I-salamander ibonwe, noma i-fire salamander (i-Latin Salamandra salamandra) ingeyomndeni ka-Real salamander (Salamandridae) ovela kuma-oda we-Tailed Amphibians (Urodela). Isilwane sihola indlela yokuphila efihlekile, eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukutadisha imikhuba yaso ezimeni zemvelo.
Naphezu kwalesi simo esiyingqayizivele, ukusho ngakho kungatholakala emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo. Igama labo lihunyushwa lisuka ePheresiya liye esiRussia ngokuthi "ukuhlala emlilweni." Ezikhathini zakudala, abantu babona izidalwa zibalekela ilangabi lomlilo.
Baphonsa izingodo emlilweni, abantu bacekela phansi izindlu ze-salamander, zabenza babaleka bethukile umlilo. Kanjalo kwavela inganekwane, njengokungathi bazalelwa emlilweni. Abaningi babekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi ngobuthi babo la ma-amphibians angacima ilangabi.
Ubuthi babo busetshenziswa ngabalandeli bezinkolo eziningi zasempumalanga ukuzindla ukuze bangene ngokuphelele othulini futhi bathole imibono ecacile.
Ukubhebhetheka
Indawo yokuhlala iseYurophu, eNyakatho-ntshonalanga Afrika kanye neNtshonalanga Asia. Kusuka kwi-Iberian peninsula entshonalanga kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeTurkey empumalanga. Ama-salamanders omlilo ahlala ePortugal, eFrance, eSwitzerland, eLiechtenstein, eGrisi Italy, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSpain nase-Ukraine. Zijwayelekile kuyo yonke iNhlonhlo yeBalkan.
Izindawo eziqhelile ziseSlovakia, eCzech Republic, ePoland, eHungary, kwa-Israyeli, eSyria nase-Iran.
Indawo eyintandokazi yokuxazululwa kwama salamanders ihlangene futhi ihlathile ngamahlathi anama-beech. Ngokuzithandela zingena ezigodini ezingavuthiwe, imisele kanye nogqinsi olushubile lwehlathi.
Kuyaqabukela ungababona emahlathini e-coniferous nasezindaweni ezivulekile. Eduze nendawo ebonakalayo ye-salamander, umfudlana onamanzi acacile wamanje nowekristalu kufanele ugeleze. Imvamisa ibonwa emaphethelweni ezansi ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-600 kuya ku-1200 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Abangu-15 ababhalisile bayaziwa. Lezi zingane ezihlangene zihlala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan, kwesinye isikhathi ezitholakala eningizimu yeJalimane nasePoland.
Ukuziphatha
I-salamander ebonakalayo ingenye yezilwane zasebusuku; ingabonakala ngesikhathi sasemini kuphela ngemuva kwemvula. Uchitha usuku lonke emgodini oshiywe ngamagundane, i-crevice phakathi kwamatshe, ngaphansi kwesihlahla esidala noma emgodini.
Uma kunesidingo, angakwazi ngokumba umgodi wokuzimela emhlabathini othambile ongama-40 cm ubude nama-4-6 cm ububanzi.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, lesi sidalwa siyaxineka, ngemuva kokukhetha indawo eseceleni enomswakama omkhulu futhi ivikeleke efrijini. Amakamelo wangaphansi, imithombo, imihume noma ama-grottos alungele indawo yokuhlala.
Ukuzivikela okuhle kwabase-amphibians kunobuthi bayo ngemuva kwezindlebe (parotids) neminye imigqa emibili yezindlala ezinobuthi ngemuva emsileni. Bayakwazi ukufihla umphuzi ophuzi noma omhlophe ngombala, okuthi, lapho omiswe elangeni, uthole ukunambitheka okubabayo. Ubuthi obuqukethe bukhona obangela ukuvuvukala kolwelwesi lwama-mucous kubazingeli.
I-salamander yomlilo ikhipha ubuthi ezingeni le-Reflex ngesikhathi sokucindezela noma phezu komthelela.
Lapho i-voltage inamandla ngokwengeziwe, i-amphibian enamandla engaphezulu ingakhipha. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinyoka ezithile kuphela ezinquma ukuhlasela abantu abadala.
Umsoco
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-salamander ebonakalayo isondela kancane kancane inyamazane yayo bese ibamba umlomo wayo kancane. Imvama umzingeli uthamba kancane kangangokuba inyamazane engaba khona ikwazi ukuphunyula, kepha umuntu oziqhenyayo akakubheka njengokuncane kunesithunzi sakhe ukukuphishekela.
Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezingenamsoco. Ama-Amphibians adla ama-Earthworms, izicabucabu, izinambuzane kanye nama-slgs. Ngokusethwa kwezimo okulula, bahlasela amasele amancane nama-newts.
