Ingwamza emhlophe ingumakhelwane ojwayelekile womuntu. Izidleke zalo ezinkulu zivame ukubonakala emadolobhaneni nasemizaneni hhayi kuphela eziqongweni zezihlahla ezinkulu, kodwa futhi ophahleni lwezindlu. Kepha isihlobo sakhe esingandile - inyoni emnyama - akayona eyomuntu, akulula ukuthola izidleke zakhe, ezivame ukutholakala emahlathini ajulile.
Lapho kuhlala khona
Lolu hlobo lutholakala e-Eurasia lusuka e-Iberian Peninsula luye eSouthern Primorye nasemlanjeni woMfula i-Amur, lunamathela enyakatho luyi-61st parallel, eningizimu kuya eNyakatho neChina. Ubuye azinze eSouth Africa. Ubusika bamantshontsho amnyama ahlala e-Eurasia atholakala e-Afrika, China nase India. E-Russia, isidleke kuphela
2300-2500 ngazimbili zezingwamza ezimnyama. Ukusuka ebusika, amantshontsho amnyama andizela ku-metam nesting ngo-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Ingwamza emnyama iyakuthanda ukukhuphuka
Imvamisa, ibhuku elimnyama lihlala emahlathini anamagquma aphezulu nezintaba ezikhula endaweni yezigodi zemifula ebanzi, lapho kunamamoses, amachibi namanzi angajulile. Ngokuvamisile, kwenzeka ezindaweni ezivulekile zama-steppe namaqembu ngamanye ezihlahla noma izikebhe zamadwala. Izinyoni zigwema ukuhlalwa ngabantu, kuphela lapho bezondla lapho kwesinye isikhathi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezingama-anthropogenic.
Kubukeka kanjani
Ingwamza emnyama iyinyoni enkulu kakhulu (amaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ama-2) ngemilenze emide nentamo ende. Iningi lamapayipi ale nyoni amnyama nge-tint yensimbi ebubende noma eluhlaza okotshani, kuphela uhlangothi oluphansi lomzimba lumhlophe. Uqhwaku, isikhumba esinqunu ezizungeze amehlo nemilenze ibomvu ngokubomvu. Abesilisa nabesifazane banombala ofanayo, kwabancane iplamu linsundu, ngaphandle kwensimbi enobuthi.
Uqhwaku nesikhumba ezungeze amehlo sogolantethe omnyama kubomvu
Ukhozi olumnyama luyathula, kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana lapho umuntu ezwa izwi lakhe: “ukukhwehlela” okuhlekisayo, ukukhala okuzwakalayo, imisindo emnandi ye- "chelin", kanye nokuqhafaza nje komlomo.
Indlela Yokuphila Emnyama
Ingwamza emnyama iyinyoni ecashile futhi eqaphile. Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwayo akunzima ukukuthola, ngoba le nyoni iyathanda ukundiza endaweni yezidleke, kwesinye isikhathi inyukela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu.
Ukusuka kwe-Autumn ezindaweni zobusika kuqala ngo-Agasti futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube sekwindla. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba izindiza, izingwamza ezimnyama zigcinwa emihlanjini emincane noma emindenini, ngezinye izikhathi zakha amaqembu ezinyoni aze afike ku-50. Ubusika e-Afrika. Ngemuva kokufika, cishe ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, izingwamza ziqala ukwakha isidleke. Bahlela isidleke hhayi phezulu, kodwa emagatsheni asesihlahleni, cishe amamitha ayi-2 esiqwini esikhulu. I-Nest ayikho eduze kuka-6 km ukusuka komunye nomunye.
Uqhwaku nesikhumba elizungeze iso lesikhumba esimnyama obomvu
Izindawo ezidlisa ngazo izingwamza ezihlukene zihlukahlukene: amasimu erayisi, izimfunda ezimanzi, amaxhaphozi, ogwini lolwandle. Ukudla okuthandwa yi-Stork yinhlanzi, izinyoka, izibankwa namaxoxo, kodwa ngeke anqabe izinambuzane ezincane namanye ama-arthropods. Kunecala elaziwayo e-Belovezhskaya Pushcha lapho omunye wabazali eletha amasele angama-48 emathoyini abo ngasikhathi sinye.
Izinyoka ezivamile nezamatshe, izinyoka ezahlukahlukene zingahlasela amaphuphu.
Ukuzala
Njengabanye abamele lo mdwebo, inyoni emnyama inyoni eyinqaba. Izinyoni zibuyela esidlekeni sazo unyaka nonyaka. Amantshontsho amnyama ngokuvamile akha izidleke zazo ezinkulu (ezingafika ku-1.5 m ububanzi) emagatsheni amakhulu noma ebangeni elikhulu esihlahleni sezihlahla ezinde. Ku-steppe zone, izidleke ezimnyama ziyizidleke emadwaleni. Bakha izidleke ezivela emagatsheni aminyene namahlumela, amakhulu kakhulu kangangokuba le nyoni ayikwazi ukubhekana nazo. Ku-clutch kuvame amaqanda ama-3-5. Owesilisa nowesifazane, bangena esikhundleni somunye, bafaka ama-clutch amasonto ama-4.5-6. Ngenkathi amachwane amancane, omunye wabazali uhlala esidlekeni, kanti omunye umatasa ngokuzingela ukudla.
