Ukuphathwa kwendabuko kwendabuko, ukusikisela (okwenziwe ekhaya, 'ukuqondiswa,' ukuqondiswa - osetshenziselwa ukuphimisa, ukubumbana, isiYiddish), ophaya abangunxantathu ngezimbewu ze-poppy - lokhu kuyizimpawu zokuhlukumeza. Ngakwesokudla nje ukwenza umbuzo.
We uhlu lwemibuzo main:
1. Kusho ukuthini igama elithi "gamentash"?
2. Kungani amaphayi we-purim ngembewu ye-poppy?
3. Kungani lamaphayi enxantathu?
4. Okokugcina, umbuzo onzima kunayo yonke: kungani ukunqobelwa kwemizwa kaningi kubizwa ngokuthi "izindlebe zikaHamani"? Ingabe uHamani wayengumuntu onezindlebe eziqondile?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu angafunda ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi igama elithi "gamentash" lisho ukuthini ekuhumusheni "izindlebe zikaHamani." Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi ulimi u "tashn" olusho "izindlebe"?
Siqala ukuphendula ngokulandelana.
I-"Gomen" - leli igama lesigodi u-Aman ngendlela yokubiza amagama kwe-Ashkenazi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubuhle obubi bukaHamani bukhulu kakhulu: lesi sibalo besilokhu sivusa inzalo evuthayo kumaJuda. Akumangazi konke ukubizwa kwegama lakhe ngenkathi kufundwa uMegila (uEsther Scroll) ephelezelwa ukungqongqoza nokukhala kwempempe esinagogeni. Ekhonsathini ye-rock ethile, bekungabonakala sengathi kuvunyelwe. Uma sibheka umbhalo wesiko lendabuko le-purimshpil "Ahashveiresh-spire (isenzo sika-Artaxerxes)", sizobona ukuthi u-Aman akungabazeki ukuthi ungumlingiswa wakhe oyisisekelo. I-Purim Theatre ingumkhiqizo we-Baroque aesthetics, futhi uzungu lokuphakama nokufa lokuthandwa, luyathandeka futhi lubaluleke kakhulu ngesiko lasenkantolo lwaleyo nkathi, alunakusizakala kepha ngokuba yisisekelo sePurimshpil.
Kepha emuva emasondweni ethu. Mayelana ne "Gomen" kuyaqondakala, kepha kuyini "tash"? Ngokusobala, lokhu akuyona "indlebe." Bese, mhlawumbe, i-gomentash isho "uphaya we-Amanov"? Lutho neze. EsiNgisini, amaphaya abizwa ngobuhlungu ngegama elijwayelekile elithi “pirezkes”. Igama elithi "tash" elisho ukuthi "pie" alazi ngisho nesichazamazwi esazi konke iStuchkova.
Kepha igama elithi die Tasche likuJalimane, futhi lisho ukuthi “ipakethe, isikhwama”, futhi libuye lisho ukuthi “pie ngokugcwalisa”. Le ncazelo yokugcina, eseyikhohliwe manje, yayikhona ngalezo zikhathi ezikude lapho amadoda ayegqoka amabhulukwe afanelekile: zazingekho izikhwama kuwo, futhi esikhundleni semiphuthi kwakukhona esikhwameni phezu kwebhande, okugcwele ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kokudluliselwa kwencazelo, igama elithi "Tasche" kwelakudala iJalimane lathola igama elithi "pie ngokugcwalisa."
Izimpawu ezinjalo zokucabanga zisemoyeni wesiko lama-Ashkenazi. Isibonelo, kweminye imiphakathi yaseJalimane eSukkot (Kushchy) kwakuyisiko ukudla isobho leklabishi elisondayo, njengoba indinyana eqala ngegama elithi “Kol mevaser (Ukumemezela ngezwi)” ifakiwe kulolu hlelo lweSukkot. Futhi la magama, avumelana ne "Kohl mit Wasser" yaseJalimane, okungukuthi, "iklabishi elinamanzi."
