Ukushisa komhlaba kubangela ukuba iqhwa liqhebeze kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kubandakanya i-Antarctica. Phambilini, izwekazi lambozwa ngokuphelele yiqhwa, kepha manje sekunendawo enkulu enamachibi nemifula, engenawo amaqhwa. Lezi zinqubo zenzeke olwandle. Lokhu kuzosizwa yizithombe ezithathwe kuma-satellites, lapho ungabona khona impumuzo ngaphandle kweqhwa neqhwa.

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Kungacatshangwa ukuthi amaqhwa ancibilikile ngenkathi yehlobo, kodwa izigodi ezingenasembozo seqhwa zinde kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi kule ndawo lokushisa air ngokungavamile efudumele. I-Ice encibilikisiwe inomthelela ekwakhekeni kwemifula namachibi. Umfula omude kunawo wonke ezwekazini yi-Onyx (30 km). Ugu cishe unyaka wonke khulula kweqhwa. Ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa nokuhluka kwezinga lamanzi kuyabonakala lapha. Isilinganiso esiphakeme ngokuphelele sabhalwa ngo-1974 +15 degrees Celsius. Umfula Akukuhle ukuba ukudoba, kodwa kukhona ulwelwe nezinto ezincane eziphilayo.

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Kwezinye izingxenye ze-Antarctica, iqhwa selincibilikile, hhayi ngenxa yokushisa okushisa nokushisa komhlaba kuphela, kodwa futhi ngenxa yamaza omoya ahamba ngesivinini esingafani. Njengoba ubona, impilo ezwekazini alisiyisiyothe, futhi i-Antarctica akuyona kuphela iqhwa neqhwa, kunendawo yokushisa kanye nezidumbu zamanzi.

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Lake ku ezivundile

Ngenkathi yehlobo, iqhwa liyancibilika e-Antarctica, futhi amanzi agcwalisa ukudangala okuhlukahlukene, ngenxa yalokho amachibi akhiwa. Iningi lazo laqoshwa ezindaweni ezigudle ugu, kepha zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ezintabeni zeNdlovukazi Maud Land. Ezwekazini, kukhona imizimba sasivumela ezinkulu nezincane yamanzi endaweni. Ngokuvamile, amachibi amaningi atholakala emafutheni asezweeni.

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Imifula emikhulu kanye namachibi Antarctica

Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi i-Antarctica ukuphela kwendawo enkulu lapho kungekho khona imifula egeleza njalo. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi phakathi nenkathi yehlobo ngokuqala kokuqhibilika kweqhwa nokuqandeka, imifula yesikhashana ivela ezindaweni ezisogwini nasezintabeni ze-Antarctic, ezibandakanya ukuhamba kwamanzi okuncibilika.

Nokho, kwezinye izindawo yenqubo ukuncibilika ukugeleza kungabonwa ezindaweni ezinkulu ukuthi kukhona ezingeni ukuphakama eside. Izimpophoma ezinkulu ziphawulwa kuKet-Litsa Glacier nakuMcMurdo Ice Shelf naseLambert Glacier. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaphezulu kweLundert Glacier, inqubo yokuncibilika okusebenzayo ivela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-900 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Ngaphambili, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi amanzi ageleza kule ice kancane kakhulu. Kepha ucwaningo olusha lukhombisa ukuthi amachibi e-Antarctic “aqhuma” njengoba ukhokho uphuma ebhodleleni, futhi ukhiphe nemifudlana engahamba amabanga amade.

Imifula engaphansi kwe-subglacial ibonakala kahle ezithombeni zesiphuphutheki.

U-fig. 1. emfuleni subglacial.

Amachibi e-Antarctica atholakala ogwini.

Njengamanzi nemifula yezwekazi, amachibi ahlukile lapha. Esikhathini ezivundile kunezindawo eziningi emachibini amancane.

Ingxenye yamachibi ehlobo ivulwa ngokwemvelo, futhi ikhululwe eqhweni. Kodwa, kukhona labo abangabandisi, ngisho nasebusika obunzima kakhulu.

Ukuze afeze ice-usawoti amachibi. Amanzi akuso anamaminerali amaningi. Lokhu kuvumela amadamu ukugcina okuqukethwe kwawo kusimo sewuketshezi. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke yemvelo samanzi zaleli zwekazi - Lake Figure ku Bunger Hills.