Ukuzala
Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho inhlabathi isivele ikwazi ukufudumala kahle, isalamander ebonakalayo iqala isizini yokuzalela. Owesilisa ojabhile, ophakamisa ikhanda phezulu, uyahamba uyofuna intokazi yenhliziyo. Ibona isihlobo sayo, isondela kuye izonquma ubulili bayo.
Uma kungowesimame, khona-ke owesilisa uyacwila ngaphansi kwawo abeke ispermatophore emhlabathini. Owesifazane uyibopha nge-cesspool yakhe.
ISpermatozoa zigcinwa emzimbeni wesifazane aze amaqanda avuthiwe. Amaqanda avuthiwe angena esibelethweni, lapho kuvela khona umanyolo.
Owesifazane uchithe hibernation bonke ubusika, futhi lapho kufika intwasahlobo, ufuna isifufula esinamabhange aphansi kanye nezifundo ezihamba kancane. Lapho ubeka amaqanda, aqhume kuwo izibungu ngokushesha.
I-salamander yabantu abadala ayikwazi ukubhukuda. Uma ngesikhathi sokuzalwa umama ethatha okwangoku, khona-ke angafa.
Njengomthetho, insikazi eyodwa iyakwazi ukukhiqiza kusuka ku-20 kuya ku-40 izibungu, ubude bazo bufika ku-22-37 mm. Bathuthukise kahle amagilebhisi angaphandle, kukhona amabhangqa amabili emilenze ne-caudal fa. Umbala uyahlukahluka kusuka kokumpunga okukhanyayo kuye komnqumo onamabala amaningi. Sekuyizinyanga ezintathu basemanzini, bondla izibungu nezinambuzane kanye ne-amphipod crustaceans.
Kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ku-Agasti, i-metamorphosis yenzeka. Ekupheleni kwayo, isalamander encane enezinhlaka iya ezweni. Ubude bawo bubalelwa ku-6 cm.
Izibungu ezizalwe ekwindla zichitha ubusika bonke echibini, bese kuba ngabantu abadala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo elandelayo. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, ukuthomba kuzo kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3-4.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-10-24 cm, ubukhulu bube ngu-32 cm. Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa futhi banomzimba onemisipha owengeziwe. I-dimorphism yezocansi ngombala ayikho.
Ikhanda elibanzi elinamehlo agobekayo liphela ngesigaxa esiyindilinga. Imilomo yezindlala ezinobuthi ibonakala kahle. Isikhumba simanzi, sicwebezela futhi sinamathele.
Umhlane omnyama umbozwe amabala aphuzi, owolintshi noma abomvu. Esiqwini esikhulu ngasemuva kunezindlala ezinobuthi. Kukhona iminwe emabunzini angaphambili eyisihlanu ezinqeni ezingemuva. Umsila omfushane onsundu ufushane kunomzimba.
Umzimba ophansi umbozwe isikhumba esimpunga-esimnyama noma esimnyama.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-salamander evuthayo endle akuvamile ukuba ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-10. Ekudingisweni, usinda aze afike eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengama-24.
Umjikelezo wokuphila
Inqubo yokusakazwa kwama-salamanders omlilo ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko obalulekile emijikelezweni yokuzalanisa ye-salamander yalolu hlobo ngokuya ngendawo nokuphakama kwayo ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle kuyaziwa.
Isikhathi sokufuya ngokuvamile siqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, iduna endaweni ye-cloaca liba ngaphezulu kwe-convex gland, likhiqiza i-spermatophore.
Izindlela ezimbili ezingaphansi kwesalarmanders - S. s. fastuosa futhi S. s. bernardezi - Izilwane eziphila bukhoma, insikazi ayizaleli amaqanda, kepha ikhiqiza izibungu. Izinsalela ezisele ezikwenza ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda.
Abamele lezinhlobo bafika esikhathini sokuthomba beseminyakeni emithathu. Isikhathi sokuphila esimweni semvelo sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-14; ezinye izibalo zisinde kuze kube yiminyaka engama-50 ekudingisweni.
Hlela Inganekwane
I-salamander - ku-alchemy, umoya womlilo njengengxenye eyinhloko - isisekelo somlilo. Imvamisa kuboniswa njenge-lizamander lizard encanyana, okuthi, ngokwe nkolelo ethandwayo, ingahlala ngomlilo, ngoba inomzimba obandayo, futhi ibonakala ngomlilo futhi iphume ngaphandle kwayo, icashe ngokhuni oluphonswe lapho. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi uma uliphonsa emlilweni, lizophuma.
