I-Horsefly isinambuzane esingathandeki futhi esiyingozi esidala izinkinga eziningi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Futhi hhayi kuphela ngokuziphatha kwayo okucasulayo, i-buzz engathandeki, kodwa futhi nokuluma okuhlungu. Ungazivikela kanjani kula ma-bloodsuckers ezindizayo? Okokuqala, udinga ukufunda kabanzi ngalezi zinambuzane, imikhuba yazo, izindawo ezibuthakathaka, kungani zihlasela nhlobo, njll.

kunkunzi yesithombe

Incazelo nendawo yokuhlala

Ama-Horseflies izinambuzane ze-arthropod ezindizayo ezivela emndenini wama-dipterans. Ungaphansi kwesikhombi Samafushane. Indawo yokuhlala inkulu kakhulu. Amahhashi ahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Azikho e-Iceland naseGreenland kuphela. Lezi izimpukane zivamile:

• eYurophu nase-Asia,
• eMelika,
• eSiberia,
• e-Afrika,
• eCaucasus
• eRussia naseCIS.

Zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, ama-steppes, izindawo eziwugwadule, eduze nemifula namachibi. Kepha izindawo ezithandeka kakhulu zezimpukane zamahhashi izindawo ezinamanzi nezindawo zokufuya izinkomo. Lapha umsebenzi walezi mpukane uphakeme kakhulu.

Njengamanje, cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezine zama-Horseflies aziwayo kwisayensi. Cishe bangu-200 abantu abahlala eRussia nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane.

Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ihhashi? Ekuqaleni, uma usibuka, kungahle kubonakale sengathi yimpukane enkulu engaba cm 1.5-2. Kepha uma ubheka lesi sinambuzane eduze noma ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, izici zayo eziqhakazile ziyabonakala:

• Ikhanda eli-semicircular, elihambisanayo futhi lixhumeke emzimbeni “ngentamo” emincane.
• Amehlo amakhulu angenayo imibala ehlukene.
• Izinto zokusebenza ngomlomo ziyindlela yokusika ukubhoboza, equkethe amapuleti ayisithupha ayi-6 enza uzwane. Ubuye nemfundo ekhethekile, ngosizo lwayo lapho izinkanyezi zibopha khona iziphuzo ezahlukahlukene noma zikhiphe ukoma.
• Isiqu senyama esifihle ama-stilettos abukhali.
• Izimpondo ezincane ezihlukanisa kancane zifana nezimpondo (ezisetshenziselwa ukuhogela).
• Izimpiko ezibanzi ezibanzi (okuvamisile kaningi - ezihogelayo noma ezinemeshini) ezinemithambo engabonakali kangako.
• Okukhonjiswe esiswini esisicaba “somsila” (ngokuvamile esinamabala angunxantathu).
• Umzimba obumbene onesembozo esimboze ngesembozo esincanyana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabesifazane iyindilinga eyengeziwe kunabesilisa.
• Amabhungane omhlabathi amancane ngemuva kwamaphiko. Ngiyabonga, amabhalansi ezinambuzane ngesikhathi sendiza futhi enza umsindo wokulinganisa.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukubukeka kwama-Horseflies kucacile. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwakheka komzimba nezici zomzimba kuyakuvumela ukuba kudle kokubili igazi nokudla kwezitshalo. Lesi sinambuzane asinasifo. Le mpukane iluma iprosesa yayo nemihlathi enamandla.

Izimpungushe zamahhashi azibonakali kalula ngombala: izithunzi ezifiphele zezimpunga, nsundu, neziphuzi. Ngakho-ke, lesi sinambuzane esinegazi sihlangana kalula nemvelo.

Habitat nobuntu

Lezi zinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu, zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene. Indawo yokuhlala inkulu kakhulu - itholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zoMhlaba ngaphandle kogwadule olunesimo sezulu esishisayo. Uma emhlabeni kunezinhlobo zezinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-3.5, khona-ke eRussia kunezinhlobo ezingama-200 zazo.

Umzimba wezinambuzane ungafinyelela ku-3 cm ngosayizi, ngaphandle kufana nempukane evamile enobukhulu. Zinezimpiko ezihogayo osobala, ngemuva kwazo kukhona umswakama.

Ubuhle besakhiwo yinhloko enkulu enesisu esithambile. Izinambuzane zine-proboscis enobumba obunzima. Banombono omuhle, okukuvumela ukuba ubuke isisulu amabanga amade.

Abesifazane nabesilisa bahlukile ngokubukeka. Uma izintokazi zinamehlo asabalele ke kwabesilisa ibanga eliphakathi kwamehlo lincane kakhulu. Abesilisa nabo banesisu esikhonjiwe, kepha ingxenye yomlomo, ngokungafani nabesifazane, ayinazimpawu.

Kanye nezinye izinambuzane ezifanayo, izimpukane zamahhashi ziphila impilo yokuhlaselana. Bazondla ngegazi lezisulu zabo - izilwane kanye nabantu.

Ngokuphambene, imidlwane, ngokwesibonelo, incane kakhulu ngosayizi, inombala wewolintshi emzimbeni wezinwele. Uma izimpukane zamahhashi ziluma izilwane ukuze zithole ukudla, khona-ke amajezi athambekele ukubeka amaqanda ahlabayo ngaphansi kwesikhumba.

Imininingwane yempilo

Ingozi ivezwa izimpukane zamahhashi abesifazane ezidla ngegazi lezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlaseli izisulu hhayi nje ngenjongo yokudla, kodwa futhi nokuthola igazi elidingekayo kwinqubo yokukhulisa iqanda.

Ngosizo lwe-proboscis, ihhashi linqamula isikhumba sesisulu, ngenxa yalokho kwenziwa inxeba, okuzoba ngumthombo wegazi lesinambuzane. Ukuluma okukodwa kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwegazi okufika kuma-200 mg. Kepha izinambuzane ezingamaduna zidla umpe wezimbali, umhlume wezibungu nezinzwa.

Ama-Horseflies akhetha ukuhlasela isisulu semobile. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye bayakwazi ukunaka umthunzi omnyama we-silhouette yesilwane, iphunga lokujuluka noma umzimba omanzi wesilwane esihambayo.

Ngemuva kokudla igazi, insikazi iqala ukuyigaya. Amathumbu wowesifazane ovundisiwe, imithambo yokudla okweqile ingatholakala ezinsukwini ezi-2 ngemuva kokulunywa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-4, usevele ukulungele ukubeka amaqanda. Usayizi wobumbano ungafinyelela ama-100-1000 ama-PC. ngesikhathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, umjikelezo wokudla ufinyelela ezikhathini ezi-6 ngesizini. Futhi-ke, inani eliphakathi kwamaqanda elibekwe lingaba ngama-3 500 pcs.

