Izazi zebhayoloji zithole ukuthi ama-vertebrates endle angaqhubeka nokwanda nge-parthenogeneis. Le nto iyabonakala uma usayizi wabantu efinyelela iphuzu elibucayi.

Lesi siphetho senziwe ososayensi baseMelika abavela e-University of Stony Brook, okushicilelwe yi-magazine yabo ephephabhukwini i-Current Biology.

Emvelweni yemvelo, “ukuzalwa kwezintombi nto” (parthenogeneis), lapho izinsikazi zishiya inzalo ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kowesilisa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ama-invertebrates, anjenge-aphid kanye ne-daphnia, avame ukuzala ngocansi.

Phakathi kwama-vertebrates, amaqiniso 'wokushintshana' okunjalo ku-parthenogeneis ayaziwa. Ama-vertebrates ambalwa avela emvelweni nge-parthenogenesis ahlala enza lokhu njengezibankwa ezinomsila wesiswebhu, phakathi kwawo okungakaze kube khona abesilisa nakancane.

Kuliqiniso, njengento ehlukile ekudingisweni, i-parthenogeneis yabonwa ezimeni zangaphakathi nangokwenzelwa ezocansi - ngokwesibonelo, koshaka, izinyoka kanye nama-turkeys. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi babheka lo mkhuba njenge-pathology. Ababhali balesi sihloko, besebenzisa isibonelo sezinhlanzi ezinamazinyo amancane (uPristis pectinata), bakhombisile ukuthi lokhu akunjalo - uma kwenzeka kuphuthumayo, ama-vertebrates angaqala "ukuzala kabusha izintombi" endle.

USawfish ukhathele ukulinda abesilisa

Ukutholwa kwenziwa ngengozi lapho abacwaningi befunda inani labantu basePristis pectinata ogwini lwaseFlorida. Inhlanzi enamazinyo amancane ifinyelela kubude bamamitha ayi-7 iyizilwane ezingandile ezisondele ekuqothulweni. Ukuhlola ukuhlukahluka kwayo, ososayensi bathatha izinto zofuzo kwabameleli abacishe babe ngu-150 bePristis pectinata.

Bamangala lapho ababhali bethola ukuthi izintokazi ezi-7 zalolu hlobo ziluhlobo oluyi-14 zofuzo ngasikhathi sinye (okungukuthi, womabili amakhophi alezi zakhi zofuzo afana). Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zinhlanzi eziyisikhombisa zazalwa kwabesifazane ezingafakwanga owesilisa, ngoba amathuba okuba umuntu azalwe enjalo ezimweni ezingaba yizigidi eziyikhulu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi bonke abantu besifazane abangu-7 babukeka bephilile futhi bengakhombisi zimpawu zokuwohloka.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, inani lePristis pectinata lehle ngamaphesenti angama-95. Mhlawumbe ubuningi besibalo esiphansi sabangela lezi zinhlanzi ukuba “zizalwe kabusha izintombi” - ngaphandle kwalokho abesifazane abaningi bebengeke balinde umhlangano nowesilisa. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguqukela ku-parthenogenesis kungokwemvelo okungenani zezinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala emithini.

Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlanzi ezinamazinyo amancane akunakwenzeka ukuthi zikwazi ukubuyisa inani lazo ngenxa ye-parthenogeneis.

10. Izinyosi zaseCape

Kunezinhlobo ezingama-20,000 zezinyosi emhlabeni, kepha yinye kuphela inhlobo ekwazi ukufaka umquba ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa. Izinyosi zaseCape ( lat Apis mellifera capensis ) Ingabe uhlobo lwenyosi lwaseNingizimu Afrika olukwazi ukuzala ngenqubo ebizwa ngeTelutuks e-Afrika. I-Telotuki uhlobo lwe-parthenogenesis oluvumela abasebenzi bezinyosi ukuba babeke amaqanda abesifazane besifazane. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinsikazi zihlala zizalwa ngamaqanda anjalo.

Kepha isibalo esincane sezinyosi zaseCape ezinokwazi ukuzithambisa, zingagcina nenqwaba yabantu, okusho ukuthi izinyosi ezisanda kuqokwa aziwona umkhondo oqondile womzali. Banama-chromosomes ahlukile, okubenza babe ngabantu abasha, abahlukile. Izinyosi zivame ukubeka amaqanda azo lapho kudingeka izisebenzi ezintsha noma lapho kudingeka indlovukazi entsha.

