Umbungu uyisilwane, emi ngaphandle kokukwazi kwayo ukuguqula imibala, kepha futhi nekhono lokuhambisa amehlo ayo ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Hhayi kuphela la maqiniso amenza isimungulu esimangalisa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala ye-chameleon
Kunombono wokuthi igama elithi chameleon laqhamuka olimini lwesiGreek futhi lisho ukuthi "ibhubesi lomhlaba." Uhla lwama-chameleon yi-Afrika, iMadagascar, India, iSri Lanka kanye neNingizimu Yurophu.
Imvamisa etholakala kakhulu kuma-savannah namahlathi asendaweni ezishisayo, amanye ahlala ezindulini zaphansi futhi inani elincane kakhulu lihlala ezigodini ze-steppe. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-160 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Bangaphezu kuka-60 kubo abahlala eMadagascar.
Izidumbu ze-chameleon ezindala kakhulu, ezineminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-26, zatholakala eYurophu. Ubude bezilwane ezijwayelekile buyisentimitha ezingama-30. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu izinhlobo zezinyoni I-Furcifer oustaleti ifinyelela ku-70 cm. Abamele iBrookesia micra ikhula ibe ngu-15 mm kuphela.
Ikhanda le-chameleon lihlotshiswe nge-crest, ama-tubercles noma izimpondo ezinde futhi ezikhombe. Izici ezinjalo zivela kwabesilisa kuphela. Ngokubukeka chameleon kubukeka isililokodwa eqinisweni kuncane abafana ngakho.
Ezinhlangothini zomzimba we-chameleon unesibopho esikhulu kangangokuba kubonakala sengathi ubengaphansi kwabezindaba. Ukuba khona kogibe olukhonjiwe futhi olukhonjisiwe kwenza kufane nodrako omncane, intamo ayikho.
Emilenzeni emide nemincane kuneminwe emihlanu, ehlanganiswa ngaphesheya komunye nomunye ngeminwe emi-2 ne-3 bese iba uhlobo lokugqokwa. Emunweni ngamunye weminwe kukhona uzipho olubukhali. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukuthi sibambe ngokuphelele futhi siqhubekele phezulu kwezihlahla.
Umsila we-chameleon ungqimba impela, kepha ngasekupheleni kwawo uba mncane futhi ungasonteka lapho kuvunguza. Lesi futhi yisitho sokubamba esihuquzelayo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zinomsila omfushane.
Ulimi lwesilwane esihuquzelayo sisinde futhi siphindwe kabili kuze kube kabili kunomzimba. Babamba inyamazane kubo. Ukukhanyiswa okusheshayo (imizuzwana engu-0,07), kukhipha ulimi, amakamela abambe isisulu, angashiyi thuba lokusindiswa. Indlebe yangaphandle nephakathi kwezilwane ayikho, okubenza bangezwa. Kepha, noma kunjalo, bangabona imisindo ebangeni lama-200-600 Hertz.
Lokhu kushoda kunxephezelwa umbono omuhle kakhulu. Izinkophe ze-chameleons zihlala zimboze amehlo abo, ngoba asetshenzisiwe. Kukhona izimbobo ezikhethekile zabafundi. Amehlo angakwesokunxele nakwesokudla ahamba ngokungaguquki, okukuvumela ukuthi ubone konke okukuyo nge-angle yama-degrees angama-360.
Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, lesi silwane sigxila kuzo zombili izinyamazane. Izinga lokubona lenza ukuthi kube lula ukuthola izinambuzane kude namamitha ayishumi. Ama-chameleons abonakala kahle ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ukuba kule ngxenye yesibuko esikhanyayo, okuhuqayo kuyasebenza kakhulu kunokujwayelekile.
Esithombeni, amehlo e-chameleon
Ukuthandwa ngokukhethekile chameleons kutholwe ngenxa yekhono lazo lokushintsha Umbala. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokushintsha umbala wesilwane uzenze indawo, kepha lokhu akulungile. Isimo semizwelo (ukwesaba, ukulamba, ukukhula komzimba, njll.), Kanye nezimo zemvelo (umswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukukhanyisa, njll.) Yizici ezithinta ushintsho lombala wesilwane esihuquzelayo.
Ukushintsha kombala kwenzeka ngenxa yama-chromatophores - amaseli aqukethe imibala ehambelana. Le nqubo ihlala imizuzu eminingana, ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala awushintshi ngokuyisisekelo.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila yotho
AmaChameleon achitha cishe impilo yawo yonke emagatsheni ezihlahla. Ziyehla kuphela ngenkathi yokukhwelana. Kukulesi simo lapho kulula ukuthi i-chameleon inamathele kufihla. Kunzima ukuhamba emhlabathini ngezinzipho. Ngakho-ke, ukukhululeka kwabo kuyajuluka. Ukuba khona kwamaphoyinti ambalwa wokusekelwa, kufaka phakathi nomsila wokubamba, kuvumela izilwane ukuba zizizwe zizinhle ethafeni.
Umsebenzi weChameleon uboniswa ngesikhathi sasemini. Bahamba kancane. Bancamela ukuba sendaweni eyodwa, umsila kanye nama-paws eshaya igatsha lesihlahla. Kepha bagijima bagxume bancele ngokwanele, uma kunesidingo. Izinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo, izibankwa ezinkulu nezinhlobo ezithile zezinyoka zingaba yingozi ku-chameleon. Ekuboneni kwesitha, i-reptile ikhuphuka njengebhaluni, umbala wayo uyashintsha.
Lapho ukhipha umoya okhanyayo, i-chameleon iqala ukuhogela futhi ihlokomezele, izama ukwesabisa isitha. Kungakuluma ngisho, kepha njengoba isilwane sinamazinyo abuthakathaka, akubangeli amanxeba amakhulu. Manje abantu abaningi banesifiso buy chameleon yezilwane. Ekhaya, zigcinwa endaweni yokudlela. Chameleon njengesilwane esifuywayo hhayi ukudala inkinga enkulu uma umakhela indawo ntofontofo. Kulolu daba, kungcono ukubonana nochwepheshe.
Umsoco
Ukudla kwe-chameleon kwenziwa ngezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba iqamekele, isilwane esidlekayo sihlala isikhathi eside egatsheni lesihlahla, amehlo aso ahlala eshukuma nje. Kuliqiniso, kwesinye isikhathi i-chameleon ingakwazi ukweqa isisulu kancane. Ukubanjwa kwesinambuzane kwenzeka ngokukhipha ulimi nokudonsela isisulu emlonyeni.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngaso leso sikhathi, ngemizuzwana nje emithathu, kungabanjwa izinambuzane ezine. Ama-chameleons abamba ukudla ngosizo olungapheli lolimi, olusebenza njenge-sucker kanye namathe anamathe kakhulu. Izinto ezinkulu zihlelwe ngosizo lwenqubo yokuhamba olimini.
Amanzi asetshenziswa emizimbeni yamanzi emile. Ngokulahleka komswakama, amehlo aqala ukucwila, izilwane empeleni "zomile". Ekhaya chameleon ithanda amakhethini, ama-cockroache asezindaweni ezishisayo, izithelo, amaqabunga ezinye izitshalo. Ungakhohlwa ngamanzi.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ama-chameleon amaningi a-oviparous. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, insikazi ibamba amaqanda izinyanga ezimbili. Isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda, umama okhulelwe ukhombisa ukukhathazeka ngokweqile nolaka. Banombala ogqamile futhi abazivumi ngokwabo abesilisa.
Umama okhulelwe wehlela emhlabathini abheke indawo ukuze abambe umgodi abeke amaqanda. Uhlobo ngalunye lunenombolo yamaqanda ahlukile futhi lungasukela kwabayi-10 kuye kwayi-60. I-Clutch ingaba cishe emithathu unyaka wonke. Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kungathatha noma kuphi kusuka ezinyangeni ezinhlanu kuya eminyakeni emibili (futhi kuya ngohlobo).
Izinsana zizalwa zizimele futhi, lapho nje zizingela, zigijimela ezitshalweni ukucasha ezitheni. Uma owesilisa engekho, insikazi ingazalela amaqanda “amanoni,” lapho umntwana engeke aqhume khona. Zinyamalala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.
Umgomo wokuzalwa kwama-chameleon we-viviparous awuhlukile kakhulu ku-oviparous. Umehluko ukuthi insikazi ithwala amaqanda ngaphakathi kuyo kuze kufike ukuzalwa kwezingane. Kulokhu, kungavela ezinganeni ezingama-20. Ama-chameleon awakhulisi inzalo yawo.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-chameleon singafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-9. Abesifazane baphila okuncane, njengoba impilo yabo icekelwa phansi ukukhulelwa. Intengo yeChameleon Ayimude kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukungajwayelekile kwesilwane, ukubukeka okuthandekayo nemikhuba ehlekisayo kungathokozisa isithandwa se-fauna esihle.