Ngokwesibungu sezinambuzane, inhlabathi enomswakama noma amanzi kuyinto enhle. Ngakho-ke, zihlala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi, futhi zisebenza kakhulu sezulu esishisayo ehlobo.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

I-Horsefly imele umndeni womndeni wezinambuzane zamahhashi (i-oda yi-diptera), noma kunalokho, omelele wezimpukane zamahhashi. Lezi yizimpukane ezigcwele, osayizi benyathi yasendlini noma usayizi we-bumblebee, kwesinye isikhathi obizwa ngokuthi izilo ezinamakhanda aluhlaza. Amehlo abo enziwe ngensimbi noma uthingo atholakala dorally kwabesilisa futhi ngokwehlukana kowesifazane.

Imilomo yazo ifana nethuluzi elakhiwe ngemigodi. Amanye amagama wesinambuzane yigwana nendlebe. Enye yezinhlobo ezijwayelekile (iThabanus lineola) enamehlo aluhlaza okhanyayo futhi yaziwa ngokuthi inhloko eluhlaza. Uhlobo lwe-lacewing, olwaziwa njengezinyoni impukane, lincane kancane kunezimpukane zamahhashi futhi lunamamaki amnyama emaphikweni.

Ukulunywa okuningi okubuhlungu kwezixuku eziningi zalezi zimpukane kunganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi emabeleni nasezinkomeni zenkomo futhi kuvikele amadlelo ezinkomo namahhashi, njengoba izilwane ezihlaseli zizohlangana. Izilwane zingalimala ngisho nokubaleka lezi zimpukane. Kulokhu, ukulahleka kwegazi kungabonakala kubaluleke kakhulu.

Ividiyo: Uhhashi

Lezi zimpukane ezinkulu, ezinamandla womzimba zinamandla futhi zinoxhaxha, zijikeleza noma ziphokophela inhloso yazo ngokugcizelela okuphoxayo ukuze zenze imijovo ebuhlungu esikhunjeni futhi zimunce igazi. Izimpukane zihlala zixhumana nomsingathi imizuzu embalwa, bese zihamba zize ziphinde zidinge ukudla, okwenzeka njalo ezinsukwini ezi-3-4.

Ukwalana okungathi sína kokulunywa yihashi akuyona into evamile, kepha kungasayindwa yizimpawu ezengeziwe:

• umuzwa wokuba nesiyezi nobuthakathaka,
• dyspnea,
• isikhumba esivele siguqeke okwesikhashana, ngokwesibonelo, ezungeze amehlo nezindebe.

Ukungezwani okunamandla kakhudlwana akuvamile, kepha kuyaphuthuma.

Udinga ukushayela i-ambulensi nganoma yiziphi izimpawu ze-anaphylaxis, ezibandakanya:

• ukuvuvukala, ukulunywa, noma ukugabha,
• ubuso, izindebe, izingalo nemilenze kungenzeka kuvuvukale,
• ukudumba umphimbo nolimi kuyizimpawu eziyingozi,
• isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, noma isifo sohudo
• ubunzima ukugwinya noma ukuphefumula.

Kungani kubizwa kanjalo?

Kuze kube manje, abantu abaningi baphikisana ngokuthi igama elithi "ukhozi" lavelaphi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sathola igama elinjalo ngenxa yokuthi livame ukuluma umuntu noma isilwane esweni. Njengokungathi ufuna ukufiphaza isisulu sakhe.

Kukholelwa futhi kakhulu ukuthi i-Horsefly lalibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yezimpawu zalo zokuziphatha ezihehayo. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa nalapho kulunywa, lesi sinambuzane sithande kakhulu igazi ngakho-ke asiboni lutho. Ngakho-ke, isebenza ngokungathi kunzima ukubona - ekugcineni, ingabulawa kalula noma imane isuswe ngesandla esilwaneni esilinyathele kulo lesi silwanyana.

Kepha empeleni, impukane yamahhashi inamehlo amahle, okumsiza ukuba athole ukudla nokuzingela. Iningi labaphengululi lize lithi leli gazi elindizayo libona isisulu ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-1000. Kuliqiniso, izimpukane zamahhashi ikakhulukazi zibona iminonjana yezinto futhi zisabela lapho zihamba. Ngalesi sizathu, izimpukane zamahhashi zivame ukungaziphathi kahle ngokuhlaselwa inyamazane, ngihamba ngilandela imoto, isikebhe noma isitimela.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani inkanyezi yamahhashi?

I-Horsefly ngumbala onsomi omnyama, onamaphiko ansundu ansundu kanye namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimpukane ezindala zinombala onsundu, zinwele, ziqinile, zingaba ngu-1,7 cm ubude, zifana nezinyosi zezinyosi, ngaphandle kokuthi zinamaphiko eyodwa kuphela. Kukhona amabala amomotheka emaphikweni wezimpungushe zamahhashi.

Izibungu ezikhule ngokugcwele zinobude obungu-0.6 kuya ku-1.27 cm futhi zibe nesikhumba esinsundu esimhlophe noma omhlophe ngokwebala. Ziqhamuke ekugcineni (emuva) ekugcineni bese zibuyela komunye umkhawulo (ngaphambili), lapho kukhona khona izitho zomlomo eziqinile ezinomzimba obunjiweyo. Ingxenye ngayinye yomzimba izungezwe ama-spikes aqinile. Imisipha yamahhashi inezigaba ezinhlanu futhi iwugqinsi phansi, iba mncane ngengxenye ngayinye. Lezi zimpondo zinde futhi zincane. Izimpiko zamahhashi zivame ukuba mnyama ngokuphelele noma zibe sobala ngokuphelele.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Indlela elula yokuthola izinyamazane ukubheka usayizi wayo wonke. Isinambuzane sivame ukuba sikhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izimpukane eziluma. Abesilisa banamehlo amakhulu kangangokuba bathinta umqhele wekhanda.

Akuzona zonke izimpukane zamahhashi ezixhomekeke emanzini, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zibekela amaqanda azo ezitshalweni ezikhula eduze kwamachibi, imifula nemifudlana. Ezinye izinhlobo zinezibungu zasemanzini, kanti ezinye zihlala emhlabathini omanzi. Zonke zidla kwamanye ama-invertebrates zize zikulungele ukudonsa futhi zibe ngabantu abadala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nezibungu ezungeze amachibi. Amapulazi kwesinye isikhathi ayindawo eshisayo yalezi mpukane, njengoba zikhangwa yimfuyo namahhashi.

