Ukuqashelwa kwempilo yabagadli bamanzi - izinambuzane ezihamba (zize zigijime) emanzini.
Izimbambo zamanzi ziphakathi kwezinambuzane ezimangalisa kakhulu. Abamele iqembu, phila phezu komhlaba wokugcina ongasebenzi.
Izikejana zamanzi ziyagijima zigxume ebusweni bamanzi. Ziyakwazi ukushesha zifike ku-1 m / s, kepha kwezinye izimo ziyakwazi ukuhamba kancane. Izitebhisi zamanzi azibhukudi, zibhekabheka ebusweni bamanzi, zidonsela ohlangothini olubanzi ngendlela efanayo njengoba umgijimi we-spininter exoshwa emabhulokini okuqala. Izitha zamanzi zitholana ngosizo lwamagagasi avela ekunyakazeni kwazo. Amagagasi afanayo, ngokusobala, asiza ukuba bakwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwezinto ezisendaweni ezikuzungezile.
Ebusika, izimbangi zamanzi zichitha zicasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, otshanini noma ngaphansi kwamachibi nemifudlana. Entwasahlobo baba asebenzayo, eze ebusweni kanye mate. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda, zizinamathisela kunoma yiziphi izinto ezigxile emanzini. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, izibungu ziqandusela emaqanda bese zintanta ziye phezulu. Yonke indlela yokuthuthuka isuka kwizinambuzane iye ezinambuzaneni ezindala ithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga.
Izikejana zamanzi ziyizinambuzane ezifiphele kakhulu ezinamehlo abukhali, zibona umuntu osondela kude.
Izimbangi zamanzi ezihlala emanzini amasha ziba nohlobo lwamaphiko ezinqeni zazo. (Abahlaseli bamanzi asolwandle, ngokungafani namanzi amhlophe, abanantambo ngokuphelele.) Ngokuvamile banobude bamamilimitha amahlanu kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu. Abantu abangavuthiwe bancane.
Amachibi amancane, izimbambo zamanzi zigwema izindawo ezinokugeleza okusheshayo kwesiphithiphithi, kanye nemithombo yasemuva lapho ingaphezulu yembozwe ngobuningi. Azizithandi izindawo lapho izimila zingekho ngokuphelele. Zihlala ikakhulu lapho kunotshani obuncane khona emfudlaneni ongena kancane. Bancamela ukujula okungadluli ngamasentimitha ambalwa.
Ukuqunjelwa kwabagadli bamanzi emanzini angajulile kungachazwa ukuthi lapha abasatshiswa yizinhlanzi ezingabagwinya.