Kungani gomentash unxantathu? Abomdabu basemalokishini, abaqala ukubona ama-manash hhayi esikhungweni somphakathi wamaJuda, kodwa kunina ekhishini eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule, bangitshele ukuthi uphaya onxantathu kufanele ungikhumbuze isigqoko esihlokiwe esigqokwa ngu-Aman the villain.
Enye indlela yamasiko esebenza lapha, nayo ivame kakhulu emphakathini wamaJuda. AmaJuda akuthanda kakhulu ukuchaza izimo ze-post factum ezingahlangani ekuqaleni ezazingenamthwalo ongokomfanekiso, ukucatshangelwa "amaJuda" kuphela. I-etymology enjalo yabantu. Isibonelo, abaningi mhlawumbe bezwe ukuthi izinhlanzi ezazigxishwe emfuleni zasungulwa ukuze ngoMgqibelo bangazukukhipha izinhlanzi kuzo izinhlanzi. Uma ucabanga ngakho, kuba sobala ukuthi, okokuqala, akukho kuvinjelwa okunjalo okuyi-halachic, futhi okwesibili, izinhlanzi ezigcotshwe kuphela eSlavic Europe zibonakala ziyinto eqinile yamaJuda, eJalimane lesi sidlo besaziwa yibo bonke abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Kungani ophaya ngokugcwaliswa kuvame ukungxantathu? Umbuzo uyathakazelisa, kepha manje sinentshisekelo kokunye. AmaJuda ezwa igama lika-Aman ngesiGerman "Mohn", futhi ngendlela efanayo babona umbono wesigqoko sakhe kuphayi ongunxantathu. Futhi kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi u-Aman ahambe njengoNapoleon - egqoke isigqoko?
Izincazelo zezingubo zokuhlanza, okungukuthi, ababambiqhaza e-Ahashveiresh Spire, eziqoqwe ngama-folklorists engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leminyaka eledlule, zibonisa ukuthi imvunulo ka-Aman ihlala iyunifomu yamaphoyisa amadala futhi inesigqoko ekhanda. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezivela ekuqoqweni kwama-purimspiers, ahlanganiswe yi-ethnomusicologist evelele kanye ne-folklorist M. Ya. Beregovsky. Nakhu ukuthi imvunulo ka-Aman ibukeka kanjani:
Ugqoke ingubo ende, iribhoni ehlombe lakhe (obomvu ophuzi). Amabhulukwe amnyama, isishebhu ohlangothini, isigqoko esifile ekhanda (idolobha laseKolomyia, Galicia).
Ukugqokwa kwezempi ngemigqa emibili yezinkinobho eziphuzi. Ama-epauletti amancanyana ane-fringe - kusuka ku-garus ephuzi. Phezu kwehlombe kukhona iribhoni elibomvu elibanzi. Kunezindondo ezimbili esifubeni. Ibhulukwe elibomvu ngemivimbo emnyama. Ohlangothini kukhona i-saber ebhandeni (njengama-gendarmes). Amabhuzu we-Spur. Ekhanda lesigqoko esijiyile (I-colony yamaJuda yezolimo i-Novozlatopol, i-Lower Dnieper).
Kuhlale okuyimfihlakalo kakhulu: "izindlebe." Ngekhulu le-19, kwakukhona igama elinjalo lesiRussia: "izindlebe". Bekusho amaphayi amancane ngokugcwaliswa. UDahl uyaqinisekisa: izindlebe ziwuhlobo lwamadombolo noma ama-dumplings anokugcwaliswa okuhlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, amaphayi amaPurim aqala ukubizwa ngesiRussia ngokuthi "izindlebe zama-Aman." Umkhondo waleli gama ululimi lwamaJuda aseRussia, engabhala kuwo igama elimnandi elithi "hamanushki" edolobhaneni lasePrincolnoye (eseningizimu ye-Azerbaijan).