Manje usuyazi ukuthi kwenzekani lapho ulunywa yihhashi. Ake sibheke ukuthi litholakala kuphi leli zinambuzane.

Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo

Ngokungafani nesibhakela, izimpukane zamahhashi akuzona izidakamizwa. Lesi sinambuzane singokwesidleke, ngoba sidla ngegazi lezilwane ezincelisayo. Indiza yamahhashi iqala lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lifudumala lifinyelela ku-+15 ° C. Enkabeni yeRussia, cishe lokhu kungamashumi amabili kaMeyi. Eningizimu - ngaphambili.

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, izimpukane zamahhashi zizizwa zizinhle emahlathini, emasimini, emaphethelweni, kanye nasezigwadule nasezintabeni. Le mpukane ephuza igazi iyathanda ukuzingela eduze kwamachibi, ngoba kunomswakama odingekayo empilweni yayo. By the way, izibungu zamahhashi ezinhlobo eziningi zikhula emanzini. Abantu abadala bachitha cishe yonke impilo yabo babaleka.

Futhi, lezi zinambuzane, ngokungafani nomiyane nama-midges, njengesimo sezulu esishisayo nesishisayo, ngakho-ke zivame ukusebenza ebusuku ngesikhathi sehlobo nezinsuku ezifudumele. Lezi zimpukane ziphila kakhulu ngaphambi kokuna kwemvula, kepha ngesimo sezulu esibi nomoya azihambi futhi azizingeli. Okwahlukile ngamahhashi emvula, angahlasela ngisho nemvula elula.

Abaningi bakholelwa ngeze ukuthi izimpukane zamahhashi zidla kuphela ngegazi. Iqiniso ngukuthi abesilisa bazo zonke lezi zinambuzane ezindizayo 'bayimifino'. Zidla impova yezitshalo, umpe wezimbali, izibungu, ama-aphid, njll. Zilume futhi ziphuze igazi kuphela olwezindlamanzi zamahashe abesifazane. Lolu ketshezi luyadingeka ukuze baqhubeke nohlobo, noma kunalokho, ekuthuthukiseni amaqanda.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, ekudleni okukodwa, umuntu ngamunye wesifazane angancela aze afike ku-200 mg. Ngokuqondene nabesifazane abangafundile, bakubekezelela kalula ukungabikho kokudla kwamaprotheni futhi baneliswa yimenyu yezitshalo.

Ihlala kuphi ihhashi?

Photo: Isinambuzane

Ama-Horseflies, njengomthetho, ahlala emahlathini. Izinhlobo zivame ukuzondla emini futhi zibonakala kakhulu ngezinsuku ezolile, ezishisayo nezinelanga. Zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezindaweni zasemakhaya eduze namachibi asebenza njengezindawo zokuzalela, nalapho imikhosi yezilwane ezincelile miningi kakhulu.

Ama-larvae akhula emgungwini wesisu wamabutho wezilwane ebusika. Ngezikhathi zasebusika nasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, izibungu zabantu abadala zitholakala ezindlini zomgcini. Ukusuka lapho, bangena emhlabathini bese bakha umdlwane osuka esikhunjeni semiphunga yabo yesigaba sokugcina (iminyaka). Ziphenduka izimpukane ezindala ngaphakathi kwe-puparia bese zivela ngemuva kwamasonto angama-3-10.

Abadala bayasebenza ukusuka maphakathi nehlobo kuya ekwindla. Amaqanda abantu besifazane abadala glue amaqanda ezinwele zamahhashi, ikakhulukazi ezinweleni ezingaphambili, kanye nasesiswini, emahlombe nasemilenzeni yangemuva. Amaqanda aqanduselwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-140 ngesiphukuthezi esifanele (umswakama, ukushisa nokufutheka) okubangelwa ukukhotha kwehhashi noma ukuluma izinwele ezithwele iqanda.

Izibungu ezincane zesigaba sokuqala (ubudala) zingena emlonyeni bese zigaya olimini cishe izinsuku ezingama-28 ngaphambi kokuba zincibilike zidlulele esiswini, lapho zihlala khona izinyanga eziyi-9 kuya kwezingu-10, zikhula zibe esigabeni sesithathu emva kwamaviki amahlanu. Isizukulwane esisodwa sezimpukane zamahhashi sikhula ngonyaka.

Ukuzala

Ukunakekela ukuzala nokuzala ama-Horseflies kuqala ngenkathi efudumele. Isikhathi nesikhathi nesikhathi sokuzalela esinqunyiwe kunqunywa izinhlobo zezinambuzane kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo.

Umjikelezo wempilo wamanje wama-Horseflies uqukethe izigaba ezine:

• Iqanda. Owesifazane oyedwa ubeka izingcezu ezingama-400 kuye kwezingu-1000.
• ULerva. Inesimo se-fusiform. Ngaphandle kwemilenze.
• Idoli. Kukhumbuza unodoli webhabhathane ojwayelekile.
• I-Imago (omdala). Isikhathi sokuphila kwabo sifushane. Imvamisa lokhu kuyinyanga eyodwa. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ihlobo.

Okusho ukuthi, ihhashi yisinambuzane esinoguquko oluphelele. Isilinganiso sokuphila okuphelele kusukela ngesikhathi sokubekela amaqanda ekufeni kwe-imago yiminyaka emi-4. Lokhu impela. Izinambuzane eziningi ziphila ngokulandelana kwesisindo esincane.

Ukuphela kwendlela yokuzala yabo kuyafana nohlobo lokuzala kwamanye ama-dipterans. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, abantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile bayashada, futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana owesimame wenza i-clutch. Ngasikhathi sinye, amahhashi akhulelwe adinga ukondliwa ngegazi lomuntu nangezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ukupompa igazi, insikazi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile iqala ukubeka amaqanda izinqwaba:

• ngaphansi kwamaqabunga,
• neziqu zezitshalo
• emanzini,
• emhlabeni omanzi
• ogwini lomfula ogelezayo, imifula, amachibi noma amachibi,

Isibungu se-Horsefly izibungu ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-8 noma ngaphezulu. Bese ihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini noma eyasemanzini, ukudla ama-mollus amancane, izinambuzane, izibungu, noma imfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izibungu zenza ngisho ne-cannibalism.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ngifuna ukususa “inganekwane” eyodwa edumile phakathi kwabantu. Kuphathelene neqiniso lokuthi izimpungushe zamahhashi kuthiwa zingazalela amaqanda nezibungu zazo ngaphansi kwesikhumba sabantu noma sezilwane. Lokhu empeleni akunjalo. Yigogo kuphela kuphela engenza lokhu. Uhashi lubekela amaqanda emanzini, otshanini, emhlabathini omanzi nakwezinye izindawo ezivikelwe elangeni eliqondile.