Amakati azalwa ebuthakathaka, ambozwe ngefreyimu emhlophe grey
Izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-10, izingane zichitha ziqamba amanga. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili kuqanduselwe amaqanda, amaphuphu akhuphukela ephikweni. Bangaqala ukuzala bebodwa lapho beneminyaka emithathu kuphela.
Kubhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia
KwiBhuku elibomvu laseRussia, inyoni emnyama inikezwa isigaba sesithathu sokulondolozwa njengezinhlobo ezingandile, inani laso eliyehla. Ngeminyaka yo-1960, kwahlongozwa ukuthi inani lalezi zinyoni lancishiswa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-organochlorine kwezolimo eziseduzane nezindawo lapho izidleke zezidleke. Kodwa-ke, izizathu ezithile zokuncipha kwamanani azikasungulwa.
Kungani ezikhathini zasendulo babehlonipha izingwamza?
Hhayi kuphela endulo, kepha abantu bahlonipha izinyoni ezinhle ezinciphile - amahlaya, bazinika izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi ezingabantu. Kukholakala ukuthi ingwamza, idla ubuhlalu, amasele nezinyoka, iyakwazi ukuhlanza umhlaba kanye nemimoya emibi kanye nabo. Mayelana nalokhu, abantu ophahleni lwazo lapho isidleke lwenza isidleke bahlala besiphatha ngokunakekela okukhulu futhi bangaze basicekele phansi. Kwamanye amazwe, ingwamza ibhekwa njengengcwele yomndeni ngoba lezi zinyoni zihlala zihlala ngababili futhi zimnene kakhulu komunye nomunye, zizama ukunqanda umhawu nokukhashelwa. Izingwamza ziyazikhathalela izingane zazo, nabazali bazo, azinandaba, ngoba eGrisi yasendulo lezi zinyoni zaziyizimpawu zothando oluhle.
Incazelo nezimpawu zezingulube ezimnyama
Kubo bonke abanye abazalwane, lokhu kuyehluka ngombala wokuqala wezimpaphe. Ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba wakhe imbozwe nge-feather emnyama enama-green and red tints. Ingxenye engezansi imhlophe. Le nyoni inkulu futhi ihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi.
Ukuphakama kwaso kufinyelela ku-110 cm ngesisindo sama-3 kg. Izimpiko zenyoni enezimpiko zingaba ngamasentimitha angama-150 kuya ku-155. Inyoni emncanyana inemilenze emide, intamo nomlomo. Imilenze nomlomo zibomvu. Isifuba sigqoke umqhele ngezimpaphe ezikhulu futhi ezi-shaggy, esifana nekhola yoboya.
Amehlo ahlobisa izinhla ezibomvu. Ayikho indlela yokuhlukanisa owesilisa nowesilisa; azikho izimpawu zokuhluka kwabo ngokubukeka. Abesilisa kuphela abakhulu. Kepha mncane ingulube emnyama kusuka ekuvuthweni kungahlukaniswa ngesimo esizungeze amehlo.
Ebantwini iluhlaza grey. Lapho inyoni iba mdala, kulapho lezi zinhlaka zithatha khona umbala obomvu. Kwenzeka into efanayo ne-plumage. Kubantu abasha kufiphele. Ngobudala, i-plumage ithola isicwebezelisi esithe xaxa kanye nokuhlukahluka.
Njengamanje, kukhona izingwamza ezimbalwa kakhulu. Yonke insimu enkulu yokufuduka kwabo ayifinyeleli kumabhangqwana angama-5000 alezi zinyoni. Enye yezinto ezisengozini kakhulu kuzo zonke izingwamza kubhekwa njengomnyama.
Kungani lokhu kwenzeka namanje kungacaci, ngoba le nyoni emvelweni cishe ayinazitha. Ubukhulu baso obuhlaba umxhwele bokwethusa izinyamazane ezincane, futhi liyakwazi ukubalekela ezinkulu.
Isibonakaliso esithandekayo sokunakekela izingane zabo, lezi zinyoni zibonisa phakathi nesikhathi esishisa kakhulu. Lapho kushisa ngokungaphezi emgwaqweni, futhi, ngokufanelekile, esidlekeni sezinyoni, afafaza amachwane asanda kuzalwa nesidleke sonke ngamanzi. Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa.
Ngu incazelo yotshitshi omnyama unganquma wonke ubuhle nobuhle bale nyoni. Labo ababenenhlanhla empilweni yangempela ukubona lesi simangaliso sendalo bake basikhumbula lesi sikhathi ngemizwa. Umusa nokulula ngasikhathi sinye kokumangalisa, kubonakala sengathi, inhlanganisela ingabonakala futhi sifanamsindvo emnyama.
