Ama-Sauropods | |||||||||||||||||||
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Ama-Sauropods (lat. I-Saauropodaokusho ukuthi Dinosaurs) - i-infraorder ye-dinosaur ehlukahlukene. Indawo yokuhlala yama-sauropods isukela eminyakeni engama-200 kuye kwengama-85 edlule, iningi lawo lalihlala esikhathini seJurassic, kepha amanye ayehlala esikhathini seCretaceous, njenge-titanosaurus noma i-alamosaurus.
Ukudla Hlela
Ama-sauropods ayenezisu ezinkulu kakhulu, ayengafaka imifino emlonyeni wawo wonke. Babekwazi nokugwinya ukuvakashaukugaya amaqabunga esiswini. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ezinjenge-Ankhisaur, ziye zakha imidwebo emikhulu yokubheka ngaphansi kwezimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Bafika ezihlahleni ngentamo yabo. Uma ukuphakama bekunganele, i-sauropod yayingama emilenzeni yayo yangasemuva. Kepha endaweni emile, igazi entanyeni alikwazanga ukuphonsa inhliziyo isikhathi eside.
I-sauropod encane kunazo zonke
Ama-dinosaurs okuqala aphila eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 edlule ayemitha kuphela ubude. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhule lezi zidalwa ezikhulayo. Umqhele kanye nokuphetha kwale nqubo kwakuyisiqhwaga esikhulu, esingeqembu le-sauropods - izibankwakazi ezinezimpiko ezinezinyawo ezine ze-lizburs zama-oda, ezaziphila kusukela eJurassic kuya ezikhathini zeCretaceous.
Imuphi wama-sauropods amancane kunazo zonke
Okukhulu kunabo bonke, njenge-Amphicelias (Amphicoelias) - idinosaur enkulu, isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esake saphila emhlabeni, iBrachiosaurus noma iArgentinosaurus (iArgentinosaurus) yayingamashumi amamitha ubude futhi inesisindo samashumi amathani.
Brachytrachelopan, Brachytrachelopan
I-Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - sauropod, efinyelele kubude obungamamitha ayi-7-10.
Qopha osayizi
Ama-Zauropods ayenamapharamitha amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-dinosaurs. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinama-prehistoric ezinjenge Indricotherium futhi I-Palaeoloxodon (izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke) zazincane ngokuqhathaniswa nama-sauropods amakhulu. Imikhomo yesimanje kuphela engaqhudelana ngosayizi ngalezi dinosaurs.
Enye yama-dinosaurs amade kakhulu futhi asindayo aziwa kakhulu ngamathambo amaningi noma angaphansi ngokuphelele - I-Giraffatitan brancai. Izidumbu zakhe zatholakala eTanzania phakathi kuka-1907 no-1912. Izilwane zafinyelela kumamitha ayi-12 ukuphakama, ubude bazo babungama-21.8-22,5 m, nesisindo ngamathani angama-30-60. Enye yama-dinosaurs amade kakhulu - I-diplodocus holoorumkutholwe eWyoming e-USA.
Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ayaziwa, kepha ukwakhiwa kwawo kusekelwe kuphela kumafosili anezingcezu. Enye yama-sauropod amakhulu aziwayo yi-Argentinainosaurus, efinyelela ku-39,7 m ubude.
Ama-theropods amakhulu kunawo wonke I-Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus futhi I-Giganotosaurus. Imibono yanamuhla isikisela ukuthi usayizi womzimba we -ropodod uye wehla ngokuqhubekayo eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule yokuba khona kwawo, usuka ku-163 kg uya ku-0,8 kg, ngoba ekugcineni wavela waba yizinyoni.
Ingabe wonke ama-sauropod ayemakhulu kangako?
Akuwona wonke ama-sauropod afinyelela usayizi wamashumi ambalwa wamamitha nesisindo samathani ambalwa. Amasayizi amancane amanye ama-theropods abasize ukuba bahambe ngokushesha, futhi ngenxa yalokho kulula ukubamba inyamazane yabo.
Ugebhezi lwe-Europasaurus holgeri
Isigaxa yi-Europasaurus holgeri, esesifinyelele kumamitha ayi-6 ubude.
Ama-sauropod amancane kunazo zonke
- I-Ohmdenozaur (Ahmdenosaurus liasicus) - 4 m
- I-Blikanazaur (Blikanasaurus cromptoni) - 3-5 m
- I-Magyarosaur (Magyarosaurus dacus) - 5-6 m
- I-Europazaur (i-Europasaurus holgeri) - ngaphansi kuka-6.2 m
- I-Isanozaur (Isanosaurus) - 6.5-7 m
- IVulcanodon (Vulcanodon) - 6.5 m
- ICamelotia (Camelotia) - 9 m
- I-Tazoudazaur (Tazoudasaurus) - 9 m
- I-Antetonitrus (i-Antetonitrus) - 8-10 m
- Brachytrachelopan (Brachytrachelopan) - 7-10 m
- IShunosaurus (Shunosaurus) - 9.5-10 m
- Amazonzaur (Amazonsaurus marahensis) - 10-12 m
I-Szunozaur (Shunosaurus) - ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10 ubude.
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Ikhadi lebhizinisi
Ukuhlonza | Isikwele | Isigaba | Uhlobo | Umbuso | Isizinda |
Ama-Sauropods | Dinosaurs | Izilwane ezihuquzelayo | Chordate | Izilwane | Ama-Eukaryotes |
Ubude bufika ku-m | Ukuphakama, m | Isisindo ukuze, t | Waphila, M.L. | Habitat | Ngubani owachaza, unyaka |
37 | 17 | 73 | 231.4-66 (kk. Triassic - k. Ishadi) | Wonke amazwekazi | UCharles Marsh, 1978 |
Isikhathi nendawo
Kwakunama-sauropods ukusuka eLate Triassic kuze kube sekupheleni kweCretaceous, 231.4 - 66 million edlule (ukusuka maphakathi neCarnian kuya esigabeni seMajichichtian). Bebabanzi kakhulu: izinsalela zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuhle kwe-genera eminingana (chofoza ukuze ukhulise), okwenziwe ngumculi waseSpain paleo-artist uRaul Martin. Design: UJen Christianen Amagama abhalwe ngaphansi kwama-dinosaurs.