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX-XX, elilula, okungukuthi, abakhuluma isiYiddish, amaJuda aseRussia akazange aye ePalestine. Baye eMelika. Abancane, ababambe iqhaza kuzwelonke, okungukuthi, bafundile, abafundi bokuzivocavoca izolo kanye nabafundi baya ePalestine. Ngamanye amagama, u-"Halutzim (amaphayona)", abadali besiHeberu Sama-Israyeli, iningi labo yayingabantu abakhuluma isiRussia. Kuhunyushwa kusuka eRussia, beza negama lesimanje ngesiHeberu (ibhayibheli alisho lutho ngobumnene): "ka-Aman" - "izindlebe zikaHamani."
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyikhulu, amaJuda aseRussia athola isiko lamaJuda kusuka kubahumushi besiHeberu abavela kwizithunywa zakwa-Israyeli, kufaka phakathi ulwazi lokuthi amaJuda adla "izindlebe zikaHamani" ePurimi. Futhi manje, ukusuka eKaliningrad kuya eVladivostok, bayamangala ukuthi kungani uAman enamadlebe kanxantathu nokuthi kungani kufanele adliwe ngokwesiko.
Lokho, empeleni, yikho konke. Kuhlala kuphela ukukhumbula ingoma yakudala yePurim enesimo esihlekisayo: "Hop, Maine Homination, Hop, Maine Weiss, / Hop, mit Maine Hothouse Passert a Meisse". Okusho ukuthi, "Gop, Homomised my, gop, whites, / Hop, yindaba eyenzeka nge-Homomorial yami." Impela, le ndaba.
Imidanso V.A. I-lubok yamaJuda kanye nemidlalo yeshashalazi yamaJuda. // Isiko lesintu. Sesha. Izincazelo Izinto zokwakha I-SPb., RIIII, 2006.S. 140-151.
Yini isigqoko esijijekile?
Isigqoko esinezimpondo ezintathu siyisihlalo somqala lapho amasimu egobile ukuze enze ama-engeli amathathu. Lesi sigqoko sitholakala kakhulu phakathi kwamasosha namatilosi. Yavela ngekhulu le-XVII futhi yathandwa kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-XVIII, ngemuva kwalokho yathathelwa indawo yunithi enezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Ngokuqala kwama-wigs amakhulu, isigqoko se-cocked saqala ukwenza umsebenzi wokuhlobisa phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Wayengafakwa ngisho nasekhanda lakhe, kodwa egqoke nje ezingalweni noma ngaphansi komlenze wakhe.
Okushiwo igama. Yini enye ebizwa ngokuthi isigqoko esijijekile?
Imvamisa isigqoko esidliwayo sihlanganiswa nesigqoko esinezimbobo ezintathu. Lesi yisifekethisi esidumile amasotsha amaningi ahlobisa ngawo amakhanda ngaso. Isigqoko sesiphenduke uphawu lwekhulu, chivalry, imikhuba emihle. Imithetho eminingi yokuziphatha okuhle ihlotshaniswa nesigqoko esingunxantathu. Lolu phawu lwenhlonipho luye lwasuswa njalo ukwenza umnsalo.
Igama elithi "hat hat" lalisetshenziswa nguLeonid Myasin ukuqamba igama le-ballet. Isakhiwo sendaba sikaPedro Antonio de Alarcon sathathwa njengesisekelo. UPablo Picasso wayephethe umhlobiso.
Ngabe livela kuphi igama elithi "hat hat"
- ezincwadini lapho kuchazwa izingubo, ngesinye isikhathi abanakho nokunemba okungokomlando, kuyithuba nje lokugcizelela ubulili babantu,
- ku-cinema kumafilimu aseFrance, amafilimu aphathelene nepirates, ezempi,
- emidlalweni yokudlala, emidlalweni yemidlalo, nasemikhakheni yemidlalo, amaqhawe ekhulu le-17-18 leminyaka agqoke izigqoko zesiko zangaleso sikhathi.