Ngokuqondene nesigaba sesibungu, sithatha cishe unyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu zize zikwazi ukubusika. Entwasahlobo, ukuqala kwezimpukane. Zikhasa ziye ezindaweni ezomile, lapho ziphenduka zibe yi-pupae. Isigaba ngokwaso sithatha izinsuku ezinhlanu kuya emasontweni ambalwa. Kube sekuvela inambuzane endala.

Ngabe sidlani amahhashi?

Isithombe: Ubhabha omkhulu

Amahhashi amadala amadala avame ukondla umpe, kepha izinsikazi zidinga igazi ngaphambi kokuba zande ngempumelelo. Ukulunywa yizimpukane zamahhashi abesifazane, ikakhulukazi abantu abakhulu, kungaba buhlungu kakhulu ngoba izitho zomlomo wazo zisetshenziselwa ukuklebhula nokugaya, ngokungafani nomiyane, omane ugwaze isikhumba futhi uncele igazi.Anamazinyo acijile, anjengamehlo asika isikhumba esivulekile, bese akhipha i-anticoagulant ukumisa ukugcwala kwegazi ngenkathi bejabulela ukudla.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-horflies ama-females adinga ukufika ku-0,5 ml wegazi ukuze azalwe, okuyinani elikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi wawo. Bangathatha cishe ama-200 mg wegazi ngemizuzu embalwa.

Ukulunywa yi-Horsefly kungakhula kube ngamaqhubu amakhulu, abomvu, abomvu, avuvukala kungakapheli imizuzu. Abanye abantu futhi babika ukuzwa imfiva, ubuthakathaka, kanye nenausea. Kwabaningi, ayinabungozi ngokuphelele, kepha ayinampilo enkulu kakhulu. Ezimweni ezihlukile, abanye abantu bangase bahlaselwe ukungaphenduki komzimba abanezimpawu ezinjengesiyezi, ukugudluza umoya, ukuphefumula, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba esinamabala, nokuvuvukala okukhulu okungabonakala ezindebeni noma kolimi.

Ama-Horseflies angabondli bezikhathi ezithile. Ukulunywa kwabo okubuhlungu kuvame ukwenza ukuthi ohlukunyeziwe aphendule, ngakho-ke impukane iyaphoqeleka ukuba iye komunye umgcini. Ngakho-ke, angaba abathwali bemishini zezifo ezithile zezilwane nabantu. Izinsikazi zamahhashi nazo zihlala njalo futhi, njengomthetho, zizoqhubeka nokuluma lowo oze naye aze aphumelele ekutholeni ukudla kwawo kwegazi noma abulawe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi baphishekela izinhloso zabo ezihlosiwe zesikhathi esifushane. Ezinye izinhlobo zingabathwali bamagciwane, kepha ezifweni eziningi ezithwalwa izimpukane, zihambisana nemfuyo kuphela.

Ngesikhathi semisebenzi yangaphandle, gqoka izingubo ezinemibala ekhanyayo nokuziphindisela kwezinambuzane ukuvikela ukulunywa yihashi. Uma zifakiwe ezinhlakeni, indlela enhle yokulawula ukungafaki, kufaka phakathi ukubheka yonke iminyango namafasitela.

Kungani izimpukane zamahhashi ziyingozi?

Okokuqala, ngeqiniso lokuthi bavele ngesikhathi sokuluma izinto ezingadala ukungaphenduki kahle komzimba:

• komzimba
• ukulunywa
• ukuvuvukala,
• ukucasulwa,
• izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, njll.

Ezinganeni ezisencane nakubantu abanozwelo, i-edema, ukuqubuka okwengeziwe kanye nokubomvu okunzima kuvame ukwenzeka, kuhambisana nokuwohloka kwenhlala-kahle nokwanda kwezindawo zezindawo ezinomdlandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, isayithi yokuluma cishe njalo iyabhula futhi ihlume. Kwesinye isikhathi endaweni yayo i-nodule eqinile ebuhlungu nayo iyakha, edlula kuphela emavikini ambalwa.

Kepha ukulunywa nemiphumela emibi kubo kude kakhulu nenkinga, ngenxa yokuthi iyiphi inkanyezi yamahhashi engaba yingozi. Ezinye zalezi zinambuzane zithwala izifo kanye nezifo. Phakathi kwazo:

• i-anthrax,
• i-tularemia,
• polio,
• filariasis,
• trypanosomiasis, njll.

Ngakho-ke, uma ngemuva kokuhlaselwa amahhashi une-fever noma ezinye izimpawu kuvela, kufanele uthintane nodokotela.

Ukulimala okukhulu kwamahhashi kubangelwa ezolimo kanye nokufuya izilwane. Izinkomo zihlupheka ngokusebenza kwazo, ukuhlaselwa nokuluma. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhuthazela kuyancipha emahhashini, isivuno sobisi ezinkomeni siyancipha, kanti nezingulube zingaqala nokuncipha noma zinciphise kancane.

Ingabe ikhona inzuzo evela kumahhashi? Njengoba wazi, akukho lutho oluhle ngokweqile emvelweni. Lezi zinambuzane zingukudla kwezinyoni nezinhlanzi eziningi. Ngakho-ke, ukuncishiswa kwamanani abo kungaholela ekungalingani okukhulu emhlabeni ozungezile.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Bullfly

Izindiza zamahhashi ezindala ziyashesha, izindiza ezinamandla ezinamandla okundiza okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-48, yize zivame ukungasakazeki kabanzi. Kaningi bahlasela izinto ezihamba nezimnyama. Izimpungushe zamahhashi zivame ukuphumula ezindleleni nasemigwaqweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisehlathini lapho abanikazi abangahle bezilindile. Izimpukane ziheha ukukhanya futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana emafasiteleni. Ama-Horseflies avame kakhulu esimweni sezulu esishisayo esinomoya omncane, ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nesikhathi sasemini maphakathi nehlobo. Zingaba izinambuzane eziningi uma ukuduma kuhambisana nesimo sezulu esishisayo.