I-Chameleon: ukuthi ibukeka kanjani, incazelo, ukwakheka, izici
Lezi zibankwa ziyizidalwa ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Isifudumezi saso simbozwe ngokuphelele ngesikhumba esinohlobo olunamashubhu amancanyana, aminyene. Abanye abantu ebusweni banezimpondo ezibukhali, izigqoko zokuvikela, okubekwa okuncane kweparele eduze kwamehlo.
Ama-chameleon akhetha ukugibela izihlahla. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, baneminwe emibili nantathu esele ngonyawo ngalunye. Iminwe ikhula ndawonye ngamaqembu amabili aphikisanayo. Eqenjini ngalinye, iminwe emibili emihlathini yangaphambili kanye ne-3 emilenzeni yangemuva ibukeka “njengezandla”. Ezitsheni zomunwe ngamunye kukhona uzipho olulodwa olubukhali, ngenxa yokuthi izingulule zingagibela ngokuthula, zinamathele ku-bark. Ngaphezu kwemilenze kukhona nomsila, ama-chameleon nawo awusebenzisayo ngenkathi ekhuphuka isiqu.
Paws of chameleon
Lezi izibankwakazi zingamakhosi angempela okufihla. Abafihli kuphela inyamazane yabo, kepha futhi nasezilwaneni ezidla imiphefumulo. Futhi, ama-chameleon adume ngeqiniso lokuthi angaba sesimweni esifanayo izinsuku eziningana. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, ama-chameleon aqandayo amasonto ambalwa. Ngakho-ke ibhungane likhinyabeza ukuqaphela kwesisulu salo futhi lihlasele ngesizotha.
Ukufiphala kwenyoni
Ama-chameleon cishe awabonakali emahlathini ezitshalo. Bangakwazi ukuthatha noma yimuphi umbala, bazifihla ngathi izinto ezizungezile. Uma ubheka i-chameleon ngaphambili, izovela isicaba. Izinguquko zombala zenzeka ngenxa yensiza ekhethekile yesikhumba, ekwazi ukuzenza indawo yendawo yesilwane.
Chameleon ngaphambili
Ahlala kuphi ama-chameleon?
AmaChameleon ahlala e-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara. Zitholakala naseMadagascar, iziqhingi eziseduze. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emazweni ase-Asia, emazweni ase-Arab. Ngaphansi kokujwayelekile zitholakala eMelika ezifundeni ezifudumele.
Ama-chameleons akhetha isimo sezulu esishisayo, ama-savannah kanye namagquma ezinyawo. Kulula ukufihla ezingozini, futhi kunokudla okuningi lapho. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila ezindaweni ezisezindongeni.
Isici nendawo yokuhlala
Njengamanje, emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-193 zama-chameleon. Indawo abahlala kuyo isiqhingi saseMadagascar. Ngaphezu kokuhlangana inyamazane yezilwane Kungenzeka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, engxenyeni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, eNdiya, eCalifornia naseFlorida.
Lezi zilwane zithanda ukuhlala phakathi kwezimila ezinkulu. Basebenzisa amagatsha ezihlahla impilo yabo yansuku zonke, ukulala. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo eziphilayo eziphila ngokunethezeka emhlabeni. Angatholakala e-savannah yase-Afrika, i-steppe noma ugwadule.
Ama-chameleons angama-squid aphakathi nendawo aphakathi kwawo ubude bawo bufinyelela ku-17-30 cm. Kukhona imidondoshiya ekhula ibe ngamasentimitha angama-60. Futhi nabamele bawo abancane kakhulu abekho ngaphezu kuka-4,5 cm.
Umzimba walezi zilwane unesimo okusaqanda, uthambile kusukela ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda labesilisa lihlotshiswe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ngesimo sezimpondo, imigilingwane. Izinhloko zezinsikazi azihlotshisiwe nganoma yikuphi ukukhula, noma zona, zisesigabeni sokuthuthuka, zihlala zingabonakali kangako.
Ngosizo lwezinyawo ezinde, i-chameleon ingamane ihambe izungeze izihlahla. Iminwe yabo ifana nodengezi, olusiza ukubopha amagatsha ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Umsila wesilwane owakhiwe kahle unomsebenzi othile. Lolu uhlobo lomlenze wesihlanu we-chameleon, abopha ngalo igatsha.
Ngenxa yekhono lokushintsha umbala wabo kuye ngemvelo, ama-chameleons kudala abaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Futhi lokhu akumangalisi, ngoba akekho omunye umuntu owazi kahle ukuthi uyakwazi ukwenza kahle kanjani. Ukubonakala kwama chameleon kushintsha ngokushesha kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi kumane kudide abantu.
Uyini imfihlo yalesi sici esimangalisayo sesilwane? Kuya ngesakhiwo sesikhumba, kubandakanya izingqimba eziningana ezihlukene ezinesakhiwo esihlukile ngokuphelele. Isendlalelo esingaphezulu sinendima yokuvikela. Kubonakala ngokuphelele.
Zonke ezinye izingqimba ezijulile zesikhumba zinemisebenzi ehlukile. Zigcwele amaseli akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-chromatophores futhi aqukethe imibala yemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungqimba ngalunye lugcwele umbala owodwa oqondile, osuka ophuzi kuya kumnyama.
Ama-chromophores ayancipha kanti nemibala ekuqukethe ihlanganiswe endaweni emaphakathi kumaseli. Lokhu kusebenza njengomfutho wokushintsha umbala wesikhumba sesilwane. Zonke izithunzi ezisezingxenyeni zihlanganiswa nomunye, ngenxa yalokho i-chameleon ingahluka kakhulu. Ukuze ushintsho olunjalo lwenzeke, akuthathi isikhathi esiningi, kuphela isigamu somzuzu sanele.
Into ethokozisayo ukuthi u chameleon kuvela ukuthi akuguquki nje kuphela Umbala umzimba wakhe wonke, kodwa nezitho zangasese. Umbukwane wangempela futhi ongajwayelekile ubonwa ngezinguquko kumbala womsila wesilwane noma izinkophe zakhe zamehlo.
Yini edonsela izilwane ukuba ziguqule imibala ngokushesha okungaka? Kuze kube muva nje, wonke umuntu wayecabanga ukuthi ushintsho olunjalo ekubukekeni i-chameleon lusebenzisa ekuzivikeleni nasekufihleni. Kepha lo mbono uphikisiwe.
Ngakho-ke, lo obengezwani uzama ukusondela futhi aqaphele kubantu abanjengaye. Kunezinguqulo ezingakaqinisekiswa iziphetho zesayensi zokuthi ushintsho lokushisa nokuvezwa ukukhanya, kanye nesimo sangaphakathi sesilwane, kunomthelela kakhulu ekushintsheni kombala.
I-chameleon iyashintsha ngempela emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu noma aphansi, ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ngesikhathi sokwesaba noma indlala. Lesi silwane esimangalisayo siziphatha ngendlela eyisimanga lapho kuduma izulu.
Umzimba wakhe ukhula ngosayizi, kube sengathi uyenyuka. Ubumnyama bumnyama noma nsundu bese uqala ukwanda ngokuxwaya, kufana nemisindo yenyoka. Kuyafaneleka ukuthi ume lapho ubona isilwane, futhi kuyajabulisa. Amehlo ama-chameleons makhulu kakhulu futhi yisixhobo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinejwabu leso eliqhubekayo nezimbobo ezincane kakhulu zabafundi.
Isakhiwo esinjalo akusona isithiyo ku-chameleon emandleni wokugxila kahle umbono wakhe. I-chameleon inganquma kalula ibanga lakho konke okuzungezile futhi ibone konke futhi okusondele kakhulu emehlweni wesilwane.
Okumangalisa nokungajwayelekile ukuthi amehlo ahamba ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Isibonelo, lapho iso lesinxele sesilwane libheke ngqo, kwesokudla singabheka phezulu. Lokhu kuvumela isilwane ukubuka isithombe kuwo wonke ama-engeli.
Uma ubheka lesi sidalwa esijabulisayo nesingajwayelekile, imicabango yokuthi i-chameleon ingumhlaseli ophumelelayo ayifaneleki. Akuwona wonke umuntu okholelwa ukuthi isidalwa esinjalo esinokuphendula okubambezelayo siyakwazi ukwenza okuthile. Eqinisweni, chameleon - ubutha isilwane, elizifihla ngokuphelele, lizitholele ukudla futhi lizivumelanise nezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokuphila.