Incazelo ye-Headgear
Isigqoko esigqumayo yisigqoko esiphakanyiselwe imiphetho yaso.. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa ama-engeli amathathu. Ukuze uthole isicoco sekhanda, vele ukhuphule futhi uqinise amasimu kugqoko olunobubanzi obukhulu.
Izici zokusetshenziswa kwendwangu:
- ekuqaleni babenomuzwa wokuthi yilokho okusetshenziswayo, futhi lapho kusebenza, kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhluza,
- ungathatha amajazi oboya
- Isidingo esiyinhloko sendaba ukuswela isicwebezelisi,
- kuma-aristocrats, isigqoko senziwa nge-ncwajana ne-satin, ngokuya ngento yokugqoka,
- lapho usebenza ngendwangu encanyana thatha izingqimba ezimbili,
- okungekhona ukwelukwa kungenziwa kufakwe esikhundleni se-bando-pro (lokhu kuyinto efanayo, kuphela okuqinile kakhulu).
Isintu esijwayelekile sizame ngazo zonke izindlela ukuhlobisa isigqoko esimnandi. Kulokhu, kwakusetshenziswa izimpaphe, amagalofu, uboya nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. I-Galoon iyi-braid noma iribhoni ku-golide noma isiliva shades. Iteyipu lalakhiwe ngentambo, lingafakwa ngentambo enhle.
Inkomba Yomlando
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVII, isigqoko esine-brim ebanzi sasisetshenziswa njengesihloko sekhanda. Kwakunguye owaba yingxenye yesithombe sabalingiswa abaphambili beinoveli ethi "Ama-Musketeers amathathu". Kepha bekungamampunge ukuphonsa ikhanda emuva aphathe isibhamu ehlombe. Ukulungisa lokhu kusweleka, amasosha kancane kancane azama ukugoba imiphetho. Ngakho-ke kwavela imodeli entsha ngokuphelele - isigqoko esigqamile.
EFrance, isigqoko esinezintambo ezintathu sathola ukuthandwa ngaphansi kokubusa kukaLouis XIV. Kancane kancane, imfashini yalesi sitayela yasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Kuqala, umdabuli wamakhanda wayeyingxenye yomfaniswano wamasosha, kepha kancane kancane ikhabethe nabantu abavamile babuyiselwa ngale nto. Lalihlotshiswe ngezimpaphe, i-galloon. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kuze kube kuvela ama-wigs voluminous. Lapho-ke izigqoko ezinamakhona agobile zazingasadingeki.
Abantu abavamile babegqoka isigqoko ngaphansi komsondo. Babesebenzisa le mfanelo njengento ebalulekile ekukhothameni, bebachaza ngezibalo ezahlukahlukene emoyeni. Embuthweni, isigqoko esinezimbali sasisetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvela kwesigqoko esinezimpondo ezimbili.
Ubukhulu besigqoko babuhlaba umxhwele impela. Isihloko sekhanda sasihlotshiswe ngezimpaphe, iminsalo, igalofu, isikebhe.. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubucwebe banyamalala. Isigqoko saqala ukugqoka kuphela injongo yokuhlobisa futhi saqala ukugqokwa ezandleni noma ngaphansi kwesigaxa. Ekhanda umkhiqizo wawugqokwa kuphela ngabezempi nabazingeli.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngekhulu le-XVIII, amantombazane afaka isigqoko esi-cocked. Imfashini yabesilisa nabesifazane yaqala ukuguquguquka, ngakho-ke emabungeni bobabili ubulili umuntu angahlangana nezinto ezifanayo.
Isigqoko esinama-engela amathathu sasingalingani. Wathathelwa indawo yilowo owenezinhlangothi ezimbili. Igoqa kalula futhi ithatha isikhala esincane. Manje, emikhosini yemikhosi, sasingekho isidingo sokukhipha isigqoko.
