Ibhele lomhume manje seliphelile. Uvele emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 edlule, wanyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 eyedlule. Isayensi yanamuhla imthatha njengengxenye yebhere elinsundu kanye nokhokho webhere le-Etruscan. Ngokuya ngosayizi, lokhu okubhaliselwe kwakuphakeme kakhulu kumabhere wesimanje. Wayengaphezu komuntu odabukisayo ne-kodiak isikhathi nesigamu. Kwakuyisilo esikhulu esinoboya obukhulu esinekhanda elikhulu nama-paws aqinile. Wayehlala cishe kuyo yonke insimu yamahlathi e-Eurasia. E-Afrika naseMelika, izidumbu zakhe azitholakalanga.
Ibhere liyisilwane esiyingqayizivele. Naphezu kokuqhuma kwangaphandle, isilo siyashesha, siyashesha futhi siyashelela. Ugijima ngejubane lehhashi, futhi ukushaywa yisidina sakhe kungambulala umuntu ngokushesha. Namuhla, lokhu kubazingela okufanayo kubabaza kabi abazingeli. Uma umzingela ngaphandle kwezikhali ezizenzakalelayo, khona-ke lokhu kuyingozi ebulalayo. Shono amaNdiya ngasikhathi sinye abedinga ukubulawa ngesihluku nokubulawa komholi wesizwe esinobutha. Hhayi iqhawe elilula, kepha ungumholi.
Indlela yokuphila
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bokugaya izinyo, ibhele lomhume laliyimifino okudla kwayo okuyinhloko kwakuyizitshalo ezi-herbaceous, kanye noju. Kodwa-ke, ebusika, phakathi nenkathi yamakhaza, ibhere lingahlaselwa ngabantu abangathandeki noma ngisho nabantu. Amabhere azala amathole angama-1-2. Isikhathi sokuphila sasicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-20. Ibhere lomhume lalihlala emaceleni, emahlathini anamaqabunga nasezindaweni ezisemahlathini, futhi lalikhuphuka izintaba liye kufana ne-metadows ye-alpine.
Ukubhebhetheka
Ibhele lomhume latholakala kuphela e-Eurasia (kufaka phakathi i-Ireland neNgilandi), lapho kwakhiwa khona izinhlanga eziningana zomhlaba. Ikakhulu, emihumeni ye-alpine elele ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu (kuze kufike ku-2445 m ngaphezu kolwandle), nasezintabeni zeHarz (eJalimane), amafomu amancanyana ale hlobo athuthukiswa ukuphela kwePleistocene. Engxenyeni yeRussia yanamuhla, kutholakale ibhele lomhume eThafa laseRussia, eZhiguli Upland, e-Urals, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia; muva nje, ososayensi beYakut bathola amathambo emabhele emgedeni eKolyma engezansi.
Ukuqothulwa
Isizathu sokuqothulwa kwebhele lomhume kungenzeka ukuthi kube ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yeqhwa laseWurm, lapho indawo yehlathi incipha kakhulu, inciphisa ibhere lomhume emithonjeni yokudla. Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi yokuzingela yabantu basendulo nayo yadlala indima enkulu ekuqothulweni kwayo. Kukholakala nokuthi ama-European prehistoric Europeans akagcinanga ngokuzingela ibhere kuphela, kodwa futhi akhonza ngalo njenge-totem.
Ezinye izinhlobo
Amabhere emgedeni abizwa nangokuthi izinhlobo ezithile ezingapheli ze-Pleistocene zamabhere ngenxa yokuthi izinsalela zawo zazivame ukutholakala emihumeni. Eqinisweni, bebengaxhumekile emigedeni. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Eurasia:
- I-Ursus (Spelaearctos) deningeri — UDeninger Bear. Kuchazwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwePleistocene yaseGermany (Mosbach). Bahlala endaweni engezansi - ephakathi nePleistocene eYurophu.