Kusukela ekubukeni kwaziwa ukuthi izingwamza ezimhlophe nezimnyama izilimi ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke abaqondani ngokuphelele. Kwelinye i-zoo, bazama ukubhanqa insikazi eyinsikazi emnyama nokwensikazi emhlophe. Akukho okuze kulokhu. Ngakho-ke, njengoba lezi zinhlobo zinezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele zobuntu bokuthandana phakathi nesikhathi sokuzalela, futhi izilimi ezahlukahlukene ziye zaba yisithiyo esikhulu kulokhu.
I-Habitat nendlela yokuphila yensangu emnyama
Yonke insimu yase-Eurasia yindawo yokuhlala yale nyoni. Kuhlala inyoni emnyama ezindaweni ezithile, kuya ngesikhathi sonyaka. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzalela, lezi zinyoni zibhekwa eduze kwezindawo ezisenyakatho. Ebusika, bandizela emazweni ase-Asia naseCentral Africa.
IRussia nayo idonsela ukunaka kwalezi zinyoni ezinhle. Bangabonakala bobabili endaweni esondelene noLwandle iBaltic, nasendaweni eseMpumalanga Ekude. I-Primorye ibhekwa njengendawo abayithandayo kakhulu.
Iningi lazo zonke izingwamza ezimnyama eBelarus. Lezi zinyoni zithande kakhulu ukuthanda kwazo ehlathini lase-marshland, elinemifula emincane nemifudlana, kude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Izindawo ezinje eBelarus.
Amahlosi amnyama anamahloni akhululekile nje ukuhlala lapho, kodwa futhi nokuzalela inzalo yawo. Ubusika, kufanele baye emazweni afudumele. Lezo zinyoni ezihlala unomphela eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika azidingi izindiza. I-Sneak nokuqapha kuma-storks amnyama abekwe ekuqaleni.
Abathandi ukuphazamiseka. Ngenhlanhla, ezweni lanamuhla kunamadivayisi amaningi ahlukene, ngenxa yokuthi ungabuka izinyoni nezilwane ngaphandle kokuzithusa futhi ngaphandle kokuheha ukunaka kwazo. Isibonelo, e-Estonia, ukuze kufundwe kangcono indlela yokuphila kwamantshontsho amnyama, kwafakwa ama-webcam kwezinye izindawo.
Kuyajabulisa ukubona inyoni indiza. Intamo yakhe idonswa phambili, kuyilapho imilenze yakhe ende ibuyiselwa emuva. Njengamaqhude amhlophe, amnyama ezimweni ezivamisile ukumane andize nge-midair enamaphiko asakazekile nangendlela evuselelekayo. Indiza yabo ihambisana nokukhala kwasekuqaleni okufika kithi kufana nopelepele.
Lalela izwi likantshontsho omnyama
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwazo, izinyoni zingamboza amabanga amakhulu, aze afike ku-500 km. Ukuze bawele ulwandle, bakhetha izindawo zabo ezincane kakhulu. Abathandi ukundiza phezu kolwandle isikhathi eside.
Ngalesi sizathu, amatilosi akuvamile ukuthi akwazi ukubona amantshontsho amnyama ezulazula olwandle. Ukuze bawele ugwadule lwaseSahara, bahlala eduze nolwandle.
Ishumi leminyaka lokugcina lika-Agasti libonakaliswa ukuqala kokufuduka kwezingwamza ezimnyama ziqonde ngaseningizimu. Maphakathi no-Mashi, izinyoni zibuyela emakhaya. Uma ubheka izimfihlo zalezi zinyoni, kuncane okwaziwayo ngendlela yabo yokuphila.
Amantshontsho amnyama akhetha ukudla imikhiqizo ebukhoma. Inhlanzi encane, amasele, izinambuzane ezihlala eduze kwamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa ngisho nezirhubuluzayo. Ezimweni ezingavamile, zingadla ezitshalweni zasemanzini. Ukuze uzitholele ukudla, le nyoni kwesinye isikhathi inqoba kuze kufike ku-10 km. Ngemuva kwalokho babuyela esidlekeni.
Izinhlobo zama-Storks
Emvelweni kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 zezingwamza. Bangatholakala noma kuphi. Abamele laba abalandelayo bathathwa njengabaziwayo kakhulu nabathandwayo:
- I-White Stork Ingafinyelela ukuphakama okufika ku-1m. Le nyoni inamapulangwe amhlophe qwa. Kulesi sisekelo, imilenze noqhwaku obomvu obunemibala kuhlukaniswa ngokucacile. Iminwe yezandla ixhumeke ulwelwesi. Owesifazane nabesilisa abanemehluko omkhulu. Abesifazane kuphela abancanyana ngosayizi. Izinyoni azinazo izintambo zezwi. Akukho msindo owake wezwa kubo nakancane.
