Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Isidlakudla sisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (likhulu ngokulingene iqhude), kanti elona likhulu kunamakhanda lakhiwa ngokwamandla, linamaphiko amade futhi lide, elinama-“bhulukwe” akhule kahle kushein. Ubude bomzimba buyi-48-63 cm, ubunzima besilisa buyi-0.8-11.3 kg, izinsikazi zingu-1,4-2.1 kg, amaphiko ngamaphiko ngu-110-160 cm.Ukhuphuka kuyaqabukela, kaningi lapho uzingela usebenzisa ukuhlela nokushayela indiza, imvamisa uhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme e-tundra.

Incazelo. I-plumage ye-plumage yezinyoni ezindala iyahlukahluka kusuka kwimpunga emomotheka, iphethini emnyama evamile yokuguquguquka nemisuka enomcibisholo ngaphezulu, enemisho eshintshashintshayo noma amabala amise okwenziwe ngomcibisholo emaceleni kanye nezithambeka ezimise okomshini ngemuva ngemuva kokukhanya okuvela phansi, kuze kube cishe mhlophe, ukugoba okuguqukayo emuva nasemaphikweni. Okumnyama, okumpunga okukhanyayo, kanye nemibala egqamile emhlophe kuvame ukwahluka. Uthingo lumnyama, indandatho ye-orbital, i-wax nezingxenye ezingekho emilenzeni imphuzi.

Umuntu osemusha unesizinda sombala esimnyama esimnyama nge-tint brownish, ngaphansi kunezihlahla eziminyene, ezimnyama, ezinde kakhulu, "amadevu" amnyama esihlathini akhula kangcono. Kwi-morph emhlophe, amaplamu wezinyoni ezincane ahluka ngokuthambekela kwabantu abadala kuphela kubude obude, futhi angaguquki, acwengekile noma amachashazi amise okomzimba emzimbeni namaphiko. Indandatho ye-orbital, i-waxen, engacocekile yemilenze ingwevu. Kwinyoni ezindizayo, amaphiko ebanzi, umsila uyaphakama, imivimbo ephambuka kaninginingi; kwizinyoni ze-morph emhlophe, zingavezwa buthaka. Ngombala, usayizi kanye nokulingana, inyoni ehleli noma indiza ngendiza ezindizayo ingadidaniswa ne-goshawk.

I-gyrfalcon yehlukile kuwo ngamaphiko akhombe ngokwengeziwe, ukungabi bikho kwekhamera elimhlophe elibanzi, umbala wamehlo (okuhlala kumnyama), iphethini elivamisile futhi elijwayelekile elihlotshiswe ngaso uhlangothi olungezansi lomzimba. Ihluke ku-peregrine falcon kuyo yonke iminyaka ngosayizi wayo omkhulu ngokubabazekayo, ukungabikho kwezigqoko ezimnyama ne "amadevu" ngaphansi kwamehlo, kuqhathaniswa nezihlathi ezikhanyayo, amaphiko angakhonjisiwe kuhlu, ngomsila ophakeme. Kuhamba indiza ngokuhamba kancane, okungatatazelwanga. Ihluka kumhluzi ngokungabikho kwamathoni ansundu kanye ne-ocher ku-plumage, kuvezwa ngokuqinile ngemivimbo eguqukayo emsileni, inyoni encane ithembela ngokuhlukile kuphela ngosayizi omkhulu nokungeziwe okukhulu.

Vota. Ukukhala komoya ophansi "keyek-keyek-keyek. "Imvamisa inyathelisa ngokukhathazeka esidlekeni. Ngokuvamile kuthulekile.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Indawo yokuhlala is circumpolar, ihlala i-tundra, ihlathi-tundra, amahlathi asenyakatho, amadwala olwandle olunamadwala asenyakatho ye-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika; ebusika, izinyoni eziningi (iningi lincane) zifudukela eningizimu - zisuka ehlathini-tundra ziye ehlathini-steppe, ezinye zihlala ezindaweni zezidleke. Kuyivelakancane, ifakiwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia, engxenyeni yayo yaseYurophu abekho ngaphezulu kwababili abangama-50 abasindile. Izinyoni ezimhlophe ze-morph azivamile kakhulu esifundeni sethu. Ukuchichima kuyaqhubeka ukwehla, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhamba ngokungemthetho nokubuthwa kwezidleke ze-falconry (i-gyrfalcon iyinyoni yokuzingela eyaziwayo).