U-fig. 2. IChibi eliHleziwe.

Ubude bawo bungamakhilomitha angama-20. endaweni yaso 14.7 km. sq., futhi ukujula kufinyelela cishe kumitha eyodwa nengxenye yamamitha. Ingxenye yamachibi anendawo engaphezulu kwe-10 km. sq. ezinze eVictoria Oasis. Amachibi amaningi amakhulu e-Antarctica afihlwe ngaphansi kweqhwa.

Kusukela thutheleka fula phakathi ezivundile, abe ubude bezinhlamvu emfuleni

UMfula i-Onyx ungamashumi amathathu amakhilomitha ubude.

Amachibi e-Ice

Ngaphezu kwamanzi kule amadamu Antarctic subglacial ezitholakele. Zavulwa hhayi kudala. Maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, abashayeli bezindiza bathola ukwakheka okungajwayelekile kuze kufinyelele kumakhilomitha angama-30 ukujula namakhilomitha ayi-12. Lezi amachibi subglacial nemifula okwengeziwe uphenyo ososayensi we Polar Institute. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswe inhlolovo ye-radar. Lapho kwakubhalwe khona amasignali akhethekile, kwasungulwa amanzi ancibilikayo ngaphansi kwendawo enamanzi. amanzi Est-ice obuphelele kuyibanga elingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angu-180.

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Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka izifundo zamanzi angaphansi kweqhwa, kutholakale ukuthi avele kudala. Amanzi ancibilikayo eqhwa lase-Antarctica ahamba kancane kancane ezindaweni ezincishisiwe eqhweni futhi ambozwe yiqhwa kusuka phezulu. yobudala lesilinganisiwe amachibi subglacial nemifula uneminyaka engu esigidini. Phansi kwabo kukhona isludge, nezinhlansi, impova yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo, kanye namagciwane ezinto eziphilayo angena emanzini.

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Ukuqeda ice e-Antarctica ngenkuthalo kwenzekani endaweni esidayisa izinguzunga zeqhwa. Bangumugqa weqhwa oshukumisayo osheshayo. Melt ncibilika kancane ugeleze olwandle, uvele kancane aze afike ngaphansi kwamaqhwa. Inqubo encibilika iqhwa waphawula kusuka amasentimitha ngonyaka 15 kuya ku-20 kule ndawo angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini isikhungo - kuze 5 ngamasentimitha.

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I-East Lake e-Antarctica

Sekuphele amashumi amabili eminyaka, ososayensi emhlabeni wonke befunda iLake Vostok ese-subglacial e-Antarctica. Ukuze ekutadisheni nezilwanyana ezincane abahlala echibini izigidi zeminyaka idale umshini Hydrobot. Emcabangweni, ithuluzi elisebenzisa ikhanda elinamandla lamanzi ashisayo kufanele lishaye kahle i-3.5 km. Ukutholakala okusha kweLake Vostok kwenzeka ngoMashi 2011.

U-fig. 3. Lake Vostok.

Izindawo zemvelo zase-Antarctica, lapho zixhumana neqhwa, zizodala iziqhingi zeqhwa. Ubunye bendawo engaphansi kwamanzi e-Antarctica kwezinye izindawo inezindlela ezinokujula okungamamitha angaphezu kwenkulungwane. Kodwa ngithola ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukuthi eduze kwendawo eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe echibini Uthole anomaly esikhulu kazibuthe bemvelo.

Amasampula egolide neminonjana yezinhlanzi ezazingafakwanga ngaphambili zatholakala kumasampula amanzi avela echibini.

I-East Lake

Omunye amadamu enkulu kuleli zwekazi, itholakala ngaphansi eqhweni, Lake Vostok Kunjengoba esiteshini yesayensi e-Antarctica. Indawo yayo ingamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-15,5. Ukujula ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zendawo yamanzi kuhlukile, kepha kubhalwe phansi ubude bamamitha ayi-1200. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni kwesigubhu akukho esingaphansi iziqhingi nanye.

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Ngokuqondene nama-microorganisms aphilayo, ukudalwa kwezimo ezikhethekile e-Antarctica kunomthelela ekuzihlukaniseni kwawo nomhlaba wangaphandle. Lapho imishini we ebusweni ice kuleli zwekazi, izinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene Kwatholakala ngesikhathi ukujula eside, ahlukile imvelo polar. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kwatholakala imifula namachibi angaphezulu kuka-140 e-Antarctica.