Konke lokhu kuyaphumelela kuye ngenxa yokubumbana kwesikhumba nesinye isitho - ulimi. Bonke ososayensi bafinyelela esiphethweni esisodwa sokuthi ulimi lwe-chameleon luyisiqu sangempela futhi sithuthukisiwe, esingalawulwa futhi sisetshenziswe izinhloso zomuntu uqobo.
Ulimi lwe-chameleon "luhlwitha" amabanga amade, kwesinye isikhathi okude kakhulu kunomzimba wesilwane. Njengoba inenkomishi ekhethekile yokudla olimini, umhlaseli ubambelela kalula kuyo isisulu sayo.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesiqeshana esisodwa. Ijubane lokubamba ulwimi lezisulu likhulu kangangokuba ngemizuzwana emithathu i-chameleon inezinambuzane okungenani ezine emlonyeni wayo.
Umbala ushintsha kanjani umbala?
Uma sihlola isikhumba se-chameleon kumongo, siyakwazi ukubona: ngaphansi kwesendlalelo sobala se-epidermis ungqimba obukhulu besikhumba. Izendlalelo ezimbili ziyakwazi ukukhombisa isibhakabhaka ne-violet spectrum. Eduze kwabo kukhona ezinye izingqimba ezimbili - enye inamaseli aphuzi, kanti enye inama-brown.
Kwatholakala ukuthi ukuguquka kombala kwenzeka ngenxa yezinguquko ekushiseni kwezinga lokushisa, ukukhanyisa ngisho ... nemizwa yesidalwa. Futhi amaseli akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-chromatophores “asola” ngalokhu. Leli gama lesiGrikhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ukuthwala imibala" (chroma - umbala, upende kanye nama-phoros - ethwele). Ama-chromatophores atholakala ngaphakathi ebusweni (ku-fibrous) nasezingxenyeni ezijulile zesikhumba se-chameleon futhi abe nesakhiwo esinamagatsha anamanzi.
Indlela yokusebenza kwalawa maseli e-pigment iyinkimbinkimbi. Kuhlobene ngqo nokusebenza kohlelo lwezinzwa lwesilwane esihuquzelayo. I-cytoplasm yama chromatophores aqukethe imibala eveza umbala wesikhumba se-chameleon. Amnyama, aphuzi, abomvu, ansundu. Izinhlamvu zamaphalaji azilungisiwe endaweni eyodwa, kepha zinamandla okuhamba kuso sonke iseli, noma zigxila enkabeni, noma "zikhasa" emaphethelweni ayo. Inani lalezi zinhlamvu ze-pigment kuma-chromatophores nazo azifani: esitokisini esisodwa kukhona ngaphezulu, kwesinye - kuncane kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kombala we-chameleon ngenxa yalokhu kuzobe kungalingani.
Lapho izinqubo zesivumelwano se-chromatophore, izinhlamvu ze-pigment ziqoqwa enkabeni yamaseli, isikhumba sibe mhlophe noma siphuzi. Futhi lapho okusanhlamvu kwesikhumba esimnyama kubuthana emagatsheni eseli, isikhumba siba mnyama, singaphenduka mnyama.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemithunzi zitholakala ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kobumba lwe-pigment lwazo zombili izingqimba - okwedlulele nokujulile. Isimo sokubukeka kwamathoni aluhlaza siyathakazelisa: lokhu kungenxa yokuphindwaphindwa kwemisebe engxenyeni yangaphandle, equkethe amakristalu amaningi akhanyisa ukukhanya. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbala we-chameleon ungashintsha ngokushesha: kusuka ekukhanyeni - ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezigqamile ze-orange, eziluhlaza okotshani, onsomi - kuya komnyama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingahlukahluka kubo bonke ubude bomzimba wezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngemivimbo ehlukile nendawo.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo sesikhumba esiyingqayizivele kangako, ama-chameleon angashintsha umbala wawo ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu. Umzimba wonke wezilwane ucwazimula ngombala wamathunzi. Ngenxa yokungabonakali kwama chameleon, ingabonakala kuphela ngenkathi ihamba. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-dinosaurs akavamile ukuhamba, ancamela ukuma nokulinda inyamazane. Ezinye izinhlobo zeminenke zingahamba ngokushesha okukhulu kunamamanyoni. Ukunyakaza ngakunye kubukeka sengathi kuzibophezela ekuhambeni kancane - i-chameleon ibalandela futhi ibalungisa.
Kungani umbala we-chameleon ushintsha umbala?
Ososayensi uBrucke, P. Baer noKruckenberg baphinde baveza ukuthi izimbangela zokushintsha kombala ngalezi ezihubhisayo zingaba zombili ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo ngokwemvelo. Ezokuqala zifaka, ngaphezu kwalokho okungenhla, izinga lokushisa, ukukhanyisa, umswakama owandisiwe, kanye nokuphelelwa ngamandla, indlala nobuhlungu, lokhu okubandakanya ukufaka umuzwa wokwethuka, isimo sokuhlukumeza isitha noma ukuhlangana okungathandeki.
Abasosayensi ofanayo bafika esiphethweni sokuthi uhlelo lwezinzwa lwesilwane esihuquzelayo luyindlela eyinhloko eqhuba okusanhlamvu ku-chromatophores: kusuka ohlelweni lwangaphakathi lwezinzwa, isisusa esiseduze nezinzwa sidluliselwa ku-chromatophore ngayinye, okubangela ukunyakaza kwabo. Ukutholwa okumangazayo iqiniso lokuthi iqhaza elikhulu ekushintsheni umbala we-chameleon udlalwa ngamehlo akhe.
Kwasungulwa ngokuhlolwa ukuthi amandla okushintsha umbala wesikhumba kule reptile azolahleka uma i-optic nerve ilimele noma amehlo ayo ancitshisiwe. Lokho wukuthi, iketanga elinjalo lingalandelelwa: ukukhanya, ukuwela emehlweni nokuthumela amasiginali ngazo, kusebenze ohlelweni lwezinzwa, nakamuva kuma-chromatophores.
Ochwepheshe, behlola lo mbala wombala oguqukayo ongenamkhawulo, baphetha ngokuthi uhlelo lwezinzwa oluyimfihlo lwesilwane esihuquzelayo sinezikhungo ezimbili - ezenzakalelayo nezomeleleyo, futhi bobabili kunjengokungathi banesibopho sokushintsha umbala we-reptile. Owokuqala "unesibopho" sethoni yohlelo lokushintsha imibala futhi uma ucasukile, isikhumba siyakhanya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhungo esizenzakalelayo sincike esikhungweni sokuzithandela, esinciphisa okokuqala futhi, ngenxa yalokho, sinikeza umphumela ophambene - isikhumba simnyama.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi, uma, ngokwesibonelo, i-optic nerve efanelekile isuswa, khona-ke lonke uhlangothi lwesokunene lomzimba we-reptile luza kuba mhlophe bese okuphambene nalokho. Uma intambo yomgogodla i-reptile icasulwa ngugesi, lokhu kuzodala ukukhanya kwesikhumba, uma ngabe okucasulayo
Ahamba kanjani amakamela?
Ekuqaleni, unyawo lwangaphambili luqhubekela phambili kahle, luhlala luqhaqhazela, lizizwa umoya uzungeza. Iphinde yehle ize endaweni efanele, ibambelele ngezihlakala ezibukhali esiqwini sesihlahla. Amawashi asele ahamba ngejubane elifanayo. Kungemva kokudluliswa okuphelele kwazo zonke izitho lapho i-chameleon ihambisa khona umsila wayo endaweni entsha.
Ama-chameleons ahamba kancane. Bahlala begxadazela, kube sengathi kunzima kubo ukuthi bame. Kodwa-ke, isilwane sizingela ngejubane lombani - ulimi lusheshe luphume futhi lubambe isisulu. Izisulu ziyayibona i-chameleon, kodwa ayiyiqapheli ngenxa yombala okhethekile. Ukudlidliza okuncane kwesilwane ngesikhathi sokuhamba kungabhekwa njengokujula kwegatsha ngaphansi komoya.
Ngabe inyamazane izingela kanjani?
Ama-chameleon amaningi awashukumi. Uma ubuka ukuzingela, kungabonakala sengathi izinambuzane ziyavele zihwamuke. Lo muzwa ubangelwa ukunyakaza okushesha kombani kolimi lwesibankwa. Ulimi lwe-chameleon olukwazi ukudubula amabanga ahlonishwayo lungabhekwa njengesimangaliso sangempela sendalo. Ngokuyisisekelo, usayizi wolimi lwama-chameleon uyefana nomzimba wonke.