Izincazelo nomlando wokuthola
Ama-Zauropods (Sauropoda) - ukuthathwa kwama-dinosaurs aboniswa ngemisila emide nemisila, amasudu amancane, kanye nenqwaba yabanye abalingiswa be-morphological, abazokhonjiswa ngezansi. Kokunye ukuhlukaniswa kuhamba njengokwesifunda sauropodomorphs (Sauropodomorpha).
Igama lesi Latin I-Saauropoda livela igama lamaGreek asendulo "umlenze wedayinaso" futhi libonisa ukwakheka kwemilenze. Umbhali waso udumile waseBrithani paleontologist uCharles Marsh. Uphakamise leli gama ngo-1978 ephepheni lesayensi. "Abalingiswa abahamba phambili bama-dinosaurs aseMelika Jurassic. Ingxenye I".
Abamele abaningana abaphakeme abenziwe ngumdwebi waseRussia uDmitry Bogdanov.
Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngeNkathi yasendulo nePhakathi, izinsalela zama-sauropod zazitholakala emhlabeni wonke kaningi. Kepha okusele kokukhonjwa kokuqala okukhulunywa ngakho ezincwadini kuvela kuphela ngo-1699. Lokhu kungumsebenzi kasosayensi waseWales, u-Edward Lluid "Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium". Isilwane, esaziwa ngezinyo elilodwa, sathola kuye igama elithi Rutellum implicatum.
Izinsalela zokuqala zezinsalela zomhlaba ezichazwe ekuqaleni zatholakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 eGreat Britain: ukuqanjwa kwazo zaqala ngoJuni 3, 1825. Kwakuyi-dateal vertebra nezinto zezingalo ze-cetiosaurus (Cetiosaurus). Ngo-1841 wachazwa nguCharles Marsh. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuchazwa isuropod yesibili, iCardiodon.
Kusukela lapho, izinto eziningi ezitholakele zenziwe. Kuze kube manje, cishe ikhulu genera lama-sauropods ayaziwa, futhi minyaka yonke inani lawo liyakhula ngokuqinile.
Ukwakheka komzimba
Ubude bomzimba we-sauropods bufika kumamitha angama-37 (pathagotitan). Ukuphakama kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-17 (zavroposeidon). Babenesisindo esingamathani angama-73 (iArgentinosaurus). Lezi izidalwa ezinkulukazi kanye nezilwane zomhlaba emhlabeni wonke emlandweni weplanethi jikelele.
Ama-sauropod amaningi ambalwa, ukuqhathanisa, abekwe ngumculi we-paleo-waseMelika uScott Hartman epulatifomu efanayo. Ubukhulu abuhle kangako? Umgcini werekhodi wobude, iSupersaurus, uqhubeka ngaphansi kwencwadi u-E.
Kepha akubona bonke ababemkhulu kangako. Ukuhlukahluka kosayizi kuhle. Abameli bokuqala, njenge-Anchisaurus, babenesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-27 kuphela ubude obungamamitha ayi-2.4. Kwakukhona nobuhlungu imbala phakathi kwabo, njengePanphagia.
Ama-Sauropods ahamba ikakhulukazi emilenzeni emine, kepha amafomu okuqala akwazi ukuhamba kalula ngamabili. Ama-sauropod amancane kunawo wonke ayeselula futhi angabaleka ezitheni. Amakhulu lawo ayehamba kancane, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzivikela ayesevele ethembele ngosayizi nosayizi wazo ngokuqiniseka. Amakhanda ahlobene nesidumbu ayemincane.
Umzekeliso ovela esihlokweni esenziwe nguMichael Taylor nozakwabo ("Ukuma kwekhanda nentamo kuma-dinosaurs e-sauropod kuthathelwa ezilwaneni ezivela kude", 2009) ikhombisa ukwahluka kwezinsimbi kanye ne-angle elinganiswayo yokujikeleza okuhlobene nentamo (chofoza ukuze ukhulise). Ukuguqulwa: UMathewu Wedel. Uhlobo olusuka kwesobunxele kuye kwesokudla: Massospondylus (Massospondylus), Camarasaurus (Camarasaurus), diplodocus (Diplodocus) kanye neNigerosaurus (Nigersaurus).
Amazinyo abuye abhekane nemvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kepha ikakhulukazi lawa amafomu abunjiwe yisipuni noma abunjiwe chisel. I-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho idluliselwa phambili. Ubude entanyeni buhlukahluka kusuka ebangeni elide kakhulu (diplodocides and mamenchisaurids) kuya kwaphakathi (dicreosaurids).
Izinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo yentamo evela kwincwadi kaMichael Taylor nozakwabo ("Izintambo ezinde zama-sauropods azange zivele ngokuqokwa kocansi", 2011).
Isidumbu sama-sauropods ngesilinganiso sasiyindingiliza enkulu esiyindilinga futhi saphela ngomsila onjenge-siswebhu. Ubude bokugcina buhluka ukusuka phakathi (ngokwesibonelo, kuma-brachiosaurids) kuya kukhulu kakhulu (diplodocides). Kuma-sauropods akamuva, ibuye yaphenduka isikhali esisebenzayo esivikela ngokuthembekile ingemuva.
Umsoco nendlela yokuphila
Kuzo zonke izinkomba, ama-sauropod adliwayo athela izitshalo zokudla. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo, ngokuyinhloko zokuqala, zingazuza ngokwengxenye ukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane (izilwane ezincane, kusuka ezinambuzaneni kuya ezihuquzelayo ezincane).
Ububanzi bezitshalo ezisetshenzisiwe zahlukahluka kuye ngosayizi, ubude entanyeni nezinye izici zokwakheka. Isibonelo, iBrachiosaurus (Brachiosaurus) ayikwazi ukucubungula kuphela maphakathi, kepha futhi nezihlahla ezingaphezulu zezihlahla. Ama-volododons amancane (i-Vulcanodon) atshiswa emagatsheni aphansi noma amafomu amancane kakhulu.
Emdwebeni owenziwe ngumdwebi wephaleo-uSergei Krasovsky, ama-dicreosaurs amancane (Dicraeosaurus) nama-giraffatitans (Giraffatitan) edla eduzane. Kusondele kakhulu futhi kuhluke kakhulu. Ama-dinosaurs amade abekwahluka ngempela.