Impendulo noma isinqumo 3

Antarctica - izwekazi amakhaza okuphakade, lapho ukushisa okuvamile kuba emhlabeni lokususa 37 degrees Celsius, kodwa lukhona ngemifula namachibi, nakuba kakhulu eyinqaba.

Imifula ye-Antarctica

Imifula ivela lapha okwesikhashana kuphela ehlobo endaweni esogwini noma ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-Antarctic, lapho kuqala ukuncibilika kweqhwa neqhwa. Kanye nokufika kwalolo ekwindla kanye ukuqala frost e echibini padded ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni okujulile emaweni amabhange emanzini ukugeleza izitobhi kanye ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni elotshiwe iqhwa. Kwesinye isikhathi iziteshi zivinjelwa yiqhwa ngisho nalapho kukhona umgobhozi, bese kuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kwenzeke emhubheni weqhwa. Uma isembozo seqhwa singenamandla ngokwanele, iba yingozi kakhulu kumuntu obanjwe phezu kwaso.

Imifula elikhulu Antarctica kukhona Onyx noVictoria. Umfula i-Onyx ugeleza udlula eWight oasis bese ugeleza ungene eLake Wanda. Ubude bawo bungamakhilomitha angama-30, bunama-tributary amaningana. Victoria River egeleza ku oasis esifanayo, has a obuphelele Onyx kancane bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi. Azikho izinhlanzi kule imifula, kepha kukhona ama-algae nama-microorganisms.

Amachibi we-antarctica

Leli chibi main e-Antarctica igxile ezivundile ugu. Ingxenye yamachibi ehlobo akhululwa eqhweni. Ezinye zihlala zimbozwe eqhweni. Okwamanje, kukhona namachibi, hhayi kwi freezer ngisho ebusika, lapho yesithwathwa ezinzima. Lawa amachibi kasawoti, okushisa okuqandisa kwawo, ngenxa yamaminerali awo aqinile, aphansi kakhulu kunamazinga ayi-zero.

Amachibi amakhulu kakhulu e-Antarctica yile:

• Figure Lake ngokufanele phakathi kwamagquma e Bunger Hills. Igama laso lihlotshaniswa ne-tortuosity eqinile. Ubude bechibi eliphelele bungamakhilomitha angama-20, indawo ingu-14.7 sq. Km, futhi ukujula kungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-130.
• East Lake, kokuba izilinganiso 250 × 50 km kanti 1200 m, isiteshi esiseduze Antarctic "East" ukujula. Leli chibi limbozwe ngesembozo seqhwa esikhulu cishe ngamamitha angama-4000. Ngokusho kososayensi, izinto eziphilayo kufanele zihlale lapho.
• ILake Wanda, elisendaweni eyiVictoria Land, inobude obungamakhilomitha ayi-5 nobubanzi bamamitha angama-69. Leli chibi Usawoti ukugcwaliswa kakhulu.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Ezinye izindawo ezikhona ezwenikazi elibandayo kakhulu ziye zaphawulwa, lapho kunyibilika khona, kulandele ukuhamba kwamanzi. Zisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu futhi zinezindawo ezinobukhulu obukhulu. Ukusakaza ngobukhulu zitholakala izinguzunga zeqhwa:

Phezu kwalokhu okugcina, ukuncibilika sekubonakala kumkhawulo wamamitha ayi-900 maqondana nezinga lolwandle. Imisinga emisha ebuye ibuye iphinde ifike ogwini, ifinyelela ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-450.

I enkulu futhi ezinde kunazo zonke emfuleni, okuyinto odlula ngokusebenzisa ngaphansi komhlaba, ice-ithrekhi hhayi kuphela ukukhululwa kuka-ice emhlabathini Onyx. Ngobude, ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-30, itholakala endaweni okuthiwa i-Wright (Victoria Land). Eyesibili ende kunawo wonke uMfula iVictoria. indawo yayo siphumelelisa loku isiziba efanayo.

Lapho kufika amafrithisi ekwindla, ukugeleza kwamanzi kwehla kakhulu futhi iziteshi zomfula ezijulile ezinamabhange asezingeni zisheshe zigcwaliswe inqwaba yeqhwa. Kwezinye izindawo bagcwala amabhuloho eqhwa empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Kwenzeka ukuze isiteshi kwangaphakathi kwesigubhu egcwele iqhwa ngisho nangaphambi ekunqanyulweni sokukhishwa. Kulokho imifudlana ihamba ngayo imigudu "efriziwe" yiqhwa futhi ayibonakali ngaphandle.

