Ama-Dragonflies yizinambuzane ezindala ezidliwayo: izinsalela zokhokho babo ezikude ezitholwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala zisusela esikhathini seCarboniferous (iminyaka eyi-350-300 yezigidi edlule). Kodwa-ke, iminyaka emide yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayizange ibe nomthelela empeleni ekubonakaleni kwama-dragonflies, ngakho-ke lezi zidalwa zihlukaniswa njengezokuqala. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bathole futhi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5,000 zalezinambuzane. Kepha izinhlobo zezidrako ezingabonakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia zimbalwa kakhulu: azikho ngaphezu kwekhulu zazo. Lezi zinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo, ngakho iningi lazo lihlala emahlathini anomswakama aseNingizimu Melika naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esomile, akukho zimpukane ezitholakalayo.
Isisulu sokuzalwa
Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinhlobo zamadrako (zombili ama-nymphs kanye nabantu abadala) zidla izinambuzane, zivame ukuncela igazi (izimpungushe zamahhashi, omiyane, midges). Ukuma komzimba kaDragonfly kulungele ukuzingela impukane. Lezi zinambuzane “zinciphile”, zinesifuba esishiwo nesisu esidala. Ikhanda likadrako wamaselula kakhulu. Amehlo amabili ayinkimbinkimbi atholakele kuso, avumela lesi sinambuzane ukubona konke okwenzeka nxazonke nangemuva, futhi phakathi kwalezi ezimbili kukhona ezejwayelekile ezisebenzela ukujwayezela esikhaleni. Izitho zombono zihlelwe ukuze udrako abone okuhle kakhulu esibhakabhakeni. Ngakho-ke, uhlasela isisulu esivela ngezansi. Lesi sinambuzane sinomlomo onamandla (“ukugedla amazinyo”, njengoba ososayensi besho), izinyamazane ezimfishane nemilenze elukhuni embozwe ngezinwele ezisiza ekubambeni inyamazane. Ilungu ngalinye leqembu linamabili amaphiko, athuthukiswe kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uyisinambuzane esine-bimotor. I-Dragonfly ingandiza ngejubane elingaphezu kuka-55 km / h.
IDiptera
Imikhawulo emithathu yamadrive ehlukaniswa. Owokuqala wabo yi-isosoptera. Kubandakanya ubuhle, ukukhanya futhi, njengomthetho, izinambuzane ezincane ezinesisu eside kakhulu. Womabili lamaphiko ayalingana ngobukhulu nangesimo; ekuphumuleni, udrako uthi ukuwugobela ngemuva ukuze akhe i-engela eqinile ebusweni bangasemuva. Amaphiko ahlomile endiza kancane futhi ngokushelela. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo zama-dragonflies anjengomcibisholo onomusa, intombazane enhle nentokazi eyisikhwanyana. Ama-nymph anezimpiko afakwe emanzini ahlala nesitho sokuphefumula esikhethekile esisekupheleni kwesisu - amageyisi omsila.
I-diversified ne-Anisozygoptera
Isendlalelo sesibili sehlukile. Banomzimba onamandla, futhi izisekelo zamaphiko asemuva ziyanwetshwa. Amehlo ahlala ethinta. Ijubane lendiza elenziwa ngamaphiko amaningi liphezulu. Ekuphumuleni, amaphiko alezi zidlakela asakazeke ahlukane. Izibungu ze-dragonfly zihlala ku-silt futhi ziphefumula ngosizo lwama-gill rectal. Kuyafuneka ukuthi usho ezinye izinhlobo zama-dragonflies ahlobene namaphiko ahlukene. Lokhu ngugogo ojwayelekile, i-rocker enkulu, ugogo wethusi, udrako omkhulu wegazi.
Abamele isigatshana sesithathu (i-Anisozygoptera) bahlanganisa izici zezimbili zokuqala, yize bengaphandle basondele kakhulu kunamaphiko. E-Russia, lezi zidlakela azihlali.
Izinyoka zasendulo
Ikhanda likadrako omkhulu, intamo iyakwazi ukuhamba. Uma ubhekwa usuka kudrako, amehlo amakhulu ahlala engxenyeni enkulu yekhanda, ehlukaniswe phakathi. Iso liqukethe izingxenye eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-28 (ama-ommatidia), ngalinye libonelelwa ngamangqamuzana ayi-6 anomzwa wezithombe. Ukuqhathanisa: inani lezici esweni lempukane libalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezi-4, izimvemvane - izinkulungwane eziyi-17. Izici ezisezindaweni ezihlukile zamehlo zinesakhiwo esingalingani, esinquma ikhono lokubona izinto ezinamazinga ahlukene okukhanya nemibala ehlukile. Kukhona izindawo ezimnyama ezivimba izindawo ezibhekele umbono. Lesi sithombe sivela kuleyo ngxenye yobuchopho eqonde ngqo ngaphansi kwamehlo. I- “cilia” esweni ingaqhathaniswa nezimpondo, umsebenzi wazo ukukhetha umthombo wokukhanya, ukujikisa ngesikhathi sendiza. Amandla we-antennas aphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba udrakobo akaze alahlekelwe ngumthombo wokukhanya ngesikhathi sendiza, okwenza sikwazi ukuqondisa ngqo ukunyakaza kwawo (futhi njengoba wazi, ijubane likadrako ungomunye ophakeme kakhulu emhlabeni wezinambuzane).