Esithombeni kunogolantethe omhlophe
- Far East Stork ayihlukile ngokubukeka kokumhlophe, yiMpumalanga Ekude kuphela nje enkudlwana futhi uqhwaku lwayo lunombala omnyama. Lezi zinyoni emvelweni ziya ngokuya zincipha, akukho bantu abangaphezulu kwe-1000.
Far East Stork
- Ingulube emnyama njengoba sekushiwo, inamapheya amnyama emzimbeni ongaphezulu nomhlophe ngaphansi. Imilenze nezindebe zalo zibomvu ngokugqamile. Ngenxa yobukhona bezintambo zakhe zezwi, ugwababa wenza imisindo ethokozisayo.
Esithombeni kunogolantethe omnyama
- Bopha ingulube wabheka enye yezinyoni ezinkulu zalolu hlobo. Indawo ezungeze amehlo enyoni ngaphandle kwe-fluff ibomvu. Uqhwaku luphothwe ngokusobala, lunombala wewolintshi. Kumapulangwe amnyama namhlophe, amagagasi apinki abonakala kahle emzimbeni woqhwaku.
Esithombeni, ingquza umlomo
- UMarabu nakanjani akukho maninzi ekhanda. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ingwamza yemabhele ingahlukaniswa ngumlomo omkhulu.
UMarabou Stork
- I-Stork ivulekile. Umbala wayo wezimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani. Umlomo mkhulu, uluhlaza okotshani.
Ingquza
Ukubukeka
Izici zangaphandle zicishe zifane ngokuphelele nokuvela kwamaqhude ajwayelekile. Ngaphandle kwepula elimnyama. Umnyama omnyama unqoba emhlane, amaphiko, umsila, ikhanda, isifuba. Emathunzi amhlophe apendiwe ingxenye yesisu kanye nengaphansi. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubantu abadala, i-plumage ithola umbala obomvu, obomvu kanye nensimbi.
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Kwenziwa ibala elizungeze amehlo ngaphandle kwamapayipi anombala obomvu okhanyayo. Uqhwaku nemilenze nayo ine-tint ebomvu ekhanyayo. Ikhanda, intamo nesifuba sabantu abasha kuthatha izithunzi ezinsundu ngeziqongo eziphuphukile ezimpaphe. Njengomthetho, abantu abadala bafinyelela ku-80-110 cm.Izinsikazi zinesisindo esisuka ku-2,7 ziye ku-3 kg, kanti abesilisa banesisindo esisuka ku-2,8 kuya ku-3.2 kg. Ububanzi be-wingspan bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.85 - 2.1.
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Kukhombisa izwi eliphakeme. Kwenza umsindo ufane nopelepele. Akunqabile ukuqhekeka ngoqhwaku lwayo, njengesikhalo esimhlophe. Kodwa-ke, amantshontsho amnyama anomsindo othule kancane. Endizeni kukhipha isililo esikhulu. Isidleke sigcina iphimbo elizolile. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kukhipha umsindo ofana nowezwi elikhulu. Amachwane anezwi elihlanzekile futhi elimnandi kakhulu.
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Umsoco
Ukhozi olumnyama lukhetha ukudla izakhamizi zamanzi: ama-vertebrates amancane, izilwane ezingenamsoco nezinhlanzi. Ekujuleni akuzingeli. Idla ngamamishi wamanzi namachibi. Ebusika, idla ngamagundane, izinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukubamba izinyoka, izibankwa kanye nemollusks.
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Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Photo: Black Stork
Umndeni we-stork uqukethe i-genera eminingana emaqenjini amathathu amakhulu: izingwamza zezihlahla (i-Mycteria ne-Anastomus), izingwamza ezinkulu (i-Ephippiorhynchus, iJabiru neLeptoptilos) kanye "nezingulube ezijwayelekile", iCiconia. Ama-storks ajwayelekile afaka i-stork emhlophe nezinye izinhlobo eziyisithupha ezikhona. Ngaphakathi kohlobo lweCiconia, izihlobo eziseduzane kakhulu zohlobo olumnyama ezinye izinhlobo zaseYurophu + unogolantethe omhlophe nohlobo lwangaphambilini lwazo, udoba omhlophe osempumalanga empumalanga ye-Asia onomlomo omnyama.
Ividiyo: Imfezi emnyama
Isazi semvelo esivela eNgilandi, uFrancis Willoughby, waba ngowokuqala ukuchaza istokhethi esimnyama ngekhulu le-17 lapho embona eFrankfurt. Ubize le nyoni ngokuthi yiCiconia nigra, kusuka amagama esiLatini athi "shukela" no "mnyama", ngokulandelana. Lesi ngesinye sezilwane eziningi ezachazwa isazi sezilwane saseSweden uCarl Linnaeus endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi yiSyndema Naturae, lapho le nyoni yanikezwa khona igama elithi binomial Ardea nigra. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, isazi sezilwane saseFrance uJacques Brisson wasidlulisela isithunzi esimnyama kuhlobo olusha lweCiconia.