Indlela yokuphila. Ukudla kusekwe emaceleni amhlophe ne-tundra; kuphinde kudle ezinye izinyoni, ulamula, ama hares. Ibamba inyamazane emoyeni nasemhlabathini. Ungazondla nge-carrion, ungena kwizicupho. Izindawo zokunakekela ngababili ezingapheli zigcinwa iminyaka eminingi. Ihlala izidleke ekuseni, iseseqhweni, emihumeni yamatshe, emadwaleni asogwini, ihlala izidleke zezinyamazane nezigwababa ezihlahleni noma emibhoshongweni ye-geodetic (kwesinye isikhathi iyazivuselela).

E-clutch kunamaqanda ama-2-5 (afika kwayi-7), ngokuvamile awagcini ngokugoba, kepha amhlophe anezindawo zokugqwala. Owesifazane ufaka izinsuku ezingama-28- 30, owesilisa uphatha inyamazana yakhe, bese kwesinye isikhathi umfaka esikhundleni esifushane. Isambatho sokuqala esinciphile samathoyizi simhlophe, okwesibili simhlophe ngombala. Esidlekeni, umusi unolaka, ngenkuthalo uxosha izitha. Izidleke ze-Gyrfalcon zivikelwe kwizilwane ezidla umhlaba kanye namahansi nezinye izinyoni ngempumelelo esidlekeni.

Ukufuduka ngemuva kokudlekwa kungadlula kokubili ngaseningizimu nasenyakatho yezindawo ezidlekayo, ukuqondiswa kokuhamba kuncike ebukhona bezindawo zokugcotshwa kwamabala amhlophe. Ekufudukeni ekwindla-nobusika kunamathela kuma-biotopes avulekile nese-mosaic. Izingubo zokugcina zabantu abadala zitholakala ngeminyaka engu-3-4 yobudala.

Izimpawu zensimu

Okukhulu kunakho konke kwama-falcons. Isisindo sowesilisa singaphezu kwe-1 kg, kanti insikazi ifinyelela ku-2 kg. Umbala we-gyrfalcon yaseSiberia ulula (ulula kune-Lapland gyrfalcon), kepha uhlukahluka: usuka ku-brownish-grey uye ucishe ube mhlophe ngaphezulu, uhlangothi olucwengekileyo lumhlophe ngephethini emnyama. Imisipha emnyama esinqeni somlomo ("amadevu") icishe ingabonakali. On umlomo, njengawo wonke ama-falcons, izinyo eliyisimilo. Amaphaphu aphuzi. Indiza ishesha. I-gyrfalcon ifana ne-peregrine falcon, kepha inkulu futhi inomsila omude. Izwi liyafana nezwi le-peregrine falcon, kodwa liphokophele futhi liphansi: hoarse “kyak-kyak-kyak” noma i- “kek-kek-kek” ende. Entwasahlobo ingenza i-trill ethule futhi ephezulu. Izindawo eziseningizimu esezintabeni - i-Altai gyrfalcon, ochwepheshe abaningi ababheka okuyi-subspecies noma i-morph ye-Saker Falcon - ihlukaniswa ngombala omnyama ngokufana.

Endizeni, amaphiko amade abukhali ayahlaba umkhosi, indiza iyashesha, ngemuva kokuba izindiza eziningana inyoni ibaleke ngokushesha, ayikhuphuki. I-gyrfalcon ehleliwe igcinwe iqondile. Kude kude, phezulu kubukeka kumnyama, phansi kumhlophe (abadala), kumnyama kokubili ngenhla nangaphansi (kuncane). Izwi elithi "kyak-kyak-kyak" noma "keeek-keeek-kseek" libukeka njengokukhala kwe-falcon, kepha lipholile futhi liphansi. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, i-gyrfalc ikhipha i-trill ephakeme ethe ukuthula.

Ukubhebhetheka

I-Arctic kanye ne-subarctic zone ye-Europe, i-Asia neNyakatho Melika, i-subspecies ehlukile iyatholakala e-Altai, Sayan, maphakathi (mhlawumbe empumalanga) iTien Shan. Amaphuzu asenyakatho kakhulu aseGreenland ku-82 ° 15 's. w. no-83 ° 45 ', okuningizimu impela, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisezintabeni nezase-Asiya - maphakathi neScandinavia, Commander Islands (Bering Island, cishe 55 ° N). Ngenkathi ebandayo, kufinyelela ku-60 ° C. w. bonke ngaphakathi. IMelika, i-Asia, i-Europe, abantu ngaseningizimu.