Zibukeka kanjani izigaxa zamanzi?
Bonke banamabili amathathu emilenze. Imilenze yangaphambili imfishane - isebenza ukugcina umzimba wesinambuzane emanzini. Izingalo ezisele zabagadli bamanzi engangibabambile zazinde kakhulu kunomzimba wazo. Izinambuzane zihamba emanzini zisebenzisa umbhangqwana ophakathi. Imilenze yangemuva nayo ingabamba iqhaza kulokhu, kepha imvamisa isetshenziswa njengezigingci lapho isinambuzane sishanela phezu kwamanzi.
Umlenze ngamunye uqukethe izingxenye eziningi: ubheshi, iswidi, ithanga, umlenze ophansi kanye ne-tarsus. I-paw nayo ibuye ivezwe. I-spike engxenyeni yokugcina ye-tarsus engenhla kwesipikili sayo iyisici sezinyathelo zamanzi. Mhlawumbe lesi spike sisiza lesi sinambuzane ukuba sime phezu kwamanzi sisebenzisa ukuqina komhlaba.
Lapho umile, ama-strider amanzi aphumula kuyo yonke imilenze eyisithupha. Imilenze yangaphambili neyiphakathi ihlangana namanzi kuphela nama-paws ayo, kuyilapho imilenze yangemuva ilele emanzini kanye nesiwakala nangomlenze ophansi, ayicwilisi emanzini, kepha itholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Ukujula kwezimbambo zangaphambili zelembu lamanzi kuncane kakhulu. Yonke eminye imilenze, incike emanzini, yakha imifuno emide ebusweni bayo, ngoba iningi lomlenze lihlangene namanzi.
Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kuwela ngakwesokunene kulowo obukelayo, lokhu okubonakalayo kubonakala kahle. Kwezinye izimo, zingabonakala emthunzini wesinambuzane ngaphansi komfudlana noma komkhumbi. Kubukeka njengamaqanda amnyama emikhawulweni yemithunzi emihle kakhulu evela emlenzeni ngamunye.
Imvamisa, izimbambo zamanzi zihamba kancane, kusobala ukuthi ngale ndlela bafuna ukudla. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, bayakwazi ukushesha phezu kwamanzi. Zihlala zihamba emgqeni oqondile. Ekupheleni kokunyakaza, lesi sinambuzane siyama, sihlenga kabusha umlenze owodwa noma womabili ophakathi, siguqula ukuqondisa komzimba futhi sijeziselwe ukunyakaza okulandelayo.
Yize kuhamba kancane kwesinambuzane kulula ukubona. Ekuhambeni kokuzilibazisa, izinambuzane ziyaxosha emanzini, zigudluza imilenze ephakathi ziye emilenzeni yangemuva, egcina cishe ukungasebenzi ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi ingahamba ibuyele emuva kancane.
Imilenze yangaphambili, kanye nengxenye engenhla ye-tibia emilenzeni yangemuva, iyahlukana isikhashana ebusweni bamanzi, bese ibuyela ngaphezulu, kanye nezinambuzane zikhonkotha emanzini. Imilenze yangemuva isebenza njengeziqinisi ezisekela ukuqina kokuhamba. Ekugcineni, amandla e-kinetic okunyakaza aqothulwe ngokuphelele kanti izinambuzane ziyayeka. Ukuhlinzekwa kokuqala kwamandla e-kinetic kuya ekudalweni kwamagagasi nokushayisana ebusweni bamanzi.
Ukuhamba kobhangqa obuphakathi kwemilenze kufaka ukuguquka okuningana. Unyawo nomlenze ophansi zizungeza ukuhlanganisa okuhlanganisa umlenze ongezansi nethanga ngokushesha kunokuba i-hip ijikeleze izungeze iphuzu lokunamathiselwa eswayeni. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhamba okujikelezayo okuabili, unyawo lucindezela odongeni lwangemuva lokuphumula endaweni yokugcwala. Ukumelana kwegagasi kule jolt kudala amandla abangela ukuhamba kwesinambuzane.
Ngokuhlaziya lokhu kunyakaza, umuntu angabona izinzuzo ezimbili zemikhono emide ephakathi yemilenze.
Ubude obukhulu bezinyawo bunikeza isisulu esihle sokuxoshwa ebusweni bamanzi. Unyawo olude luhlinzeka ngengxabano enkulu ngokumelene namanzi, okwandisa ukusebenza kwe-push. Ama-paws emilenze yangaphambili amafushane - lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise ukuxabana futhi wandise ubude besilayidi samahhala.
Ezinye izinhlobo zemigqa yamanzi emilenzeni ephakathi yemilenze inohlobo lwama-blades anikela ekuphindukeni okuphumelelayo okuphuma emanzini. Ezinye izinhlobo zinemivimbo ezinyaweni zazo ezinamathela ebusweni bamanzi.
