Izidumbu zabathungi bezimbozwe izimpaphe, ezazisetshenziswa kubo ukugijima, ukuhlela, futhi, mhlawumbe, ngendiza emfushane. Kusukela ekufakweni kwama-raptors emafosili, kungahlulelwa ukuthi abamele i-subfamily ye-microraptorides babenamaphiko zombili ngaphambili nasemuva kwezinyawo.
Idatha yamanje isikisela ukuthi wonke ama-raptors avela kunokhokho bendiza abahlukile, yize abanye babo belahlekelwe amandla okundiza okwesibili. Kunjengokungathi, zingamagatsha afanayo okuthuthuka anezinyoni, kodwa isiphelo esibi, ngoba azishiyanga nzalo phakathi kwezinyoni zesimanje. Ithambo le-pelvic ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-raptors lide futhi liphuma ngokuqinile.
Izinhlobo zabaraptors bomndeni iDromaeosauridae
UDeinonychus - Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini kusho ukwesabeka okubi. Bahlala eNyakatho Melika iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-115 ukuya kwezingu-188 edlule. FUTHI Ama-Velociraptors - NgesiGrikhi, kusho isela elisheshayo ebelihlala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75-71 edlule e-Asia, elinamadokodo ayeyizilwane ezihlobene kakhulu nezingokwabangaphansi kweVelociraptorids, infraorder yaseDeinonychidae. Ama-Deinonychus ngama-dinosaurs amancane, acishe abe mude ngokulingana nabantu, kodwa ayemakhulu kakhulu kunama-velociraptors, angama-turkey.
Ama-Utaraptors - Kuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini kusho amasela avela e-Utah. Bahlala eNyakatho Melika kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-132-119 edlule.
I-raptor encane - Kuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini kusho isela elincane. I-microraptor noma i-raptor encane enamaphiko amane yayihlala e-Asia eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-120 edlule. Wayenezimpaphe ezinde ezingalweni nakuzo zombili imilenze. Futhi njengoba ukwakheka okunjalo komzimba kungafani phakathi kwama-raptors, ama-microraptors, kanye nolunye uhlobo lwofuzo, abelwe kwi-subfamily ehlukile.
I-Pyroraptor - Kuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini kusho isela elinomlilo. I-pyroraptor yaphila nge-Europe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70 eyedlule.
I-Dromeosaurus wayehlala eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-75 eyedlule.
I-Australiaoraptor - Kuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini kusho isela laseningizimu. U-Australiaoraptor waphila cishe izigidi ezingama-70 zeminyaka edlule eSouth America. I-Australiaoraptor ingaphikisana kahle ngosayizi ne-Utaraptor, ngoba yayingamamitha ayi-5 ubude. Kepha izandla zakhe zazincane uma ziqhathaniswa nomzimba wonke, zicishe zifane ne-tyrannosaurus.
ISinornithosaurus - Kuhunyushwa kusuka kwisiGrikhi nesiLatin: Chinese raptor bird. ISinornithosaurus yayihlala e-Asia eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-130 eyedlule. Elinye lamathambo alo libonisa ngokucacile ukwakheka kwezimpaphe. Isembozo sezinsiba sasigcwele umzimba wonke kufaka ikhanda, ezandleni bekungubufakazi, okhalweni bekukhona izimpaphe ezinde futhi emsileni kukhona iplamu eligobekile.
Rakhonavis Uhlale iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-70-65 edlule eMadagascar. I-Rachonavis iyi-raptor enamaphiko amakhulu amakhulu futhi anomlingisi kangangokuba ama-paleontologists isikhathi eside akakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ngabe lo mthambo ungowenyoni noma i-Dromaeosaurus. Kuyisici ukuthi amathambo akhe we-humerus asevele emvumele ukuthi ashaye amaphiko.