- I-Ursus (Spelaearctos) rossicus — ibhele elincane lomhume. Middle - ILate Pleistocene eningizimu ye-Ukraine, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan (Umfula i-Ural), i-Middle Urals (Kizel), eningizimu ye-Western Siberia, i-Altai kanye, mhlawumbe neTranscaucasia. Umhlali wama-steppes, wayengahlangene nemihume.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Cave Bear
Ibhele lomhume luwukuphela kokuthathwa kwesisekelo sebhere elinsundu elavela ezweni lase-Esasia eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 eyedlule, futhi lafa phakathi neMiddle and Late Pleistocene - eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 eyedlule. Kukholakala ukuthi wavela ebherini i-Etruscan, nayo eye yanyamalala isikhathi eside futhi namhlanje ifundwe kancane. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi wayehlala endaweni yaseSiberia yanamuhla eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezintathu. Izinsalela zamabhele asemgedeni zitholakala ikakhulukazi esifundeni se-karst esintabeni.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ibhele lomhume?
Amabhere anamuhla aphansi kakhulu emgedeni ngesisindo nosayizi. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezinkulu zesimanje ezinjengama-grizzlies noma ama-cognac zingaphansi kwebhele le-prehistoric izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa nesigamu. Kukholelwa ukuthi lesi kwakuyisilo esinamandla kakhulu esinemisipha ekhule kahle nezinwele ezinde, ezinde ezinsundu. Ku-clubfoot yasendulo, ingaphambili lomzimba lalithuthuke kakhulu kunasemuva, futhi imilenze yayiqinile futhi imfishane.
Isigaxa sebhele lalilikhulu, ibunzi laso lalinamandla impela, iso laso lalilincane futhi nemihlathi yaso inamandla. Ubude bomzimba babucishe bube amamitha ayi-3-3,5, bese isisindo sifinyelela ku-700-800 kilos. Abesilisa babephakeme kakhulu kuno-dipper osisindo. Amabhere emigede ayengenamazinyo e-pseudo-egxiliwe ngaphambili, awahlukanisa nezihlobo zanamuhla.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ibhele lomhume kungenye yamabhere asindayo futhi amakhulu kunawo wonke ake ahlala eMhlabeni selokhu lasungulwa. Wayengumnikazi wegebhezi elikhulu kunawo wonke, lapho abesilisa abakhulu abavuthiwe ngokobulili bangafika ku-56-58 cm ubude.
Lapho emi kubo bonke abane, ubuhlakani bakhe obunamandla be-shaggy babusezingeni lehlombe le-caveman, kepha, noma kunjalo, abantu bafunda ukumzingela ngempumelelo. Manje uyazi ukuthi ibhele lomhume lalibukeka kanjani. Sibona ukuthi wayehlala kuphi.
Lalihlala kuphi ibhere lomhume?
Photo: Cave Bear e-Eurasia
Amabhere eCave ahlala e-Eurasia, kufaka phakathi i-Ireland, i-England. Kwakhiwa izinhlanga eziningana zezindawo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Emihumeni eminingi ye-alpine, ebitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu ukuya olwandle, nasezintabeni zaseJalimane, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezincane zatholakala. E-Russia, kutholakale amabhere emhumeni e-Urals, e-Russian Plafa, eZhiguli Upland, eSiberia.
Lezi zilwane zasendle zazihlala endaweni enamahlathi futhi inezintaba. Babekhetha ukuhlala emihumeni, lapho futhi kwakubusika khona. Amabhere ayevame ukungena ezansi emihumeni engaphansi komhlaba, azulazula ebumnyameni ngokuphelele. Kuze kube manje, emaphethelweni amaningi akude afile, imigudu emincane, kunobufakazi bokuba khona kwalezi zidalwa zasendulo. Phezu kokufakwa uphawu emhumeni ongasemgedeni, kutholwe izigaxa zezimbumbulu ezibolile ezilahlekile emaphashini amade futhi zashona zingatholanga ndlela ebuyela elangeni.
Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokuthi yini eheha labo kulolu hambo oluyingozi ebumnyameni ngokuphelele. Mhlawumbe laba kwakungabantu abagulayo ababefuna isiphephelo sokugcina lapho noma amabhere azama ukuthola izindawo ezingasese zodwa zokuziphilisa. Ngokuncoma lokhu kokugcina ukuthi emihumeni esekude ephetha emaphethelweni afileyo, izinsalela zentsha nazo zatholakala.
Lidlani ibhele lomhume?
Photo: Cave Bear
Naphezu kobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele nokubukeka okunamandla kwebhele lomhume, ukudla okwakudliwayo kwakuvame ukutshala ukudla kwezitshalo, njengoba kufakazelwa yinsimbi ezigqokwa ngokuqinile. Lesi silwane sasiyindidane ye-herbivore ehamba kancane futhi engenabo ubudlova, eyayidla kakhulu amajikijolo, izimpande, uju futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinambuzane, zazibamba izinhlanzi emikhondweni yemifula. Lapho indlala ingabekezeleleki, yayingahlasela umuntu noma isilwane, kodwa yayihamba kancane kangangokuba isisulu cishe sasiba nethuba lokuphunyuka.