Amandla amaningi asekela lesi sinambuzane esingaphezulu kwamanzi, ashukumisayo futhi aphumula, adalwa ukungezwani kwamanzi, ngenxa yamandla okubambelela phakathi kwezinhlayiya zamanzi ebusweni bawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sinambuzane senze ezinye izindlela ezisekelayo. Izinwele ezincane ezacile emilenzeni nasemizimbeni yezinhlobo eziningi zemichilo yamanzi ivimba ama-bubble air. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinwele, imilenze nomzimba wesinambuzane zingahlanganiswa nento enjenge-wax evimbela ukumanzi. Umoya obanjwe yizinwele udala ukubuzwa okwengeziwe. Ukuba khona kwegobolondo lomoya kungaqinisekiswa ngokufaka kancane imitha yamanzi. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, umoya umboza umzimba wesinambuzane, isiliva elangeni. Lapho udedela iwele lamanzi, liphuma ngokushesha futhi, kube sengathi akwenzekanga lutho, ligijimisana ngokushesha ebusweni.
Futhi-ke, kwesinye isikhathi abashayeli bamanzi bayaba manzi - kungabonakala ukuthi umshini wezinwele nokwenziwa okufana ne-wax akusebenzi njalo ngokuthembekile. Umuntu angabona ukuthi ezinye izimbumbulu zamanzi zangena kanjani emanzini. Isinambuzane esidonsayo sasikhethwa etsheni noma esihlahleni somnduze ukuze some.
Uma imitha yamanzi ingatholakali emaphethelweni echibi, wayezihlanza ngokusula unyawo oluphakathi ngonyawo olulodwa lwangaphambili, bese imilenze yomibili isuka emanzini. Izinwele ezikhethekile kwi-tibia yomlenze ongaphandle we-strider yamanzi zisetshenziselwa ngokuqondile ukugeza amanzi kwamanye amalunga.
Lapho izinyawo zomugqinsi wamanzi usomile, ukungasebenzi kahle, ukungezwani komzimba kanye nama-anti-wetting agents ahlinzeka ngesinambuzane ngokwesekwa okukhulu. Isigaxa samanzi singama ngaphandle, siphumule kuyo yonke imilenze eyisithupha, kepha kwezinye izimo sihlala siqinile emilenzeni emine. Kwesinye isikhathi ngangibuka njengokuthi into efana nempi iboshwe phakathi kwemichilo emibili yamanzi.
Ukulwa okunjalo kwakuhlala kuphela lapho inambuzane eyodwa noma zombili zishaya phezulu emoyeni futhi zisakazeka ngezindlela ezihlukile, kodwa noma kunjalo, ifilimu elingaphezulu kwamanzi lahlala lingenamqondo.
Ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa imitha yamanzi, ingaphezulu lewuketshezi ngaphansi kwezidleke zesinambuzane kufanele ligobeke ngokushesha, liphinda ukwakheka kwendawo yokwakheka okwenziwe ngayo.
Izitebhisi zamanzi zisebenza kakhulu kangangokuba insikazi iyaqhubeka ukubhukuda ngisho nangaphambi kokuza kwayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, owesilisa ubengashukumi, kepha insikazi iyaqhubeka nokuhamba ebusweni. Ngokusobala, wayengasakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, noma kunjalo wayekwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza okulula okungaba ngu-1 cm ubude.
Kungacatshangwa ukuthi amandla we-strider yamanzi ukuma noma ukuslayida ebusweni benkabi ngokuyisisekelo kuncike ekutheni ahlukaniswe kangakanani amaphoyinti lapho imilenze ithinta uketshezi. Kulelo phuzu ngalinye lokuthintana, ingaphezulu lenkabi elizungeze unyawo ligobekile, bese kwenziwa amandla okubamba izinambuzane.
Indlela yokunyakaza ehambisana nalesi sinambuzane idinga ukuthi imilenze ephakathi isondele emilenzeni yangasemuva. Kulesosikhathi, lapho i-strider yamanzi yenza i-push, i-paws yangaphambili ivele iphume emanzini, ukuze imilenze ephakathi nendawo yangasemva ithwale umthwalo wesinambuzane ngokuphelele. Kepha ngalesi sikhathi imilenze ephakathi neyasemuva isondele kakhulu komunye nomunye, noma kunjalo, lesi sinambuzane asidabuki ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Kwimifudlana ethule, izitha zamanzi zitholana ngosizo lwamagagasi. Lapho iphakethe lamagagasi lifinyelela ku-strider yamanzi, izinambuzane ziyaqhuma, bese zivele zidlule zilingana neziqongo ziqonde endaweni yomthombo.
Izikejana zamanzi zisebenzisa amagagasi angaphezulu bese zibhala ukuzithola. Lapho impukane iwela emanzini futhi indiza amaphiko ayo ebusweni bayo, isilinganisi samanzi siyayithola, iqondiswa kuphela ngamagagasi aqhamuke kulokhu. Umbono usiza kuphela lapho i-strider yamanzi ibhukuda eduze ngokwanele, kodwa hhayi ngaphambili. Kubonakala kusobala ukuthi izimbambo zamanzi zisebenzisa amagagasi njengendlela yokuhambisa imininingwane.