Izindlela zokuvikela zayehluka futhi zavela kancane kancane. Ama-sauropod amancane okuqala, lapho ehlangana nomhlaseli omkhulu, athembela kakhulu ezinyaweni zawo. Ezikhulu kakhulu zazikwazi ukuma emilenzeni yasemuva, zihlangabeze isitha ngemichilo emikhulu yezimpande ezithuthukisiwe.
Ama-sauropod asemuva ajabulele ukuphakama kwamandla, ubukhulu obukhulu nomsila onamandla. Besebenzisa bona njengesiswebhu esikhulu, bakwazile ukuhambisa usizi olubucayi kakhulu ngisho nakuthropods ezinkulu kakhulu.
Umehluko phakathi kwabamele imindeni emithathu evela kumculi waseFinland u-IsisMasshiro.
Ngifuna ukwazi konke
Siyaqhubeka nokudweba imibono kokuthunyelwe kusuka imiyalo yedeski yedili. Yini esiyithandayo umngane wami wakudala res_man? Nakhu: »Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke. Futhi-ke kule ntambo ungadideka. Kungcono ukuthi ucabangele ama-sauropods nama-theropods (carnosaurs) ngokwehlukana. Hhayi, futhi uma omunye umuntu othakazelayo ehlangana) "
Ake siqonde le ndaba yomlando omude omude womama wethu uMhlaba.
Kepha umsebenzi akulula! Okokuqala, ungayihlola kanjani idayinasi enkulu kunazo zonke? Ekuphakameni? Ngesisindo? Ngehorah? Futhi mangaki ukubhuka ukuthi uhlobo oluthile alufakazelwe ikakhulukazi. Futhi ngendlela, ama-dinosaurs amaningi avulekile cishe anosayizi ocishe afane. Ake sinikeze izinguqulo eziningana kulesi sihloko, bese uzinqumela ukuthi ngubani ongabhekwa njengekhulu noma omncane kunabo bonke.
"Isilozi esesabekayo" - yindlela igama elithi "Dinosaur" elihunyushwe ngayo lisuselwa esiGrekini sasendulo. Lama-vertebrates asemhlabeni wonke ahlala eMhlabeni esikhathini se-Mesozoic iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-160. Ama-dinosaurs okuqala avela esikhathini se-Triassic esedlule (eminyakeni engama-251 yezigidi edlule - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-199 edlule), cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-230 edlule, futhi ukuqothulwa kwawo kwaqala ekupheleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-145 eyedlule - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule), cishe 65 eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.
Izinsalela zedayinaso, eyatholakala emuva ngo-1877 eColorado, zisabhekwa njengamathambo edayinaso enkulu kunazo zonke - i-amphicelia. I-Amphicelia (lat. Amphicoelias kusuka esiGrekini. amphi “Nhlangothi zombili” futhi coelos I-"Empty, concave") luhlobo lwama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous eqenjini le-sauropod.
Isazi se-paleontologist u-Edward Cope, owashicilela i-athikili nge-amphicelia emuva ngo-1878, wafinyelela esiphethweni sakhe esicucwini esisodwa se-vertebra (esachithwa ngemuva nje kokuhlanza futhi esingasindanga kuze kube manje - umdwebo kuphela osindile), ngakho-ke ubukhulu kanye nokuba khona kwalesi dinosaur kuyangabaza. Uma i-Amphicelias nokho ichazwa kahle, khona-ke ubude bayo, ngokwezibalo, babungu kusuka kumamitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-62, nesisindo - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-155 . Ngemuva kwalokho kubukeka kungeyona nje i-dinosaur enkulu kunazo zonke esake yakhona, kodwa futhi enkulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezaziwayo. I-Amphicelias icishe ibe yiphindwe kabili kunephawu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namamitha ayi-10 ubude kune-seismosaurus, esesendaweni yesibili. Lapho-ke inani eliphakeme lobukhulu bezilwane lizoba se-amphicelias - 62 m ubude. Kodwa-ke, kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu akhona (ngokwesibonelo, amaBruhatkayosaurus ahlala esikhathini seCretaceous.
IBruhathkayosaurus (Latin Bruhathkayosaurus) ingenye yama-sauropod amakhulu. Ngokuya ngohlobo oluhlukile, isisindo esingamathani angama-180 noma angama-220 (ngokusho kwamanye ama-hypotheses - amathani angama-240) . I-burhatkayosaurus ngokusobala iyisilwane esinzima kunazo zonke ezake zaphila (endaweni yesibili ngumkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onamathani angama-200, okwesithathu ama-amphicelias amathani angama-155). Uhlobo lufaka okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezitholakala eningizimu yeNdiya (iTiruchirapalli, iTamil Nadu). Ubudala - iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-70 (Cretaceous). Akukho ukuhlolwa okukodwa kobude besidina esinikezwe; ososayensi abahlukene babona ubude bayo ukusuka kumamitha angama-28- 34 kuya kwamamitha angama-40- 44.
Iyachofoza
Noma kunjalo, musa ukushesha ukukholelwa ukucabanga manje. Ngenxa yesibalo esincane samathambo, lokhu akukaze kufakazelwe. Ukuqagela kuphela kososayensi nokwanda okubanzi kwezilinganiso. Sizolinda ukumbiwa okusha - ngoba sincike emaqinisweni kuphela. Futhi uma uncika emaqinisweni kuphela, yilokhu abakushoyo.
Yize ama-paleontologists athi athola usizi oluthe xaxa, ubukhulu be-Argentinosaurus busekelwa ubufakazi obuqinisekisayo. I-vertebra eyodwa kuphela ye-Argentinosaurus engaphezulu kwamamitha amane! Yayinobude bezinyawo zomzimba wasemuva ongamamitha ayi-4,5, nobude ukusuka emahlombe kuya okhalweni. Amamitha ayi-7 uma ungeza ubude bentamo nomsila ohambelana nobungako bama-titanosaurs abaziwa ngaphambilini emiphumeleni, ubude obugcwele be-Argentinainusus buzoba ngamamitha angama-30. Eside kunazo zonke sibhekwa njengeseismosaur, ubude baso ukusuka empini yasekhaleni sifika emsileni bubalelwa ku-40 m, kanti isisindo sisuka kumathani angama-40 kuye kwangama-80, kepha, ngokokubala konke, i-Argentinainosaurus iyisidina kunazo zonke. Isisindo sayo singafinyelela kumathani ayikhulu!