UChameleon uyazingela
Ijubane lokuphendula kwesilo alikwazi ukumangala - uma liqhathaniswa nalo alitholakali emhlabeni wonke. Iso lomuntu lingase lingakwazi ngisho nokwenza inqubo yokudubula. Isihloko solimi lwe-chameleon sibukeka njengomcibisholo omncane, ekugcineni kwawo siyinkomishi encane yokudonsa. Indebe yokudonsa inamanzi ngesisombululo esikhethekile esinamathelayo. Ngibonga yena, isisulu asikwazi ukuhamba futhi sidonswe ngaso leso sikhathi emlonyeni wesidladla.
Isici esifanayo sesilwane satholakala ezimweni zelebhu. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela ukuthi i-chameleon ayikwazi ukubamba inyamazane emanzi. Ngenxa yekhono lokuzingela ebangeni elikude, ama-chameleon azizwa ebanga elikhulu. Izisulu ezilahlekile ngeke zilinde umzamo olandelayo wokudubula, ngakho-ke kufanele ubambe izinambuzane khona manjalo.
Ngabe ama-chameleon adlani emvelweni?
Ukudla okuningi kwama-chameleon akhiwe ngezilwane ezincane nezinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi izibankwakazi zingadla kwezinye izirhubuluku kanye nezirhubuluzayo. Ama-chameleon amakhulu angadla ngamagundane, kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezincane kufakwa ekudleni kwazo. Ama-chameleons angadla amaqabunga esihlahla, izithelo.
Izibungu ngeke zivunyelwe ukuzingela izilwane ezinobuthi noma izinambuzane. Noma yindlala enkulu, iminyovu noma izinyosi ngeke zilithinte ibhungane. Ama-chameleons awakhathali ukudla isigaxa sezithelo zamawolintshi, amajikijolo, angadla imifino engazinzile, amaqabunga e-dandelion, njalonjalo.
Amehlo eChameleon
Amehlo wesilwane embozwe ngezikali ezincane ezifana nesikhumba sonke. Ngakho-ke, i-angle yokubuka esilwaneni ayikho enkulu kakhulu. Kunqunyelwe ngokuvuleka okuncane okuphambene nomfundi. Kwenzekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukubonakala. Ngeke kube nalutho ekuzifihleni njengamaqabunga uma ungabona amehlo amhlophe kubo. Kunemininingwane engafanele kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamehlo - ama-chameleon awakwazi ukuhlola izindawo ezinkulu ngasikhathi sinye. Kubonakala sengathi bahlola umhlaba ngokuchofoza okuncane.
I-pangolin nayo inendlela yokuphuma. Iso lingashintshana kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ngakho-ke, lesi silwane singakwazi ukuhlola wonke isikhala osizungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amehlo angashintshana ngokuhlukile. Uma isitha sisondela ngemuva, i-chameleon ngeke ibuye inyakaze. Kepha amehlo ngalesi sikhathi azobheka ngqo emuva. Kulokhu, i-chameleon ingabona inyamazane ngeso lesibili.
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokubukwa kwephaneli, isilwane sihlala siguqula amehlo aso kuzo zonke izinkomba. Iso ngalinye lingamboza ama-degrees angama-180 ezungezile. Esimweni lapho kutholakale khona inyamazane, iso lesibili liyaxhuma kolokuqala bese linquma ibanga eliqondile lento.
Kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda uhlelo kusukela ngaphandle. Ukuze wenze lokhu, wena ngokwakho kuzodingeka ube sendaweni engenamuntu. Ngemishini enjalo yokuzingela yemvelo, ama-chameleon awakwazi ukuhamba isikhathi eside - awadingi nje. Isilwane singaphila ngokuthula egatsheni, silinde izisulu ezintsha.
Panther chameleon
Ama-chameleon ama-panther abhekwa njengezinhlobo ezimibalabala kunazo zonke, ezinempilo. Abantu abasha bavame ukungagcwali nge-nondescript grey. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikhumba sabo sithola izinhlobo ezithile eziluhlaza obomvu eziluhlaza kanye nama-turquoise hues. Abadala bafinyelela amasentimitha angama-52 ubude. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu, bangahlukaniswa ngombala ogqamile.
Ulwazi oluvamile
Lesi silwane esiyingqayizivele sibizwa ngokuthi umuntu ongazethembi futhi oguqula imibono yakhe kalula kuye ngesimo. UChekhov wengeze udumo kulesi sithombe. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yendaba yakhe edumile, isimo sengqondo maqondana chameleon abantu bethu ngandlela thile ababi, kepha bebengafanele, njengeqhawe lendaba kaChekhov, ukusolwa kwethu.
Ngokungafani nabantu, ama-chameleon, isilwane esingenacala asilimazi ngokuphelele, okungenani kubantu. Isici esiyinhloko se-chameleon ukusika okungajwayelekile - amandla okushintsha ngokushesha umbala ngaphansi kwethonya lombala wendawo, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa. Kwakuyimpahla enhle yesilwane lena esetshenziswe yinkosi yepeni. Ngokushintsha umbala wesikhumba sakhe, i-chameleon iba yinto engabonakali kwabazidlayo. Ukufihla okunjalo ukuphela kwendlela yakhe yokuvikela.
I-chameleon yakudala eyaziwa kakhulu eyatholakala eYurophu (thola iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-26). Kodwa-ke, ama-chameleons mdala kakhulu kunalawa (kutholakala ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100). Kutholakala nezicucu e-Afrika nase-Asia, futhi kukholakala ukuthi ama-chameleon ayesabhebhetheke kakhulu kunanamuhla. Bangaba nemvelaphi yabo eMadagascar, namuhla eyikhaya cishe lehafu yazo zonke izinhlobo zomndeni ezaziwayo, bese zisatshalaliswa kwamanye amazwe.
Habitat
Ama-chameleons angabahlali bamazwe afudumele. Isikhungo sokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo yiMadagascar, lapho kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo nezinqabileyo ezingatholakali ngaphandle, futhi ama-chameleon amaningi ahlala e-Afrika. Ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda, ama-chameleon angatholakala kuphela eNdiya, eSri Lanka, eMiddle East naseSouthern Europe (izinhlobo ezingama-1-2 ngayinye). Ama-chameleon amaningi ahlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo futhi aphethwe emiqheleni yezihlahla, amanye ama-chameleon ase-Afrika ahola indlela yokuphila esekwe ezweni futhi ahlala odoti basehlathini noma abambe izimbobo ogwadule. Ama-chameleons aboshwe, ahlala endaweni encane, aqapha komakhelwane. Abesilisa bavuma abesifazane endaweni yabo, futhi bashayela abanye abesilisa. Ama-chameleons ahamba kancane, kancane kancane abamba amagatsha ngezihlakala zawo, evame ukujikijela emuva naphambili, ngesinye isikhathi aqandeka emagatsheni angasebenzi isikhathi eside.
Zingaki izinhlobo zohlobo lwama-chameleon ezihlala emhlabeni
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-193 ezinendawo ebanzi. IMadagascar ibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa, manje izinyoka zitholakala e-Afrika, eSouthern Europe, e-USA (eHawaii, eFlorida, eCalifornia), eNdiya, eSri Lanka, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eMauritius. Ingxenye esemqoka ihlelaniswa nokuhlala ezihlahleni; yehlela emhlabathini kuphela emidlalweni yokuqomisana noma inyamazane ekhanga kakhulu. Kepha kukhona lezo ezihlala ogwadule nasezintabeni, emahlathini ashisayo nasezintabeni, ezimba imigodi noma eziphephela ngamaqabunga awileyo.
KUBALULEKILE! Ngenxa yokwanda komhlaba wezolimo nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-10 ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, cishe zingama-40 asondele ekutholeni isimo esinjalo.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-chameleon?
Konke lokhu abantu kumbozwe ngesikhumba ngeminyene eminyene, efana neparele, kufafazwe ngamathubuli, ukuqina kanye nokukhula kwephethini eliyinqayizivele kakhulu. Kukhona ama-chameleon afaka isigqoko se-knight yomqhudelwano, kungaba sesikhumbeni samakhasiketi noma ahlobise umzimba wawo ngekhala elibukhali likaPinocchio. Abanye bazungelezela izisekelo zamehlo ngemigqa yemigexo yepharele efana nobuhle be-hippie, abanye bakha ngaphansi kobhejane abancane - enezimpondo ezimbili, ezintathu noma ezine!
Emndenini wezilwane ezifuyayo, ama-chameleon aziwa njengezinkawu ngokuthanda kwawo ukugibela izihlahla. Ngale njongo, imvelo ihlukanise ama-paws awo ayisihlanu aba ngamaqembu amabili weminwe emibili nemithathu, embozwe ngezikali ezi-horny nokuphela ngozipho. Umsila oguquguqukayo uhlanganisa konke - i-chameleon yayo igoqa ngokushesha nge-spiral ezizungeze indawo eseduze.