Ingwamza emnyama iyilungu lohlobo lweCiconia, noma amahlaya ajwayelekile. Leli yiqembu lezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezandisiwe ezibonakala ngemilomo eqondile futhi ngokuyinhloko zimnyama nezinhlophe. Esikhathini eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi imbaza emnyama ihlobene eduze nogolantethe omhlophe (C. ciconia). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya ngofuzo kusetshenziswa ukucwaswa kwe-DNA kanye ne-mitochondrial DNA ye-cytochrome b, eyenziwe nguBeth Slikas, kwabonisa ukuthi udrako omnyama ngaphambili wawubhekwe kakhulu kuhlobo lweCiconia. Izidumbu zamathambo zitholwe kungqimba yeMiocene eziqhingini zaseRoussing naseMaboko eKenya, ezingafani nhlobo namantshontsho amhlophe namnyama.
Ngabe udlani oluhlaza?
Photo: Black Stork kusuka Red Book
Lezi zinyoni ezidla inyama zithola ukudla zimi emanzini zinamaphiko zisakazeka. Bahamba buthule amakhanda abo ekhothamele ukubona inyamazane. Lapho ingulube emnyama ibona ukudla, iphonsa ikhanda phambili, ibambe ngomlomo omude. Uma kunesisulu esincane, amantshontsho amnyama athambekele ekuzingeleni ngokwawo. Amaqembu akhiwa ukuze asizakale ngemithombo yokudla ecebile.
Ukudla kwamaqhude amnyama kufaka phakathi:
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinhlanzi zakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla. Kungondla futhi kuma-amphibians, crabs, ngesinye isikhathi izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni, kanye nama-invertebrates anjengeminenke, iminyundu, imollusks nezinambuzane ezinjengamabhungane amanzi nezibungu zawo.
Ukudla kutholakala ikakhulu emanzini amasha, yize empeleni ingulube emnyama ingafuna ukudla emhlabeni. Le nyoni ngesineke nangokuhamba kancane ihamba emanzini angajulile, izama ukufihla amanzi ngamaphiko ayo.ENdiya, lezi zinyoni zivame ukondla imihlambi yezinhlobo ezixubile ne-stork emhlophe (C. ciconia), ingulube emhlophe enezinwele (C. episcopus), Demoiselle crane (G. virgo) ne-goose yasezintabeni (A. izinkomba). Ugwababa omnyama futhi ulandela izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo ezinjengezinyamazane nemfuyo, okusobala ukuthi zidla ama-invertebrates kanye nezilwane ezincane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni Emnyama Yensangu
Eyaziwa ngokuziphatha kwabo okuzolile nokuyimfihlo, uC. Nigra kuyinyoni ekhaliphile kakhulu, elwela ukuhlala kude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu nanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wabantu. Amaqhude amnyama ayedwa ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Yinyoni efudukayo esebenzayo phakathi nosuku.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amantshontsho amnyama ahamba emhlabathini ngejubane eliqinile. Bahlala bahlala bemi bemi, kaningi emlenzeni owodwa. Lezi zinyoni zingabantu “abashayeli bezindiza” abahle kakhulu bendiza phezulu kumoya ofudumele womoya. Emoyeni, babamba amakhanda abo ngezansi komugqa womzimba, belula izintamo zabo phambili. Ngaphezu kokufuduka, iCC nigra ayindiza emhlambini.
Njengomthetho, kwenzeka wedwa noma ngababili noma emihlambi yezinyoni ezingaba yikhulu ngesikhathi sokufuduka noma ebusika. Unogolantethe omnyama unoluhla olubanzi lwezimpawu zomsindo kune-stork emhlophe. Umsindo wakhe oyinhloko awenzayo unjengokuphefumula okukhulu. Ku umsindo ozwakala njengesexwayiso noma usongo. Abesilisa bakhombisa uchungechunge olude lwemisindo eshaya ngamandla ekhuphuka ngevolumu, bese umfutho womsindo wehle. Abantu abadala bangangqongqoza ngemilomo yabo njengengxenye yomkhosi wokuguga noma intukuthelo.
Ngokuhambisa umzimba wale nyoni, zizama ukuxhumana namanye amalungu ezinhlobo. Unogolantethe ubeka umzimba wayo ngokuqondile futhi ngokushesha uthambisa ikhanda phezulu naphansi, kufinyelela ku-30 °, bese iphinda emuva, uqokomisa izingxenye ezimhlophe zepulamu layo, futhi lokhu kuyaphindwa kaninginingi. Lokhu kunyakaza kusetshenziselwa ukubingelela phakathi kwezinyoni kanye - nangamandla amaningi - njengosongo. Kodwa-ke, imvelo yodwa yezinhlobo zezilwane isho ukuthi usongo aluvamile.
