N 174-ФЗ.

Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo-kusungula ukuvumelana kwamadokhumenti kanye (noma) nemibhalo eqinisekisa ibhizinisi neminye imisebenzi ehlelekile maqondana nokuqaliswa kwento yokubuyekezwa kwemvelo, izidingo zemvelo ezisungulwe yimithetho yezobuchwepheshe kanye nomthetho emkhakheni wokuvikela imvelo.

Inhloso yokuhlolwa ibhalwe kuleli banga futhi ukuvikela umthelela omubi wemisebenzi engenhla emvelweni.

Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo, njengohlobo lokulawulwa kwesimo, kukuvumela ukuthi usungule amaphuzu alandelayo:

• Ingabe kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi komsebenzi ohlongozwayo nomthetho wamanje wezemvelo,
• Ingabe umsebenzi uthobela zonke izidingo zezenzo zomthetho zokulawula emkhakheni wokuvikela imvelo futhi uqinisekisiwe ukuphepha,
• Ngabe umthelela womsebenzi ohlongozwayo uhlaziywa ngokuphelele emvelweni nakubantu,
• Kuvunyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi okufanele icwaningwe,
• indlela izinyathelo ezihlosiwe ngokuphelele ukuvikela ukulimaza imvelo.

Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kokuhlolwa ukuphendula lo mbuzo: kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi ngokubheka ukuphepha kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nomthetho wezemvelo.

Izinhlobo zokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo ziyahlukaniswa:

Ukubuyekezwa komnyango kwezemvelo kungaqalwa yi-ejensi, uma ngokuzayo kudingeka ukuhambisa imibhalo yokuhlolwa kwezinga lombuso.

Isayensi - eqokwe ososayensi abathile, izikhungo zephrofayli yesayensi noma amanyuvesi futhi zinolwazi ngemvelo.

Ezentengiselwano - olwenziwe ekuqaleni kwenhlangano noma kwesikhungo ngenhloso yokuthola iziphetho zokugcina mayelana nokuphepha komsebenzi ohlongozwayo.

Izimiso zokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo

Ukuze uthole iziphetho eziphelele kakhulu, eziqinisekisiwe futhi ezinembile, ababambiqhaza ekuhlolweni kwemvelo ngesikhathi sokufunda kufanele baqondiswe imigomo elandelayo:

• 1. Umgomo wokucabanga kwengozi engaba khona emvelweni womsebenzi ohlongozwayo usho ukuthi ochwepheshe kufanele baqhubeke neqiniso lokuthi lo msebenzi ungalimaza imvelo. Kulokhu, ochwepheshe kufanele bakhombe zonke izinhlobo zemiphumela engaba yingozi futhi basungule ububanzi bayo. Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholakele, kufanele bahlongoze izindlela zokuvikela imvelo emiphumeleni eyonakalisiwe ebekiwe, kanye nezincomo zezindlela zokusebenzisa ngokunengqondo izinsiza zemvelo.
• 2. Umgomo wokuhlolwa kokuphoqeleka komthelela wemvelo ngaphambi kokuqala kwemisebenzi ukuqaliswa kwento uma, ngokuhambisana neNgxenye 11 no-12 yoMthetho Wobumbano “Ngokuchwephesha Kwezemvelo”, le nto ingaphansi kokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo. Umgomo wokuhlolwa kwesinqumo sokuqala kwesinqumo sokusebenza kwesikhungo sawo kusho ukuthi ikhasimende alinalo ilungelo lokunquma ngokuqaliswa komsebenzi ohleliwe futhi lihlanganyele kulezo zinto ngaphambi kokwenza ucwaningo. Imizimba egunyazwe ngokukhethekile maqondana nezinto ezifakwe emthethweni ziphoqekile ukuba zihlelele futhi zenze ukuhlola kwezemvelo. Ukwenqaba kwekhasimende ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwento enjalo akukho emthethweni.
• 3. Umgomo wokuhlola okuningiliziwe womthelela wezemvelo womsebenzi obhekelwe kanye nemiphumela kusho isibopho sabachwepheshe sokufunda ngokuphelele izinhlobo nezinhlobo zomthelela wezemvelo olinganiselwa. Yize lo mgomo usebenza kubo bobabili ohulumeni kanye nokubuyekezwa kwemvelo komphakathi, kepha okokuqala, le mfuneko ibhekiswe emizimbeni nasekukhonzeni kokuqala.
• 4. Umgomo wokwethenjwa nokuphelela kwemininingwane enikezwe ochwepheshe ubhekiswe kumakhasimende futhi umphoqa ukuthi afake imininingwane yokuhlolwa engasontekile futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza, ehlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho, ebheka zonke izici zesikhungo, ngokwesilinganiso esanele ukufeza izidingo zomthetho ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo NgoLwesithathu. Imininingwane ephelele icatshangelwa mayelana nento, engahle ibe yikhasimende elihlela ukwenziwa kwalomsebenzi, icubungula ukuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho wezemvelo. Futhi, lapho uhambisa isicelo sokupheleliswa kwemininingwane, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake umthetho wamanje (Umthetho weRussian Federation kaJulayi 21, 1993 N 5485-1 "Ezimfihlo Zombuso", Umthetho W Federal kaJulayi 29, 2004 N 98-ФЗ "Ezimfihlo Zentengiso"). Isazi sokubuyekezwa kwezemvelo yombuso siyadingeka ukuqinisekisa imfihlo yolwazi oluhanjiswa ekubuyekezweni kwemvelo yombuso.Ukwethembeka nokuphelela kolwazi kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kule nqubo, ngakho-ke, uma lo mgomo ungahlonishwa, ukuhlolwa akwenziwa.
• 5. Umgomo wokuzimela kochwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kwegunya labo ubeka ukungabi semthethweni kokuphazanyiswa emsebenzini wesazi, esikwenzayo ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo, imigomo yokubhekisisa yokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo noma inkomba yekhomishini yesazi, umholi weqembu. Iziphetho zesazi azikwazi ukubuswa ngumuntu noma zimiselwe; akhululekile ezilinganisweni zakhe.
• 6. Umgomo wokuba semthethweni kwesayensi nokuqiniseka kokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo. Umgomo wokuba semthethweni kwesayensi kusho ukuthi iziphetho zochwepheshe ezibekwe esiphethweni kumele zidingidwe ngokwesayensi, okungukuthi, ukulandela umthetho emkhakheni wokuvikela imvelo, kuqukethe izitatimende zazo zesayensi, izinkomba nezikhundla nemisebenzi yososayensi abanegunya. Umgomo wokulinganisela kokuphela kokuhlolwa uveza ukuhlolwa okungakhethi nokungakhethi kokuthile okulethwe ukuthi kuhlolwe.
• 7. Umgomo wobukhona - umgomo oyisisekelo wokuhlola umthelela kwezemvelo. Njengoba kungukuhambisana ngqo nalesi simiso esinikeza amandla asemthethweni okuphetha kwalolu cwaningo. Ikhasimende, ngenkathi lihlela futhi liqamba imisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo, liphoqelekile ukuthi lihambisane nazo zonke izidingo zomthetho wamanje emkhakheni wokuvikela imvelo nokulawulwa kwemvelo. Ngokuzayo, ochwepheshe abaqhuba ukuhlolwa, ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi ehleliwe yomthetho, bathatha isinqumo esihle ngokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi. Uma kwenzeka kuvezwa ukwephulwa kwezidingo zemvelo, kufanele kukhonjiswe esiphethweni, nencazelo ecacile yalokho okungafani. Inhlangano yezwe ethatha isinqumo entweni ethile yokuhlolwa iyaphoqeleka ukuba ithembele embonweni wochwepheshe. Esimweni esinjalo, isigungu sikahulumeni esigunyaziwe asinelungelo lokunikeza imvume yokuqaliswa kwalesi sikhungo, ngoba asinasisekelo esingokomthetho futhi singaphikiswa enkantolo. Isinqumo esihle esimweni esinjalo sibonisa ukuthi ilungelo lomthethosisekelo wezakhamizi zaseRussia Federation endaweni evumayo alisetshenziswa ngokuvimbela imiphumela emibi yezomnotho kanye neminye imisebenzi emvelweni.
• 8. Umgomo wokusatshalaliswa komphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza kwezinhlangano zomphakathi (izinhlangano), unake umbono womphakathi lapho wenza ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo. Umgomo wokuvezwa komphakathi ubeka isibopho sezikhonzi zokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo ukuhambisana nezidingo zomthetho zokwazisa ababambiqhaza ngenqubo, ukubamba iqhaza kwezinhlangano zomphakathi (izinhlangano) kanye nombono womphakathi. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nale nqubo kuyicala futhi, ngokwesisekelo, ukubamba izigebengu kuyoliphendulwa. Umqondo we-glasnost ubonakala ekwaziseni izakhamizi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nomphakathi jikelele mayelana nenhlangano yokubuyekezwa kwemvelo. Imininingwane kumele ihloselwe ukufeza izidingo zomphakathi - ukuvikela ilungelo lendawo enhle, ukunquma ukuhlolwa, kanye nokubika imiphumela.
• 9. Umgomo wokuzibophezela kwinqubo yokuhlolwa kanye nekhwalithi yayo kuhloswe kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza kuhlolo. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza ekubuyekezweni kwemvelo yombuso bazobaphendulwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yeRussian Federation uma kwenzeka behluleka ukulandela imigomo nezinqubo zokwenza ukubuyekezwa.