Isisu esincane esenziwe ngenduku ngenkathi indiza isebenza njenge-balancer.
Kungani izikeyi zodrako esiswini?
Abesilisa ba “forcep” phezulu kwesisu, ababambe ngaso intokazi ngentambo ngesikhathi besuka. "Ama-tandem" anjalo ama-dragonflies angavame ukubonwa eduze nezidumbu zamanzi. Ama-dragonflies angabesifazane aphonsa amaqanda emanzini noma awafake kwizicubu zezitshalo zasemanzini esebenzisa i-ovipositor yokubhoboza. Imilenze kadrako ayibuthakathaka, ayakwazi ukugcina izinambuzane elangeni lotshani noma ukugcina inyamazane, kepha ayifaneleki ukuhamba. Isisu sodrako mude; ezinhlotsheni ezingandile, mfushane kunobude bamaphiko futhi siguquguquka kakhulu. Bobabili ubulili bungabalwa ngezigaba eziyi-10. Emadodeni ohlobo lwe-Zygoptera, i-genitalia engezansi (izitho zangasese) ziphansi izigaba ezi-2-3;
Amaphiko amakhulu ane-venation venation kuma-dragonflies amakhulu ahlala asatshalaliswa ezinhlangothini, ngamancanyana (imicibisholo, imibhobho) ekuphumuleni angakwazi ukugoqa kanye nomzimba. Kwamanye ama-dragonflies, amaphiko ayalingana ngesimo, ancishiselwe esisekelweni (isizinda esingaphansi ngokufana), kwamanye amaphiko esingemuva abanzi kunangaphambili, ikakhulukazi ezansi (isizinda esingaphansi). Umbala we-dragonflies ulawulwa ngamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, okuvamisile ukuthi kube khona i-luster ekhanyayo yensimbi. Amanye anamaphiko anezikhala noma amnyama. Kuma-specimens omisiwe, umbala ubuthuntu kakhulu nezinguquko.
Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, isibungu se-dragonfly sinezinhliziyo ezi-2: esisodwa ekhanda nesesibili ngemuva komzimba. I-larrag evuthiwe kakhudlwana enamehlo ayi-5, izindlebe eziyi-18, inhliziyo enamagumbi ayi-8. Igazi lakhe liluhlaza.
Isisu se-Hind: isitho sokunyakaza nokuphefumula
Amathumbu wangemuva wesibungu sikadrako, ngaphezu komsebenzi wawo oyinhloko, nawo udlala indima yesitho sokunyakaza. Amanzi agcwalisa isisu sezinqe, abese ekhishwa ngamandla, bese izibungu zihamba ngesisekelo sokunyakaza kwe-jet cm angama-6- 6. Isisu sasemuva sisebenza futhi njenge-nymph yokuphefumula, okuthi, njengempompo, ihlale impompela amanzi acebe nge-oksijini ngethambo.
Udrako omkhulu kakhulu
Izinsalela zezinsalela zamadrako zisusela esikhathini se-Jurassic futhi azinakubalwa kunoma yiziphi kulezi zigatshana ezintathu ezikhona, yingakho zibalwa njengemiyalo yefosili: I-Protozygoptera, i-Archizygoptera, iProtanisoptera ne-Triadophlebiomorpha. Ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile kweProtodonata, kwesinye isikhathi kubekwe njengendawo engezansi kwesakhiwo sase-Odonata, kuqukethe ama-dragonflies amaningi amakhulu, phakathi kwawo kukhona nabantu abakhulu kakhulu. Elikhulu kunawo wonke ama-dragonflies amakhulu iMeganeuropsis permiana, linamaphiko angama-720 mm.
Ezinhlotsheni zesimanje, lesi sibalo sishesha, izinhlobo ezinkulu zinamaphiko angaphansi kwamamitha angama-20 (izinhlobo zeNannodiplax rubra, umndeni weLebellulidae) noma ngaphezu kuka-160 mm (Uhlobo lwePetalura ingentissima, umndeni kaPetaluridae): ezinye izinhlobo zamadrako zesimanje zohlobo lweZygoptera zinamaphiko angama-18 mm noma ngaphezulu (izinhlobo, i-Agriocnemis pygmaea, umndeni weCoenagrionidae) kuze kufike ku-190 mm (izinhlobo Megaloprepus caerulatus, umndeni Pseudostigmatidae). Omkhulu kunabo bonke ojekamanzi banamuhla abaziwayo Megaloprepus caeruleataihlala eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu Melika, inobude bomzimba obuyi-120 mm nephiko eliyi-191 - mm. Isilozi esikhulu sase-Australia esingajwayelekile I-Petalura gigantea enamaphiko we-110 - 115 mm (insikazi efinyelela ku-125 cm). Futhi yize imidondoshiya yezwe lezinambuzane ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-dragonflies, ama-rocker, atholakala ezweni lethu, athathwa njengesinye sezilokazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke.