Ibhere lomhume lalidinga amanzi amaningi, ngakho ukuhlala kwabo bakhetha imihume ngokufinyelela okusheshayo echibini elingaphansi komhlaba noma i-rivulet. Amabhere akudinga lokhu ikakhulukazi, ngoba ayengeke akwazi ukushiya amawundlu awo isikhathi eside.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izigebenga ezinkulu ngokwazo zaziyinto yokuzingela abantu basendulo. Amafutha nenyama yalezi zilwane yayinempilo ikakhulukazi; izikhumba zazo zazisebenzela abantu ngezingubo noma embhedeni. Eduze kwezindawo ahlala kuzo umuntu waseNanderthal, kwatholakala isibalo esikhulu samathambo ebhele lomhume.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abantu basendulo babevame ukukhipha izimbotshana zemihlambi emihumeni yabo, bese bezithathela bona, beyisebenzisa njengephephelo, indawo evikelekile. Amabhere ayengenamandla phambi kwemikhonto yabantu nomlilo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Extinct Cave Bear
Emini, amabhere emhumeni ahamba kancane ehlathini eyofuna ukudla, abese ebuyela emihumeni. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi lezi zilwane zasendulo kwakuqabukela ziphila zize zibe ngu-20. Abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka bahlaselwa yizimpisi, amabhubesi asemhumeni, baba inyamazane elula yempi yasendulo. Ebusika, iziqhwaga zomhume zazihlala zizifihlile. Labo bantu abangakwazanga ukuthola indawo efanelekile ezintabeni bangena emahlathini asehlathini bamisa indawo yokubhukuda lapho.
Ucwaningo lwamathambo ezilwane zasendulo lukhombisa ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu uhlushwa izifo "zomhume". Kutholakale amathambo ama-rheumatism, ama-rickets, njengama-satellites amakamelo ajwayelekile, ezithombeni zamabhere. Ochwepheshe bavame ukuthola i-vertebrae ehlanganisiwe, ukukhula kumathambo, amalunga agobekile namathumba, kukhubazeke kakhulu yizifo zomhlathi. Izilwane ezibuthakathaka zazingabazingeli abampofu lapho beshiya amakhaya abo ehlathini. Izikhathi eziningi babehlushwa yindlala. Kwakucishe kube nzima ukuthola ukudla emihumeni ngokwayo.
Njengabanye abameleli bomndeni webhere, abesilisa bazulazula bebodwa, nabesifazane lapho behlangana namawundlu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabhere abhekwe kakhulu njengezinyoni, awazange abe ngababili empilweni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Prehistoric Cave Bear
Ibhere labesifazane emhumeni alinikezi nzalo minyaka yonke, kodwa kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3. Njengasemabheleni anamuhla, ukuthomba kwaqeda cishe iminyaka emithathu. Owesifazane waletha amawundlu angama-1-2 ngokukhulelwa okukodwa. Owesilisa akazange abambe iqhaza empilweni yabo.
Amawundlu azalwa engenakusiza ngokuphelele, eyimpumputhe. Umama womgodi wayehlala ekhetha imihume enjalo ukuze kube khona umthombo wamanzi kuyo, futhi ukuya endaweni yokunisela ayizange kuthathe isikhathi esiningi. Ingozi yayihlala yonke indawo, ngakho ukushiya isikhathi eside inzalo yabo ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwakuyingozi.