Kubukeka kanjani

Izimbangi zamanzi zolwandle ziyizidlakudla ezincane nezingenantambo zombala omnyama, ezifanayo nabalingani bazo bamanzi ahlanzekile. Ikakhulu ngokuqinile bakhulise imilenze ephakathi esetshenziselwa ukudingida lapho beya emanzini.

Indlela yokuphila

Iningi lezinambuzane zijwayela ukuhlala emanzini amasha, zichitha ubuningi bezimpilo zazo kuzo. Bahamba emhlabeni ngenhloso yokuhlala kabusha nje kanye nokuphephela phakathi nobusika. Izikejana zamanzi olwandle nezolwandle zincishwa ngisho nethuba elinjalo, ngoba zitholakala ebangeni lamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ogwini oluseduze. Ngokusobala, kwakuyisimo lesi esiholele ekutheni lezi zinambuzane zilahlekelwe ngamaphiko azo.

Njengabalingani babo abangamanzi amnandi, izimbangi zamanzi olwandle azicwengeli ngaphansi kwamanzi. Imizimba yabo (ikakhulukazi owesibili nowesithathu imilenze) imbozwe izinwele eziningi ezincane ze-hydrophobic, ezibavumela ukuthi bahlale bezolile ebusweni. Kungakho lezi zinambuzane zichitha yonke impilo yazo kumaza olwandle. Izimbungulu zamanzi embhedeni zivame ukuba ngamaqoqo ahlaba umxhwele. Lokhu kuhlobene ngqo nendlela yabo yokudla. Iqiniso ngukuthi izinambuzane ziyizidlakudla ezisebenzayo, kanti umbhangqwana ongaphambili wemilenze yohlobo lokubamba uvumela ukuba zibambe inyamazane encane kuphela eye yasukuma eduze kwamanzi (zooplankton, jellyfish, physalis, caviar and Fry fish). Lapho umuntu ehlangabezana nokuguga okuncane futhi okulingana kakhulu, umuntu ngeke asakwazi ukubhekana nalutho ngaphandle kokuxhaswa ngabangane.

Ukwehluleka ukushiya indawo kuyinselelo kubahleli bamanzi olwandle. Izinambuzane ziyaphoqelelwa ukuba zifune into ebeka amaqanda engacwilisiwe emanzini, ngoba ukwanda kukasawoti olwandle kubeka ingozi yokufa ezilwaneni ezincane. Izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu nezishubile zishiya inzalo yesikhathi esizayo kumatshe namatshe. Kunzima kakhulu ngabamele lolu hlobo, abahlala kude kakhulu nomhlaba. Abaphuthelwa ithuba elilodwa futhi babeka amaqanda kunoma yiziphi izinto, noma ngabe kuyingxenye efile ye-algae brown, izimpaphe zezinyoni, ucezu lwokhuni noma ibhodlela lepulasitiki elibanjwe olwandle ngephutha lomuntu.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ukwahlula: Izinambuzane (Insecta)
Ibanga: I-Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Isigcawu: IHemiptera, noma izimbungulu (iHemiptera)
Umndeni: Izimbungulu zombhede wamanzi (i-Gerridae)
Ubulili: Izimbangi zamanzi zolwandle (i-Halobates)

Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-seaider strider

Izitha zamanzi olwandle, uma ziqhathaniswa nezihlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile, ziyizinambuzane ezincane. Ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ibanga phakathi kwemikhawulo yomzimba lingama-5.0-6.5 mm kuphela.