Incazelo yengwamza emnyama
Ishubhu elingaphezulu libonakala ngokuba khona kwezimpaphe ezimnyama ezinamabala abomvu aluhlaza okotshani. Engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba, umbala we izimpaphe mhlophe. Inyoni endala inkulu impela, ihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi. Ukuphakama okuyisilinganiso sogolantethe omnyama kungu-1.0-1.1 m onesisindo somzimba esingu-2.8-3.0 kg. Izimpiko zenyoni zingahluka phakathi kuka-1.50-1.55 m.
Inyoni emncanyana nenhle ihlukaniswa ngemilenze emincanyana, intamo enhle nomlomo omude. Uqhwaku nemilenze yenyoni ibomvu. Endaweni yesifuba kunezimpaphe ezikhulu futhi eziphazamisekile, ezikhumbuza ngobuqokoqololo bekhola yoboya. Ukucatshangelwa mayelana "nokubumbeka" kwezingwamza ezimnyama, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-syrinx, akunasisekelo, kepha lolu hlobo lunokuthula kakhulu kunezingulube ezimhlophe.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Amantshontsho amnyama athole igama lawo ngenxa yombala wamaphekula, yize iqiniso lokuthi imibala yezimpaphe zale nyoni inemibala eluhlaza okotshani obukhulu kunombala ogqamile.
Umhlobiso wamehlo ukwakheka kokubomvu. Abesifazane kwabesilisa cishe abafani ngokubukeka kwabo. Isimanga sale nyoni encane isithombe, uhlaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwendawo ezungeze amehlo, kanye nensumpa ethile efiphele. Amaqhugwane amnyama amadala anenqwaba nge-gloss ne-mosagation. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka minyaka yonke, kuqala ngoFebhuwari futhi kugcina ngokuqala kukaMeyi-Juni.
Noma kunjalo, kuyinyoni efihlekile futhi eqaphile kakhulu, ngakho-ke, indlela yokuphila kogoli omnyama okwamanje ayiqondakali kahle. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ngokuya nge-banding data, ingwamza emnyama iyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili. Ekudingisweni, kuqoshwe ngokusemthethweni, kanye nesikhathi sokuphila serekhodi seminyaka engama-31.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
Amantshontsho amnyama ahlala ehlathini lamazwe ase-Euro. Ezweni lakithi, lezi zinyoni zitholakala endaweni kusukela eMpumalanga Ekude kuya eLwandle lweBaltic. Abanye abantu bensangu emnyama bahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeRussia, izindawo ezinamahlathi eDagestan neStavropol Territory.
Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Inani elincane kakhulu libonwa ePrimorsky Territory. Isikhathi sebusika, izinyoni zichitha engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Asia. Inani labantu abahlala phansi kwezingwamza ezimnyama lihlala eNingizimu Afrika. Ngokusho kokubonwayo, njengamanje iningi labantu abantshontsho abamnyama bahlala eBelarus, kepha lapho kuqala ubusika, liya e-Afrika.
Lapho ukhetha indawo yokuhlala, preference inikezwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ezingenakufinyeleleka, ezimelelwa ngamahlathi ayizithulu nabadala abanezindawo ezinamachibi namathafa, ezansi kwezinyawo eduze kwamachibi, amachibi amahlathi, imifula noma imigodi. Ngokungafani nabanye abameleli abaningi be-oda Ciconiiformes, izingwamza ezimnyama azinakuhlala endaweni eseduze yokuhlala kwabantu.
Ukudla okumnyama kwengulube
Ukhozi olumnyama oludla, njengomthetho, inhlanzi, futhi lusebenzisa izilwanyana ezincane zasemanzini kanye nezilwane zasendlini ekudleni. Inyoni le idla emanzini angajulile kanye nezimayini zamanzi, kanye nasezindaweni eziseduzane nezidumbu zamanzi. Ngenkathi yobusika, ngaphezu kokuphakelwa okungenhla, ingwamza emnyama iyakwazi ukondla ngamagundane amancane nezinambuzane ezinkulu ezingenacala. Kunezimo lapho izinyoni ezindala zidla izinyoka, izinyoka nezinyoni.