Kusho ukuthini isigqoko se-cocked eRussia?
E-Russia, isigqoko se-cocked savela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVII. Imfashini yahlala cishe ikhulu leminyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho isembozo esinama-engeli amathathu sathathelwa indawo yakhanda enezinhlangothi ezimbili. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine. Isigqoko sasibhekwa njengengxenye yomfaniswano wamasosha ngaphambi kokubusa kukaPeter I. Wabheka ukuthi isigqoko esinezimbobo ezimbili sikulungele ngokwengeziwe.
Yenzelwe ini?
Isigqoko esigqamile akuyona nje inkokhiso yemfashini. Isigqoko besinomsebenzi osebenzayo. I-Headgear ivele phakathi kwamasosha futhi bekunezizathu zalokhu. Ngaleso sikhathi, wonke umuntu wayegqoka imikhiqizo ebunjiwe kahle. Futhi kwavela ukuthi lapho kudutshulwa ngesibhamu, amasimu aphazamisa kakhulu. Zingadala nokulimala.
lapho kudutshulwa, izinkambu zingamboza isigodlo futhi zonke izinhlansi ziqondiswe ngqo ebusweni, kuthi lapho kuphakama imiphetho, umphumela onjalo awunakwa,
- lapho uphonsa ikhanda, isigqoko esinama-engela amathathu asizange siwe.
Ekuqaleni, uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela olwalugobile. Kepha kuma-aesthetics, banqume ukuklama ngokwawo umkhiqizo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kwavunguza umoya ngokulingana ebusweni. Inkinga yayisezinweleni kuphela ezazibukeka zivela ngaphansi kwesigqoko. Babekwazi ukubamba umlilo uma bexoshwa. Ukuvimbela lokhu, siqale ukusebenzisa ama-wigs. Babedakwe ngezindlela ezikhethekile, ezazingavikeleki kuphela emlilweni, kodwa nasezinweleni.
I-tricorne kanye ne-wig yayithathwa njengengxenye yokwakheka kwamafusilier. Isigqoko senza imisebenzi yokuzivikela. Kancane kancane, waba ngumuntu iqhawe langempela elalilwile empini. Kepha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, izikhali zathuthuka. Kwakuphephile, futhi ama-wigs angakhululekile ngezigqoko ayengasadingeki.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
Cishe ikhulu leminyaka, imfashini kanxantathu yahlala. Ngokuthabisako, ngitjho nalapho amadoda la ayeka ukugqoka isigqoko emakhanda abo, basasibambile ezandleni. Lesi sitayela sathandwa ama-aristocrat amaningi, ababusi nabantu abanethonya.
impilo yakhe yonke uNapoleon wayegqoka isigqoko sesitayela esisodwa - isigqoko esimnyama esimnyama ngaphandle kwezihlobiso,
- Kuyaziwa ukuthi uNapoleon ushintshe izigqoko ezingaphezu kuka-170 ezinemiphetho egobekile impilo yakhe yonke,
- ngenxa yothando lomphathi odumile wesitayela esithile sekhanda, abahloli baseRussia benza ikhekhe elakhiwe njengonxantathu,
- Isikhathi eside, ama-aristocrat ayegqoka izigqoko ezandleni zawo, njengemfashini yemfashini, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ama-wigs akhazimulayo emakhanda abo,
- Izigqoko ezinemigqa emithathu zaya ekhabethe labesifazane ngenxa yamasudi agibele, ngoba bakopisha izinketho zamadoda, kuphela esikhundleni sezintombi ezi-pantalon ezifakwe iziketi,
- usayizi wezigqoko wawushintsha njalo ngokuya ngemfashini: zingaba zincane noma zibe zincane (kancane kancane isigqoko esijijekile saba isicucu esisezinweleni),
- Isigqoko asithandayo u-Baron Munchausen kwakuyisigqoko se-cocked (ukaputeni wenkonzo yase-Russia nomlingiswa owaziwayo wemibhalo).