Umbala womzimba wabagibeli bamanzi asolwandle uthambile, onsundu. Kepha emanzini, izinambuzane zibukeka ziluhlaza ngenxa yokukhanya kokukhanya ezinweleni eziningi ezimboza umzimba. Eminyakeni yamuva, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokucwaninga nge-elekthronikhi, kutholakale ukuthi isembozo esingaphandle samamitha wamanzi wasolwandle sinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi sivikela izinambuzane emanzini olwandle kanye nokwenza kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Amabhande asebusweni bamatshe asolwandle anama-spikes yimilenze ebambekayo.

Isigaxa samanzi asolwandle (amaHalobates).

Imilenze yangemuva emide isebenza njengesihlalo somhlanga. Zinquma ukuqondisa kokuhamba kwamamitha wamanzi. Imilenze ephakathi, embozwe ngamabhulashi, isebenza njengenjini. Ngosizo lwezinyawo ezinje zomhlaba wonke, i-strider yamanzi iyagxuma futhi ibhukude. Amandla okucindezela ama-paws aphakathi adlula amandla omzimba wesinambuzane izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10. Izindonga zezinqe zamanzi asolwandle azikho.

Amanzi olwandle weHabitat

Izigxobo zamanzi asolwandle zihlala emanzini olwandle, zitholakala olwandle i-Indian Ocean kanye nasePacific, kanti luhlobo lunye kuphela oluhlala e-Atlantic. AmaHalobates ayizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zamanzi asolwandle asendaweni eshisayo. Uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwemisipha yamanzi asolwandle lukhawulelwe kundawo lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi angaphezulu lingaweli ngaphansi kwama-21 ° C.

Izikejana zamanzi asolwandle zisebenzisa i-paws yangemuva yamawashi ukulawula ukunyakaza.

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemichilo yamanzi asolwandle

Izimbangi zamanzi olwandle zilingana ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda emizimbeni yazo noma zibeke phezu kwe-algae ezintantayo emanzini, ezimpaphe zezinyoni zasolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi empapheni yezinyoni ezintantayo ungathola amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana eziluhlaza zamanzi asolwandle ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zokukhula. Izindunduma zingatholakala ezitshalweni ezisogwini. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo zasolwandle zibekela amaqanda azo kunoma yiziphi izinto ezintantayo, kwesinye isikhathi ezimangalisa kakhulu. Amaqanda emichilo yamanzi olwandle atholakala emabhodini enziwe ngokhuni, kumfucumfucu wepumice, izingcezu zepulasitiki, izithelo, izimpaphe zezinyoni, namagobolondo.

Ukutholwa okumangazayo kwenziwa ngo-2002 ePacific tropical tropical: Amaqanda angama-70,000 H. Sobrinus atholakala ku-canister 4 yepulasitiki, amboza upulasitiki ezingxenyeni eziyi-15. Uma kubalwa, kwasungulwa ukuthi insikazi eyodwa ingakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-10, okusho ukuthi abantu besifazane abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa basebenzise i-canister. Lokhu kuthola kufakazela iqiniso lokuthi kunzima kanjani ngezikejana zamanzi olwandle ukuthola indawo yokwakha, ngakho-ke izinambuzane zisebenzisa noma yiziphi izinto ezintantayo phezu kolwandle ukushiya inzalo.

Ukudonswa kwezibungu kusuka kumaqanda imizuzu engamashumi amathathu yokuqala kubukeka kungasizi ngalutho. Ngemuva kwalokho basabalalisa imilenze yabo, umbala womzimba ube mnyama, izikejana zamanzi ezincane ziyaqina. Uma amaqanda entanta emanzini, hhayi ngaphezulu, lapho-ke isibungu esizibopha ngaphansi kwamanzi siphuma siqonde olwandle cishe amahora angama-1-2, sinqobele amandla engxabano yasemanzini.