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Argentinosaurus, ngokungangabazeki ,. I-pangolin enkulu kunazo zonke lapho kuqoqwa khona i-paleontological enhle. Izazi ezimbili ze-paleontologists, uRodolfo Coria noJose Bonaparte baseMvelo Museum Museum eBuenos Aires, bakha lesi sikhulu ngo-1980. Ngokusho kwalaba bacwaningi, i-Argentinosaurus ingeyama-titanosaurs (isizinda se-sauropod ye-oda lama-dinosaur dinosaurs), ebeligcwele ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika ngesikhathi seCretaceous.
Ngokuqhathanisa amathambo atholakala nezinsalela esezivele zaziwa ngokuthi yi-sauropod, ososayensi babala ukuthi lesi silo esambiwe sasinobude besibeletho esingangemamitha ayi-4,5 ubude ukusuka emahlombe kuya okhalweni. Amamitha ayi-7 uma ungeza intamo nomsila ubude ohambelana nobukhulu bama-titanosaurs abaziwa ngaphambilini emiphumeleni, khona-ke ubude obugcwele be-Argentinainosaurus buzoba ngamamitha angama-30. Lesi akusona isidina esidala kunazo zonke (okude kunazo zonke kuwukuzamazama komhlaba), ubude baso ukusuka empongweni yasekhaleni kuya encenyeni yomsila kulinganiselwa ku-40 m , futhi isisindo sisuka kumathani angama-40 kuye kwangama-80), kepha, ngokusho kwakho konke ukulinganisa, okuyindida kunazo zonke. Isisindo sayo singafinyelela kumathani ayikhulu.
I-Zauroposeidon (I-Sauroposeidon) uqanjwe ngoPoseidon, unkulunkulu wama-Greek olwandle. Ngobukhulu, wancintisana ne-Argentinainosaurus, futhi mhlawumbe angayedlula, kepha isisindo sayo sincane kakhulu, ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, singenasisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angama-65, kuyilapho i-Argentinosaurus yayikwazi ukukala amathani ayikhulu. Kepha iZauroposeidon ingaba idayinsi ende kunazo zonke eyake yazulazula emhlabeni, kepha yini okukhona isidalwa eside kunazo zonke emhlabeni! Ukuphakama kwaso kungafinyelela cishe kumamitha ayi-18-20
Imininingwane yakhe ebonakalayo iveze ukuthi nsuku zonke kufanele adle cishe ngethani lezimila, cishe umsebenzi ongapheli. Ukufeza lokhu “kufana”, idayinaso yayinamazinyo angama-52 enziwe nge-chisel asika izitshalo kwesinye sawaop. Akazange futhi azihluphe ngokuhlafuna ukudla, agwinye uhlaza olunambitha, oluvele ngokushesha lwangena esiswini sethani eli-1, ubukhulu bechibi. Ngemuva kwalokho isiphuzo sakhe se-gastric, esasinamandla amakhulu futhi sakwazi nokuqothula i-iron, senza wonke umsebenzi.Idayinaso futhi yagwinya amatshe ayisize ukuthi igaye i-fiber.
Kuhle ukuthi uhlelo lokugaya lusebenze kahle idayinaso, ngoba isikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyi-100 (esinye isikhathi eside embusweni wama-dinosaurs) futhi uma kungekho metabolism onjalo, singaguga ngokushesha okukhulu.
Sonke sixoxe ngalokho okuthiwa ama-sauropods (ama-sauropods), futhi yisiphi isidlo esikhulu kunazo zonke esidonsa?
Cishe ucabange ukuthi kulesi sigaba kuzoba ne-Tyrannosaurus Rex. Kodwa-ke, manje sekukholelwa ukuthi i-spinosaurus yayiyisidina esikhulu kunazo zonke esidla inyama. Umlomo wakhe wawunjengomlomo wengwenya, kanti nokuphuma kwakhe emuva kufana nesikebhe esikhulu. Uhambo lwasolwandle lwenze ukubonakala kwale theropod kwaba okuhle kakhulu. “Isikebhe” sikaLeathery sifinyelele kubude obungamamitha ayi-2. Umhlaseli uqobo wayengaphezu kwamamitha ayi-17 ubude futhi enesisindo samathani amane. Wathuthuka emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva njengamanye amakhambi. Ekuphakameni kungaba ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-20. Funda kabanzi mayelana dinosaur.
Isipinosaurus yayinesikhumba “sesikebhe” esinombala eselingene ngaphezulu kwezinqubo ze-vertebrae, safinyelela kumamitha ayi-2. Umhlaseli uqobo wayengaphezu kwamamitha ayi-17 ubude futhi enesisindo samathani amane. Wathuthuka emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva njengamanye amakhambi.
Isipinosaurus sasizingelwa sodwa, sibambe inyamazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, wathembela ngosayizi wakhe omkhulu namandla emihlathi, waphakama, njengepliosaurus, futhi ehlome ngamazinyo abukhali e-conical. Umhlaseli lo udle izinhlanzi ezinkulu, kepha angahlasela ngisho ne-dinosaur-sauropod yobukhulu bayo. Kufaka amazinyo entanyeni ye-sauropod, i-spinosaurus yomphimbo wayo, okwaholela ekufeni kwesisulu ngokushesha. Ubengase futhi ahlasele izingwenya, ama-pterosaurs kanye noshaka bamanzi ahlanzekile.
Maphakathi nosuku, i-spinosaurus yayingaphenduka emuva elangeni. Kulesi sikhundla, “isikebhe” saphendulwa onqenqemeni ukuze siqondise ukukhanya kwelanga futhi asibuyanga ukushisa, ngakho-ke isipinosaurus, okufana nazo zonke izidalwa ezihuquzelayo, sinegazi elibandayo, sagwema ubungozi bokushiswa ngokweqile. Uma ngokuzumayo ezizwe eshisa kakhulu, khona-ke angangena echibini noma emfuleni oseduze acwilisa "umkhumbi" wakhe emanzini ukumpholisa. Ekuseni ngovivi ngisho nasendaweni efudumele yeCretaceous, izinga lokushisa kungenzeka belingaphakeme njengasemini. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni kokusa i-spinosaurus yayimhlophe impela. Lapho-ke wayeyokwazi ukuma ukuze imisebe yelanga iwele endizeni 'yesikebhe', njengoba kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni. Kunenye inkolelo-mbono, ngokusho okukholelwa ukuthi "umkhumbi" ngenkathi yokuzalela ungasebenza njengendlela yokuheha izintokazi.