Le migomo yokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ochwepheshe bazonikezwa imininingwane eyanele ukuthola zonke izinhlobo zemiphumela eyingozi yomsebenzi ohlongozwayo, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzosungulwa izimpawu zokuphepha zemisebenzi enjalo yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa kwemigomo efakwe ohlwini yabo bonke abahlanganyeli ekuhlolweni komthelela wezemvelo kubalulekile.

Ukubukezwa kwezemvelo kwesimo nokuzimele

Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo kuyisethi yezinyathelo okuhloswe ngazo ukukhomba ukuvumelana kwanoma iyiphi into noma uhlobo lomsebenzi ngezidingo ezivunyiwe kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuqhubeka kokusebenzisa into noma kwenziwe imisebenzi ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi emvelweni.

Kubalulekile: Izindinganiso zokuhlolwa kwemvelo zilawulwa yizinhlinzeko zomthetho wobumbano ohlakeni lwemithetho No. 65-FZ ka-04.15.1998 no-No. 174-FZ we-11.23.1995.

Inhloso enkulu yokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kwabantu kanye nokulondolozwa kwamandla emvelo.

Ngokomthetho okhona njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe besifundazwe buhlelwe futhi benziwa yisigungu esiphezulu sombuso kanye neziphathimandla zombuso ezinhlanganweni zezwe. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo kungenziwa zombili emazingeni e-federal nawesifunda.

Ukuhlolwa komphakathi kwenziwa ngesikhathi izinhlangano zomphakathi nezakhamizi ngazinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaqalayo bohlolo olunjalo bangaba:

• Iziphathimandla zasendaweni zezinhlangano zomphakathi nezinhlangano,
• izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibandakanya ukuvikela imvelo,
• izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibandakanyekile ekuhlolweni kwezemvelo.

Kubalulekile: Umqalisi (ikhasimende) ukhokhela izinsiza zokubuyekezwa kwemvelo. Ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindwayo kusekelwa ngendlela efanayo, uma kunesidingo.

Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo kwemibhalo yamaphrojekthi kwenziwa uma kwenzeka:

Ukuhlolwa komthelela kwezemvelo kuyaphoqelekile kulezi zindawo ezinjengalezi:

• amaphrojekthi kanye nemibhalo emkhakheni wokuvikela imvelo, ovunyelwe yiziphathimandla zomphakathi,

• amaphrojekthi wezinhlelo zombuso ezihlinzekela ukwakhiwa noma ukusebenza kwezikhungo ezinomthelela omubi emvelweni ngendawo yazo ezindaweni ezivikelwe yimvelo,
• amaphrojekthi maqondana nezivumelwano zokwabelana ngomkhiqizo,
• amaphrojekthi namadokhumenti obuchwepheshe maqondana nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuyingozi emvelweni,
• amadokhumenti ngokuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo zombuso abe amapaki kazwelonke,
• imibhalo ephathelene nokuhlolwa kwezinto ezichazwe ku-Laws No. 187 - ФЗ, 155 - ФЗ, 191 - ФЗ,
• izinto ezingenhla ezake zadlula izivivinyo zathola umbono omuhle, esimweni sokuphothulwa noma sokuphelelwa yisikhathi komqondo.

Izindlela

Ziningi izindlela zokuthinta imvelo, kepha ochwepheshe bakhetha indlela efanelekile yokucwaninga ecaleni ngalinye ngalinye, kucatshangelwa izici nobunzima bezinto ezidingidwayo. Ngenkathi kwezinye izikhathi indlela eyodwa yanele, kwesinye isikhathi eziningana kufanele zisetshenziswe.

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo, ochwepheshe benza imisebenzi ku:

• ukuhlaziya kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-microbiological komoya ongaphakathi,
• ukukala izinga lemisebe ye-electromagnetic,
• ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa nomswakama,
• ukuzimisela kokuhambisana kokujikeleza komoya nomoya omncane ngamazinga amisiwe,
• bona imithombo engaba khona yemisebe,
• ukwenza eminye imicimbi ekhethekile ngesicelo sokuhlolwa kwamakhasimende.

Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuxazululwa kwezinkinga zemvelo yilezi:

• umbuzo - ucwaningo lochwepheshe ngokubhala,
• Ukuxoxisana nomuntu nomuntu ngengxoxo kungukuxoxisana ngomlomo ngesimo sengxoxo,
• Indlela ye-Delphi - inqubo yemibuzo eyindilinga eyindilinga ngokucubungula nokudlulisa imiphumela yomjikelezo ngamunye kubachwepheshe abasebenza nge-inconcito maqondana nomunye,
• ukuqonda ingqondo - izingxoxo zeqembu ukuze kutholakale izixazululo ezintsha zenkinga,
• Ingxoxo ingxoxo evulekile ehlangene yenkinga ebhekwayo.

Ngabe kwenziwa nini ukubuyekeza komphakathi kwezemvelo?

Ukuhlolwa komthelela kwezemvelo kungadingeka lapho kunesidingo sokuthola izici ezingezinhle ezithinta imvelo.

Kokuyingozi ikakhulukazi, ngokubona kwezemvelo, amabhizinisi asezimboni, kubalulekile ukuthi kubuyekezwe imvelo.

Umqalisi (ikhasimende) lokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo angaba ngumuntu ngamunye kanye nebhizinisi elisemthethweni elibhekele ukwenza ucwaningo oluhleliwe.

Indima yekhasimende ingaba yimbili kahulumeni nabantu abazimele. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sokuqala, ukuhlolwa kuzoba isimo, kanti kwesesibili - emphakathini.

Umthetho We Federal 174-ФЗ On Isazi Sezemvelo: Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva njengoba kuchitshiyelwe

Uhlobo lwakamuva lwe-Federal Law No. 174-ФЗ “Onertertise Expertise” kuhlobo lwakamuva lungatholakala kwi-portal esemthethweni yolwazi olusemthethweni i- “Consultant Plus” ku-http: //wc.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_8515/ noma kuwebhusayithi yesistimu Isiqinisekiso ku-http: //base.garant.ru/10108595/.