Yize lezi zinambuzane zichitha impilo yazo yonke phezu kwamagagasi olwandle, izimbangi zamanzi zibeka amaqanda azo ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezintantayo.

Umjikelezo ojwayelekile wokuthuthuka kumanzi asolwandle ahlukaniswa neqanda kuya kwesinambuzane esidala sihlala izinyanga ezimbili.

Kukhona umcabango wokuthi esiteji sezimbiza, izimbangi zamanzi zibhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi. Imininingwane eminingi yentuthuko nendlela yokuphila yamamitha amanzi iseyinkinga yesayensi.

Imizamo yokuphenya amaHalobates e-aquarium ayiphumelelanga: izixaka zamanzi asolwandle zihamba ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho zilimala odongeni lwe-aquarium.

Ukudla okungenamikhawulo kwamanzi olwandle

Abahlaseli bamanzi olwandle bayizisulu ezidla ngokuncela okuqukethwe uketshezi lwazo. Bahlasela izilwane zasolwandle ezahlukahlukene ezihlala ngaphezu kolwandle noma eduze nolwandle. Ngokuvamile i-jellyfish, ama-siphonophores aba izisulu zeziteleka zamanzi.Ziphinde zidle izinhlanzi ezibuyelwe, izidumbu zezinyoni noma izilwane ezincelisayo ezifile. Ukubamba ngenkuthalo imiphetho yamanzi nezinambuzane eziphilayo, eziningi zazo ngaphezulu kolwandle, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwazo kwesizini.

Ukuphila okulindelekile kwama-water strider ngemvelo akukaziwa, kanti izinambuzane zihlala elabhorethri isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga.

Izinhlobo zezinto zasolwandle zamanzi asolwandle adliswa ikakhulukazi yi-zooplankton. Uma kwenzeka ukuzingela okuphumelela, ziqongelela amafutha emzimbeni ukuze ikwazi ukusinda esikhathini sendlala. I-Cannibalism nayo iyatholakala phakathi kwabahlaseli bamanzi asolwandle: izibungu ezindala zidla ezingafakwanga, kanti izinambuzane ezindala zidla izibungu.

Abahlaseli bamanzi olwandle abaweli inyamazane, kepha mhlawumbe bangena emanzini, bebalekela ingozi.

Izici zemichilo yamanzi asolwandle

Izikejana zamanzi asolwandle zichitha impilo yazo yonke, kusukela ekuzalweni kuya ekufeni, phezu kwamanzi. Bangatholakala ebangeni lamakhulu ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka emhlabeni. Izinambuzane ezinomusa zigcinwa emanzini ngokusebenzisa imilenze emide kakhulu futhi esakazeka kabanzi futhi ngenxa yegebe lomoya elihlanganisa umzimba omncane.

AmaHalobates acwebezela ngokushesha ebusweni bamanzi, ngesinye isikhathi agxuma imitha noma ngaphezulu ngaphezu kwamanzi.

Izinambuzane zingena emoyeni okomzuzwana, bese ziphindela emanzini. Bangena phakathi kwesivunguvungu, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside, futhi bangene shí. Kepha izimbambo zamanzi zibuyela ngaphezulu ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo. Lesi sici sifakazisa imvelaphi yokuqhekeka kwamanzi kusuka ezinambuzaneni zomhlaba.

Inani lezikebhe zamanzi asolwandle

Izimbangi zamanzi olwandle zidla izinhlanzi ngentshiseko. Izinyoni zabo ziyaqina ebusweni bolwandle. Izigxobo zamanzi asolwandle zifeza iqhaza lazo lokuzalwa: ziyingxenye yamaketanga wokudla olwandle, zigcina ukulingana ezimisweni zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

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