Ama-dragonflies amakhulu kakhulu ezwe lethu angawezingalo ze-rocker (Aeschnidae). Enye yezinhlobo ezejwayelekile yile i-rocker eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-Aeschna juncea), ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-70 mm, futhi ngamaphiko kufinyelela kuma-95 mm. Abesilisa bagqamile, banombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ikakhulukazi esiswini. Abesifazane baphethwe amathoni aluhlaza aphuzi. Lawa amaflaya amahle, akwazi ukunqoba amashumi ngisho namakhulu amakhilomitha, ahlala ezindlini ezintsha. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi kubhekwe inqubo yokukhishwa kukadrako okuvela kwizibungu, okuthi ngenxa yalokho kukhethwe emanzini ezingxenyeni ezivelayo zezitshalo. Izimpiko zikadrako osemncane zisalokhu zibuthakathaka, ziludwayi, izimbozo zinombala onsomi. Kepha ngemuva kwehora kuqalile, udrako isilungele ukundiza.
Umndeni wezikhonzi (i-Corduliidae) ufaka ama-dragonflies aphakathi nendawo, ngombala okukhona kuwo insimbi ekhanyayo yensimbi.
Izinyoka ezincane: izimbali ezinhle, imicibisholo nemicibisholo
Ubuhle Bomndeni - iCalopterygidae, iLyutki - iLestidae, i-Arrows - Coenagrionidae
Eduze kwanoma yimaphi amachibi amile, ama-lyuta dryas (amaLestes dryas) ajwayelekile kakhulu futhi ukubukeka okufanayo yi-lyutka-bibi (L. sponsa), eyehluka kuphela ekwakhekeni kwezitho zokuzala. Abesifazane balula. Njengama-dragonflies, izihlobo zabo ezincane, ezingezinhle ezindizayo -. izisulu, inyamazane yazo eyinhloko ingomiyane kanye neminyene. Izinyoka zidla izibungu zamanzi ezindiza. Ubude bomzimba bama-dragonflies amancane ukusuka ku-25 kuye ku-50 mm. Agcina amaphiko awo eqonde maqondana nesisu ngoba awakwazi ukuwathulula kwenye indiza. Bona ngokwabo bangaba izisulu zezinyoka ezinkulu, izinyoni noma izitshalo ezingavikeleki. Umndeni ohlobene nemicibisholo (i-Coenagrionidae) ufaka ama-dragonflies amahle afinyelela ku-40 mm ubude, agoqa amaphiko ngokuphumula nge-pterostigma emfushane emzimbeni. Zindiza ezibuthakathaka futhi zigcinwa ikakhulukazi emahlathini ezitshalo zokushayela. Kaningi kunabanye, sinomcibisholo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-Enallagma cyathigerum), enamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ongemuva kwekhanda.
Izidudla zomoya namanzi
Ama-dragonflies ayizidalwa zasemoyeni ezizingela emoyeni, zibona izisulu ezingabakhona, ukuze zibambe, kwesinye isikhathi ojekamanzi kufanele benze izimangaliso zama-aerobatics. Imvamisa badla inyamazane empukane. Ezinye izinhlobo zezidrobha izimpukane ezinhle, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuzibamba. Ukudla omiyane, ama-horseflies kanye nezinye izingwegwe zegazi kusiza kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwawo wonke ama-dragonflies kudlula esigabeni samanzi - i-nymph (okubizwa ngokuthi izibungu zezinambuzane ngokuqala kwamaphiko). Ama-Nymph ayizidlakudla ezinkulu ngisho nangokwengeziwe, ngoba awadli nje kuphela noma yisiphi isisulu esincane kunosayizi bazo, kodwa futhi ayakwazi ukunqoba isitha futhi akhule ngokwawo. Ziphinde zihlasele ama-vertebrates asemanzini; izinhlanzi ezincane nazo azikwazi ukumelana nalezi zidlova. Onke ama-dragonfly nymphs ayizidlamlilo ezinamandla, abamba inyamazane yiphimbo eliphansi elishintshiwe - imaski evula ngokushesha bese iphonswa phambili, ngenkathi izigqoko zayo ekugcineni kwayo njengama-stilettos zihlatshwa kakhulu isisulu. Lapho imaskhi isongiwe, inyamazane idonswa emlonyeni futhi ihlafunwe buthule.
Izibungu kanye nama-nymphs
Izibungu ze-Dragonfly kanye nama-nymphs atholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemizimba yamanzi angenamanzi. Zitholakala emachibini nasemifuleni, zomisa ngaphandle kwezigxobo nasemigodini yezihlahla ezigcwele amanzi. Izibungu zezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kukasawoti olinganiselayo, ezinye izibungu zihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini, zikhasa ziye ebusweni bomhlaba ebusuku, zingatholakala ngasosebeni nasezihlahleni zezihlahla ezinezikhukhula. Izibungu zezinhlobo eziyisithupha zihola indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni ngokuphelele.