Ngokusobala, i-spinosaurus yayingomunye wabahlaseli ababi kakhulu beLate Cretaceous. Ubude bomzimba wakhe ukusuka esiqongweni secala lakhe kuze kube sethangeni lomsila wakhe babungama-15m - ngaphezu kobude bebhasi lesimanje. Emfanekisweni ubona umugqa wezikhala zomgogodla, ezinde kakhulu zafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.8. Lezi spikes zaba yisisekelo “sekhumbi” lwe-spinosaurus. Izikhala ezinde kunazo zonke zazitholakala maphakathi nendawo, i-spike ngayinye phakathi yayicekeceke kunasemaphethelweni aphezulu. Umzimba omkhulu we-spinosaurus wasekelwa yimilenze emibili enamandla enjengekholomu, futhi izinyawo zaphela ngozankosi abathathu abukhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona umunwe obuthakathaka ongeziwe emlenzeni ngamunye. Izindlawu ezinkulu ezinyaweni zesipinashiurus zingaba usizo kuye ukuze agcine isisulu sizama ukubaleka. Izingalo ezingenhla ze-spinosaurus zazimfushane, kodwa futhi ziqine kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwegebhezi lesipinashi kwakufana nokwakheka kwegebhezi lamanye amadayinaso ahlobisayo, isici saso sasingamazinyo aqondile, abukhali njengemimese yokusika inyama, ebingabhoboza ngisho nesikhumba esikhulu. Umsila we-spinosaurus wawumude, ubanzi futhi uqinile kakhulu. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi kwezinye izikhathi, isipinashiurus singawisa phansi inyamazane ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lweziqu ezinamandla zomsila onamandla.
Nazi ezinye zezilwane ezidliwayo ezingashiwo, ezingancintisana nedayinaso enkulu kunazo zonke. Futhi lokhu futhi akuyona iTyrannosaurus Rex :-)
I-Tarbosaurus (Tarbosaurus), uhlobo lwezinhlobo zama-dinosaurs ezinkulu ezidliwayo (ama-carnosaurs ama-superfamily). Izidlakela zomhlaba ezinkulu - ubude bomzimba buvame ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10, ukuphakama endaweni enezinyawo ezimbili kungamamitha ayi-3,5. Isigaxa sikhulu (ngaphezu kwamamitha 1), amazinyo amakhulu, anjengamachaphaza amnyama, enzelwe ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu (ikakhulukazi ama-dinosaurs angama-herbivorous). Izibalo ezingaphezulu zeT. Ziyancishiswa futhi zineminwe emibili kuphela egcwele, izinyawo ezingemuva zithuthukiswa kakhulu, zakha umsila onamandla, i-tripod yokuxhasa umzimba. Amathambo ka-T. atholakala emimangweni ephakeme ye-Upper Cretaceous yeSouth Gobi (MPR).
I-Lit: UMaleev E.A., ama-carnosaurs ama-Giant omndeni wakwaTyrannosauridae, encwadini: Fauna ne-biostratigraphy ye-Mesozoic ne-Cenozoic yaseMongolia, uM., 1974, k. 132-91
Abakwa-Tarbosaurus base-Asia (Tarbosaurus bataar) babeyisihlobo esiseduze sama-dinosaurs aseNyakatho Melika wokugcina kwamaCretaceous. ITarbosaurus yisilozi esigebenga. Ukusuka esiqeshini sesifiyane kuya esihlangwini somsila - cishe amamitha ayishumi. Okukhulu kunabo bonke kunamamitha angaphezu kuka-14 ubude nama-6 m ukuphakama. Ubukhulu bekhanda bungaphezu kwemitha ubude. Amazinyo abukhali, engathi ayindatshana. Konke lokhu kuvumela amaTarbosaurus ukuthi akwazi ukubhekana nalezo zitha ezazivikelwe umzimba yizikhali zamathambo.
Ngokuphakama nokubukeka kwakhe, wabukeka kakhulu njengabomashiqela. Waphinde wahamba ngezinyawo zomzimba eziqinile, esebenzisa umsila ukugcina ibhalansi. Izandulelo zangaphambili zancishiswa kakhulu, zaba ngamabili, futhi kusobala ukuthi zazisebenzela kuphela ukubamba ukudla.
Phakathi kokutholwa kokuqala kwedayimane eNgilandi kwakuyisiqephu somhlathi ongezansi esinamazinyo ambalwa. Ngokusobala, kwakungokwesikhova esikhulu esihlaselayo, kamuva esakhishwa futhi
megalosaurus (dinosaur enkulu). Njengoba kwakungeke kutholakale ezinye izingxenye zomzimba, bekungenakwenzeka ukwakha isithombe esinembile sesimo somzimba nobukhulu besilwane. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-pangolin ihamba ngemilenze emine. Esikhathini esedlule, sekwembiwe ezinye izinsalela eziningi, kepha amathambo aphelele awatholakalanga. Kungemva kokuqhathanisa nje namanye ama-dinosaurs (ama-carnosaurs), abacwaningi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi i-megalosaurus ibuye ibaleke ngemilenze yangemuva, ubude bayo bufika kumamitha ayi-9 futhi isisindo sethani. Ngokunemba okukhulu, kungenzeka ukwakhiwa kabusha i-allosaurus (esinye isililo). EMelika, kutholakale amathambo akhe angaphezu kwangu-60 ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Ama-allosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke afinyelele kubude bamamitha ayi-11 ukuya ku-12, futhi isisindo sisuka kumathani ayi-1 kuye kwayi-2. Ama-dinosaurs ama-gagant herbivorous kwakuyizisulu zawo, kusobala, okuqinisekisa ucezu olutholwe umsila we-apatosaurus enamamaki ajulile wokulunywa namazinyo e-allosaurus aphumele ngaphandle.