UChameleon uyinkosi yokuzifihla. Akafuni nhlobo ukuzibonisa esonweni asizingelayo, noma kulabo abazingelayo abambheka njengokuthanda kwabo - izinyoka nezinye izinyoni ezinkulu. UChameleon ungumpetha wokungabinamandla okuphikiswa. Uyakwazi ukuqhola amahlamvu izinsuku eziningana, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amasonto. Igama elifanele, i-chameleon ingasebenza njenge-chimera ezinkambisweni zama-Gothic zase-Europe. Kepha i-chameleon inezinye izinhloso: udinga ukubeka phansi ukuqapha kwakhe.
Kule ndaba, iqhawe lethu lisebenzisa inqubo yokungabonakali egcwele ubuso nobuso. Ubuso obugcwele, bubukeka bume ngokuphelele. Ukusuka ohlangothini, akuqhamuki kusuka kwesizinda esiseduze - hhayi ngoba inamandla okuguqula umbala wayo ngokuzithandela, njengoba abaningi bekholelwa ngokungafanele, kodwa ngenxa yobucwayi besakhiwo sesikhumba, okuvumela ukuthi lihlakazeke ngemibala yehlathi.
Ukuzivikela
Umbala weCamouflage awusizi nje kuphela ukuthi i-chameleon ihlale ingabonakali ngesikhathi sokuzingela, kodwa futhi iyisivikelo esihle kakhulu ezitheni. Ukushintshwa kombala kwama-chameleons kuhlotshaniswa nezici zokwakheka kwenombolo yazo. Ungqimba olungaphandle lwesikhumba lwalezi zilwane luqukethe ama-chromatophores - amaseli anamazinga ansundu, abomvu futhi aphuzi ngombala ophuzi. Lapho izinqubo zama-chromatophores zincipha, okusanhlamvu kuqoqwa enkabeni yamaseli, isikhumba sombungu sibe mhlophe noma siphuzi. Lapho i-pigment emnyama igxunyekwe kungqimba yesikhumba, iba mnyama. Ukuvela kwezinye izithunzi kubangela ukuhlanganiswa kwemibala yezingqimba zombili. Futhi kuphakama amathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yokuphindaphindwa kwemisebe engxenyeni engaphezulu, equkethe amakristalu e-guanine akhanyisa ukukhanya. Isilwane esihuquzelayo futhi singashintsha umbala wezitho zomzimba ngamunye.
Izici Zokuhlanganiswa
Igama elithi "chameleon" livela egameni lesidalwa esisanganekwane, siguqula ukubukeka kwaso. Kodwa-ke, ikhono lokushintsha umbala ngokushesha ngokuya ngombala wezinto ezizungezile akuyona ukuphela kwesici se-chameleon ejwayelekile. Isakhiwo esingajwayelekile sezitho zombono naso sifanelwe ukunakwa. Amehlo e-chameleon makhulu futhi ayindilinga, azungezwe ijwabu leso eliqhubekayo lonyaka, enkabeni yalo kukhona umgodi omncane womfundi. Amehlo e-chameleon ahamba ngokuphelele ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Amehlo ajikeleza ngokukhululekile ngo-180 ° ngokuqondile nama-90 ° ngokuqondile. Umzimba wama chameleon ucindezelwe ngokuqinile kusukela ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda libunjiwe ngesigqoko, lihlotshiswe ngemigqomo nezifuba. Imilenze yinde. Iminwe igcina ngemichilo ebukhali. I-chameleon ejwayelekile isebenzisa umsila wayo oyishumi njengemilenze yesihlanu.
Ukuzingela
Ngenxa yolimi lwabo olude olunamandla namehlo ajikeleza ngezindlela ezihlukile, ama-chameleon angabazingeli abaphumelelayo impela. Lapho bebona isisulu, bayamgqolozela bobabili futhi 'badubule' ngolimi lwabo ngasohlangothini lwaso. Ithiphu yolimi ithatha ukwakheka kwenkomishi, kanti lesi sinambuzane esithengiwe siya ngqo emlonyeni walesi sikhulu esingajwayelekile. Kuyasiza nokuzingela ukuthi ulimi lusebenza njengomuntu oncelayo. Lokhu kunciphisa isisulu kuwo wonke amathuba okusindiswa. Ukuthwebula kuthatha okweshumi kwesekhondi. Ulimi lungabamba ukudla okunesisindo esingama-gramu angama-50, futhi kungathatha isikhundla lapho kungenzeka khona ukuqonda isinambuzane esisohlangothini lweqabunga. Ama-chameleons alinda inyamazane ngokubekezela, ehleli amahora amaningi esimweni sokunyakaza. Kepha konke lokhu akusho ukuthi banobuvila futhi banamafuqa: uma kunesidingo, ama-chameleon awagijimani nje kuphela ngokushesha, kodwa futhi enze nokuxhuma kwesihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-chameleon anombono omuhle wezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi angabona ngisho nesinambuzane esincane esisebangeni lamamitha ayi-10.
Izici Zokuphindaphindeka
Ama-chameleon amaningi a-oviparous. Amaqanda abekwa phansi emgodini owembiwe ngokukhethekile. Inani lamaqanda ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene lisukela kwezingu-15 kuye kwezingama-80, kanti isikhathi sokufakwa sivela ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-10.
Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-viviparous, imvamisa lezi yizilwane ezihlala phezulu ezintabeni. Insikazi izala amawundlu ayi-14. Lokhu kwenzeka ngqo emagatsheni ezihlahla. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa aziweli phansi ngenxa yegobolondo leqanda elincanyana nelinamathele, eliwanamathisela isikhathi esithile kumagatsha.
Izinhlobo ze-Parthenogenetic zitholakala phakathi kwama-chameleon - abesilisa abekho, abesikazi babeka amaqanda angenalusizo, okuvela kuwo ukuqhuma okujwayelekile kozalo.
Ekudingisweni, abathandi abaningi bavame ukuzalanisa izinhlobo ezinjengeChinelio calyptratus.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwama-chameleon sincike ngosayizi wawo. Izinhlobo ezincane ziphila iminyaka engama-2-3, emikhulu, efana ne-chameleon kaJackson noma i-panther, kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10.
Umbono nezinye izici
Ama-chameleon anokukhulu amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi. Izinkophe zaxubha, kepha kwakukhona izimbobo zomfundi.
ISIVIVINYO! Izazi zesayensi yemizwa yase-Israeli zikufakazele ukuthi umbono wezilwane ezihuqulelayo awudabuki. Yize amehlo enyakaza ngokuzimela ama-degree angama-180 ngokuqondile nama-90 degrees ngokuqondile.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Hemisphere kunokuhleleka okuhle okukuvumela ukulandelela izinjongo ze-2.
Amehlo akhiwe ezinhlangothini ubona isithombe esikhulu..
- Umuntu ubuke inyamazane engaba khona.
- Okunye ukulandelela imvelo.
KUBALULEKILE! Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, bobabili babheke isisulu, ibanga lokunqunywa kuso ngokucace bha.
Izibazi zihlukanisa kahle izinto ezisondelene. Abanye bayakwazi ukubona embonweni we-Ultraviolet, osiza ukusesha kwezihlobo nokuphanga ebumnyameni.
Yemeni Chameleon
I-chameleon enkulu kodwa enobude obungafika ku-60 cm. Njengama-panther chameleon, abesilisa bakhulu futhi banemibala egqamile. Isici esibonakalayo salolu hlobo lwe-chameleon yi-crest yayo ephezulu, etholakala ekhanda, ikhula ize ibe ngu-7-8 cm. Ngombala wayo, ukunakwa kukhangwa amabala ama-3 aphuzi ezinhlangothini, ngasinye saso sihlotshiswe ngomugqa wewolintshi kanye no-brown. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, abesilisa abangama-Yemeni chameleon banolaka olukhulu, kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokuxabana phakathi kwabo ngokuphila nokufa. Bahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zeY Yemen naseSaudi Arabia.
Ahleke uShabalala
Lolu hlobo lwathola igama laso ngenxa yesimilo somuntu obunjwe umlingisi we-scallop otholakala ngemuva. Ekhanda lakhe, unokufana kwesigqoko esihlotshiswe ngesikali esikhanyayo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Inombala onsundu, onsundu noma omnyama, izintokazi ziluhlaza. Ubude bomzimba we-scallop chameleon buyi-20-25 cm.Uhlala eNtshonalanga Afrika.