Ngenkambiso yentuthuko, ama-larva ancibilika ezikhathini ezi-10 kuye kwezingama-20 eneminyaka eyi-3 kuya kwayi-6 kuye ngeminyaka, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Inani lezixhumanisi lihambisana nezimo zemvelo nokutholakala kokuphakelayo. Ngesikhathi esingu-6-7 molting, ukuqala kwamaphiko kuyaqala ukukhula. I-metaphorosis eqondile, idlula esigabeni sezingane, inambuzane endala ishiya amanzi futhi kwesinye isikhathi isuswe ibanga elide ukusuka lapho yazalelwa khona. Ngesikhathi sokungabikho, okuthatha izinsuku eziningana, udrako ngokudla futhi uvuthwe ngokomzimba. Isibonakaliso sokuba mdala kuzoba umbala okhanyayo wesibankwa. Ama-dragonflies amasha aqashelwa ukukhanya kwengilazi yamaphiko awo. Njengoba iminyaka ikhula, umbala we-dragonflies uba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ngaphezu kwalokho izindawo ezinemibala ziyavela ezingekho ezinsaneni.
Iningi labantu abadala baphila isikhathi eside. Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-dragonflies hibernate, akhetha izindawo ezingazodwa ebusika; ezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-dragonflies alinda isikhathi esomile futhi aphile ukuqala kwemvula. Amanye ama-dragonfish athatha izindiza ezinde, kufaka phakathi indlela ye-transatlantic, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zihlala eduze kwezindawo ezizalanayo
Ngenqubo yokubhanqa, lo mbhangqwana wenza iqhinga elinzima. Owesilisa ubhoboza insikazi ekhanda (genus Anisoptera) noma nge-protorax (genus Zygoptera). Lo mbhangqwana undiza ndawonye (owesilisa ngaphambili, owesimame emuva), uvame ukuphumula emasimini usesimweni esifanayo. Owesifazane ugoqa isisu, akhe isondo, futhi axhumeke esithweni sangasese esisezigabeni ezingama-2-3 zowesilisa, lapho isidoda sakhona sasesivele sisetshenziswa kusukela ekuvulekeni kokuzala kusuka engxenyeni 9. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, ukukhula komzimba kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa kuya emahoreni ambalwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zezidladla nazo zizalela amaqanda azo ndawonye, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi owesilisa nowesifazane ngeke bahlulwe. Kwabanye, owesilisa uzulazula phezu kowesifazane ngenkathi egcina amaqanda akhe. Kwesithathu, abesilisa banika u-Amoy wesifazane ukubhekana nale nqubo: kungenzeka babuyela endaweni yabo noma bahlala esihlahleni esiseduze.
Kugcwele emhlambini
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-dragonflies (i-Odonata) angahlangana emihlambini, osayizi babo kwezinye izikhathi bangabhekwa njengabakhulu. Ngakho-ke, abesilisa babuthana emihlambini nasezindaweni zokufuya izindawo, bangahlala emithini eseduze noma bandize benyuka beyofuna izintokazi. Insimu abahlangana kuyo incane kakhulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi ezinhlotsheni eziningi izinsikazi zihlala kude namanzi, zivela ngasechibini noma echibini kuphela lokuzalela noma ukubeka amaqanda. Kwezinye izimo, abesilisa nabesifazane babamba indawo yabo futhi bandize endizeni eyodwa. Isibonelo, ngoJuni 13, 1817, izimpungushe zindiza zadlula eDresden amahora amabili. Julayi 26, 1883 umhlambi wezinyoka ezinamabala amane (Libellula quadrimaculata) ukundiza phezu kwedolobha laseSweden iMalmo kusuka emahoreni angama-7 imizuzu engama-30. Ekuseni kuze kube ngehora lesishiyagalombili. Kusihlwa. Ngo-1900, kwaqalwa umhlambi wezimfene eBelgium, ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-170 nobubanzi obuyi-100 km.
Ndiza ukucasha
ICamouflage imvamisa ihlotshaniswa nokuzola i-dragonflies (Hemianax papuensis), izimbangi phezu kwensimu, uma kuqhathaniswa, sebenzisa ukunyakaza ukucasha komunye nomunye. Kwavela ukuthi izinyoka ezindiza ngokunemba okuphezulu zigxila esithunzini saso esisebusweni besitha, futhi ukungabikho kokugeleza kokukhanya kwamehlo kwenza isitha sibone udrako njengento eyisimangaliso engafaki usongo. Ukuthi ojekamanzi baphumelela kanjani kukho konke lokhu kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo.
Ijubane Lendiza Yezinyoka - Kufika ku-96 km / h, i-bumblebee - 18 km / h.
Izinyoka in inganekwane okuhlukile amazwe
Kwamanye amazwe (ikakhulukazi iJapan), ama-dragonflies ayimifanekiso yobuhle kanye nezimvemvane nezinyoni. Ngokwesiko laseYurophu, indlela obheka ngayo ama-dragonflies ayithandeki kangako. Zibhekwa njengokuthi "ukugibela ihhashi" kanye "nokugwaza kodeveli."