Ama-Horseflies ayimibuthano yansuku zonke, okungukuthi, ayasebenza phakathi nosuku. Zincamela ukudla egazini lezinkomo ezinjengezinkomo namahhashi. Lokhu kungaba yinkinga ngoba amahhashi athwale amagciwane angadala izifo kwezinye izinhlobo zemfuyo, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni ngumnotho okungaba khona. Futhi, ngeshwa, izimpukane zamahhashi azinazinkinga uma zidla abantu noma izilwane ezifuywayo, uma zinikezwa ithuba elinjalo.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Njengezinye izinambuzane eziphuza igazi, ezifana, ngokwesibonelo, omiyane, izintokazi zamahhashi zisebenzisa zombili amasiginali amakhemikhali nawokubuka ukuthola abasemzini. I-Carbon dioxide ekhishwa yizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele ihlinzeka ngesibonakaliso esikude ukuheha izimpukane ziqhelele kude, kanti izimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinjengokunyakaza, usayizi, ukwakheka nombala omnyama zikhonza ukuheha izimpungushe zamahhashi emabangeni amafushane.

UGadfly kanye negaddy kuyinto efanayo?

Vele akunjalo. Lezi izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, ezibuye nezemindeni ehlukene. Amagajethi nezimpukane zamahhashi ziyehluka:

• ukwakheka
• ukubukeka
• isimilo
• izici zokuzalela,
• umsoco (ngokwesibonelo, amagwababa amadala, ngokungafani nezimpukane zamahhashi, awadingi ukudla nhlobo futhi awaphuzi igazi),

Ngakho-ke, labo bantu ababiza ngamagajethi e-Horsefly baliphutha kakhulu. Yize zombili lezi zinambuzane zingathandeki futhi ziyingozi. Kufanele balwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umlimi, umlimi, umdobi, umzingeli kanye nabahambi kufanele bazi ukuthi bazivikele kanjani kulezi ezihubhisayo ezinca igazi.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Ubhabha omkhulu

Ama-Horseflies abhekana ne-metamorphosis ephelele, okubandakanya ukudlula ezigabeni ezi-4 ezigcwele zempilo. Leli yiqanda, izibungu, i-chrysalis nesigaba sabantu abadala. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda amaningi kusuka kumaqanda angama-25 kuye kwangama-1000 ezitshalweni ezimi ngaphezu kwamanzi noma ezindaweni ezimanzi. Izibungu ezigoqeka kula maqanda ziwela phansi bese zidla ngokubola ngezinto eziphilayo noma ezintweni ezincane enhlabathini noma emanzini.

Izibungu zamahhashi zikhula odakeni ngasemaphethelweni echibini noma osebeni lwemifudlana, ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi noma ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi. Ezinye zazo zinamanzi, kanti ezinye zikhula emhlabathini owomile. Isigaba sama-larval sivame ukuhlala unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu, kuya ngezinhlobo. Izibungu ezivuthiwe zingena ezindaweni ezomile ukuze zenze iziloba, bese kuthi kamuva kuqhamuke abantu abadala. Isikhathi esiteji sabafundi sincike kuzinhlobo nokushisa, kepha kungahluka kusuka ezinsukwini ezi-6 kuye kwezingu-12.

Kunzima noma kucishe kungenzeki ukuthola nokususa isiza sokuzalela amahhashi. Zizalela ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezithinta imvelo, yingakho imiphumela yokudonsa noma ama-insecticides ezintweni ezingakuhlosiwe noma ekunikezelweni kwamanzi ibalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambuzane zingamafutha aqinile angakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elithile. Amasayithi okuzala anganda kakhulu noma kude kude nendawo yezinkinga.

Ngenhlanhla, izimpungushe zamahhashi ziyizinkinga ezenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Okunye ukujwayela ekuziphatheni noma ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokuthengisa kungavumela ukuthi ujabulele ngaphandle.

Izitha zemvelo zamahhashi

Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani inkanyezi yamahhashi?

Kanye nezinye izinambuzane eziningi ezindizayo, izimpungushe zamahhashi nazo zingumthombo wokudla wezilwane eziningi eziningi eziphezulu entweni yokudla. Zisiza ukusekela ezinye izinhlobo, njengamalulwane nezinyoni, kanti izibungu zasemanzini zizidla izinhlanzi.

Izinyoni ezidla izimpunzi zamahhashi:

• amakhadinali anekhanda elimnyama ayizimbobo zezingoma ezinomlomo omkhulu, onobuhlakani obukhulu, obukhulu. Umbala wazo uxhomeke ebulilini benyoni: owesilisa onomlilo unomzimba wesinamoni we-orange onekhanda elimnyama namaphiko amnyama namhlophe, kanti abesilisa nabesilisa abangamakhokho banombala onsundu ngebala le-orange esifubeni. Zidla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izimpungushe namahhashi. Amakhadinali anamakhanda amnyama angatholakala ikakhulu entshonalanga United States emahlathini naseziphethweni zamahlathi, nasezigcekeni nasezivandeni,
• Ondlunkulu kungenye yezinyoni ezivame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika futhi ingabonakala kakhulu emihlambini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma kunezinambuzane engadini, kufaka phakathi izimpungushe zamahhashi, ke ondlunkulu bangaba inkathazo yendlu yakho uma yande kakhulu. Bakha izidleke zabo ezindongeni zendlu, bacekela phansi ihlathi. Amachilo abo nawo angaba yingozi empilweni yabantu. Naphezu kwalokhu, bangahamba ibanga elide ekunciphiseni inani lama-horsefly ezungeze amakhaya,
• ama-swallows adla ikakhulukazi izinambuzane, kanye nokusanhlamvu, imbewu nezithelo futhi ahlala eduze namasimu nezindawo ezinenqwaba yezikhala ezindizayo kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi kwemvelo. Lezi zingqongqo zezingoma ezindiza ngokushesha ezinombala kusuka onsundu ompunga kuya kwesibhakabhaka-zimhlophe futhi zihlala engxenyeni enkulu yeNyakatho Melika. Izinambuzane ezindizayo, ezifana nezimpukane zamahhashi, kungumthombo wokudla oyinhloko wokugwinya,
• Ama-warblers ayizinyoni ezingavikeleki ezidla ngama-spruce buds kanye namahhashi. Inani labo livame ukuguquguquka ngokwesilinganiso senani lezinambuzane elizidlayo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 ezahlukahlukene zama-warblers. Lezi yizimbobo ezincane zezingoma ezinezingxenye ezimhlophe eziphansi, emuva oluhlaza kanye nemigqa emhlophe emehlweni abo. Ama-warblers amasha aluhlaza omnyama onomugqa wamehlo obonakalayo kanye nezingxenye eziphaphathekile eziphuzi.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Inani labantu abamahhashi likhula ngesimo sezulu esishisayo. Kakhulu esimweni sezulu esifudumele, esinomswakama nesizolile, baba inhlupho yangempela yamahhashi nabanikazi bawo. Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-8000 ezahlukahlukene zama-amahhashi, ahlobene. Ngisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulwa namahhashi.