Kungakapheli iminyaka eyi-1.5-2, omncane wayesondele kowesifazane futhi kuphela lapho-ke waya ebudaleni. Kulesi sigaba, iningi lamawundlu lashona ezinhlafunweni, lidla ezinye izinyamazane, okuyinto ezikhathini zasendulo zaziziningi kakhulu.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, izazi ze-paleontologists zathola amasilayidi obumba angajwayelekile ocolishile osebeni lwamachibi asezintabeni nemifula emihumeni ye-Austria neFrance. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, amabhere emhumeni agibela phezu kwabo ohambweni olude olungaphansi komhlaba abese egibela emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, bazama ukulwa nama-parasites ayewahlukumeza. Benza le nqubo izikhathi eziningi. Kaningi kwakuvame ukuvela imidwebo yazo enkulu endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amabili ukusuka phansi, kuma-stalagmite asendulo emihumeni ejulile.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere lomhume
Photo: Huge Cave Bear
Kubantu abadala, abantu abaphilile bezitha endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo babengekho ngaphandle kwendoda yasendulo. Abantu baqothula imidondoshiya ehamba kancane, besebenzisa inyama namafutha njengokudla. Ukuze ubambe isilwane, kwakusetshenziswa izimbobo ezijulile, lapho kwakuqhutshwa khona ngomlilo. Lapho amabhere awela ogibeni, ayeshaywa ngemikhonto.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Amabhere amakati ashabalale emhlabeni kusukela phambilini kunamabhubesi emhumeni, ama-mammoth, amaNeanderthals.
Abanye abahlaseli, kufaka phakathi amabhubesi angumhume, bazingela abantu abasha, amabhere agulayo nabadala. Uma sibheka ukuthi cishe wonke umuntu omdala unezifo ezinkulu futhi enze buthaka yindlala, izinyamazane ezifuywayo zivame ukukwazi ukudiliza ibhere elikhulu.
Futhi-ke, isitha esikhulu sasemabhele esibayeni, esathinta kakhulu inani lalezi ziqhwaga futhi ekugcineni sawubhubhisa, kwakungeyona neze indoda yasendulo, kodwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izitebhisi zagcwala kancane kancane amahlathi, kwatholakala ukudla okuncane kwezitshalo, ibhele lomhume laba sengozini enkulu, laqala ukushabalala. Lezi zidalwa bezizingela nezilwane ezinezinselo, eziqinisekiswa yimithambo yazo etholakala emihumeni lapho kwakuhlala khona amabhere, kepha ukuzingela kwagcina ngokuqabukela ngempumelelo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Cave Bear
Amabhere asemkhunjini afa ngokuphelele ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezedlule. Isizathu esiqondile sokunyamalala kwabo asikasungulwa, mhlawumbe kwakuwukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningana ezibulalayo. Ososayensi babeke phambili ukucatshangelwa okuningi, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo onobufakazi obunembile. Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuyindlala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kepha akwaziwa ukuthi kungani lesi siqhwaga sisinda eminyakeni emincane yeqhwa ngaphandle kokulimala okuningi kubantu, futhi kungazelelwe sabulawa yilesi sikhathi.
Ezinye izazi zithi ukuphindukuzalwa komuntu wasendulo endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo yamabhere kubangele ukuqothuka kwabo kancane kancane. Kukholakala ukuthi bekungabantu abaqothula lezi zilwane, ngoba inyama yazo yayihlala ikhona ekudleni kwabahlali basendulo. Ngokuphikisana nale nguqulo iqiniso lokuthi ngalezo zinsuku inani labantu lalincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nesibalo sabantu abakhulu bomhume.
Ngokuthembekile thola isizathu kungenzeka ukuthi siphumelele. Mhlawumbe iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi babenokulimazeka okungathi sína kwamathambo namajoyinti kangangokuba bangasakwazi ukuzingela ngokugcwele futhi badle, futhi baba inyamazane elula kwezinye izilwane, nakho kwabamba iqhaza ekunyamalalisweni kwezimidondoshiya.
Ezinye izinganekwane ze-hydra ezesabekayo kanye nama-Dragons aqhamukayo ngemuva kokutholakala okumangazayo kwezigebhezi zasendulo, amathambo, ahamba ibhele lomhume. Ama-ores amaningi wesayensi yeNkathi Ephakathi abuye achaze ngokungesikho izinsalela zamabhere njengamathambo edonsa. Kulesi sibonelo, ungabona ukuthi izinganekwane zezilo ezesabekayo zingaba nemithombo ehluke ngokuphelele.
Izici Zobuntu Be-Cave Bear
Ngokuqondene nebhere lomhume, lalilikhulu futhi linamandla kunebhele elibuhlungu, futhi ukubulawa kwalo kwakubhekwa njengomsebenzi onzima ngokwengeziwe. Noma kunjalo, amaNeanderthals afanayo abulala amabhere emhumeni izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka. Em emihumeni yasendulo egcina iminonjana yalaba bantu abayimfihlakalo, kutholakala amakhulukhulu amabhaxana amabhele. AbakwaNealthals babengenazo izikhali ezizenzakalelayo, kepha ngandlela-thile bakwazile ukuzingela isilo esibi.