Balaur Wayephila cishe izigidi ezingama-70 zeminyaka edlule, ethola endaweni yeRomania yanamuhla, futhi wavula ngonyaka we-2010. Uzipho lwesine lomlenze, ovame ukuncishiswa ku-theropods, ku-balaur kuthuthukiswa kufana nokugqokwa kwempi enkulu. Izingalo zimfushane. Futhi njengoba umunwe wesithathu ezandleni ze-balaur uncishisiwe, lokhu kubonisa ukusetshenziswa okwedlula zonke kwemilenze empini.
Ama-Megaraptors nawo kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngephutha ngokuthi ngama-dromaeosaurs, kepha manje ama-megaraptors abizwa ngokuthi ama-allosaurus. Kuqala, le dayinaso yayakhiwe kabusha kusuka kuzipani kuphela okutholakale njenge-raptor enkulu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavela ukuthi lesi sigaxa sasingaveli emuva, kepha sasivela emuva.
28.05.2018
Ekhuluma ngama-raptors, abantu abaningi bacabanga njengama-lizons, ama-dinosaurs agile anezinhlwayi ezinkulu, njengaku-movie kaJurassic Park, ongazingela ngamaqembu aze athole nokuthi angayiguqula kanjani i-doorknob ngezikhathi ezithile. Empeleni, iningi lama-raptors lalingadluli kwengane encane, ngokunokwenzeka lalinezivikelo zezimpaphe futhi lalingadluli kwezinye izikebhe ezivamile zokuhlwitha ezinamakhono engqondweni. (Ngemininingwane, idinosaur, leyo uStephen Spielberg ayibiza ngeVelociraptor eJurassic Park naseJurassic World, empeleni yafaniswa ngesisekelo sedenonychus enkudlwana, kodwa ngeke sinqande.) Bheka igalari yezithombe nezincazelo zabaratorors ababengewona ama-velociraptors.
Sekuyisikhathi sokuthola ukuthi obani abahlebayo. Okokuqala, kungabonakala kumangalisa, kepha i- "raptor" yigama elisungulwe nguHollywood. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Paleontologists, akhetha igama elithi "dromeosaurus" (elivela esiGrekini, elihumusha ngokuthi "iqhude eligijimayo"). Okwesibili, uhlu lwama-raptors lude kude nokuphelelwa amandla yilabo abaziwayo futhi asebekhulume ngabo ngenhla uVelociraptor noDeinonychus. Kubandakanya nezinhlobo eziyimfihlakalo (kodwa ezibalulekile) njenge-buitreraptor ne-rakhonavis. (Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-dinosaurs amagama wawo ahlanganisa i- "-raptor" empeleni angabamele ama-raptors. Isibonelo, "okungewona ama-raptors" afaka ama -ropods, okungukuthi, i-oviraptor ne-eoraptor.)
Isichasiselo seRaptor
Ngokuyisisekelo, izazi zesayensi yemvelo zibiza ama-raptors (noma ama-dromaeosaurs) ama -ropods (akhwebile: ama-footed-footed), anezici ezifanayo futhi, engaqondakali ngokuphelele, zezici zomzimba. Sizongeza ukuthi ama-raptors ezimeni eziningi angamadayimane asemncane noma aphakathi nendawo acijile ama-carnivorous dinosaurs. Izibaba zabo eziyishumi zazineminwe emithathu. Ubuchopho bala ma-dinosaurs babukhulu kakhulu, futhi (okuyihlukanise kakhulu) izinyawo ezingemuva zaphela ngozipho ezinkulu ezihlukanisiwe, okungenzeka zasebenza ukunqoba nokuklebhula inyamazane.
Ama-raptors kwakungewona kuphela abamele isilo se-Mesozoic, ama-tyrannosaurs, ama-ornithomimids, kanye nezimpaphe ezincane ezimboze izimpiko ezazingezesigaba esiningi sama-dinosaurs.izinyoni ze-dyno».
Manje embuzweni wezimpaphe. Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokungathandeki ukuthi wonke ama-raptors ambozwe izimpaphe, noma kunjalo, kwafunyanwa izindulu ezanele zokuqinisekisa isici esithi "inyoni". Lobu bufakazi bunikeza izazi ze-paleont ilungelo eligcwele lokukholelwa ukuthi ama-raptors ambozwe izimpaphe kwakuyinto evamile kunokukhetha umthetho.