UJackson Chameleon
Le chameleon eluhlaza ekhanyayo iyakwazi ukuguqula umbala wayo ngokushesha, iphenduke ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ophuzi. Ingcweti yokuzifihla yangempela. Ihluke kwamanye ama-chameleon phambi kwezimpondo ezintathu ezinsundu ezisekhaleni naphakathi kwamehlo. Ubude bomzimba walolu hlobo buyi-30 cm.Uhlala emahlathini ashisayo aseMpumalanga Afrika.
Ugwadule olungenamikhawulo
Njengoba ihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule zase-Angola naseNamibia, le chameleon ivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila ezindaweni ezomile. Ushintsha imibala yakhe hhayi nje ukuze azifihle ezitheni, kodwa futhi futhi alungise nokushisa komzimba. Ubude bomzimba bungama-16 cm.
I-chameleon evamile
Ummeleli ovame kakhulu womndeni omkhulu wama-chameleon. Ihlala endaweni ebanzi: ukusuka emahlathini aseSyria, eNdiya nase-Arabia kuya eSouth Africa. Inobude obufika ku-30 cm. Umbala wesikhumba ungaba namabala noma ugceke, imvamisa uluhlaza okotshani, kepha ungaphenduka ophuzi ubomvu okhanyayo (kuya ngesidingo)
Giant chameleon
I-chameleon enkulu ehlala esiqhingini saseMadagascar iyaphawuleka ngoba leli chameleon elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bufika kuma-cm angama-68. Unomzimba onsundu, oboshwe ngamabala aphuzi, aluhlaza nokubomvu.
Unqume ukuba ne-chameleon
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ama-chameleon ayekile ukuba yinto yokuqongelela emaqoqweni abasebenzi abasebenza eRussia. Ukungeniswa kwalezi zilwane ezivela phesheya kukhule, futhi kunezincwadi eziningi ezitholakala kokuqukethwe kwazo.
Intengo yemakethe yama-chameleon isukela kuma-ruble angama-20 ahlelekile wezingane ezisanda kuzalwa kuya kuma-ruble ayi-650 kwezinye izinhlobo ezingandile.
Ngaphambi kokuqala i-chameleon, cabanga ngokuthi ungamakhela yini izimo ezifanele. Kungcono ukuthola isilwane esifuywayo sokufakelwa. Akufanele uthenge izilwane eziqeda amandla noma ezigulayo, njengomthetho, azikwazi ukwelashwa.
Kusebenza kangcono ukuthola ulwazi ngezinhlobo “ezilula”, ngokwesibonelo, kwi-chameleon ejwayelekile (Chamaeleo chamaeleo) noma Сhamaeleo calyptratus. Lapho izidalwa ezingafuneki, kuba nzima kakhulu izimo zokugcinwa kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ama-chameleon amahle we-alpine adinga i-terrarium ekhethekile enedivayisi yokupholisa ebizayo.
Uma kungenzeka, hlola ukuthi izilwane ezitholakele zinezinambuzane zangaphandle noma zangaphakathi. Njengomthetho, wonke ama-chameleon abanjwe emvelweni anezinhlobo eziningana ze-helminths zangaphakathi. Lama-helminths, ahlanganiswe nengcindezi kanye nokuphelelwa yinyama okutholwe yisilwane ohambweni olude olusuka ezwenikazi liya ezwenikazi, kwenza buthaka amasosha omzimba. Lezi chameleons zidinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela.
Ungayikhetha kanjani i-chameleon enempilo?
Uma unqume ukuqala i-chameleon yase-Yemeni, khona-ke kungcono ukuyithenga esitolo sezilwane ezinkulu ezikhethekile, okungenani izinyanga ezintathu ubudala. Kukulesi sikhathi lapho kuvela khona konke ukushiyeka kokuzalwa, kuhlangene neqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izithombo ezingenamanzi "ezitshaliwe" zithwala igazi elidala ngaphakathi kwazo, ziyizihlobo zegazi ezivela kubo bobabili abazali. Ama-chameleon amaningi afa esemncane, lawo anezinyanga ezingama-3-4 ubudala anawo wonke amathuba okuphila impilo egcwele ngokunakekelwa okufanele.
Lapho uthenga, qiniseka ukuhlola iso lesilwane, kufanele livuleke futhi lihlale lihamba, amehlo avaliwe akhombisa isilwane esibuthakathaka, futhi iso elishonile likhombisa ukopha kakhulu.
Amawele we-chameleon kufanele abe flat, kufanele aqhubeke ngaphandle kobunzima. Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kukhombisa ukuntuleka kwe-calcium emzimbeni nezinkinga ngohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal.
Uma umbala we-chameleon umnyama kakhulu, ungakhanyi ngokwanele noma ungimpunga - lokhu kuwuphawu lokugula noma izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu, elingathinta nokukhula okuthe xaxa. Naka umlomo we-chameleon - akufanele kube yi-pus yellow-green ngombala. Ukuze i-chameleon ivule umlomo wayo, vele uyibambe ngesandla bese ukhawulela ukunyakaza. I-chameleon izoqala ukuquma, futhi uzoba nethuba lokuhlola umgodi womlomo. Ungesabi ukusongela umhlathi kusuka ezinhlangothini ukulungisa umlomo uvuleke.
Ukulungiswa Kwasekhaya
Ukuze i-chameleon iphile ngenduduzo ekhaya, kufanele uthenge i-exoterrarium ekhethekile kuyo: mpo, amalitha ayi-100-120 ngevolumu. Kubekwe izibani ezi-2 kuyo: eyokuqala - ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet, eyesibili - isetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa umoya.
Ngokwehlukana, udinga ukunakekela ukufudumeza ezansi kwe-terrarium ebusuku. Ukuhlala kwe-chameleon kufaka phakathi indawo yokugcina amanzi engajulile, ehlala ¼ kuyo yonke indawo yesifunda. Izinto ezibalulekile zokuhlobisa zizoba isihlahla (ngokuya ngosayizi wesilwane esifuywayo kanye ne-terrarium, khetha igatsha noma i-snag yonke) bese ubeka indawo ebukhoma noma eyakhiwe. Kubalulekile ukuhlelela umoya omncane ngaphakathi kwendlu.
Kuzofanele uhlanze i-terrarium enjalo njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2 (uma uvila futhi ukwenze kaningi, ama-microflora we-pathogenic angakhula ekhaya lesilwane sakho, okulimaza kakhulu noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezilwane ezifuywayo).
Iziphakamiso zokushisa endaweni yokuqothula: okuvamile - kufanele kube ngamadigri angama-22-24, ngqo ngaphansi komthombo wokushisa - ama-30- 32 degrees. Umswakama ugcinwa ebangeni lama-30-50%. Isibani se-ultraviolet sikhanyisela amahora angama-6-8 ngosuku.
Uma ufuna ukuthola umbhangqwana wabantu ngasikhathi sinye, akufanele uzifake ku-terrarium ejwayelekile: ama-chameleon anolaka ngokuqonde ngqo ezihlotsheni zawo (isikhathi sokuzalelisa sizoba ngaphandle) - ngakho-ke, noma yiliphi ilunga lomndeni lingaba yisitha, futhi umakhelwane ungaphelela ekuchitheni kwegazi. Zihlelele izindawo ezihlukile zokuziphilisa.
Habitat
Bahlala ikakhulu ezihlahleni. Lapha, ngenxa yemilenze yabo emide, emincane futhi eqinile kakhulu, basuka ngokuphepha kwelinye igatsha baye kwelinye. Kepha bangahle bahlele indlu emithini, noma ejwayelekile ngezinhlobo ezincane, phakathi kwezihlahla zotshani. Imvelo yakhona ingamahlathi ashisayo, ama-savannas, izindunduma ezikhule ngokweqile.
Kubalulekile! I-chameleon ikhetha izindawo eduze kwamachibi.
Ama-chameleon ajwayelekile ahlala enyakatho ye-Afrika, ezifundeni eziseningizimu ye-Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain, France kanye nakwezinye iziqhingi zaseMedithera (iSicily, Sardinia, eCrete). EYurophu, indawo ayithandayo ngamahlathi kaphayini.
Umbala nokushintsha kwawo
Lokhu ngokuyinhloko amandla okushintsha umbala, ukuhlangana nemvelo, ngenxa yokwakheka kokulingiswa. Kuya ngezinga lokushisa, ukugqama nemizwelo yesilwane.
Kubalulekile! Ngenxa yalesi sici, abantu bomdabu abaningi base-Afrika babheka ama-chameleon njengezithunywa phakathi kombuso wabaphilayo nombuso wabafi.
Umbala wezilwane wehluka kakhulu, futhi kuya ngokuphelele endaweni. Imibala ejwayelekile: luhlaza, ophuzi, grey kanye nsundu.
Ubulili nokuzala
I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kakhulu phakathi kwama-chameleon, futhi abesilisa bavame “ukugqoka” ngokwemvelo. Zihlome ngezimpondo nangama-crests.