Ibhele lomhume lalinesigaxa esikhulu kakhulu esinobuso obukhulu. Umzimba wawunamandla futhi umkhulu. Ubude bawo bufinyelele kumamitha ayi-3-3,5. Isisindo sisuka ku-500-700 kg. Abesifazane basindwa cishe izikhathi ezi-2. Ukwahlulela ngokuvalwa kwamazinyo, isilo sasondla ikakhulu ngokudla kwezitshalo. Kepha kungenzeka ngokuphelele ukuthi wahlasela izilwane nabantu. Amaphesenti nje wokudla kwezilwane kuye ayeyingxenyana encane. Into esemqoka ekudleni kwakunguju. Ibhele lalidla ngobumnandi futhi lahamba ngamafutha ebusika.
Kungani ibhele lomhume lafa?
Esikhathini esithile eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 edlule, isilo esinamandla sanyamalala. Futhi nakhu-ke - lapha abacwaningi abanawo umbono osobala nosobala. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemicabango, kepha lokhu kungukucatshangwa kuphela nezihloko ezingenabufakazi.
Ezinye izazi zithi indlala yayibekwa icala. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kweqhwa, indawo ehlathini yehle kakhulu, futhi isibalo sanyuka. Izitshalo ezidingekayo zokudla zanyamalala, futhi ibhere laqala ukuphuma. Kepha iqiniso lonke ukuthi le ndlela yokuxhumana yebhere onsundu yayinokudla okuningi okuhlukahlukene. Okungenani amathambo abantu abangatheni abatholakala eduze namathambo emabhele asemhumeni akhuluma ngalokhu. Futhi-ke, yonke iminyaka yangaphambilini yeqhwa ayizange isilimaze kakhulu isilo esinamandla, kodwa eyokugcina yabulawa yiclubfoot.
Ibhele lomhume lacekelwa phansi yiNeanderthals. I-hypothesis enjalo nayo iyabamba. Kepha, kungenzeka kakhulu, lokhu akunakwenzeka ngenxa yenani elincane labantu basendulo. Indawo ababehlala kuyo yayincane kakhulu kunendawo yokuhlala isilo seklabhu. Futhi kwimidwebo yamadwala, isithombe sebhere esikhulu se-furry siyivelakancane kakhulu.
Mhlawumbe uCro-Magnons (inzalo yomuntu wesimanje) wenze umnikelo wabo. Bavela e-Afrika futhi baqala ukusakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia. Babedinga imihume, eyayikhethwe isilo esinezimpaphe. Ibhere lalishiywe lingenazindlu, likhuluma ngolimi lwanamuhla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, lafa. Kodwa, njengoba sekushiwo, isilo sathola imbandezelo hhayi emihumeni kuphela. Wakha imigodi emahlathini acinene asehlathini.
Ngamazwi, akukho mpendulo kumbuzo, kungani ibhere lomhume lafa. Uma ufunda iqiniso, ngeke kube nzima ukuqonda inqubo yokuqothulwa kwezinye izilwane, kanye neNanderthals. Kepha inkathi enkulu yesikhathi yayifihlela ngokuthembekile le nto engqondweni yomuntu efuna ukwazi, ishiye abantu benganalo iqiniso leqiniso.
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-genome
NgoMeyi 2005, i-paleogenetics yaseMelika evela eJoint Institute yeGenome eCalifornia yamemezela ukwakhiwa kabusha kokulandelana kwe-DNA yebhere lomhume elalihlala eminyakeni engama-42 ukuya kwengama-44 edlule. Ukuze kuxoxwe, kwakusetshenziswa izakhi zofuzo ezikhishwe emazinyweni alezi zinto zesilwane esatholakala e-Austria. Ngokwenza ukulandelana okuqondile kwezingcezwana ze-DNA ezihlukaniswe namathambo, futhi kuziqhathanisa ne-DNA yenja, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola izinhlobo ezingama-21 zenkomo yebhere. Kodwa-ke, yi-6% kuphela ye-DNA elandelanayo eyayi-bhere emhumeni, okuseleyo kungokwamagciwane omhlabathi noma ama-paleontologists maqondana namathambo ebhele.