Vele, izinyoka azikwazi ukugwaza noma ukuluma. Zonke izinhlobo zama-dragonflies azinangozi ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayizinambuzane ezizuzisayo, njengoba zibhubhisa izinambuzane eziyingozi. Ukuba khona kwezinyoka eziningi eduze nedamu kukhombisa ukuheha kwayo kwemvelo nokuba khona kwezakhamuzi eziningi zasemanzini kuyo.
Izinyoka
»Ama-Arthropods» Ama-Dragonflies
Ukwahlula: Izinambuzane (Insecta)
Ibanga: I-Postmaxillary (Ectognatha)
Isigcawu: Ama-Dragonflies (Odonata)
Izinyoka ziyizinambuzane ezindiza ngokushesha emhlabeni. Kumabanga amafushane, ijubane lawo lendiza lingadlula ku-100 km / h. Lezi zinambuzane ezidla ezinye zinobuqili obukhulu - zidla umthamo wokudla izikhathi eziningi kakhulu kunesisindo sazo ngosuku. Amehlo amakhulu e-dragonflies aqukethe amehlo ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-30, noma izinhlaka, futhi anikeze izinambuzane ukubuka okuphelele okuphelele.
Njengamanje, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-5000 zamadrako ayaziwa. Bahlala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi. E-Russia, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-170 ziyaziwa. Izinkinga ze-flutter - ukudlidliza kwamaphiko ezindizeni, lapho kuqala indiza kubangele ukuthi kufe izindiza ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, kwaxazululeka ngoxhwele abayizigidi zeminyaka edlule.Ukuqina okuncane kwephiko, okubizwa ngokuthi i-pterostigmus noma “iso lasemuva”, kuqeda ngokuphumelelayo konke ukudlidliza kwamaphiko okungathandeki.
Ubuhle obuhle |
Ama-dragonflies amadala amahle futhi kunalokho izinambuzane ezinkulu zinomzimba wefusiform, umzimba ogqamile ngokugqamile, ikhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga namaphiko amade amade. Bangakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela komunye nomunye futhi bakhulise isivinini sendiza. Isisu eside futhi esikhanyayo sisebenza njengevili le-dragonfly - lisiza ukugcina ukuqondisa. Imilenze yama-dragonflies akakhiwa kahle futhi ayifaneleki ukuhamba.
Ama-dragonflies angabadli abasebenzayo; akhetha izikhala ezivulekile. Babamba inyamazane yabo - izimpukane, omiyane, amabele, amasango, bayidle impukane, bayiklebhule ngama-mandibles abukhali. Ama-dragonflies akhuthele kakhulu phakathi nosuku, phakathi nesikhathi esishisa kakhulu, esimweni sezulu esihle, ihlobo liqala ukuphuma kwelanga futhi liphele ekushoneni kwelanga. Imvamisa zitholakala ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi, imiphetho yamahlathi, imigwaqo yehlathi kanye nokuvunyelwa. Ngemuva kokuzalela, okwenzeka emoyeni, insikazi evundisiwe izalela amaqanda ngqo emanzini noma ngaphansi kwamanzi noma ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zezitshalo. Kuqhamuka izibungu amaqanda, akhula kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina ezingashoni.
Isakhiwo sedrako |
Izibungu zihlukile ngokuphelele kubantu abadala, kodwa futhi ziphilela indlela yokuphila yokudla inyamazane, zidla ama-invertebrates asemanzini, ama-tadpoles, ngisho nefry fish. Kuzibungu, izindebe eziphansi ziguqulwa zibe yinto ekhethekile yokuzingela - imaskhi enezingwegwe. Lapho usondela kwesisulu, izibungu ziphonsa imaski ngaphambili, futhi izingwegwe zimbe phakathi kwesisulu. Ama-larvae adla ngokungadli ngendlela engajwayelekile - adla ama-invertebrates asemanzini, kanti izibungu ezinkulu zihlasela namathafidi kanye nefry yezinhlanzi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesibungu sodrako kuthatha iminyaka eyi-1-3, kwesinye isikhathi kuside. Ngaphambi kokusuka, ukhuphuka emanzini kanye neziqu zezitshalo futhi ukhululwe kancane kancane esikhunjeni. Okokuqala, izinyoka ezindala ezindala zome amaphiko azo ezintekenteke elangeni, bese zibhabhela emoyeni.
Ama-dragonflies ayinkomba enhle yokuhlanzeka kwezidumbu zamanzi. Ngeke zikhule emanzini angcolile, ngakho-ke kuyaqabukela uzibone osebeni lomfula lwasemadolobheni. Ama-dragonflies ahlanganiswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-homoptera ne-heteroptera. Phakathi kwezimpungushe ezinamaphiko amancane nezinsimbi ezinamaphiko, abadumile kakhulu bangabameleli bemindeni yoBuhle abanamaphiko aluhlaza noma aluhlaza, iLyutka, iStrelka. Uhla lwezinyoka ezinkulu zingafinyelela ku-10 cm cm, lezi yizinhlobo zemindeni i-Koromysl, ogogo nomkhulu, ogogo, izitolo, udrako lwangempela.