Zonke izinhlobo zokuhlola ezemvelo ezenziwa ezweni lethu zingahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezinhlanu:

• wombuso - ukusungulwa kokuhambisana kwemibhalo yanoma yini noma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi oludingekayo ezingeni lomthetho kanye nokulawula izingqinamba zokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yezemvelo nokuvikelwa kwemvelo,
• zomphakathi - ezihlelekile futhi zenziwa ngokwesinyathelo futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwenhlangano yomphakathi / izinhlangano ezidalwe ngenhloso yokuvikela imvelo, iziphetho zivame ukuba ngesimo esincomekayo,
• Umnyango - owenziwe ngesisekelo soku-oda komnyango ofanele, futhi iziphetho zinamandla okusemthethweni ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo (inqobo nje uma lesi sinqumo singaphikisani nesiphetho sokuhlolwa kukahulumeni),
• ezesayensi - ezihlelwe ekuqaleni kososayensi noma amaqembu ezikhungo zemfundo noma izikhungo zesayensi ukuze athole imininingwane edingekayo yocwaningo olwengeziwe lwesayensi,
• ezentengiselwano - olwenzelwe izinhlangano zezentengiso ezidinga ukuthola imininingwane yenhloso ngomkhakha womsebenzi noma wesikhungo esisebenzayo.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokufunda, ubuchwepheshe bezemvelo bungahlukaniswa ngokulandelayo:

• ukuhlolwa komsindo nangasemuva,
• Ukuhlolwa kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic,
• ukuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo
• ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza,
• ukuhlolwa ngemisebe.

Ukuhleleka kokuziphatha

I-algorithm yokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo, njengomthetho, imi ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Ukukhetha kwenkampani uchwepheshe,
• ukuhlinzeka ngemibhalo edingekayo,
• ukuphela kwesivumelwano nenkokhelo yezinsizakalo zokuhlolwa kongcweti,
• silinde ucwaningo
• silinde imiphumela yokuhlolwa,
• Ukuthola isitifiketi sokuhambisana nemibiko nenqubekela phambili.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ngombono wochwepheshe, ukwenza ukubuyekezwa kwesimo sendawo yezwe kubukeka okuhlukile futhi kuqukethe:

• ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto zokwakha
• ukubhaliswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuphelela nokwanela kwezinto ezinikeziwe,
• ukwakhiwa kwekhomishini yokuhlolwa kombuso,
• ukulungiselela kwamaqembu, iziphetho ngazinye kanye nesiphetho esifingqiwe sokuhlolwa kombuso,
• ukusayina futhi kuvume isiphetho.

Izikhungo Zesazi Sezemvelo: lapho uku-oda izinsiza khona

Unga-oda ukuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge:

• I-ANO "Isikhungo Sezezazi Zemvelo":
  • iwebhusayithi: http://ekoex.ru,
  • Ikheli: Idolobha laseMoscow, I-Party Lane, iSakhiwo 1, iSakhiwo 57, iSakhiwo 3,
  • ucingo: +7 (495) 662-48-49.
• Isikhwama sochwepheshe saseRussia i-TEHECO:
  • Iwebhusayithi: https://expert-center.ru,
  • Ikheli: Idolobha laseMoscow, umgwaqo Prechistenka, 10, isakhiwo 3,
  • ifoni: +7 (495) 637-77-47.
• UMnyango Wezazi Nokuhlola Inhlangano “I-NGI Iqembu”:
  • iwebhusayithi: http://ngiexpert.ru,
  • ikheli: Idolobha laseMoscow, umgwaqo iTrofimova, indlu 24, isakhiwo 1,
  • ucingo: +7 (495) 407-71-74.

Isiphetho

Ungazijwayeza ngesibonelo sesiphetho sokubuyekezwa kwesimo sezemvelo ku-https: //yadi.sk/i/B2NBYvnv3M2RA8.