Okukhulu kakhulu, ngakho konke, kwakuyizinhlobo ezimbili ezaziphila eminyakeni engama-80 million esikhathini seCretaceous, okuyilezi: i-tyrannosaurus (umashiqela ongumashiqela) ovela eNyakatho Melika kanye nesigaxa esishisayo saseMongolia. Yize amathambo abengalondolozwanga ngokuphelele (imvamisa kakhulu umsila ulahlekile), kukholakala ukuthi ubude bawo bufika kumamitha ayi-14-15, ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-6, nesisindo somzimba safinyelela kumathani angama-5-6. Amakhanda nawo ayehlaba umxhwele: ugebhezi lwe-tarbosaurus lwalungamamitha ayi-1.45 ubude, nesigaxa esikhulu kunazo zonke se-tyrannosaurus - amamitha ayi-1.37. Amazinyo anjengedagada avela ku-15 cm ayenamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ayengabamba isilwane esisebenzayo ukumelana naso. Kodwa akwaziwa ukuthi lezi zingilazi ezinkulu zingakwazi yini ukuphishekela inyamazane noma zazinkulu kakhulu ngalokho. Mhlawumbe badla i-carrion noma izinsalela zezinyamazane ezidla ezinye, okungekho nzima ukuthi zixoshwe. Izibuko zedayinaso zazimfishane futhi zibuthakathaka, zineminwe emibili kuphela kuzo. Futhi kutholwe umunwe omkhulu onobudwayi obungamasentimitha angama-80 endaweni eyi-tercinosaurus (i-crescent eklanywe nge-crescent) .kodwa akaziwa ukuthi ngabe lo mnwe bekungukuphela kwawo nokuthi ubungakanani besilwane sonke bufinyelele. Isipinashiurus esiyimitha eyi-12 (i-spiny lizard) naso saba nombono omuhle. Ngasemuva, isikhumba sakhe saseluliwe ngesikebhe esingu-1.8 metres ukuphakama. Mhlawumbe lokhu kumenze wasabisa izimbangi kanye nalabo ancintisana nabo, noma mhlawumbe wasebenza njengendawo yokushisa yokushisa phakathi komzimba nendawo ezungezile.
Sasiyini “isandla esabekayo” esikhulu? Kuze kube manje, asisenalo ithuba lokucabanga ukuthi kwakunjani ukubukeka kwesidina esikhulu esidla ubhedu, okuthi, ngeshwa, kuphela amathambo ngaphambili nezingalo zesinqe ezitholakele kuze kube manje, ngeshwa, ngenkathi kubembiwa eMongolia. Kepha ubude bokunamaphazima bodwa bebungamamitha amabili nengxenye, okungukuthi, alingana nobude bayo yonke i-deinonychus noma amahlandla amane ubude bangaphambi kwayo. Kwakunezandla ezinkulu ezintathu esandleni ngasinye, ngosizo lwazo okwakwazi ukubamba nokukhipha inyamazane enkulu kakhulu. Bamangazwe yilokho kutholwa, abacwaningi basePoland baqamba le dinosaur deinocheyrus, okusho ukuthi "isandla esibi".
Uma sithatha ukuqhathanisa usayizi wedayinisi yezinyosi, enesakhiwo esifanayo sangaphambili, kodwa sincane ngokuphindwe kane, singacabanga ukuthi i-deinocheyrus yayinkulu futhi iphindwe kabili kunephikili! Abathandi kanye nabahloli bezidina emhlabeni wonke babheke phambili ekutholakaleni okusha kwamathambo nokucaciswa kwemfihlakalo enkulu 'yesandla esesabekayo'.
Ama-Tarbosaurs, izinsalela zawo atholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeGobi Desert, angamadayimane amakhulu adla inyama. Ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelele ku-10, nokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-3.5. Bazingela ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ama-herbivorous. Ama-Tarbosaurs ahlukaniswe ngosayizi omangalisayo wogebhezi - kubantu abadala kudlula imitha eyi-1.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, idayosaur, okuyigebhezi layo umuntu owayeboshiwe ayefuna ukuyithengisa, yayihlala emhlabeni wethu eminyakeni engama-50-60 yezigidi edlule.
Minyaka yonke, ama-paleontologists aseMongolia kanye nohambo lwamazwe omhlaba athola eSouth Gobi zonke izinsalela ezintsha ze-tarbozavra.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, imibukiso enjalo eyingqayizivele yaqala ukuwela ngamandla ezandleni zangasese. Ngokusho kwabezomthetho abasebenza eMongolia, inethiwekhi yabashushumbisi ababandakanyeka ekudobeni isebenza ngokungemthetho. Eminyakeni yamuva, izikhulu zamaphoyisa namaphoyisa amise imizamo eminingana yokuthumela izinsalela zamaqanda nezingxenye zamathambo edayinaso phesheya.
Ngakho-ke, futhi yimuphi wabaphathi bamarekhodi esinawo esigabeni samaDinosaurs asolwandle?
Umqhele wesisindo nosayizi emndenini wama-pliosaurs ungowama-lyoplervodon. Yayinezicucu ezine ezinamandla (kufinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude) nomsila omfishane, kamuva ocindezelwe kusukela ezinhlangothini. Amazinyo makhulu, aze afike ku-30 cm ubude (mhlawumbe aze afike ku-47 cm!), Azungeze esigabeni sesiphambano. Ifinyelele kubude obungamamitha ayi-15 kuye kwayi-18. Ubude balezi ezihubhayo bufika kumamitha ayi-15. AmaLiopleurodons adla izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ama-amoni, futhi ahlasela nezinye izinyamazane zasolwandle. Babengabazingeli abaphambili beLate Jurassic Seas. Funda kabanzi mayelana dinosaur.
Ichazwe nguG. Savage ngonyaka we-1873 ngezinyo elilodwa elivela ezingqungqutheleni zeLate Jurassic zesifunda saseBoulogne-sur-Mer (eNyakatho yeFrance). Isikhumba satholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ePeterborough, e-England. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-genus Liopleurodon yahlanganiswa ne-genus Pliosaurus (Pliosaurus). ILiopleurodon ine-symphysis emfushane yomhlathi ophansi namazinyo ambalwa kune-pliosaurus. Zombili izinhlobo zakha umndeni kaPliosauridae.