Olunye uphawu lokuzimisela kwezocansi ukuqina komsila ngokuqina emadodeni amadala.
Zombili izinsikazi nabesilisa zishintsha umbala ngesikhathi sokuzana. Kepha hhayi kangako ukuvumelana nemvelo, kodwa ukujabulisa umlingani ongaba naye.
Inkomba! Abesilisa bathola umbala ogqamile, kanti abesifazane, kunalokho, baba mnyama kakhulu.
Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ekugcineni kwehlobo, kuze kube yizicucu ezingama-40, izifihle eduze kwesihlahla ahlala kulo. Isikhathi sokuvula singase sehluke, kusuka ezinyangeni eziningana kuya kunyaka owodwa.
Izifo zeChameleon Nezinkinga Zempilo
Izici zesakhiwo somzimba walezi zidalwa ezihlukile zithinta ngqo ukuba khona kwezifo ezivamile emvelweni yazo. Eqinisweni, bavame ukugula ngenxa yezinkinga ngamehlo nangamehlo (kufaka phakathi imishini yezamehlo ye-musculo-ligamentous), ukushiswa, ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu emzimbeni, ukuntuleka kwamavithamini namaminerali emzimbeni, okuholela kuma-rickets noma okunye ukungasebenzi kahle izinto eziphilayo ibhalansi rep rep.
Kuyamangaza iqiniso lokuthi izifo zezilwane ezifuywayo zenzeka ngokushesha futhi zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu - ngakho-ke, ukuhlinzekelwa okungafanele kokuthola usizo olufanele lwezilwane kungaholela ekufeni kwe-chameleon noma kusuka ekuguleni okungahambi kahle kakhulu.
Ukuvela kokudakwa kokudla nakho kuyenzeka, okuvame ukubangelwa ukuphuza ngokweqile kwesigcwala. Izimpawu ezimenyezelwe zalesi simo ziwukuxhamazela kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ukulahleka kwesifiso sokudla, ukuqunjelwa. Uma i-chameleon yenze ukuba amajoni omzimba abe buthaka, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane azikhishwa. Uma ubona izimpawu ezinjengokukhwehlela (qeda ngokushesha ukuqothuka kwamaphaphu, ngoba izibankwa azikubekezeleli ushintsho lokushisa, okusalungiswa nokubanda), ukuqhakaza, ukunganaki nobukhali, cishe isilwane sakho siba nokuhlaselwa yi-helminthic. Le nkinga ibonwa kulawo ma-chameleon abanjwe endle ngaphambi kokungena esitolo sezilwane.
Abanini bezilwane ezixakile kufanele bashaqeke ngokuhlukumezeka okuncane kakhulu kokuziphatha kwe-chameleon - lesi yisikhathi sokuxhumana nodokotela wezilwane ngokushesha. Ngokubheka yonke imininingwane yalezi zidalwa ezisengcupheni, abanikazi bezilwane ezifuywayo abanolwazi bashesha ukuletha isilwane sabo ku-herpetologist, hhayi kumuntu ojwayele ukufuya wezilwane: kuphela lochwepheshe omncane kakhulu wezilwane ezihuqayo angahlinzeka ngokushesha usizo olwanele nolungotiyo kumuntu ogulayo.
I-Chameleon: incazelo nencazelo. Ngabe sibukeka kanjani isilwane?
IChameleon ingesinye sezingwe ezingavamile futhi ezinhle emhlabeni. Ubude obujwayelekile be-chameleon bungama-30 cm, ama-chameleon amakhulu kakhulu akhula abe yi-65-68 cm, ubukhulu bezikhala ezinkulu abudluli ku-3-5 cm. Isibonelo, ubude besibungu sendoda I-Brookesia micra kanye nomsila ngu-2.2-2.3 cm, nobude obugcwele be-chameleon enkulu UFurcifer oustaleti ngu-50-68 cm.
Umzimba ophakeme we-chameleon uvame ukuhlotshiswa ngemigqomo enezinhlaka eziphezulu ze-fan congex ezinwebeka ngobude bonke bomgogodla noma zitholakala kuphela ekhanda.
Lezi zibankwa zihlukaniswa yisigaxa esimise isigqoko esine-nape ephakanyisiwe.
Ikhanda le-chameleon yowesilisa lingathweswa umqhele ngamathambo ahlukahlukene avela ngaphandle - amashubhu noma izimpondo ezibukhali.
Abesifazane, njengomthetho, abanabo ubucwebe obunjalo.
Ama-chameleon's paws amade, ngeminwe efakiwe yakha uhlobo “lwamawele”, ngosizo lwayo ukuthi ikulungele ukukhuphuka izihlahla, igwaze amagatsha.
Izinyoka eziningi, ezihlala kakhulu ezihlahleni, zinikezwe umsila omude, ogobile, ophinde usetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekukhuphukeni. Izinhlobo zasemhlabeni zohlobo lwama-chameleon, ingxenye enkulu, zithwetshiwe.
Isici esahlukanisa ama-chameleon ngamehlo abo, ambozwe izinkophe ezakhiwe ngomgodi omncane womfundi.
Ukubonakala okuzungezile kunikezwa ukunyakaza okungahambelani kwamehlo angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla, okusiza okuningi ekuzingeleni okuphumelelayo.
Ulimi lwe-chameleon luhlotshiswe ngendebe yokudonsa yesikebhe ekugcineni kwayo. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, i-chameleon ihlala ngaphandle kokuqameka, ihamba kancane kuphela amehlo ayo, kanti ngesikhathi sokuhlasela iphonsa nolimi ngaphandle eceleni kwesisulu. Inqubo yokuthwebula inyamazane nokubuyisa ulimi emlonyeni ithatha ngaphansi kwengxenye yesekhondi. Futhi ukulahlwa kolimi kwenzeka ngo-1/20 ngomzuzwana. Ngakho-ke, ngemizuzwana emi-3, ibhungane lingabamba izisulu ezi-4.
Uma kunzima ukubamba inyamazane esindayo ngolimi, ngokuzayo umuntu ongenamizwa uhlupheka ngomhlatshelo onjalo wobukhulu. Ubude bolimi bucishe bube yi-1.5-2 ubude besibungu ngokwaso.
Indlela yokuphila yamaChameleon
Cishe yonke impilo ye-chameleon yenzeka emagatsheni aminyene ezihlahla noma ezihlahleni. Akuvamile ukwehlela ebusweni benhlabathi, imvamisa phakathi nenkathi yokuzala noma ukubona inyamazane emnandi ngokweqile. Ukuhamba emilenzeni emilenzeni yefasitela elingafani nalutho kunzima impela, kepha emqheleni wesihlahla lelo "thuluzi", elihlanganiswe nomsila ophakeme, lidingeka kakhulu futhi liyasiza.
I-chameleon iyavilapha futhi i-phlegmatic: ithanda ukuhamba kancane ngangokunokwenzeka futhi iyakwazi ukuchitha amahora amaningi ngaphandle kokushintsha isikhundla sayo, ithembeke igxaza igatsha layo ngezidladla zayo nomsila wayo. Kuliqiniso, uma kwenzeka kusongelwa, ugijimisa ngokushesha bese uyagxuma.
Izinhlobo zama-chameleons, amagama nezithombe
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanje kwama-chameleon kune-genera eyi-11, eyenziwe ngezinhlobo eziyi-193. Okulandelayo incazelo yezinhlobo eziningana zama-chameleon:
- Panther Chameleon (Panther Chameleon)(I-Furcifer pardalis)
Enye yezinhlobo zemibala ekhanyayo futhi ehlukahlukene. Ama-chameleon asemancane anombala wesikhumba ompunga, kepha izinhlobonhlobo ezivuthiwe zocansi zithola imibala ehlukahlukene yemibala eluhlaza, ebomvu ne-turquoise. Lobude bomzimba wabantu abadala bungamasentimitha angama-52, kanti abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane futhi banemibala ekhanyayo kakhulu. I-panther chameleon yathola igama layo ngenxa yezindawo eziningi ezi-oval ezisezinhlangothini zalo.
Izinhlobo ze-Endemic, okuhlala kuzo abantu abahlala esiqhingini saseMadagascar kanye neziqhingi zoLwandlekazi i-Indian ezisondelene nayo. Izimonyo ezihlala ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni eziseduze nendawo yokuhlala kwabantu. IPanther Chameleon ingelinye lama-squid asekhaya athandwa kakhulu futhi angahlala ekudingisweni iminyaka emi-4.