Izitha zemvelo
Ugwababa omnyama cishe awunazo izitha ezihlaselayo ezisongela lezi zinhlobo, kodwa iqhude elingwevu nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama ziyakwazi ukweba amaqanda esidlekeni. Amakati ashiya isidleke sawo ekuseni kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi abulawa yizilwane ezinemilenze emine, kufaka impungushe nempisi, ibheja nenja enamafutha, kanye nembumbulu. Ukucekelwa phansi kwenqwaba yezinyoni zabazingeli nabazingeli abanjalo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Njengamanje, izingwamza ezimnyama zibhalwe ku-Red Book ezindaweni ezinjengeRussia neBelarus, iBulgaria, Tajikistan ne-Uzbekistan, i-Ukraine neKazakhstan. Le nyoni ingabonakala emakhasini e-Red Book yaseMordovia, kanye nasezifundeni zakwaVolgograd, Saratov nase-Ivanovo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi inhlala-kahle yalolu hlobo ngokuqondile incike ezicini ezifana nokuphepha nesimo se-nestot biotopes. Ukunciphisa inani eliphelele logwababa olumnyama kunomthelela omkhulu ekwehlisweni kokuphakelwa kokudla, kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwezindawo ezingamahlathi ezilungele izinyoni ezinjalo. Phakathi kokunye, esifundeni saseKaliningrad kanye namazwe aseBaltic, ukuvikela izindawo zohlobo lwensangu emnyama, kuthathwe izinyathelo eziqinile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ama-Stork Chick
ICiconia nigra izala minyaka yonke ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ama-oval amhlophe ama-3 kuye kwangama-5 ngokubekwa ezindlekeni ezinkulu zezinduku kanye nokungcola. Lezi izidleke zivame ukusetshenziswa futhi izinkathi eziningi zonyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi abazali banakekela izinyoni kwezinye izidleke ngokunakekela izingane, kufaka nezinsana zamaqanda (i-Ictinaetus malayensis) nezinye. Izidleke zodwa, ngababili bahlakazeka kule ndawo ebangeni okungenani le-1 km. Lolu hlobo lungahlalwa izidleke zezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, ezifana neKaffir ukhozi noma i-hammerhead, futhi ngokuvamile ziphinde zisebenzise izidleke eminyakeni elandelayo.
Lapho zithandana, izingwamza ezimnyama zibonisa izindiza zomoya ezibonakala zihlukile phakathi kwamaqhude. Izinyoni ezimbili zihamba ngokufana, imvamisa ngaphezu kwensimu esidlekeni ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Enye yezinyoni isakaza umsila wayo omhlophe ongezansi, kanti lo mbhangqwana ubizana. Lezi izindiza ezinakekelayo kunzima ukuzibona ngenxa yendawo eminyene yamahlathi ezihlala kuyo. Isidleke sakhiwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-4-25.I-stork emnyama ithanda ukwakha isidleke esihlahleni somuthi esinomqhele omkhulu, siyibeka kude nesiqu esikhulu.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Udoba olumnyama udinga kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-32 kuye kwezingama-38 luze lufike ezinsukwini ezingama-71 ngaphambi kokuvela kwenqwaba yezinsana ukubopha amaqanda. Ngemuva kokubaleka, amaphuphu ahlala ancike kubazali bawo amasonto amaningi. Izinyoni zifinyelela ekukhuleni lapho zineminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.
Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlanganyela ekunakekelweni kwesizukulwane esisha futhi bakhe izidleke ndawonye. Abesilisa babheka kakhulu lapho kufanele isidleke, futhi baqoqe izinti, udaka notshani. Abesifazane bakhela isidleke. Ukuzibophezela kokufakwa ekufakweni kulele ngabesilisa nabesifazane, yize abesifazane besifazane imvamisa. Lapho izinga lokushisa esidlekeni seliphezulu kakhulu, ngezikhathi ezithile abazali baletha amanzi ngoqhwaku lwabo futhi balithululele kumaqanda abo noma amachwane abo ukuze babapholise. Bobabili abazali bondla abancane. Ukudla kuqhuma phansi kwesidleke, futhi amantshontsho amnyama adla ngaphansi kwesidleke.
Unogada onogada abamnyama
Photo: Black Stork kusuka Red Book
Kusukela ngo-1998, ibhungane elimnyama belikalwa njengoba lingazange lifakwe engcupheni yiRed Book Registering Endangered Species (IUCN). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inyoni inomsakazo omkhulu wokusabalalisa - ngaphezu kwe-20,000 km² - futhi ngoba inani lawo, ngokusho kososayensi, alizange lehle ngama-30% eminyakeni eyishumi noma izizukulwane ezintathu zezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, lokhu akuyona ukwehla kwezimali okusheshayo ngokwanele ukuthola isimo esisengcupheni.
Kodwa-ke, isimo nenani labantu aliqondakali kahle, futhi yize izinhlobo zinabile, inani lazo kwezinye izindawo lilinganiselwe. E-Russia, inani labantu lehlile kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuyi-Red Book yezwe. Kubhalwe nakuRoad Book of Volgograd, Saratov, Ivanovo, Khabarovsk naseSakhalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ziyavikelwa: Tajikistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Zonke izindlela zokonga ezenzelwe ukukhulisa ukuzalwa kwezinhlobo nobuningi babantu kufanele zimboze izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi acashile futhi kufanele zigxile ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yomfula, ekuvikeleni nasekuphathiseni izindawo zokondliwa, futhi kuthuthukiswe izinsiza zokudla ngokwakha amachibi amancane okufakelwa ezimbizeni noma imifula
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Estonia lukhombisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwezihlahla ezinkulu ezindala ngesikhathi sokuphathwa kwamahlathi kubalulekile ukuhlinzeka iziza ezidlekayo zezinhlobo.