I-Liopleurodon ferox - izinhlobo zezinhlobo. Ubude bebonke bufinyelele kumamitha angama-25. Ubude besheya ngamamitha amane. Kwahlala izindawo zokugcina amanzi ezisenyakatho yeYurophu (i-England, iFrance) kanye neNingizimu Melika (Mexico). ILiopleurodon pachydeirus (iCallovian Europe), ebonakala ngesimo se-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho. I-Liopleurodon rossicus (aka Pliosaurus rossicus). Kuchazwa yi-cishe sude egcwele kusukela eLate Jurassic (era ye-Titonia) yesifunda seVolga. I-skull imayelana ne-1 - 1,2 m ubude. Ucezu lohlu lwe-pliosaurus enkulu evela kwidiphozi efanayo ingaba ngeyezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kulokhu, i-lyopleurodon yaseRussia yayingaphansi kwezinhlobo zaseYurophu. Izidumbu ziboniswa eMnyuziyamu wePaleontological eMoscow. I-Liopleurodon macromerus (aka Pliosaurus macromerus, Stretosaurus macromerus). I-Kimmeridge - iTitone yase-Europe naseNingizimu Melika. Ukubukeka kukhulu kakhulu, ubude begebhezi bufinyelele kumamitha ayi-3, ubude bebonke kufanele bube ngamamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-20.
AmaLiopleurodons ayengama-pliosaurs ajwayelekile - enekhanda elikhulu elincane (okungenani 1/4 - 1/5 wobude obugcwele), amafifaza amane anamandla (afinyelela kumamitha ama-3 ubude) nomsila omfushane, kamuva ocindezelwe kusukela ezinhlangothini. Amazinyo makhulu, aze afike ku-30 cm ubude (mhlawumbe aze afike ku-47 cm!), Azungeze esigabeni sesiphambano. Kumathiphu emihlathini, amazinyo akha uhlobo lwe “rosette”. Amakhala angaphandle awasebenzanga ukuphefumula - lapho ubhukuda, amanzi angena emakhaleni angaphakathi (abekwe phambi kwangaphandle) futhi aphuma emakhaleni angaphandle. Umchamo wamanzi wedlula esithobeni sikaJacobson, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-lyopleurodon "yahlwitha" amanzi. Lesi sidalwa saphefumlela emlonyeni waso lapho sikhuphuka. AmaLiopleurodons angashona ngokujulile futhi isikhathi eside. Babhukuda ngosizo lwamakhophi amakhulu, ababewathunga njengamaphiko ezinyoni. AmaLiopleurodons ayenesivikelo esihle - ayenamapuleti anamandla ngaphansi kwesikhumba sawo. Njengawo wonke ama-pliosaurs, ama-lyopleurodons ayengama-viviparous.
Ngo-2003, izidumbu zeLiopleurodon ferox zatholakala eMexico ngasekupheleni kweJurassic. Ifinyelele kubude obungamamitha ayi-15 kuye kwayi-18. Kwakungumuntu osemusha. Kwatholakala amathambo amazinyo wenye i-lyopleurodon emathanjeni akhe. Umahlulelwa yilokhu kulimala, umhlaseli angaba ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-20 ubude, ngoba amazinyo akhe ayengamasentimitha angama-7 ububanzi nama-cm angaphezu kuka-40 ubude. Ngo-2007, izidumbu zamapliosaurs amakhulu kakhulu ezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaziwa zatholakala emafektri aseJurassic esiqhingini esikhulu sombala weSvalbard. Ubude balezi ezihubhayo bufika kumamitha ayi-15. AmaLiopleurodons adla izinhlanzi ezinkulu, ama-amoni, futhi ahlasela nezinye izinyamazane zasolwandle. Babengabazingeli abaphambili beLate Jurassic Seas.
Yebo, cishe konke okukhulu kunakho konke, khetha ukuthi iyiphi oyithandayo engcono kakhulu ngezinyawo :-) Futhi manje mayelana nokuncane…
Ngo-2008, Ososayensi bathola ugebhezi wenye yama-dinosaurs amancane kunazo zonke ahlala eMhlabeni. Lokhu kutholwa kungasiza ekutholeni impendulo yombuzo wokuthi kungani amanye amadinosaurs aba ama-herbivores.
Ugebhezi, ongaphansi kwama-intshi ama-2 (cishe amasentimitha ama-5) ubude, wawungowe-Heterodontosaurus cub, elalihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-190 edlule futhi lalingamasentimitha ayi-6 (amasentimitha ayi-15.24) namasentimitha ayi-18 (cishe amasentimitha angama-46) ukusuka ekhanda esiqongweni somsila.
Kepha ngezinga elikhudlwana, kwakungewona usayizi wesilwane owahlaba umxhwele ososayensi, kodwa amazinyo akhe. Imibono yezazi mayelana nokuthi i-heterodontosaurus idle inyama noma izitshalo ihlukaniswe yini. I-dinosaur encane, enesisindo sayo, ngokwe The Telegraph, iqhathaniswa nefoni ephathekayo, inamafangs angaphambili namazinyo ajwayelekile we-herbivores yokugaya ukudla kwesitshalo. Kwakunokucatshangwa ukuthi abesilisa abadala banezinsimbi futhi bazisebenzisa ukulwa nabancintisana bendawo, kepha ukuba khona kwabo eqenjini kwakuphikisana nalo mbono. Kungenzeka ukuthi, amafangasi anjalo ayedingeka ekuvikelweni kwabazingeli.
Manje ososayensi abathole lesi silwane banombono wokuthi i-heterodontosaurus yayisisenkambisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isuka kwisilwane esi-carnivorous iya esilwaneni esidla inyama. Lokhu mhlawumbe kwakuyisidalwa esimangazayo, sondla ikakhulu izitshalo, kepha sikuhlukanisa lokho ukudla ngezilokazane, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane noma izinyamazane.
ULaura Porro, Ph.D. waseYunivesithi yaseChicago, e-USA, uphakamise ukuthi wonke amadinosaurs ekuqaleni abenenkani: “Njengoba i-heterodontosaurus ingenye yamadayinesi okuqala ukuzivumelanisa nezitshalo, ingamelela isigaba soguquko olusuka kubokhokho abathandayo luye ezizalweni ezizalanayo ngokuphelele. Ugebhezi lwakhe lukhombisa ukuthi wonke amadayinaso alolu hlobo asindile ekuguqukeni okunje. ”
Imfucumfucu yeHeterodontosaurus ayivelakancane ngendlela emangalisayo: kutholakala okubili kuphela okuvela eSouth Africa okwabantu abadala okwaziwa njengamanje.