Kwamanye amazwe asempumalanga, izibungu nodrako abadala - abajwayele impela indishi. Ungamangali uma kukodwa kusuka ezimakethe zasendaweni uzoba nenhlanhla thola ukwelashwa okunjalo |
Iqiniso elihehayo
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-dragonflies angabadli abanamandla, bona uqobo bavame ukuba izisulu zezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengamaxoxo, izibankwa nezinyoni. Okwamuva, ukudla okunjalo kugcwele ingozi enkulu: Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-dragonflies asebenza njengabathwali besifo se-parasitic - i-homonymosis elula. Ama-ejenti ayo abulala izimbotshana, okuthi uma zidonsa yinyoni zikwenze kungakwazi ukubeka nokuqandusela amaqanda: igobolondo liba buthaka kakhulu noma lingakhi.
Umndeni we-Lute
Ama-dragonflies aphakathi nendawo aphakathi nendawo ahamba kancane.
Ehlala phansi ezitshalweni, athulula amaphiko awo ezinhlangothini bese ewabuyisela emuva, ukuze amaphiko abe sezingeni lomzimba. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezisonga amaphiko azo esiswini. Umbala uvame ukuba luhlaza noma ubhedu, onensimbi yensimbi. Izibungu zihlala ezindlini ezinamanzi amile, ngisho nalezo zomisa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo.
I-Lute dull(Sympycna fusca)
Abesilisa nabesifazane banemibala efanayo. Isidumbu ikakhulukazi sine-brownish-bronze, esifubeni kukhona umucu obanzi wethusi. Imikhawulo yamaphiko ivezwe kancane. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-35 mm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-45 mm.
Ama-dragonflies amadala wesizukulwane esisha andiza eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngemuva kwalokho banda bese behlangana futhi entwasahlobo.
Isikhathi sokuphila se-dragonflies sifinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-10. ILyutki indiza kabi yingakho ihlala kakhulu ezitshalweni ezisogwini. Izinsikazi zigcina amaqanda afinyelela kuma-350, zizifaka emathinini afile we-sedge, umhlanga, umhlanga nezinye izitshalo ngqo ebusweni bamanzi, ebusweni nangaphansi kwezingxenye zamanzi, akuvamisile ukubeka amaqanda kwizicubu zezitshalo eziphilayo.
Izibungu zithambile, zihamba kakhulu emhlabathini, zikhula emachibini, emihosheni nakwezinye izidumbu zamanzi ezimile. Hlala phakathi kwezimila zasemanzini.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuqedwa emavikini angama-8-10.
4. ICradle Dryad(Kuqashiswa i-dryas)
Abesilisa nabesifazane banemibala efanayo.
Isidumbu phezulu sibunjiwe-luhlaza, isifuba ezinhlangothini ezingezansi sinphuzi, sinemivimbo. Imiphetho yamaphiko ibinsundu. Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-40 mm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-50 mm.
Ama-dragonflies amadala ezindiza eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya kuSepthemba.
Izici zezemvelo nezemvelo zama-dragonflies, izinhlobo
Amaqanda abekwa ezicutshini zezitshalo zasemanzini. Imvamisa, amaqanda afinyelela ku-50-70 abekwa esihlahleni esisodwa, abekwa emgqeni oqondile aze afike ku-40 cm. Ekwindla, lezi zitshalo ziyafa ziwele emanzini ngamaqanda abekwe.
Izibungu zivela emaqanda entwasahlobo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuqedwa emasontweni ayi-8 kuye kwali-10.
Izinambuzane zomndeni izinyoka yangempela
Kungimangazile ukuthi baphefumula kanjani. Manje sengiyazi ukuthi amabhungane okubhukuda aphefumula ebusika, aqoqa ama-bubble oksijini akhishwa izitshalo zasemanzini. Kukhona enye indlela yokuthola umoya-mpilo emanzini. Phakathi kwe-elytra kanye nesisu, ibhungane lokubhukuda linomgodi, futhi ibhungane liqoqa ama-oxygen Bubble lapho. Kepha ibhungane lingaphefumula ngebhamuza kuphela ngamazinga okushisa aphansi, lapho zonke izinqubo zalo zincishiswa futhi kungafuneki i-oxygen eningi.
Izibungu zedrako
Esigabeni sama-larva, ama-dragonflies kanye nabamele iqembu le-diptera - omiyane ebusika.
Izibungu ze-Dragonfly zinezifo, futhi ziphefumula umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. “Igazi” elibizwa ngabadobi - izibungu ezibomvu - lezi yizibungu zomiyane bezinsimbi zomndeni.
Izinsimbi zihlala odakeni oluphansi. "Igazi" lincane futhi likhulu - lezi yizibungu zomiyane zezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Esinye isibonelo sokudonswa kobusika kwe-diptera ibonwa endaweni ebunjiwe ye-raspberry stem gall. Lesi sidalwa sicasha esigabeni sezibungu.