AbakwaSalamanders bakhonjwa abamele izangoma zezazi zezazi nama-alchemist ngento yomlilo. Isici esibonakalayo salamander ukubanda komzimba okungajwayelekile, ukuvumela ukuthi kube ngomlilo ngaphandle kokuvutha, kanye nokucima noma yiliphi ilangabi. I-salamander yayiyisibonakaliso somzimba obomvu wetshe lesazi sefilosofi. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lohlelo lwezibuko kungenzeka "ukukhiphe" amandla emisebe yelanga esikebheni sengilazi ngaleyo ndlela inxuse futhi inqande i-salamander entandweni yayo.
I-Medieval iconography isebenzisa isithombe salamander njengophawu lwabalungileyo - umqaphi wokholo phakathi kwezinto ezihamba phambili emhlabeni ofayo. Ukubeka i-salamander emphethweni wayo wezingalo, umnikazi wayo, empeleni, waveza ukuthi unokuthula, futhi wayengesabi nhlobo ingozi.
UPliny the Old (29-79 AD) wayengowokuqala wemisebenzi yabalobi basendulo owasinda ukuchaza ukubukeka kwalesi sidalwa. Ngokusho kwakhe, i-salamander iyi-lizard ebonakalayo, empeleni, ifana ne-salamander yesimanje. Kodwa-ke, maqondana nokushisa noma ukubanda kohlobo lwe-salamander, uPliny wayehlukaniswa ngezigaba: isidalwa sibanda njengeqhwa. Njengabanye ababhali ngaphambi kwakhe, uPliny wayengaqinisekile ukuthi ama-salamanders azalwa kanjani. Ngokusho kwakhe, lezi zidalwa zingabonakala kuphela esimweni sezulu esingesihle nokuthi zivela emthonjeni ongaziwa. Lokhu, ngokusobala, kwaphoqa uPliny ukuthi acabangele lezi zilwane njengezisexual ngakho-ke azakhiqizi inzalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPliny uchaze lesi silwane njengesinye sezidalwa ezinoshevu kakhulu.
Yonke indatshana lapho umbhali eveza khona ubuqili kanye nokulimala kwalesi sidalwa kunikelwe esenzweni sobuthi se-salamander ePliny. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kubhekiswa kwi-Sextius ethile, uyangabaza ngombono wokuthi abakwa-salamanders bawucisha umlilo, bethi eRoma ngabe sebevele batholile ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, bebhala imililo ehlale njalo futhi ibhubhisa edolobheni.
Ngokwesiko lobuKristu, impahla emangalisayo ye-salamander yokungashisi ngomlilo yahileleka ngokushesha esimweni sesiko elisha. U-Aurelian Augustine ukhumbula i-salamander emugqeni wobufakazi bokuthi izidumbu zabantu zingashisa, zihlukunyezwe, unomphela, okuyinto izazi zefilosofi zemvelo zangaleso sikhathi zahlekisa ngazo. Uma sikhuluma ngomongo ojwayelekile, u-Augustine ukhuluma ngezimangaliso kanjalo. Isimangaliso, esinamagama amaningi okuvela olimini lwesiLatin, sasiqondwa njengasendulo njengento eyenzekayo "ngokumelene nemvelo." U-Augustine, ekhuluma ngokuqina konkulunkulu abangamaKristu, empeleni wathi akukho simangaliso, ngoba konke okwenzekayo kwenzeka ngentando kaNkulunkulu. Siphazamisekile kancane, singasho ukuthi lo mbono uholele ekuphikisaneni okukhulu esikweni lokuqhubeka lobuKristu. Uma "ophakeme", isiko elifundiwe lisasiphikile isimangaliso, ngoba akukho okungenzeka kuphambene nentando kaNkulunkulu, noma okubonakala kumangalisa kithi, khona-ke izintethe, ikakhulukazi ezivezwa ezimpilweni zabangcwele, zifuna isimangaliso kogcwele usanta, asikhombisile, ngaleyo ndlela ukuguqulela abangathembeki ebuKristwini. Noma kunjalo, ukuze akhombise ukuthi izidumbu zabalahliweyo zingahlushwa phakade esihogweni somlilo, u-Augustine unikeza ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi kukhona izinto nezinhlobo zezinto ngomlilo, njengoba evame ukunikeza uhlu olude lwe "zimangaliso" ezingenakubonwa. Futhi nakhu i-salamander iza kahle yena.
Ukufana phakathi kwe-salamander nezehlakalo ezisebhayibhelini kwatholakala nangaphambilini. Kakade u- "Physiologist", owabhalwa ngekhulu lesibili AD, wabeka izisekelo ngesisekelo salamander engaqondwa ngaso ngokomfanekiso ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Izilwane kuPhysiologist nazo ngokuvamile azikho ngaphezu kwezimpawu zobuntu obuhle, abalingiswa abasebhayibhelini, unkulunkulu, amademoni noma izono. Indatshana ye-salamander ngalomqondo ayifikiswanga esiphethweni sayo esinengqondo, kodwa ukufana kwezimpawu kwakudonswa ngokucacile.