Kodwa-ke, ukuba khona kwezimpaphe akuzange kuqinisekise ukukwazi ukundiza. Ngenkathi ezinye izinhlobo zomndeni wama-raptor (njengama-raptor amancane) kungenzeka zikwazi ukuhlela, iningi lama-raptors lalihamba kuphela ngendawo. Kunoma ikuphi, akunakungatshazwa ukuthi ama-raptors ahlobene kakhulu nezinyoni zesimanje. Ngama-raptors, zivame ukusho izinyoni ezidla inyama ezinjengokhozi nezinkozi.
Ukuntwela kwama-raptors
Ama-raptors avelele njengeqembu elihlukile ekugcineni kweCretaceous of Mesozoic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-90-65 eyedlule), kepha ahamba emhlabeni amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kwalokho. I-Cretaceous Dromaeosaurus ephawuleka kunazo zonke kwakuyi-utaraptor, isilo esidliwayo esinamandla esidlula isisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-900. Wayephila iminyaka engama-50 ezigidi ngaphambi kwenzalo yakhe edumile. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ama-paleontologists akholelwa ukuthi iningi lama-proto-raptors of the late Jurassic kanye nokuqala kwezikhathi zeCretaceous bekuyinto encane futhi bekufiphaza ngaphansi kwezinyawo ezinkulu (ngokugcizelelwa kwesilabhodi yokuqala) yesuropodov kanye ne-ornithopodov.
Ekupheleni kweCretaceous, ama-raptors agcwele iplanethi yonke, ngaphandle kwensimu yase-Australia yanamuhla naseningizimu ye-Afrika. Lama-dinosaurs ayengafani ngosayizi nangokwakheka kwawo. Ngakho-ke, le mic micaptaptor yayisisindo amagremu ambalwa futhi yayinamaphiko ambozwe yizinwele ezinezimpaphe, kuyilapho i-yutasaur ingashaya i-deinonych ngesokunxele esisodwa.
Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona ama-raptors ajwayelekile, afana nalawa: ama-domaomaosaurs kanye nama-saurornipataite, asheshayo, amabi, amnyama ambozwe izimpaphe ayengaphambuki ekudleni izibankwa, izinambuzane, namadayinaso amancane.
Ukuziphatha kweRaptor
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ngisho nomhlwanyeli "ogqamile" wesikhathi se-Mesozoic akakwazanga ngisho nethemba lokukhipha ikati likaSiamese, futhi aze abe mdala kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kuyacaca ukuthi ama-dromaeosaurs (futhi, ngakho-ke, zonke izilwane) kungenzeka ahlakaniphile kancanyana kunama-dinosaurs we-herbivorous abazingela. Indlela yokuphila yaphambi kwesikhathi ifaka ukutholakala kwamakhono athile (umuzwa obukhali wokuhogela, ukubuka okunamandla, ukushesha okusheshayo, ukuhlangana kwamehlo, njll.) Futhi kudinga inani elikhulu lezinto ezimpunga. (Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi ama-sauropods nama-ornithopods kwakungamelwe abe ama-savvy kancane kune-herbivores ayedle nawo!)
Kuyabonakala ukuthi ama-raptors azingelwa ngamaqembu noma ngabodwa.
Zimbalwa kakhulu izinyoni zesimanje ezizingela emaphaketheni, futhi uma kukhanya iqiniso lokuthi izinyoni zidlulile amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, leli qiniso lingabhekwa njengobufakazi obuqondile bokuthi izinhlangano zama-velociraptors zimane nje zingumbono womcabango wabakhiqizi baseHollywood.
Umndeni: IDromaeosauridae † = I-Dromaeosaurids noma iRaptor
Futhi nokho, ukutholwa kwakamuva kokulandelwa kwama-raptors ambalwa endaweni efanayo kubonisa ukuthi okungenani abanye babo bangaphila ngamaqembu futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuzingela okuhlanganyelwe kubonakala sengathi kuyinto eyamukelekayo ngokuphelele, ngisho nakuzo ezinye izinhlobo.