Ingulube emnyama Kuvikelwe Isivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwezinyoni ZaseYurophu (i-AEWA) ne-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES).
Umnotho
Igama lesi Latin - ciconia nigra
Igama lesiNgisi - ingulube emnyama
Isigaba - izinyoni (Aves)
Ukuhlonza - ciconiiformes (Ciconiiformes)
Umndeni - IStork (Ciconiidae)
Ingwamza emnyama iyinyoni engandile, ekhaliphile kakhulu futhi efihla imfihlo. Ngokungafani nesihlobo sakhe esisondelene kakhulu - unogolantethe omhlophe - uhlala ezigcina kude nomuntu, azihlalele kude, ezindaweni ezingenakufinyeleleka.
Isimo sokuLondolozwa
Naphezu kobubanzi bawo obukhulu, ubabamnyama impela ungowezinhlobo ezingandile, ezisengozini. E-Russia, isibalo sawo siyancipha ngokuqinile, indawo yezindawo ezilungele izidleke iyancipha, futhi isibalo sezinhlobo zezwe lethu ezweni asidluli ngamabele angama-500 okuzala. Uhlobo lufakiwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yaseRussia kanye namazwe angomakhelwane - i-Ukraine, iBelarus, neKazakhstan. Kunezivumelwano ezimbalwa zamazwe omhlaba zokuvikela izingulube ezimnyama (neJapan, Korea, India, China).
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
Ibanga le-stork emnyama likhulu kakhulu. Isatshalaliswa isuka eMpumalanga Yurophu iye eMpumalanga Ekude, Korea nase China. Izindawo ezizimele zodwa zitholakala kwiNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, eTurkey, eTranscaucasia, e-Iran, emaphethelweni eCentral Asia, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
E-Russia, udosi omnyama usatshalaliswa usuka olwandle iBaltic uye ngaphesheya kwe-Urals ogudle umgwaqo u-60-61 kanye nalo lonke elaseningizimu yeSiberia kuya Empumalanga Ekude. Kunabantu abahlukene bodwa eChechnya, eDagestan, naseStavropol Territory. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke zabamnyama ezweni laseRussia izidleke zase Primorsky Territory, futhi inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezidleke emhlabeni lihlala endaweni yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle zaseZvanets eBelarus.
Isigaxa esimnyama sihlala emahlathini amadala aminyene emathafeni nasezintabeni zezinyawo eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi - amachibi amahlathi, imifula, imigodi. Ikhuphukela ezintabeni ifinyelela ezingeni lika-2000m.
Indlela Yokuphila Nenhlangano Yezenhlalo
Ingwamza emnyama inyoni efudukayo. Izindawo zayo eziphambili zobusika ezisezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia nase-Afrika. ENingizimu Afrika kuphela lapho kunabantu abangabodwa abahlala khona kulo mbungu. Bandiza ezindaweni zokudlela ngoMashi-Ephreli, bandiza ngoSepthemba, bangakhi amaqembu amakhulu okufuduka.
Lapho indiza, ibhuku elimnyama linwebela intamo yalo phambili, kanye nemilenze - emuva. Futhi yena, njengezinye izinhlobo zezingwamza, uvama ukundiza ngokukhululeka emoyeni, esakaza amaphiko akhe ububanzi. Mhlawumbe ukuphela kwithuba lokubona unogolantethe omnyama ngokwemvelo yilapho ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwesidleke.
Imbizana emnyama, efana emhlophe, ayivezi ukunikeza izwi, kepha i-repertoire yayo "eguquguqukayo" ichuma kakhulu. Lapho endiza, ukhipha izwi elikhulu, kube mnandi endlebeni, amemeze, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhwelwa kwezwi uzwakala kakhulu. Namhlanjana imnyama imvelaphi yokukhwehlela imisindo imemeza nokumemeza. Kepha iqhuma ngoqhwaku lwayo, njengoba kwenza amabele amhlophe, kuyaqabukela.
Amantshontsho amnyama asebenza kuphela ngesikhathi sosuku.
Impilo e-zoo
Kunombhangqwana owodwa omnyama ohlala e-zoo yethu. Ehlobo, zingabonakala njalo ezindlini zezindiza eduze kwendlu yezinyoni, futhi ebusika zichitha isikhathi esiningi zangaphakathi. Ngo-2014 nango-2015, izingwamza zazala ngempumelelo, unyaka ngamunye zazondla amathole ama-3. Izinkungu zabantu abadala zazifaka umbandela futhi zondle ngokwazo amachwane.
Ukudla kwama-storks amnyama kwi-zoo kufaka phakathi i-350 g yezinhlanzi, i-350 g yenyama, amagundane ama-2 namaxoxo ayi-5.