- Yemeni Chameleon(I-Chamaeleo calyptratus)
Izinhlobo zezizikhulu ezinkulu ezikhula zibe ngamasentimitha angama-60 ubude. Izinduna zikhulu kunowesifazane ongashisi bomzimba futhi enemibala egqamile: amabala aphuzi amathathu ngasohlangothini ngalunye, ngalinye lihlotshiswe ngomugqa wewolintshi onsundu. Ekhanda leziduna kukhona umgodi ophakeme, okhula ube ngamasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili. Izinyamazane ziyizinhlobo zamachilo angenamandla okulwa, futhi izimpi zamagazi phakathi kwezimbangi zivame ukuphela ekufeni kwesinye sezilwane.
Ama-chameleon ase-Yemeni ahlala ezintabeni ezindaweni eziseY Yemen naseSaudi Arabia. Bakhetha ukuhlala ku-acacia kanye ne-milkweed, ama-chameleon adla ngamaqabunga, izithelo nemifino, futhi futhi abambe ngenkuthalo ama-crickets, ezihuquzelayo ezincane namagundane. Kanye ne-panther chameleon, i-chameleon yase-Yemeni imvamisa isetshenziswa njengesilwane se-terrarium.
- Ahleke uShabalala(I-Trioceros cristatus)
Isilozi, isici esiyingqayizivele saso ikamu eliphakeme lomumo womuntu otholakala emgogodleni. “Isigqoko sokuzivikela” ekhanda labesilisa lihlotshiswe ngesikali esikhanyayo esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala oyinhloko womzimba wesilisa i-scallop chameleon ungwevu, omnyama noma onsundu, insikazi ikakhulukazi iluhlaza. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala yi-20-25 cm.
Ama-scalloped chameleons ahlala eNtshonalanga Afrika, emazweni anjengeNigeria, iCameroon, iGhana, iTogo. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bathanda ukuhlala eduze komhlabathi, otshanini nasegatsheni eliphansi lezihlahla, lapho ukuzingela isikhonyane.
- UJackson Chameleon(Trioceros jacksonii)
I-chameleon eluhlaza ekhanyayo eguquka masinyane ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ophuzi. Abesilisa bahlukaniswa izimpondo ezi-3 ezinsundu: eyodwa ikhula ekhaleni, ezimbili phakathi kwamehlo. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala buyi-30 cm.
Ithanda amahlathi athambile, apholile engxenye empumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
- Ugwadule olungenamikhawulo(Chamaeleo namaquensis)
Uhlala kuphela enkangala ezindaweni eziseNamibia naseAngola ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Ukuguqulwa kokuhlala ezimweni ezomile, abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zishintsha umbala ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu lokushisa lokushisa komzimba.
Ubude bomzimba besifazane abadala bufika ku-16 cm, abesilisa bancane kakhulu. Ukudla kwe-chameleon yasogwadweni kwenziwa yizinambuzane, izinyoka ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, izinyoka nezimpungushe.
- Chameleon(Chamaeleo chamaeleon)
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezihlala emahlathini nasezinkangala zaseNyakatho ne-Afrika, iSyria, i-India, i-Arabia ne-Sri Lanka. Ubude bomzimba we-chameleon bufika ku-30 cm, futhi umbala wesikhumba ungacacile noma ube namabala: luhlaza obumnyama, obomvu okhanyayo noma ophuzi.
Ukudla kwama-chameleon alolu hlobo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane nama-invertebrates, ahlala ngokucebile ezintabeni ezinotshani.
- ChameleonI-calumma tarzan
Uhlobo olunqabile lwama-chameleon aluhlaza atholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMadagascar eduze nedolobhana laseTarzanville. Ososayensi abathole leli bhungane ngamabomu laqamba igama leTarzan, banethemba lokuvuselela ukuqonda kwabantu bendawo maqondana nokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezihlala khona zezinhlobo ezingandile. Ubude bomzimba wabadala abanomsila buyi-11.9-15 cm.
- Chameleon Furcifer labordi
Uhlobo oluhlukile lwama-chameleon aseMadagascar, amancanyana awo asanda kuzalwa akwazi ukukhuphuka ngosayizi amahlandla ama-4-5 ezinyangeni ezi-2, ngaleyo ndlela babe ngabaphethe amarekhodi ekukhuleni phakathi kwezilwane ezihamba ngemilenze emi-4.
Abesilisa bayakhula babe ngu-9 cm, izinsikazi zifinyelele ku-7 cm ubude. Ama-chameleon amaFurcifer labordi aphila izinyanga ezi-4-5 kuphela, abeka amaqanda awo futhi afe ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe inzalo yawo.
- Chameleon I-Brookesia micra
I-chameleon encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le chameleon yisibungu esincane kunazo zonke nesilwane sasendle esincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-2.3 kuye ku-2.9 cm, kanti izintokazi zikhulu kancanyana kunabesilisa. Uhlobo lwatholakala ngonyaka we-2007 esiqhingini saseNosu Hara. Esimweni esizolile, i-chameleon inombala onsundu ngombala, uma kwenzeka iba sengozini, umsila wayo uphenduka ophuzi, umzimba wayo umbozwe amabala aluhlaza.
- Giant chameleon(UFurcifer oustaleti)
Enye yama-chameleon amakhulu emhlabeni. Ubude bomzimba wabantu abadala bungamasentimitha angama-50-68. Umzimba onsundu wezibankwakazi ubasakazwa amabala aphuzi, aluhlaza nokubomvu.
Ukubuka kwesiphelo kusuka esiqhingini saseMadagascar. I-chameleon ihlala emahlathini aminyene omswakama, lapho idla khona izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, izibankwa nezinambuzane ngentokozo.
Ukuzalanisa kukaChameleon
Esikhathini esiningi, ama-chameleon akhetha ukuziphilela eyedwa, yize abanye abesilisa behlangana kahle ezindlini ezinabantu besifazane abaningana.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-chameleon zizala izikhathi ezi-2 ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngomzabalazo onzima wabesilisa kwabesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokulwa okuxakile, lapho abaphikisi bephonsa izimpondo ezibukhali futhi belume omunye nomunye, abaphikisi abangenamandla bangalimala kakhulu noma babulawe.
Izinhlobo zezinsikazi ezibeka amaqanda zibekela amaqanda ayi-15 kuye kwangama-60 ngokuzimba esihlabathini, kuthi abantu abahlala ezihlahleni bagxunyekwe emagatsheni. Isikhathi sokufakwa sisuka ezinyangeni ezi-3 ziye kweziyi-10. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezibukeka njenge-Viviparous and ovoviviparous ziletha kusuka kuma-5 kuya kwangama-15, futhi ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokubeletha sezivele zikwazi ukuzala futhi.
Njengamanje, abantu abaningi bafuna ukuthenga i-chameleon. Izinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zokuzigcina ekhaya ama-chameleon aseY Yemeni nasePanther. Ukuze uthole izibankwa, kuyadingeka ukudala izimo ezisondele kakhulu esimweni sezulu sehlathi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uzodinga i-terrarium ebanzi efakwe isibani se-ultraviolet enamandla wokulawula umbuso wezinga lokushisa ukusuka ku-+28 kuya ku-+32 degrees ngesikhathi sasemini no-+25 degrees ebusuku. Umswakama ongaba ngu-60% uhlinzekwa ukufafaza okujwayelekile noma ipompo elihlinzeka ngezikhathi ezithile umfudlana wamanzi.
ITerrarium
Ngaphansi kwe-terrarium kumbozwe ungqimba lwesihlabathi, i-sphagnum noma i-vermiculite. Ngaphakathi, kufanele kube nenani elanele lamagatsha nezinye izimila ukuze ibhungane likwazi ukukhuphuka kubo. Amanzi angena emacembe aphuma kumpompo ayoba ngumthombo womswakama, kungenjalo isilwane kufanele siphuze kwisirinji yepulasitiki, ngoba izibungu azazi ukuthi siziphuze kanjani esitsheni, kepha zikhotha umswakama ngolimi bese sizimunca ngomzimba, njengebhlothi.
Ungayondla kanjani i-chameleon?
Bondle i-chameleon ekhaya izikhathi ezi-2 ngosuku. Ukudla okuphelele, amakhethini, ama-waxworms, izimpukane zezithelo nezinye izinambuzane - izimvemvane, izintethe, amabhungane, amaphuphu, izimpukane zilungile. Izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesonto, ingxube ye-Vitamin-mineral yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ingezelelwa okuphakelayo Ukudla kwesitshalo kuqukethe amaqabunga aluhlaza wezitshalo, imifino ehlukahlukene nezithelo. Ukuze isilwane sihlale sinokudla okusha kwezilwane, abanye abanikazi ngokwabo bakhulisa izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, futhi bondle nezilwane ezifuywayo ezindala ngamagundane asanda kuzalwa.