9. Isikhuthu samanzi

Izinhlobo zemikhanzi ezivame kakhulu ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke yiDaphnia ( lat Daphnia pulex ) Lokhu okubhalwe phansi bekungokokuqala kuma-crustaceans, athola owakhe uhlobo. Banekhono lokukhiqiza inzalo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-parthenogeneis. Le nqubo ivumela ukushintshwa kokuzala kokuzalwa nokwenziwa kabusha kwenzalo.

Ukuqashelwa kwe Daphnia pulex kukhombisile ukuthi izinhlobo zizoba yingxenye ye-cyclic parthenogeneis, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle emanzini. Uquza lwamanzi olunqume ukudala inzalo lukhiqiza amaqanda afanayo ngofuzo, luhlanganisa nabesifazane ngokuphelele. Ikhodi yezakhi zofuzo ihlala ifana neyomzali, enomthelela enanini elikhulu labesifazane ekusatshalisweni kofuzo lwabo. Lokhu kuholela ekukhuleni okubonakalayo kwabantu jikelele.

Izigcawu ze-8.Goblin

Uma amaphupho akho obusuku engalungile ngokwanele, ngakho-ke yazi ukuthi kunezindlela ezithile zokuxhumana zesigcawu ezikwazi ukuzenza kabusha. Kepha ungagijimisi ukuthenga ilangabi, izicabucabu ze-onopid, ezaziwa nangokuthi izicabucabu ze-goblin, zinosayizi ongu-1 kuya ku-3 millimeter. I-Parthenogenesis inezinhlangano eziningi ezingaphansi, kufaka phakathi izingxhaso ezibizwa ngokuthi I-Triaeris stenaspis , ehlala e-Iran, kepha lolu hlobo seluvele lusabalale kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Afinyelela kuphela ngo-2 mm ubude futhi angabeki usongo kubantu. Phakathi kwazo, abesilisa abaze bahlangane, ngakho ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi bazala kuphela nge-parthenogeneis.

Owesifazane I-Triaeris stenaspis zikhiqize ngendlela efanayo nezinyosi zaseCape. Babeka iqanda le-diploid, elinikeza insikazi entsha. Isizukulwane ngasinye esilandelayo sibonisa amanani aphansi okuzala, kepha lolu hlobo luqhubeka nokuzalela ngokwenele ngokuhlukahluka kofuzo enzalweni yezizukulwane zalo.

7. Iminenke IMelania

Abanini be-Aquarium kufanele bajwayelane nomnenke omncane Tarebia granifera eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-melania. Le mikhomo emincane engenamanzi ihlala ikakhulukazi eSoutheast Asia, kodwa futhi ikwazile ukusakazeka emhlabeni jikelele. Zitholakala ikakhulu emanzini afudumele, ezindaweni ezinjengeHawaii, iCuba, iDominican Republic, iNingizimu Afrika, iTexas, Idaho, eFlorida nezinye iziqhingi zaseCaribbean.

Lababantu bangakwazi ukuzala izingane ngezindlela ezimbili: i-parthenogenetic ne-ovoid. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibungu yabo ayishiyi insikazi kuze kube yilapho isilungele ukubopha. Umphumela uba umgodi oveza kabusha i-clone yenzalo. Lokhu kuholela ekuqhumeni kwenani labantu emizimbeni emincane yamanzi, njengamamanzini. Abesilisa bayatholakala kubantu, kepha abaningi babo banezitho zangasese ezingasebenzi. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-parthenogenesis iyindlela yabo eyinhloko yokuzala.

6. Imabula crayfish

Into ethokozisayo kakhulu ku-marble crayfish akukhona ukuthi bayakwazi ukuzicwala, kepha ukuthi lolu hlobo aluzange lube khona kuze kube ngu-1990. I-Marble crayfish ivele ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo zezingane. La ma-crustaceans amancane avele emakethe yaseJalimane ngeminyaka yama-90s, noma ngabe kunenye inkinga ngabo, bazenza amakhulukhulu!

Imbaza eyodwa yemabula yemabula ingabeka emakhulu amaqanda ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esifushane, ibekwe ku-aquarium, crayfish yemabula igcwalisa ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo zezilwane zahlaselwa, ikakhulukazi isiqhingi saseMadagascar, lapho izigidi zamakhrayoni omabula zisongela izilwane zasendle kanye nemvelo yasendaweni.