Ukuze ulande isampula yesiphetho sokuhlolwa komphakathi, iya ku-https: //yadi.sk/i/D2xnUCAW3M2RBr.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yocwaningo okuhloswe ngayo ukukhomba ukuvumelana kwezikhungo noma imisebenzi ngezidingo ezivunyiwe, kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuqhubeka kokusebenzisa lesi sikhungo noma ukwenza imisebenzi elimaza imvelo. Kungakho uma kunobungozi ikakhulukazi kusuka endaweni yokubuka yezindawo zezimboni, ukuhlolwa okunjalo kuyadingeka.

Ngezinguquko nokungezwa okuvela ku:

Ephreli 15, 1998, Agasti 22, Disemba 21, 29, 2004, Disemba 31, 2005, Disemba 4, 18, 2006, Meyi 16, Juni 26, Julayi 23, 24, Novemba 8, Disemba 30, 2008 Ephreli 9, Meyi 8, Disemba 17, 2009, Julayi 1, 18, Julayi 19, 2011, Juni 25, Julayi 28, 2012, Meyi 7, Juni 7, Disemba 28, 2013, Juni 28, Julayi 21, Disemba 29, Disemba 31, 2014, Februwari 12, Juni 29, Julayi 13, Disemba 29, 2015, Disemba 5, 28, 2017, Agasti 3, Disemba 25, 2018, Meyi 1, Agasti 2, Disemba 16, Disemba 27 Unyaka ka-2019

Wamukelwa nguHulumeni Duma ngoJulayi 19, 1995

Kuvunywe nguMkhandlu Wenhlangano ngoNovemba 15, 1995

Shintsha Imininingwane:

Umthetho We Federal ka December 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ uchibiyele isendlalelo salo mthetho we Federal

Lo mthetho we Federal ulawula ubudlelwane emkhakheni wokuhlola umthelela kwezemvelo, okuhloswe ngalo ukufezekisa ilungelo lomthethosisekelo wezakhamizi zase Russian Federation endaweni evumayo ngokuvimba imiphumela emibi yezomnotho neminye imisebenzi emvelweni.

UMongameli Wezwe laseRussia

Novemba 23, 1995

Umthetho we-federal ulawula ubudlelwane emkhakheni wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo, isb. ukusungula ukuhambisana kwemisebenzi ehleliwe yezomnotho neminye imisebenzi enezidingo zezemvelo nokunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukufezekiswa kwento yokubuyekezwa kwemvelo ukuvikela imiphumela emibi emvelweni, kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho kanye neminye imiphumela.

Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlola imvelo ziyahlukaniswa: ezomphakathi nezomphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwesifundazwe kwenziwa ezintweni zeleveli nelezifunda.

Umthetho usungula inqubo yokwenza ukubuyekezwa kwezemvelo yombuso, kubandakanya inqubo yokwenza ikhomishini ekhethekile yokuhlolwa.

Uhla lwamalungelo ezakhamizi nezinhlangano zomphakathi (izinhlangano) emkhakheni wokuhlola umthelela wezemvelo uvikelekile. Ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo komphakathi kuhlelwe futhi kwenziwe ngokwesinyathelo sezakhamizi kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nangesinyathelo seziphathimandla zasekhaya ngaphambi kokubuyekezwa kwezemvelo zombuso ngasikhathi sinye.

Amalungelo nezibopho zamakhasimende ezincwadi ezingaphansi kokubuyekezwa kwemvelo zinqunyelwe, izingqinamba zezimali zilawulwa. Izinhlobo zokwephulwa komthetho kuhlolo lomthelela wezemvelo nesibopho sazo sezisunguliwe.

Umthetho we-Federal uqala ukusebenza kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni.

Umthetho Federal kaNovemba 23, 1995 N 174-ФЗ "On Isazi Sezemvelo"

Lo mthetho we-Federal uzoqala ukusebenza ngosuku lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni.

Umbhalo weFederal Law washicilelwa ekuqoqweni kwezomthetho we Russian Federation kaNovemba 27, 1995 N 48 Art. 4556, ku- "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" yangoNovemba 30, 1995 N 232

Lo mbhalo uchitshiyelwa yimibhalo elandelayo:

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 27, 2019 N 453-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2020.