Umsoco

Izinto ezidliwayo ze-gyrfalcon ziyizinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ngesilinganiso esincane. Isidingo sansuku zonke se-gyrfalcon sokudla singama-200 g.I-gyrfalcon idonsa futhi idle inyamazane endaweni ethile endaweni yesidleke noma ebusika. Nazi izinsalela zokudla, nezimfumbe zamathambo, izimpaphe noboya. Lapho amaphuphu amancane, amaduna awabamba inyamazane, bese kuthi owesimame awuhlwithe bese eyisula ekhanda nasemalungeni. Lokhu kwenziwa ngaphandle esidlekeni, ngakho-ke azikho izimpaphe esidlekeni.
I-gyrfalcon ihlasela inyamazane nge-falconry, indizela phezulu ivela phezulu, futhi, isonga amaphiko, ibambe amaphaphu ayo. Ubamba izinyoni ezindizayo ikakhulukazi. Ubulala inyamazane ebanjwe uqhwaku, yephula intamo yakhe noma ilume ikhanda lakhe. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzalela, ama-gyrfalcons of pair eyodwa, njengamanye ama-falcons, azingela ngokwehlukana, kepha ngokusobala ahlala endaweni efanayo yokuzingela. .

Ukuzala

Ama-Gyrfalcons avuthiwe kusuka onyakeni wesibili wokuphila. Imibhangqwana ihlala njalo.
Imvamisa azakhi izidleke; zivame ukusebenzisa izidleke zamagwababa noma izimbungulu. Izindlovu zitholakala emadwaleni, emifantwini noma emakhaleni, imvamisa kakhulu kuma-cornices ambozwe ngeringi noma i-canopy, kepha kwesinye isikhathi emithambekeni evulekile. Isidleke siyisidala, sinezinqe ezincanyana ze-moss, izimpaphe, utshani obomile. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bungamamitha ayi-1 ububanzi nangu-0.5 m ukuphakama. Ama-gyrfalcons, njengomthetho, ahlala esidlekeni esifanayo iminyaka eminingi ngisho namashumi eminyaka (okwaseNyakatho YaseYurophu, kuba nezimo lapho esidlekeni esifanayo, izidleke ezidlekayo zisuka ngekhulu le-17 kuze kube namuhla).
Inani lamaqanda livame ukuba yi-3-4.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi nango-Agasti abancane bafuduka besuka ezindaweni zokudla izidleke. Amabhulogi anamathela ndawonye ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba.

Izici zokunciphisa

Ama-Gyrfalcons ayashabalala ngenxa yokuzingela, kanti eNyakatho abuye abambe izicupho, ikakhulukazi kwezokudoba ama-arctic: Ezingwombeni zeTaimyr zezimpungushe ze-arctic zibekwe obala, ezindulini zemvelo nezokufakelwa. Uma zingahlomele ukuvikela izigxobo, ama-gyrfalcons afudukela e-tundra ekwindla, awasebenzisele ukuhlasela, awele ezingibeni futhi afe. Kuphela kuzindawo ezimbili zokuzingela eNtshonalanga Taimyr enendawo ephelele engamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane ezimbili ngoNovemba-Disemba 1980-1981. Amanga ayi-12 abhubha kwizicupho ze-arctic.

Ukuzingela kwe-Gyrfalcon

NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amaKrechets ayebhekwa kakhulu njengezinyoni ezizingelayo ku-falconry (bheka ama-Falcons) futhi ukusuka eDenmark umkhumbi okhethekile uthunyelwa nguhulumeni e-Iceland njalo ngonyaka ngo-K.

Ama-gyrfalcons asebenza njengezinyoni ezizingelayo, ezihlukaniswe zaba mhlophe K. (Falco candicans, groenlandicus) - okuhamba phambili nokubaluleke kakhulu, i-Icelandic K. (F. Islandicus), isiNorway noma ejwayelekile ("grey") K. (F. hyrfalco) no-K. obomvu. (F. sacer) - manje sekuthokozelwa kakhulu eBukhara, Khiva, emaqeleni aseKyrgyz, e-Algeria, ePersia naseNdiya, futhi phambilini naseFrance, eNgilandi nasekuzingeleni kukaTsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ababemiselwe e-Arkhangelsk Bay. naseSiberia. Ama-gyrfalcons angawezinyoni ezindiza kakhulu ezindizayo (i-haut-vol), futhi aphonswa phansi ukuba adle - "ayishaya" phezulu, kwesinye isikhathi ayibambe ngezihlakala zayo ayithathe nayo noma ayibulale kuphela ngamandla wethonya [umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1212] .

I-Ara parrot

Ukuchazwa kwenyoni

IGyrfalcon iyi-falcon enkulu enamaphiko angama-120 kuya kwangama-135 cm, ubude benyama benyoni bungamasentimitha angama-55 kuye kwangama-60. Izinduna zinesisindo esingu-1 kg, kanti izinsikazi zibadlula ngobukhulu futhi zifinyelela ku-1.5-2 kg ngesisindo. Umzimba wale nyoni mkhulu, izimpiko zibukhali, zinde, kanti nomsila mude.