Abayona kancane kuyingozi ukwedlula ufa isigubungelo izinguzunga zeqhwa. Imishini enkulu lapho ihamba ngezindawo ezinjalo iyehluleka.

Uma ibhuloho leqhwa lingaqinile ngokwanele, ngisho nomuntu angangena ngaphakathi komfudlana, noma ngabe ujule kangakanani. Lokhu ingozi akuyona esesabekayo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne imifantu glacial, ukujula ka okulingana amashumi noma amakhulu amamitha.

Isici sokuqongelela kwenqwaba yamanzi

Ezimweni eziningi, amachibi e-Antarctic akhiwe esifundeni esisogwini empumalanga. Thanda imifula nemifudlana, abasakwazi ahlukahlukene, eyingqayizivele ngezinhlobo zayo. Amawa akhiwe ogwini ambozwe amachibi amancanyana amaningi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abanye babo bakhululwa eqhweni kuphela ekuqaleni kwehlobo, abanye bahlala behlala ngaphansi kwe-permafrost futhi bangavuli kusukela kwekhava eliminyene, babizwa nangokuthi kuvaliwe.

Kodwa kukhona namachibi unyaka wonke Antarctic ayigongobali angithi bayayesaba yesithwathwa olunzima. Izindawo zokugcina ezinje zigcwele amanzi anosawoti, anamaminerali amaningi futhi aqandayo kuphela emazingeni okushisa athela ngaphansi kwe-zero. Uma sikhuluma ngemifudlana ebilokhu ivaliwe amashumishumi eminyaka, kutholakala kuphela ezwekazini lase-Icy.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke echibini Antarctic ubhekwa I-Curly, etholakala ekuxhumeni kwebhanger. Kuyenzeka phakathi kwamagquma amnandi ngaphezu kobude obuyi-20 km. Le ndawo Imininingwane ihlanganisa 14.7 sq. km, kwezinye izindawo ukujula kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-150. IVictoria Oasis imbozwe amachibi ambalwa, ngalinye lawo lidlula amamitha ayi-10 skwele. km Kutholakale imizimba emincane emincane yamanzi eWestfall.

Izindawo amazing

Kukhona amachibi e-Antarctic lubonakala ngokungafani nalutho, ngokuya kososayensi, ukusatshalaliswa kwezimo zokushisa kulo lonke ukujula. BaseMelika ngubani cwaningo Umhlaba Victoria waphawula engajwayelekile kulezi zindawo ukuthambekela ekuhloleni umzimba okukhulu kakhulu futhi engaqondakali yamanzi eduze kumila McMurdo e-Antarctica.

Isimo sezulu endaweni ebekiwe sinzima, ngoba izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile alikhuphuki ngaphezulu -20 °. Ngokufika kwehlobo eliseningizimu ye-polar, umaki ku-thermometer awukhuphuki ngaphezulu kwe-zero. Ngenxa yalokho, leli chibi embozwe ungqimba aminyene futhi obukhulu ice.

Ezifundweni zesayensi kuyaziwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lamachibi anamanzi acwebile angenakuba ngaphezu kuka + 4 °.

Kuleli banga nje, amanzi athola ubungako obukhulu kunabo bonke, asele ezingqimba zemvelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ungqimba phezulu elinesimo lokushisa esincishisiwe ku uhla 0 °. Kusimangaze futhi kushaqise ososayensi abathola lokho amachibi embozwe ungqimba obukhulu beqhwa akhombisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi angaphezu kuka + 4 °. Ngokwesibonelo, isimangaliso esifanayo siyenzeka nge echibini Salantina ukuthi e-Argentina.

Isimilo esivamile

Isikhathi eside, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi i-Antarctica kwakuwukuphela kwezwekazi ngaphandle kwemifula egeleza njalo. Ngempela, e-Arctic kukhona cishe amaphesenti ayishumi awo wonke amanzi amasha emhlabeni, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside i-Antarctica ibhekwa njengeqhwa elikhulu nje. Ososayensi babecabanga ukuthi kuphela isizini efudumele, ngesikhathi ukuncibilika kweqhwa futhi kwakhiwa iqhwa amachibi yesikhashana.