Umthetho Wezimali kaDisemba 27, 2019 N 450-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2020.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 16, 2019 N 440-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJuni 1, 2020.

Bona ukubuyekezwa kwesikhathi esizayo kwale dokhumenti.

Umbhalo wale dokhumenti wethulwa njengoba uchitshiyelwe ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwenguqulo yakho yohlelo lwe-GARANT

Umthetho W Federal ka-Agasti 2, 2019 N 294-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 13, 2019.

Umthetho Wombuso ngoMeyi 1, 2019 N 100-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 1, 2019.

Umthetho We Federal ka December 25, 2018 N 496-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba 25, 2018.

Umthetho W Federal ka-Agasti 3, 2018 N 321-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 3, 2018.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 28, 2017 N 422-ФЗ

Izinguquko zizoqala ukusebenza ngoDisemba 28, 2017.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 5, 2017 N 393-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2018.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 29, 2015 N 408-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 13, 2015 N 221-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJuni 29, 2015 N 203-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho W Federal kaFebhuwari 12, 2015 N 12-ФЗ

Lezi zinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi kusuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 31, 2014 N 519-ФЗ

Lezi zinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngaphambili

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 29, 2014 N 458-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1, 2015.

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 21, 2014 N 261-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 1, 2015.

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 21, 2014 N 219-ФЗ (njengoba kuchitshiyelwe umthetho weFederal of December 28, 2017 N 422-ФЗ kanye ne-Federal Law ka-December 25, 2018 N 496-ФЗ)

Izichibiyelo ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2015, ngaphandle kwezinhlinzeko lapho eminye imigomo yokungena kwabo isungulwa ngumbhalo we-12 womthetho weFederal Law ngaphambili

Umthetho We Federal kaJuni 28, 2014 N 181-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 28, 2013 N 406-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJuni 7, 2013 N 108-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho Wombuso ngoMeyi 7, 2013 N 104-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho W Federal kaJulayi 28, 2012 N 133-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho W Federal of June 25, 2012 N 93-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 19, 2011 N 248-ФЗ

Izichibiyelo zingena ezinsukwini ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law.

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 19, 2011 N 246-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaJulayi 18, 2011 N 243-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 1, 2011 N 169-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 1, 2011.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 17, 2009 N 314-ФЗ

Amaconsi 2, 3 no-4 ka-Article 28 alo mthetho we Federal amiswa ukusuka ngomhlaka 1 Januwari 2010 kuya kuJanuwari 1, 2011.

Umthetho W Federal kaMay 8, 2009 N 93-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho W Federal ka-Ephreli 9, 2009 N 58-ФЗ

Amagatya 2, 3 no 4 ku-Article 28 alo mthetho we Federal amiswa kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni kwale Federal Law engenhla kuze kube uJanuwari 1, 2010.

Umthetho We Federal ka December 30, 2008 N 309-ФЗ

Lezi zinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi kusuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaNovemba 8, 2008 N 202-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 24, 2008 N 162-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla

Umthetho We Federal kaJulayi 23, 2008 N 160-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2009.

Umthetho W Federal of June 26, 2008 N 96-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaMay 16, 2008 N 75-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kosuku lokushicilelwa okusemthethweni komthetho weFederal Law

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 18, 2006 N 232-FZ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2007.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 4, 2006 N 201-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela ngosuku iKhodi Yehlathi LaseRussia lisebenza ngalo.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 31, 2005 N 199-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2007.

Umthetho W Federal kaDisemba 21, 2004 N 172-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 5, 2005.

Umthetho W Federal ka-Agasti 22, 2004 N 122-ФЗ (njengoba uchitshiyelwe umthetho weFederal of December 29, 2004 N 199-ФЗ)

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2005.

Umthetho W Federal ka-Ephreli 15, 1998 N 65-ФЗ

Izinguquko ziqala ukusebenza kusukela osukwini lokushicilelwa ngokusemthethweni koMthetho weFederal oshiwo ngenhla