Ngale ndlela, ngemuva kokucwaninga izisekelo zamehlo, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi zazingaphezu kokujwayelekile futhi baphetha ngokuthi, kungenzeka kakhulu, ama-raptors nezinye eziningi, izibankwakazi ezincane nezincane ezihamba ngezinyawo zezilwane ezizingelwa ebusuku. Ezimweni zakusihlwa, amehlo amakhulu omhlaseli ayakwazi ukubamba imisebe ekhanyayo futhi athole ama-dinosaurs amancane, izibankwa, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Futhi, ngenxa yokuzingela ebusuku, ama-raptors amancane angagwema ukuhlangana nama-tyrannosaurs amakhulu futhi aqinisekise ukukhula kwesihlahla somndeni.
I-Velociraptor
I-Velociraptor - "Isela Elisheshayo"
Isikhathi sokuba khona: Isikhathi sokukhathazeka - cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-83-70 edlule
Isigcawu: Lizopharyngeal
Isizinda: Theropods
Izici ze-theropod ezejwayelekile:
- uhambe ngemilenze yasemuva enamandla
- wadla inyama
- Umlomo ohlome ngamazinyo amaningi abukhali, agogekile angaphakathi
Ubukhulu:
ubude 1.8 m
ukuphakama 0,6 m
isisindo singama-20 kg.
Umsoco: UMayaso ezinye izibankwakazi
Kutholakele: 1922, iMongolia
IVelociraptor iyisidlakudla esincane sesikhathi seCretaceous. Uthole udumo olukhethekile kwifilimu ethi "Jurassic Park". Ama-Velociraptors lapho aqanjwa ngama-dinosaurs angamaxhama, afaneleka kakhulu encazelweni. deinonychus. Noma kunjalo, leli qiniso “lihlunge kakhulu” i-velociraptor. IVelociraptor incane ngosayizi kune-deinonychus, kepha ayinabungozi kangako, iyashesha futhi inegazi.
Ugebhezi lweVelociraptor
Ikhanda:
Ugebhezi lwe-Velociraptor lungamaphiko amancane futhi lincane, lingama-25 cm. Kwakunamazinyo acijile angama-50 agobile ngaphakathi emlonyeni futhi ahlelwe ngemigqa eminingana. Izimbobo ezisesidekeni sikadayi zenze kwaba lula kugebhezi, neVelocentric yaqina kakhudlwana. Ingqondo yomelaphi webhayisekili, yesidina esikhulu, inkulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, iVelociraptor, kungenzeka ukuthi ungomunye wabadayisi abahlakaniphe kakhulu.
Isakhiwo somzimba seVelociraptor:
I-Velociraptor yayinezinyawo ezingemuva ezilinganayo, ezazivumela idayinaso ukuba likhule ngesivinini esihle. Emlenzeni ngamunye wasemuva bekukhona uzipho olunjenge-crescent, lapho abakwaVelociraptor belimaza amanxeba okubulala kumhlukunyezwa. Njengawo wonke ama -ropods, i-velociraptor yayinezinzwane ezine emilenzeni yayo yangemuva, eyodwa eyayakhiwe ngaphansi kwayo futhi engazange ihlanganyele ekuhambeni. Izandulelo zangemuva azakhiwe kahle. Kwakuneminwe emithathu ku-Velociraptor paw ngayinye. Owokuqala wayengomfushane kunabo bonke, owesibili waba mude kunabo bonke. Bona dinosaur babamba inyamazane yakhe. Umsila omude ulinganise ingaphambili lomzimba futhi usize ukuqondisa ngejubane eliphezulu.
Isikhumba seVelociraptor:
Namuhla, impikiswano enkulu ezungeze iVelociraptor yindlela ebukeka ngayo. Le dinosaur ibikade ikhonjiswa ngesikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kodwa ezikhathini zakamuva bekulokhu kuyisimo sokuyiveza ngezimpaphe zakudala, ezi-fluffy, ezinemibala egqamile.