Ngekhulu le-XII, indaba ye-salamander ithatha ithuba elingalindelekile. Ekupheleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka, incwadi ijikeleza eYurophu, okusolwa ukuthi yabhalwa yiNkosi yaseNdiya uJohn, naye ongumfundisi. Lesi esinye sezinganekwane ezidumile zomlando senza abantu baseYurophu bakholwa okwesikhashana ukuthi kude eNdiya kunombusi olungile futhi onamandla futhi eYurophu bake bazama naye isikhashana ukuthola uxhumano lokumheha ekulweni namaSulumane. Ngokwemvelo, akekho uJohn, njengezwe lakhe, owayekhona, kepha lokhu kwaba nomthelela wokuqiniswa okukhulu kwezepolitiki zaseMpumalanga nezinkantolo zaseYurophu kanye nopapa. Incwadi ka-Mdala John, vele, ibingabhalwa ngaphandle kwase-Europe. Eqinisweni, le yi-encyclopedia yezimangaliso ezenziwa impucuko yaseYurophu eMpumalanga, futhi umsebenzi awuzange ubhalwe empumalanga yeByzantium. Kukhona ne-salamander encazelweni yesifundazwe sezwe likaGogo John.
Indawo
Carpathians, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Malawi, Czech Republic of the Yugoslav Republic, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain. , ESwitzerland, eTurkey, e-Ukraine, eYugoslavia. I-salamander evuthayo ikhuphuka ize ifike ku-2 000 m ingene ezintabeni.
Ukubukeka
Isikhumba se-salamander yomlilo mncane, sibushelelezi futhi sinomswakama. Amaphayi anamandla, amafushane. Kuneminwe emibili yangemuva neyisihlanu ngemuva. Izimbali zokubhukuda azikho. Izindilinga eziyindilinga ngobuhlakani, amehlo amnyama amnyama. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo amashiya aphuzi. Ngemuva kwamehlo kunezindlala ezinobuthi - ummbila. Amazinyo abukhali futhi ayindilinga. Umzimba ubanzi futhi mkhulu. Umsila uyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano. Abesilisa abancanyana kunabesifazane, banamancanyana futhi banesisindo esingaphansi. Izidladla zabesilisa zinde, lapho zisondela ngaphambili nezingalo zomvalo ziza zilandelana. Izindebe zabo zokuvala zivuvukale kakhulu kunensikazi. Izitho zomugqa we-lateral zisesigabeni se-larval kuphela.
Habitat
Amagquma nezintaba (kuze kufike ku-2000 m). Gwema izindawo ezomile nezivulekile. I-salamander evuthayo ihlala emithambekeni enamahlathi emifuleni yemifula nemifudlana, emahlathini amadala e-beech agcwele izihibe zomoya (ayigwemi ngisho namahlathi ahlanganayo). Uthanda ama-mosses athambile, lapho inani labantu lifinyelela kubantu abangu-1-2 nge-100 m 2.
Intuthuko
Emanzini, ama-salamanders abesifazane azala cishe izibungu ezakheke ngokuphelele (isisindo esingama-0,2 g, ubude obungama-25-30 mm). Zinezimbambo ezintathu zama-cirrus angaphandle, amabala aphuzi ayabonakala esisekelweni semikhawulo, umsila mude, uthambile, usikiwe ngophawu olubanzi olubanzi, udlulela emuva ku-crest. Ikhanda likhulu, liyindilinga, umzimba uphakeme, ucindezelwe kamuva. Izibungu ze-salamander yomlilo zidla izitha, zivame ukubandakanyeka ku-cannibalism. Isikhathi se-larval sithatha ihlobo lonke, i-metamorphosis iphela ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, ubude be-larva buyi-50-60 mm. Ama-salamanders amancane enziwe aqala ukuphefumula kancane futhi ashiye ichibi. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-metamorphosis, izibungu ziqala ukukhasa phansi, zivame ukukhuphukela phezulu kwamanzi ngemuva komoya.
Isimo sabantu / ukulondolozwa
Uhlobo olungenile Incwadi ebomvu yase-Ukraine.
Amazwana: i-salamander yomlilo ikhiqiza ubuthi - i-salamander, okuyi-alkaloid esebenza ohlelweni lwezinzwa (ibangela ukubanjwa, ukucindezelwa kokuphefumula, i-arrhythmias yenhliziyo nokukhubazeka okuyingxenye), ikhubaza izikhungo ze-medulla oblongata. Uma inja idla i-salamander, ingafa ubuthi. Umthamo obulalayo we-salamandrin yegundane ungama-70 mcg.