U-Laura Porro uthole ingxenye yesikhumba esingukhiye senqola enamacici amabili abantu abadala ngenkathi kuvubukulwa eKapa eminyakeni yama-60s. UDkt Richard Butler, uchwepheshe eMnyuziyamu Wezemvelo Wezemvelo eLondon, uchaze ukutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kunikeza ithuba lokufunda ukuthi lesi silwane sashintsha kanjani phakathi nokukhula. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo zishintsha amazinyo empilweni yazo yonke, kuyilapho i-heterodontosaurus ikwenza lokhu kuphela ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, njengezilwane ezincelisayo.
Okuncane okukodwa:
Kepha ngonyaka ka-2011, ukutholakala komhlaba omusha kungakhombisa ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni phakathi kwabo bonke abadayisi abaziwayo. Ubukhulu besidalwa esinjengesinyoni kwiplamu, obuphila ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100 ezedlule, abufinyeleli ngaphezu kwama-intshi angama-15,7 (amasentimitha angama-40) ubude.
Imfucumfucu, eyethulwe ngesimo sethambo elincane lentamo, etholakala eningizimu yeBrithani, yafinyelela kuphela ingxenye yesentimitha (7.1 millimeter) ubude. Kwakuyidayinaso endala eyaphila ngesikhathi seCretaceous Period 145-100 million edlule, ngokokushicilelwa kwamanje kweCretaceous Research, isazi se-paleozoologist eYunivesithi yasePortsmouth, eDarren Naish.
Lokhu okutholakele kufanele kufake amaqoqo amadayinaso amancane kakhulu emhlabeni enye idinosaur enjengeyenyoni, kuze kube manje eye yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Anchiornis, owayehlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi yiChina, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-160 kuya kweziyi-155 edlule. Ithambo elisanda kutholwa lingelabantu abamele ama-maniraptoran, iqembu lama-dinosaurs asetropod okucatshangwa ukuthi angamadlozi amade wezinyoni zesimanje.
Ukuba nefossil ene-vertebra eyodwa kuphela esandleni, kunzima ukuqagela ukuthi idinosaur encane idlani noma ukuthi yayinosayizi onjani.
I-vertebra ayinaso isicubu se-neurocentral, umugqa onamandla, ovulekile wethambo ongavali kuze kube yilapho idinosaur iba umuntu omdala, ngokusho kukaNaish kanye nozakwabo asebenza naye eNyuvesi yasePortsmouth, uSteven Sweetmen. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-dinosaur yafa njengesilwane esidala.
Kepha ukubala ubude be-dinosaur elilinganiselwe kusuka kuthambo elilodwa kwakuwumsebenzi onobuqili. Abaphenyi basebenzise izindlela ezimbili ukunquma ukuthi inkulu kangakanani i-maniraptoran. Indlela yokuqala yayihlanganisa ukwakhiwa komodeli wedijithali wentamo yedayinaso, bese ososayensi babeka le ntambo esicathulweni sommeleli ojwayelekile we-maniraptoran.
Le ndlela ingubuciko ukwedlula isayensi, njengoba uNaish abhale kwi-blog yakhe, iTetrapod Zoology, ebikezela ukuthi lokhu kufanele kuthukuthelise abanye abacwaningi. Indlela ethe xaxa yezibalo, esetshenziselwa ukubala isilinganiso sentamo ne-torso yamanye ama-dinosaurs ahlobene, yayisetshenziselwa ukuthola ubude obusha be-maniraptoran. Lezi zindlela zombili ziholele kulezi zibalo ezilandelayo - cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-13,7 (amasentimitha angama-33-50), njengoba uNaish abonile.
Idayinaso entsha ayikabinalo igama elisemthethweni futhi ibhabhadiswa negama lesidlaliso i-Ashdown maniraptorian ukuhlonipha indawo lapho yatholakala khona. Uma kuvela ukuthi i-Ashdown dino kuzoba idinosaur elincane kunazo zonke eliqoshwa, izophula irekhodi lesibankwakazi esincane kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika esingamasentimitha ayi-15 ubukhulu. Le dayinaso, uHesperonychus elizabethae, ibiyisidlakudla esinenxeba elibi eligoqekile esinqeni. Ukuphakama kwakhe kwakungamamitha nama-50cm futhi wayenesisindo esingamakhilogremu ama-2.
Ngeminyaka yo-1970 ezindaweni eziphansi ze-Upper Triassic eNewfoundland (eCanada) ithrekhi encane yashiywa othile, engekho omkhulu kuno-thrush. Ukwakheka kweminwe kujwayelekile kuma-dinosaurs aconsayo angaleso sikhathi. Ukuphrinta kungokwelungu elincane kunazo zonke zohlobo lwe-dinosaur olwake lwatholakala emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, akukaziwa ukuthi umuntu oshiye uphawu kungaba yiminyaka emingaki - umuntu omdala noma iwundlu.
Futhi sizokhumbula enye yezinguqulo Bafa kanjani ama-dinosaurs?, futhi futhi ukhumbule ukuthi obani abanjalo I-dinosaur ye-Pocket kanye nombuzo, othinta ngokungaqondile isihloko sethu samanje - Yini eza kuqala, iqanda noma inkukhu?
Ukubukeka Hlela
Onke ama-sauropod ayengama-dinosaurs amakhulu. Okukhulu kakhulu kufinyelele kumamitha angama-32 ubude, futhi okuncane kakhulu kufika kumamitha ayi-6. Imizimba yabo ibibukeka kakhulu njengemizimba yezindlovu kunemizimba yezinyokotho: Imilenze emikhulu eminyene, umzimba obunjwe emgomeni, onesisu esikhulu silenga, izintamo ezinde, kanye nomsila omkhulu. Ama-sauropods ayefana nokufana kwendlulamithi. Amanye ama-sauropods ayenamapuleti e-bony anwebeka kuwo wonke umkhondo wesilwane; ngenxa yalokhu, la ma-sauropods awakwazanga ukuphakamisa izintamo zawo phezulu, futhi adla amaqabunga ezihlahleni nezihlahla ezincane. Abanye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphandle kwamapuleti amathambo babengafinyelela eziqongweni zezihlahla. Intamo ngokwayo yayipulasitiki kakhulu, yayingashintshana ngama-40-50 degrees. Babenamakhalenda amakhulu. Amazinyo mancane, afana ne-putty-like.