Ku-paleontology yesimanje, ukuqondisisa kinshiphu kwama-dromaeosaurids, okubandakanya iVelociraptor nezinyoni, kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile.
Ngo-2007, izazi zemvelo eziningana zabika ngokutholakala kwezimpawu zesifutho ku-Velociraptor kwithambo le-ulnar, elihunyushwa njengezindawo zokuncipha zezimpaphe zesibili. Izinyoni zesimanje zinezimpawu ezinjalo. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, lokhu kutholwa kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi i-velociraptor yayiningi.
Ukuba khona kwezimpaphe kuVelociraptor kanye ukusondela kwezinyoni kungaba nezincazelo ezimbili ezihlobene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo:
1. Ngokuvamile izici ze-avian (kufaka phakathi amaplamu) eziphawulwa kuma-dromaeosaurids zingavela efeni elivela kukhokho ojwayelekile. Ngokusho kwale hypothesis, ama-dromaeosaurids nezinyoni aqhamuka kwelinye lamaqembu ama-coelurosaurs. Le ncazelo yamukelwa ngokuvamile.
2. Ama-Dromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi i-velociraptor, ayizinyoni zakudala ezilahlekelwe amandla okundiza. Ngakho-ke, i-velociraptor ayikwazi ukundiza, njengentshe. Le hypothesis ayithandwa phakathi kwe-paleontologists iningi.
NGEMPELAI-Hot Velociraptor:
Ngaphambi kokuhlola izinsimbi zokuqala ze-Velociraptor, izibankwakazi zazibhekwa njengezingene kancane futhi kungezona izidalwa ezihlakaniphe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-velociraptor yayingumgijimi ozelwe.
I-Velociraptor dinosaur
Ukusuka emqamekweni, washesha washesha waya kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Izilwane ezihlaselwa yiVelociraptor zazicishe zingabi nalo nethuba lokusindiswa. Lapho i-velociraptor ifinyelela isisulu, yagxumela emhlane wayo futhi izama ukugoba amazinyo ayo entanyeni, kubonakala sengathi kwakuthi lapho izungeza noma ilume imithambo yegazi. Emva kwalokho, walimaza amanxeba okubulala ngocelemba, waklebhula wavula inyama. Umsila omude wasiza ekugcineni ukulinganisela.
Kukhona inguqulo yokuthi ama-velociraptors, njengezihlobo zawo ama-deinonychus, azingelwa ngamaqembu. Kepha ngokungafani nabo, amathuna amaningi ama-velociraptors awakatholakali. Ngakho-ke, ukusho ukuthi amaVelociraptors azingelwa emaphaketheni awukenzeki.
Hunter kanye isisulu:
| Ama-Velociraptor nama-protoceratops angenye yezimo zakudala 'zomzingeli nezinyamazane' phakathi kwama-dinosaurs. Ngo-1971, izazi zemvelo ezisebenza eGobi Desert zaba nenhlanhla engakaze ibonwe. Bathole ithambo lamadayinaso amabili - i-velociraptor ne-protoceratops - isilo esidla inyama nezilwane, inyamazana yazo. |
Abamele abathuthukisiwe kakhulu be-domaeosaurids babenamapulangwe akhule kahle, kepha ngokuvamile lo mndeni usondelene kakhulu nezinyoni.Ama-Velociraptors ayengama-dromaeosaurids athuthukile futhi ayengafani kakhulu nezinyoni, kodwa-ke ngo-2007, izazi zesayensi yemvelo eziningana zabika ukutholakala kwezicubu zesifufula e-ulna eziseleni zedayinaso, okubonisa ukuba khona kwezimpaphe kuVelociraptor. Isikhathi eside, le dinosaur yayithathwa njengegazi elibandayo, kepha ukuba khona kwezimpaphe kusho ukugcwala kwegazi okufudumele kwalezi zidalwa.