I-plumage ye-gyrfalcons yohlu olusatshalaliswa olusenyakatho ilula, emuva kusuka ku-brownish-grey kuya cishe kumhlophe, isisu simhlophe ngephethini emnyama. Imisipha emnyama enjenge "amadevu" itholakala eduze komlomo. Isici esibonakalayo sezimpawu zamanga siyabonakala kumlomo. Imilenze iphuzi. Izikhungo ezingaseningizimu zipendiwe ngamathoni amnyama, amnyama ansundu.

I-gyrfalcon indiza ngokushesha okukhulu, ayifiki emoyeni, futhi ngemuva kokuphapha amaphiko ayo ambalwa iqala ngokushesha phambili. Ihlala i-gyrfalcon kwesokudla.

Ifaka i-gyrfalcon yesondlo

Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-gyrfalcons adla izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, ngokuvamile azihlanganisi izilwane ezincelisayo ekudleni kwazo. Nsuku zonke, isisulu esinemibala sidla cishe ama-200 g wokudla okubukhoma. Ixosha futhi idle isisulu, i-gyrfalcon ihlala njalo ezindaweni ezithile eduze esidlekeni noma ebusika. Lapha ungathola izinsalela zokudla kwakhe, amathambo, izimpaphe, noboya. Kepha esidlekeni esise-gyrfalcon kuhlanzekile ngaso sonke isikhathi - inyamazane elethwa yileli duna ukuthola amantshontsho, ukuqhuma kowesifazane kudwengule izitho zakhe nekhanda ngaphandle kwesidleke.

IGrisfalcon iyazingela njengoba kwenza wonke ama-falcons. Le nyoni indiza inyamazane, isonga amaphiko ayo bese ibamba isisulu ngezihlakala zayo. Ibulala inyoni ebanjiwe i-gyrfalcon ngomlomo wayo, iphule intamo yayo noma ilume ikhanda layo. IGyrfalcon ikakhulukazi izingela izinyoni ezindizayo.

Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokudlekwa, ama-gyrfalcons azingela ngasikhathi sinye, njengazo zonke izingulule, kepha aqhubeke nokuhlala eduze nomlingani wawo.

Izinhlobo ezivamile ze-gyrfalcon

Ama-gyrfalcons akha uhlobo olulodwa emndenini we-falcon, okubandakanya ukusakazwa okuningana ngokuya ngohlobo lombala we-plumage nendawo yokuhlala.

• ama-gyrfalcons amhlophe (i-Falco candicans, i-groenlandicus), ezithathwa njengezinhle kakhulu futhi zibaluleke kakhulu,
• I-Icelandic gyrfalcons (i-Falco Islandicus),
• Ama-gyrfalcons aseNorway noma ajwayelekile (Falco hyrfalco),
• ama-gyrfalcons abomvu (i-Falco sacer).

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngenyoni

• E-Kievan Rus naseMoscow state, ama-gyrfalcons ayengomunye wempahla ebiza kakhulu. Ama-gyrfalcons amhlophe ngalezozinsuku ayephethwe kuphela amakhosi noma ama-sultan. Ngama-falconry, ama-gyrfalcons wokuzingela ayebaluleke ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Ngokuvamile zazisetshenziselwa ukubamba ama-cranes kanye namakhala, yize endle, ama-gyrfalcons awalokothi azingele. ENkathini Ephakathi, isiko lokuzingela ngama-gyrfalcons liyaqhubeka, ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni waseDenmark wathumela umkhumbi okhethekile e-Iceland minyaka yonke ngenhloso yokuzingela ama-gyrfalcons.
• E-Russia namuhla, ukubamba ama-gyrfalcons, abese ethunyelwa phesheya, lapho inyoni eyodwa ingathengiswa ngo- $ 30,000 noma ngaphezulu, iyaqhubeka nokuthandwa.
• Namuhla, ama-gyrfalcons ajwayele ukubulawa abazingeli abazingela wona, kanti enyakatho, izinyoni zivame ukuwela ezingibeni ezibekelwe impungushe yase-Arctic.
• I-gyrfalcon indiza amaphiko ayo ngokunensa futhi ibukeka inciphile kunoku, ngokwesibonelo, i-peregrine falcon, kepha ngesikhathi indiza ngisho inyoni ikwazi ukukhula ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu.
• USokolniki wayehlala ebonga ubuhle bama-gyrfalcons amhlophe qhwa ahlala ezigodini zaseGreenland. Lapho nje uMbusi waseBurgundy, ukuze ahlenge indodana yakhe ekudingisweni eTurkey, wamnika ama-gyrfalcons amhlophe ayi-12.