Kepha kwezinye izindawo kusuka ku-satellite ungabona ukusakazwa okukhulu ngokuphakama okukhulu. Imisakazo emikhulu kunazo zonke ikweqhwa ancibilikayo:

Uma uyikha phezulu le last ice ukuncibilika iqala ezingeni ukuphakama 900 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya uquqaba futhi ukushisa kwelanga. Kepha amanzi lapha ahamba kancane. Futhi amanye amasayithi akhula ngokuhlukile. Uma lo mfula ubizwa kancane kancane kwakhiwa futhi uqhubeke kancane, amachibi avele kweso.

Ziqhuma, zindiza zivela ngaphansi kweqhwa, njengekhokho elisuka ebhodleleni le-champagne. Ukugeleza okukhululiwe kusakazeka ngokushesha kumabanga amade. Ngokuvamile, basuke kwakhiwa ehlobo. Kepha kukhona lezo ezingaholi noma ebusika. Amanzi akulo anamaminerali amaningi futhi anosawoti, futhi awamasha, ngakho-ke ahlala esesimweni esincibilikayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi.

Iqhwa liyancibilika nezwekazi hhayi kuphela ngenxa lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukwakheka kwemifula namachibi kuyathinteka nezinsimbi zomoya ezihamba ngejubane eliphezulu ngaphezu kwe-Antarctica. Umhlaba awumboziwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa neqhwa. Emifuleni yakhona maphakathi nezwe zahlukahlukene ngempela - umfula eside, ice amadamu, amachibi amakhulu esikhulu.

Imifula emikhulu

I-Antarctica inemizimba eminingi emikhulu yamanzi eyakhiwa ngokugeleza okuncibilikayo. Bona lingachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene - ngasemifudlaneni noma emifuleni. Iningi lazo lide impela, kepha kukhona futhi imifudlana emifushane:

• Adams - 800 m
• Onyx - 32 km,
• I-Aiken - 6 km,
• Lawson - 400 m,
• Priscu - 3,8 km,
• I-Rezovski - 500 m,
• ISurko - 1.6 km,
• Jemmi - 10,3 km.

Umfula i-Adams ugeleza usuka eqhweni elingaziwa futhi ugeleza ungene eLake Myers. Lo mfudlana mncane - ubude bawo abudluli kumamitha ayi-800. Umfula omkhulu we-Antarctica yi-Onyx. Kumiswa It is kusukela ice zincibilika, nobude bawo 32 km.

I-Aiken itholakala eSigodini saseTaylor, igeleza isuka eqhweni elingashiwongo ligudle iVictoria Land entshonalanga iya eFreexell. Igama lomfula laqanjwa yisazi se-hydrologist u-Diana McK Night, owahlola izindawo eziseduzane. Waphelelwa ngamandla igama ukusakaza emva usosayensi George Aiken, yena nethimba lakhe 1987-1991 wadala iziteshi gauging ku thutheleka fula eChibini Fryxell.

ILawsonson ingumfula ongamamitha angama-400 ogeleza usuka eRhone Glacier uye eningizimu mpumalanga yezwekazi. Futhi baqamba igama lakhe ukuhlonipha uJulia Lavson. Yena wahola uhambo ukufunda yeqhwa Taylor zasehlobo ka 1992-1993.

Isiteshi sikaPrisku sigeleza sisuka eLake Vostok siye eqhweni efanayo. Kepha amanzi ageleza esuka kwamanye amafufula aqandisiwe aya kuwo. Rezovska ithatha emthambekeni esentshonalanga yeqhwa Balkan, awashe ogwini lolwandle Bulgarian.Nansi ibandla St uClement Ohrid. Umfula iSurco ugeleza usiya empumalanga yeWilson Piedmont Range. Wabizwa ngokuthi behlonipha US Navy uLieutenant, owayesebenza kwi eduze evulekile ekusakazeni.

UJammy unezimali eziningi ezivela kumaqhwa ahlukahlukene. Kodwa umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwakhe isigqoko esineqhwa esiqhingini saseJames Ross. Esebeni lomfula kukhona ichibi elingashoni, futhi emanzini kuneziqhingi ezimbili ezincane. Ngasempumalanga Jaime Ross imbobo uncipha, kodwa cishe ebhasha.