Ngeshwa, zimbalwa izindlela zokulawula ama-horseflies futhi unciphise ukuluma kwazo. Ubungozi bokulunywa bungancishiswa, kepha okwamanje azikho izindlela ezaziwayo zokukuqeda ngokuphelele. Njengakwezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezifo zezinambuzane, izindlela zokuvimbela umugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ezifweni zamahhashi ekhaya. Ukuthuthwa kwendle nokuhlanzwa kwendlu kungavikela ukutheleleka kwamahhashi, ngoba izibungu zazo zivame ukukhula lapho kubola izinto eziphilayo. Ukufaka isicabha eminyango nasemafasiteleni kungavimba izimpukane zingene egumbini futhi zigcwele indlu.

Kukhona izicupho zezinyoni zamahhashi, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kuyahluka. Izicupho ziqukethe indawo enkulu emnyama ehlehlela emuva naphambili, imvamisa ifafazwa ngohlobo oluthile lomshu wesilwane noma iphunga elifanayo elithandekayo. Lo mkhakha utholakala ngaphansi kwebhakede noma isitsha esifanayo esifana ne -triptrap enamathelayo - izimpungushe zamahhashi ezikhangwa yilesi sikhala ziyahamba, futhi, ngokufanele, ziwele eshashinini. Ukwehla noma yimaphi amachibi amile ezungeze impahla kungasiza futhi ukunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwamahhashi.

Uma usuthole ukutheleleka ngezimpukane zamahhashi ekhaya lakho, izindlela zokuzivikela zingakusiza kakhulu. Izindlela zokulawulwa kwamahhashi emvelo zifaka amaphepha endiza nabalandeli. Ukhozi luphazanyiswa yintuthu, ngakho-ke amakhandlela avuthayo nawo angawanxenxa ukuba ashiye indlu abehlala kuyo. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinyathelo zibonisa ukusebenza kahle kokubambekayo ekususeni ukutheleleka kwamahhashi. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane nayo ingaphumelela ngokulingana ukulawula izinkumbi zamahhashi.

Ihhashi izimpukane ezinkulu. Yize abesilisa abadala bephuza umpe futhi betshala izithombo, izinsikazi zamahhashi zidinga amaprotheni ukukhiqiza amaqanda. Igazi liwumthombo wale protein, futhi izimpukane zamahhashi zingayithola emahhashini, ezinkomeni, ezimvwini, kunogwaja, nakubantu. Ukulunywa ngundabamlonyeni sowesifazane kuzwakala ngokushesha, kwakheka ibhulukwe elibomvu.

Isithombe sehhashi

I-Larva kanye ne-horsefly ezindala kuhluke kakhulu ngesakhiwo nokubukeka, okungabonakala esithombeni.

Isinambuzane esivuthiwe ngocansi sinosayizi abakhulu noma abaphakathi, umzimba uphuzi, onsundu noma mpunga ngombala. Iningi lekhanda lamehlo anezinhlaka ezinamasayizi afanayo noma ahlukile. Imihlathi yokubamba nokusika ilungele kakhulu ukulunywa. Elinye lamaphiko lifakwe engxenyeni ephakathi yesifuba. Ubunono besisu obukhulu ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi. Ukhozi olunamabhande amathathu emilenze anezinswelaboya namaphampu anamathela ukuze uwelele zingaki izingalo bese ulungisa ngokuthembekile emzimbeni womsingathi.

I-larus ye-fusiform ye-hue emhlophe idlula kuzo zonke izigaba kusuka kuphayiphu iye kwi-imago. Ubungako bawo buxhomeke ezicini zangaphandle nasezinhlotsheni.

Ukwehlukaniswa ngokobulili kwamahhashi kunquma isidingo sazo sezakhi zomzimba. Kudingeka kuphela ama-carbohydrate owesilisa. Ubathola ngokukhotha umpe notshezi olukuphambi nezinye izinambuzane ezi-herbivorous. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, izinsikazi zamahhashi zidinga amaprotheni angena emzimbeni kanye negazi lalowo ohlukunyeziwe. Ngakho-ke, ukungaphatheki kahle nobungozi kubantu nasezilwaneni kwakhiwa ngamahhashi abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili.

Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wezinambuzane uyabonakala ngesikhathi sasemini. Ukusebenza kwaso kuthinteka kakhulu ngezinga lokukhanyiswa nezici zesimo sezulu. Iningi lezinambuzane lithanda isimo sezulu esomile nesomile. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezimpukane zamahhashi asidluli inyanga eyodwa.

Kuyingozi Kanjani Ukulala

Izinyamazane ezinambitha igazi, eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni zasemapulazini. Ukuhlaselwa kokugcina kunomthelela omubi ekukhuleni kwezilwane ezisencane, ubisi lwezinkomo nokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo.

Kubantu abahlangana kahle nezimo, ukulunywa akuhlangene kuphela nobuhlungu obukhulu, kepha futhi nokuhanjiswa kwezifo: i-tularemia, i-anthrax, i-paraphilariasis. Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi izimpukane zamahhashi zibandakanyeka ekudlulisweni kwe-helminthic, izifo ezithathelwanayo kanye ne-protozoal.

Umqondo wokuthola isisulu uvuka kubantu besifazane kuphela ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Kunezigaba eziningana zenqubo:

• ukufuna into yokuhlasela,
• ukuya kusisulu, kuhlolwe usayizi wakhe, umbala nokuhamba kwakhe,
• indiza nokufuna inkosi yakusasa,
• ukufika emzimbeni wesisulu, kucatshangwe ngemizwa ezishisayo, ethambile nezemakhemikhali,
• ukunqunywa kwendawo enethiwekhi eminyene kakhulu yemithambo yegazi ngama-punctures amaningi okuhlola, inqubo yokwenziwa kwegazi.

Ama-Horseflies ahamba kakhulu futhi anqoba amabanga amangalisayo ngosizo lomuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Lokhu kwandisa indima yama-bloodsuckers asebenzayo ekuhanjisweni kwama-ejenti ahlukahlukene we-pathogenic.

Umzimba wezinambuzane eziphuza igazi yindawo yokuhlala yamagciwane athile wezimpawu. Njengamanje esigabeni samanje sentuthuko, isayensi yehlulekile ukuthola indima yama-amahhashi ekusakazweni kwawo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi kwamagciwane, umbandela we-pathogenic onamandla wokujikeleza uyatholakala oyingozi ezilwaneni nakubantu.

Izinhlobo zezimpisi zamahhashi

Izilwane zomhlaba zisebenza ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezingama-4400 zezinambuzane zamahhashi, kepha kuphela ezinye zazo eziyingozi ezilwaneni nakubantu. Indawo yokuhlala kwezinambuzane ingamazwekazi wonke, ngaphandle kweGreenland, Antarctica ne-Iceland.

Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezimpukane zamahhashi:

1. I-Bull Horsefly ingenye yameleli enkulu yezinambuzane ze-dipteran. Uma ubheka ukuthi le nhlobo ibukeka kanjani, ungathola ukufana okuphilayo nempukane ejwayelekile. Ubukhulu bomuntu omdala bufika ku-2,5 cm. Izici ezihlukanisayo: isisu esisicaba, amehlo amakhulu angenayo, umbala ompunga omnyama onesembozo esimpunga nemivimbo emnyama, amaphiko asobala e-brown hue. Izimpukane zensikazi ziphethe i-anthrax, i-tularemia, nezinye izifo ngokulunywa ngabantu nezilwane.
2. I-Deer Horsefly ngumuntu omkhulu onobude bomzimba wakhe ongadlula ku-2 cm. Umzimba unombala onsundu omnyama nesisu esikhanyayo esiswini esinemisipha yegolide.
3. Impunga yamahhashi - isinambuzane esifinyelela ku-2.2 cm ubude.Izici ezihlukanisayo: Amehlo amakhulu e-monophonic anendawo eluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu, izinwele ezimfushane ezimnyama zakha i-pathen ye-ashen-grey emzimbeni, iphethini enezici ezinomumo wedayimane nobunxantathu esiswini nasezinhlangothini. Impunga yamahhashi ephethe i-anthrax kanye nama-tularemia pathogens. Izisulu eziphambili ngabantu nezilwane zasemapulazini.
4. I-raincoat ejwayelekile yehlukile kwamanye amalungu omndeni ngokuhlelwa kwamaphiko: ifakwa kahle emgqonyeni womzimba, hhayi ihlukaniswe. Izici zesici: Amehlo amakhulu ansundu, ansundu, ama-mesh amaphiko, i-nondescript grey-olive noma umbala womzimba onsundu, ubude - kufika ku-1 cm. Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wezinhlobo ubonwa ngesikhathi semvula nangamafu aphezulu.
5. Ukhozi lwehhashi elinamehlo egolide limele umndeni wamahhashi onombala okhanyayo, njengoba kufakazelwa elinye igama lezinhlobo - i-motley. Isikimu sombala esiyinhloko ukuhlanganiswa okuphuzi nokumnyama. Umuntu omdala ufinyelela kubude obuyi-1 cm, enamaphiko avuvukelayo anamabala amnyama. Izimpukane zamahhashi ezisakazekile zingabathwali bezifo eziningi: i-anthrax, i-filariasis, i-tularemia ne-loiasis. Isici esahlukile se-lace-eye ukuhlasela okusheshayo kwesisulu ngaphandle kokulungiselela nokushushiswa kwangaphambilini.
6. I-Midday Horsefly yisinambuzane ubude baso somzimba esimweni esidala esifinyelela ku-1.5 cm. Uhlobo luhlukaniswa ngukuhlukahluka kombala womzimba kowesifazane. Kungaba yi-pubescence emnyama emnyama enamabala abomvu noma amhlophe.

E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-189 zezinhlobo zezimpukane. Ukungenela kwabo, ukulunywa okubuhlungu kanye nokudluliswa kwamagciwane wezifo ezinkulu yikhona okuyizizathu eziphambili zokulwa nezinambuzane. Ngokukhetha okunekhono kwendlela yokususa izinambuzane eziphuza igazi, kufanelekile ukuxhumana nabachwepheshe.

Ukufuya kwamahhashi

I-Horsefly isinambuzane esikhulu esincela igazi, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okubonakaliswa yi-metamorphosis eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhamba ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ovary kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-2-4. Isimo esibalulekile senqubo evumayo ukushisa okukhona kwama-26-30 o C.
2. Ukufakwa kweqanda isamba sezingcezu ezingama-400-1000 emachibini. Imvamisa, indawo engezansi yamaqabunga ikhethwa njengendawo yowesifazane, lapho izibungu zesikhathi esizayo zifakwa khona kuluhlu emigqeni eminingana.
3. Ukudonswa kwezibungu kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-8, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuhudulelwa inyanga. Izici zangaphandle zithonya ijubane lentuthuko.
4. Izibungu ziwela emgodini ongaphansi kweqanda, lapho kwakubekwe khona iqanda.
5. Izibungu zobusika ziqeda ukukhula ngemuva kokudlulela ezigabeni eziyisikhombisa. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwe-pupa, izinambuzane ziya endaweni eyomile.
6. Isigaba sikaPupa. Isikhathi senqubo yizinsuku eziyi-6-21.
7. Abadala - ukuqandelwa okhozini olukhulu lwehhashi.

Ijubane lokudlula kusuka eqandeni liye kumuntu omdala lixhomeke ezinhlotsheni nasezakhiweni zangaphandle.

Isifo se-Gadfly

Ama-Horseflies ayindawo yezinye izinto eziphilayo ezingama-pathogenic ezidala izifo kubantu nasezilwaneni zasemapulazini:

• protozoal: anaplasmosis, su-aura, trypanosomiasis,
• viral: i-anemia esithathelwanayo,
• igciwane: i-anthrax, i-tularemia, i-hemorrhagic septicemia, i-carbuncle.

Amathe anobuthi bezinhlwathi ezinobuthi abangela ukusabela okujwayelekile nokwasendaweni. Ngemizuzwana yokuqala, umuntu uzwa umuzwa ovuthayo oshisayo, ohambisana nokubomvu nokuvuvukala kwesikhumba ezungeze isilonda. Ubungozi bomsuka wegciwane lesilokazane se-diptera buxhomeke kuhlobo. Imizwa ebuhlungu kakhulu yenzeka lapho uthintana nezinyamazane namahhashi angama-bovine.

I-ejenti ebabayo ye-tularemia, eke yaba samathe, igcina isimo sinobuthi izinsuku ezintathu. Okwenziwa i-anthrax, isikhathi sesikhathi lapho i-Horsefly singathumela khona i-microorganism ethelelekile yizinsuku eziyi-7.

Kunezindlela eziningana lapho i-Horsefly ingangena khona ngamagciwane.

Ukuhlaselwa kwamahhashi ezilwaneni ezigulayo, ukudla izidumbu ezintsha kungumthombo wokusakazeka kwezifo eziyingozi. Ukutheleleka kumuntu omdala kusizwa amandla amabi wokugobhoza kwegazi le-peripheral esilwaneni esifile kanye nokuqongelela izinti ze-anthrax.