Uma ubhekisisa amahlumela amasha ama-raspberries ebusika, ungabona ukuqhakaza, ukugcwala kwezicubu zezitho. Futhi uma uvula le ngxenye ekhule ngokungafanele yesiqu, okubizwa inyongo, ungabona izibungu zewolintshi zombala we-raspberry gall midge.
Zonke izinambuzane zobusika ngesikhathi sobusika zinomgomo owodwa - ukusinda emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ngaphambi kobusika, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlelwa kabusha kwezitho zenzeka ezinambuzaneni. Enye yezinqubo ezibalulekile ukunqwabelana kwe-glycerol.
Zonke izinqubo ezenzeka phakathi nobusika zidinga ukuba khona kwalokhu.
Ebusika, isizwe esiphilayo sezinambuzane siyanyamalala emehlweni ethu. Ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa, balinde ihora lemvuselelo yemikhosi - intwasahlobo obekulindwe isikhathi eside ngayo.
A. L. Kalutsky, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo
Izinhlobo zezinyoka: amagama nezithombe. Abamele iqembu le-dragonfly
Ama-Dragonflies yizinambuzane ezindala kakhulu ezidliwayo: izinsalela zokhokho babo ezikude ezitholwe ngabembi bezinto zakudala zisusela esikhathini seCarboniferous (izigidi ezingama-350-300
eminyakeni edlule). Kodwa-ke, iminyaka emide yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayizange ibe nomthelela empeleni ekubonakaleni kwama-dragonflies, ngakho-ke lezi zidalwa zihlukaniswa njengezokuqala.
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bathole futhi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5,000 zalezinambuzane. Kepha izinhlobo zezidrako ezingabonakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia zimbalwa kakhulu: azikho ngaphezu kwekhulu zazo.
Lezi zinambuzane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo, ngakho iningi lazo lihlala emahlathini anomswakama aseNingizimu Melika naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esomile, akukho zimpukane ezitholakalayo.
Ubuhle
Ngokuvamile, iqembu likadrakoe liqhamile phakathi kwezinye izisulu zezinambuzane ngenxa yobuhle balo. Futhi ngokomqondo akunakwenzeka ukujabulisa abamele abomndeni wobuhle. Isibonelo, amantombazane amahle alincane (afinyelela ku-5 cm ubude), ama-dragonflies acinene anamaphiko angeqi ngaphezu kwama-7 cm. Umzimba namaphiko amaduna apendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, onsomi onsomi futhi onobuso obunjengotshani.
Kwabesifazane, umzimba unemibala, kepha amaphiko awekho.
Ubuhle bancamela amabhange akhula ngemifula ethule nemifudlana emincane. Zibekela amaqanda emacembe ezitshalo zasogwini, izibungu nazo zizama ukuhlala eduze neziqu nezimpande. Indiza yentombazane yobuhle ifana nendiza kavemvane.
Imicibisholo
Imicibisholo ayiwona obukekayo njengobuhle, kepha njengezigwedli ezinhle. Izithombe zomcibisholo onomusa othunyelwe ngezansi uqinisekisa leliqiniso.
Imicibisholo ihola ngendlela efanayo yokuphila, ngaphandle kokuthi inyamazane ikhethiwe ngesizotha.
Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba ubude bomzimba womcibisholo onomusa buyi-3.5 cm kuphela, kuyilapho amaphiko enamaphiko angama-4,5. Owesilisa unesifuba esikhulu esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinomugqa omude omude nesisu esimnyama, njengokungathi sithinteka ngamasongo amnyama aluhlaza. Izimpiko zincanyana futhi zibonakala obala. Ezinye izintokazi zinombala ofanayo, ezinye azithengisi futhi azinemivimbo noma izindandatho.
Imicibisholo indiza kancane futhi kuyaqabukela ishiye amakhaya ayo. Izibungu zazo ziphila futhi zizingela ngeziqu nezimpande zezitshalo zasemanzini. Ukwehlukanisa uhlobo oluthile nolunye kulomndeni akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Kepha akwenzeki ukudida umgibeli nomunye umndeni.
Izinyoka zangempela
Izinhlobo eziningi zamadrako angawomndeni lo wesifunda saseDiptera. Amagama abo ayazikhulumela: ixhaphozi, isicaba, igazi.
Lezi zinambuzane zihlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu, obanzi futhi omfushane, izimpiko ziguqulwe kancane ziye ekhanda kanye nokuba khona kwezindawo ezimnyama ezisekelweni zazo. Udrako onsikazi ubeka amaqanda ngqo emanzini echibini noma emfuleni othule, futhi kwesinye isikhathi esihlabathini esisogwini. Ama-nymph amakhulu ama-dragonflies wangempela ahlala ku-silt. Udrako osithambile uyizinambuzane eziphakathi nendawo.
Izimpiko zingamasentimitha ayi-8, ubude bomzimba zingama-4,5 cm. Zombili izintokazi nezinsikazi zinamabele ansundu aphuzi, kepha isisu sowesilisa simbozwe ngempova eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti isisu sowesifazane sinsundu, sinemivimbo emnyama ezinhlangothini. Phansi kwawo womabili lamaphiko kukhona onxantathu abamnyama. Amehlo aluhlaza.