5. I-Lizard evela eNew Mexico

Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-1,500 ezaziwayo ezingakwazi ukuzala nge-parthenogeneis, izitshalo eziningi, izinambuzane kanye nama-arthropods. Amandla wokuzala kabusha awutholakali njalo kuma-vertebrates, kepha izinhlobo eziningana zamazimba anazo lesi sipho.

I-Lizard evela eNew Mexico Whippeel ( IsiNgisiI-Whiptail ), isibonelo esijabulisayo kakhulu, ngoba zonke izinhlobo zalezi zibankwa zingenza ngaphandle kwabesilisa. Lolu hlobo luhlobo lwezinhlobo ezimbili zamazibuko abotshwe ngemichilo, anamaduna kubantu. Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwalezi zinhlobo zezithwala akuvumeli ukwakheka kwenzalo yowesilisa enempilo, kepha lokhu akuvimbi inhlobo entsha ukuthi ishiye isizukulwane esisha.

Esikhathini sokuzala, izinsikazi ziqala ukulingisa, kanti enye yazo ithatha imisebenzi yowesilisa. Ngale ndlela, izibankwa zingazalela amaqanda amane. Futhi ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva kuzalwa isizukulwane esisha sabantu besifazane sale hybrid.

4. Amaxoxo Edible

Igama ngqo lamasele I-Pelophylax esculentus , ziyizinhlobo ezivamile zaseYurophu zamanzi namaxoxo aluhlaza.

Lolu uhlobo oluphambili lwamasele lawo imilenze yawo isetshenziswa njengokudla eFrance. Lamaxoxo azalwa yi-hybridogenesis, esebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-parthenogeneis. Abantu besifazane bakha inzalo ye-hybridogenetic, equkethe ingxenye yezizukulwane zabazali, nengxenye yesibili yezakhi zofuzo, eziyi-clonal.

Kule nqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha, izinto zofuzo zithathwa kubaba ziphinde zihlanganiswe kwenye into entsha ngokuphelele. Yize le nqubo ingeyona ingxenye ngokupheleleolohaenoisis noma ukuzalwa kwe-asexual, ikulolu hlu ngenxa yohlobo lwenzalo. Isizukulwane ngasinye esilandelayo siphethe i-DNA kamama nohlobo lukayise oluhlanzelwe inzalo. Isizukulwane esilandelayo singakhiqiza abesilisa, kepha i-DNA yabo, ngandlela-thile, iyinhlangano yonina.

3.Varanas - Komodo Dragons

I-Komodo iqapha izinyamazane zihehe abantu ngosayizi wazo omangalisayo nangokufana kwazo nezidalwa zasendulo ezaqothuka kudala.

Ziyizibungu ezinkulu kunazo zonke futhi zingakhula zibe ngamamitha amathathu ubude futhi zifinyelele ku-70 kg wesisindo. Lezi zibankwa zidla izilwane ezinkulu, njengamazolo, izingulube, futhi ezimeni ezihlukile zingahlasela abantu. Ukuluma kwabo kunobuthi kakhulu.

Lezi ezihuquzelayo, njengoba uyazi, azizange ziveze ngokuzalwa kuze kube u-2005, lapho e-zoo yaseLondon, owesimame owayengakaze axhumane nowesilisa iminyaka emi-2 eqala ukubeka amaqanda. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwamanye ama-monitors abanjwe ekudingisweni. Into emangazayo kakhulu ukuthi inzalo ebanjiwe ayiqukethe kuphela abesifazane, kodwa neyabesilisa.

2. Ama-Turkeys

Ama-turkeys ayakwazi ukuzala ngokusebenzisa i-parthenogeneis, lapho izinsikazi zihlukaniswa nabesilisa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-turkey yowesifazane ebekwe ezindlebeni zabesilisa izokhiqiza kaningi kunalapho igcinwe kude nabo. Le nqubo ivame kakhulu ezinkukhweni ezifuywayo kunasezinhlafunweni zasendle.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ku-parthenogeneis, inzalo yabesilisa ihlala izalwa. Lezi amaphuphu ayizimpawu zofuzo zikanina, ngaphandle kocansi. Abakhiqizi baseTurkey balibhekisisa leli qiniso lapho bezalanisa lolu hlobo, futhi baletha uhlobo olusha lukakhukhu olunamabele amakhulu.