Enye into etheleleka kokutheleleka kwezinambuzane ezifunda igazi nge-dipteran agents ngama-pathogenic ukuvakasha esimweni esishisayo nesomile sokuqeda ukoma kwama-puddles, inhlabathi enomswakama kanye nezinqe ezinama-anthrax spores.

Indlela eyengeziwe yokuthi abasebenzeli bokutheleleka bangene emzimbeni wesisulu ukukhonkotha igazi nezinye izinambuzane elivela esilondeni sohlukunyezwa.

Izici ezifaka isandla ekuhanjisweni kwezimpungushe zamahhashi:

• ukuhamba ngokushesha emoyeni,
• amandla okuhamba amabanga amade emzimbeni wesisulu,
• ukukhuthazela,
• okokusebenza kwemihlathi, evumelaniswa kakhulu nokujuba kanye nokuvela kwesikhumba esinyene.

Inkampani "Des Group" inikezela abanikazi bezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba nezinsizakalo zasemapulazini ukulwa nezimpungushe zamahhashi nezinye izinambuzane. Ochwepheshe bazokhetha indlela engcono kakhulu yokususa ama-parasites, angenangozi kubantu nasezilwaneni zasepulazini.

Obani abangamahhashi futhi kungani bebizwa kanjalo

Ama-Horseflies (lat. Tabanidae) akha umndeni wezinambuzane eziphuza igazi, okungeka-oda iDiptera kanye nesigatshana Esifushane. Umndeni uqukethe cishe i-200 genera, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-4,400.

Lezi ngenye yezimpukane ezindala kakhulu zeplanethi. Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zezinsalela zama-Horseflies kwenza kwaba lula ukuthola ukuthi zavela esikhathini se-Oligocene, kusuka eminyakeni engama-39 kuye kwengama-23 edlule. Izisulu zezimpukane zamahhashi ngalezo zinsuku cishe zazingokhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zesimanje: ama-entelodons - ama-artiodactyl-ingulube, ama-hyienodons we-carnivorous kanye nezinja zokuqala - ama-cynodicts.

Wonke umuntu olunywe yi-Horsefly uyazi ukuthi kulula kanjani ukuthi ayigaye. Lapho sesithinte isisulu, insikazi iyaxineka futhi ayiboni lutho oluzungezile, okunikeza umbono wokuthi impukane iyimpumputhe. Igama elithi “izimpungushe” linikezwe izinambuzane, yize zibona kahle futhi zibheka umhlaba ngamehlo amahle.

Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ihhashi?

Lezi izimpukane ezinkulu zemidlalo enesifunda esikhulu se-thoracic namaphiko abanzi.

Ubungako bezimpukane zamahhashi buyehluka kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, abamele izinhlobo zeHaematopota koryoensis bakhula ngo-0.6 mm kuphela. Kodwa-ke, iningi labantu likhula lifinyelele ku-1.5-2 cm. Kukhona futhi imidondoshiya yangempela: Izimpukane ezindala zohlobo lweThabanus chrysurus zifinyelela ubude obungu-2-3 cm.

Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ihhashi.

Ukwakheka komzimba

Ama-Horseflies anesisu esibanzi esithambile, esiqukethe izingxenye ezi-7 ezakhiwe ngamakhonkco ayihafu: engenhla abizwa ngokuthi ama-tergites, abaphansi bangama-sternites. Lezi zingxenye zixhunywe ngu-membrane we-elastic owelulela ukubamba igazi ukuba lidakwe. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi iyakwazi ukuthatha cishe ama-200 mg wegazi, okufana nokudla komiyane abangama-70 noma ama-4000 midging okulimayo.

Isimo sesisu singasetshenziswa ukuthola ubulili bezinyozi zamahhashi: emadodeni ukuphela kwaso kukhonjisiwe, kwabesifazane kuyindilinga.

Ngemuva kwesifunda esine-thoracic kukhona uthango olukhulu olunxantathu. Izimpiko ezibanzi zinamathele engxenyeni ephakathi yesifuba, ebonakalayo ngokuphelele, kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni ezithungelanayo noma enetheni elincane. Ukuhanjiswa kwamaphiko kuyafana. Amaphiko okugoqa, abanye abantu bawashiya ahlukene, abanye babeka indlu.

Esisekelweni samaphiko kukhona amabhungane emhlabathini - izinqubo ezibumbili zesibili zamaphiko ezingafakwanga. Amabhungane emhlabathini abhangqiwe ayiziqu ezacile ezinesiphetho esimise oklabhu futhi asebenza njenge-gyroscope, noma, umane nje, umgibeli.

Amabhuzu amathathu ama-Horsefish agqamile wobude obuphakathi, amachashazi anezinwele. Ama-Spurs akhula emiseleni esembindini ephakathi yemilenze, efana nezikhala ezinameva. Ngenxa yezicucu ezi-2 eziyishumi nezinkomishi ezintathu zokuphuza ekugcineni konyawo ngalunye, izinambuzane zigcinwa endaweni ethe mpo.

Ukhozi olunamakhanda amakhulu olunenhloko enkulu, edlulayo, kwabanye abantu lubanzi kunesifuba, emadodeni kuvame ukuba kukhulu.

Umbala Wamahhashi

Isidumbu salezi zimpukane simbozwe nge-chitin emile kahle, ihlala isikhathi eside esifubeni nangaphambi kwekhanda. Isifuba nezisu zezinambuzane zimbozwe kakhulu ngezinwele ezondile.

Umbala wezimpukane zamahhashi uvikela kakhulu, ngombala onsundu, omnyama, onsomi kanye ophuzi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba zihlotshiswe ngamabala, imingcele, amaphethini ngesimo sezimbumbulu nangonxantathu, noma i-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi.

Amehlo okhozi

Amehlo amakhulu amahle ahlala iningi lamakhanda afanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Ezimweni eziningi, zingamagolide aqhakazile, acwazimulayo ngayo yonke imibala yesibhakabhaka, anezikhala nemivimbo, enza i-sheen yensimbi. Njengama-arthropods amaningi, kufaka phakathi ama-crustaceans, ama-Horseflies anamehlo e-facet, anezigaxa eziningi ezibukwayo - izici ezibheke ngaphandle nezisekelo zazo futhi zakha igridi ebusweni beso.

Umbono wombala awuvumeli izinambuzane ukuthi zihlukanise izinto ezincane, kepha zenza ukuthi zikwazi ukubona kahle ukusonjululwa nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokufiphaza. Kungakho izimpukane zamahhashi, njengezimpukane ziyindiza, zivame ukugijimela ezintweni ezingaphili ezihambayo, njengezimoto, noma zindizela emafasiteleni ezitimela avulekile.

Amehlo enkanyezi yamahhashi.