Abanye abameleli bomndeni bayaphawuleka kakhulu - ama-dragonflies egazi (isithombe ngezansi).
Babonakala kalula ngumbala ogqamile womzimba - ubomvu ophuzi, owolintshi noma onsundu.
Lezi zidlakudla zingenye yakamuva kakhulu. Zisebenza ukusuka maphakathi nehlobo kuze kube nguNovemba. Ukuguqulwa kwesibungu se-dragonfly sibe ngabantu abadala kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje.
Omkhulu
Phakathi kwezimpawu zalezi zidrako, kuyadingeka ukuthi igama lombala we-motley, amehlo asebanzi kanye notch ngaphansi kwezimpiko zangemuva kwabesilisa.
Ogogo bayakwazi ukuhamba ngezindiza ezinde futhi bakhetha amachibi ageleza ngamanzi ahlanzekile, lapho izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda azo lapho zibhabha.
Umkhulu ovamile, umkhulu ohlanganisiwe nomkhulu onophondo yizona izinhlobo ezijwayelekile kakhulu ze-dragonfly eCentral Russia. Lawa magama azwakala ehlekisa (njengokuthi “ugogo wensimbi” noma “ugogo wethusi”), kepha udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi ogogo babizwa nangokuthi abangozemifula, kanti ogogo babizwa ngokuthi abashisekeli bezimoto.
Umkhulu ojwayelekile udrako onsundu futhi ophuzi onamaphiko asobala. Umbala ukhumbuza ngokungafanele i-aspen.
Izibungu zikagogo zinobuhle, ziqinile futhi ziyakwazi ukugaya usilika othambile. Futhi, okumangazayo ngokwanele ukuthi, ogogo nomkhulu abadala baphila isikhashana. Azihlali isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga.
Ingalo kaRocker
Lezi zingwazi ezinkulu, ezikhanyayo futhi ezinemibala egqamile.
Abamele umyalo kadrako akuvamile ukuba babe nokukhuthazela okunjalo: ama-rocker angandiza aqhele ngamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka endaweni yawo yangasese (kwenzeka ukuthi abonwa phezu kolwandle). Ubukhulu balezi zinambuzane bubuye buvuselele inhlonipho: amaphiko enkosi ebusayo (noma umbusi) afinyelela ku-8 cm.
Isifuba sabalindi sinombala oluhlaza okotshani, isisu siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nendandatho ephuzi.
Izimpiko zabesilisa azinayo imibala ngokuphelele, nalezo zabesifazane aziphuzi ngokuphuzi. Izitho zombono ziluhlaza okotshani. AmaPatrolmen ahlala ezindaweni ezimile, zivame ukomisa izidumbu zamanzi.
Zibekela amaqanda kwezicubu ezijikelezayo zezitshalo ezicwiliswe emanzini. Izibungu zabo ezinkulu zingamelana nezimbaza zenhlanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia kukhona abamele imindeni enjengokuthi: ogogo, izindlawu, izintambo. Onke ama-dragonflies abhekwa njengezinzuzo. Zidla izinambuzane nezinambuzane ezichitha igazi kanti-ke, nokudla kwezinyoni nezinhlanzi.
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba bungu-40-45 mm, isisu ngo-25- 29 mm ubude, iphiko le-hind 18-18 mm ubude.
I-Hind margin ye-expressionotum-ezintathu. Unqenqema olungezansi lomucu owandulela umswakama engxenyeni engemuva ngokuvela okungaphezulu noma okungaphansi koxande. Owesilisa nowesifazane banemibala efanayo. Isifuba nesisu kukhona nsundu ngethusi ngaphezulu, kucwebezela kancane, kukhona ithusi elimnyama elakheke kahle, iphethini elicwebezelayo esifubeni esiphezulu. Isizinda somzimba esiyinhloko i-beige. Amehlo ansundu ekuqaleni, kepha entwasahlobo, emva kobusika, aphenduka aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
I-pterostigma esephepheni langaphambili itholakala kude ukusuka kuphiko lwephiko (cishe ubude balo) kunasesandleni sephiko sangemuva. Ekuphumuleni, amaphiko agcinwa asonga umzimba wonke.
KubomvuSympecma fusca) lifana ne-lyutka yaseSiberia, kuphela isisu silula.
Ukuzala
Isici esibonakalayo se-biology yalolu hlobo lwezinhlwathi kuyinto ebusika esiteji sabadala. Kakade ngo-Ephreli, ukuqala kokuzala nokufakwa amaqanda kwenzeka. Ukufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka ngokubhoboza amashidi wezitshalo zasemanzini. Isigaba se-larvilis se -fungisu sihlala izinyanga ezintathu. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sabadala sivele ngoJulayi. Ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zobusika esigabeni sama-larval (ama-mollusks) ezansi kwamachibi. Ezindongeni, izibungu zihola indlela yokuphila yokuphamba futhi zidla ama-invertebrates amancane asemanzini.