Umqubuko - le nhlanzi enhle kakhulu ekuboneni kokuqala ifana nenyoka, ngakho-ke ezweni lethu ezindaweni eziningi akubhekwa ngisho nenhlanzi futhi ayidliwa. Noma ezimeni zethu induna kubhekwa njengezinhlanzi zokudobela ukuthengiswa lapho ifinyelela isisindo esingama-500 g. Lesi sisindo sama-eels sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-6-8.
Inyama ye-Eel iqukethe cishe amafutha angama-30% asezingeni eliphakeme, cishe amaprotheni ayi-15%, okuyinkimbinkimbi yamavithamini nezakhi zamaminerali. Izitsha eziningi ezahlukene zilungiselelwe kusuka kulo. I-eel ebhemayo ibhekwa njengezibiliboco.
Incazelo
Umzimba we-eel ubude, inyoka, ngaphambili engxenyeni engaphezulu noma engaphansi, futhi kamuva icindezelwe kusuka ku-anus kuya emsileni. U-Eel umbozwe ungqimba we-mucus obukhulu, obenza bathambe kakhulu. Ama-dorsal, caudal, ne-anal fins enza umngcele ngesimo somngcele, ohlanganisa ngaphezu kwengxenye yobude bezinhlanzi.
Imisebe yayo yonke imvini ivikelwe yisikhumba. Amaphinifa we-pectoral abanzi, kepha amafushane, amaphiko we-ventral awekho. Izikali zincane kakhulu, zicishe zifihlwe esikhunjeni, zisakazeka ekhanda nasemithini. Ikhanda lincane, ligaqekile ngesimo, lithambile kancane. Kancane kancane idlulela esiqwini, kusukela ekugcineni ingahlukaniswa kuphela yi-gill slits. Amehlo akhiwe ngaphezulu kwamakhona womlomo, mancane. Umhlathi ophansi ubhekisa phambili uye phezulu. Izindebe zinenyama. Amazinyo amancane amaningi atholakala emihlathini nakwamanye amathambo omgogodla womlomo.
Umbala wama-eels uyahluka ngokweminyaka futhi kuya ngohlobo ledamu abahlala kulo, kanye nasezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye. Izinduna ngaphansi kokuthomba zinombala oluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi omnyama emuva. Izinhlangothi zipendwe ziphuzi ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Isisu siphuzi noma simhlophe. Emabhulokeni amadala aqonde phansi, emuva kunombala onsundu noma omnyama, izinhlangothi zimhlophe ngombala omhlophe, isisu simhlophe. Isidumbu salawa ma-eels sidonsa njengokukhanya kwensimbi, yingakho kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nge- silvery.
Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala
U-Eel uhlala ezindlini zokugcina amanzi eziseBaltic Sea basin, ngamanani amancane kakhulu - emifuleni nasemachibini okugcwala kwezigodi ze-Azov, Black, White, Barents Seas. Kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia.
Kwi-CIS, i-eel ejwayelekile itholakala kakhulu ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi endaweni eseBaltic Sea. Ngeziteshi, ingena kwamanye amachibi. Izibungu zalo ezinamandla zihlala kumachibi namachibi. E-Ukraine, i-eel ingatholakala kwi-Danube engezansi ne-Southern Bug, emgodini we-Dnieper, kepha imvamisa kakhulu kumachibi ezigodi zasePripyat naseWestern Bug.
I-eel kagesi inendawo ekhawulelwe kakhulu. Kutholakala eMelika eseMelika kuphela. Ama-eel kagesi atholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yaleli zwekazi. Ugxila kwi-Amazon engezansi.
I-eel yasolwandle ijwayelekile oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, kusukela engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika futhi iphela nge-Bay of Biscay, etholakala eMedithera. Akuvamile ukutholakala kwezinye izindawo zolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi inhlanzi ibhukuda eNyakatho yolwandle iye eningizimu yeNorway. KuLwandle Olumnyama, kuyaqabukela. Ama-eel olwandle angaphila kokubili olwandle oluphakeme futhi ngasogwini, ngokujula okungamamitha ayi-500 inhlanzi ingashiyi.
Ukukhula kwe-Eel nokuqhekeka
Ezitolo zokugcina zaseRussia, lapho kufundwe khona ukukhula kwe-eel, ubukhulu bomzimba wayo bukhuphuka kakhulu phakathi kweminyaka yokuqala 8-9 yokuphila, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isilinganiso sokukhula siyehla. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni yokuqala engu-9, izinhlanzi zifinyelela isilinganiso esingu-83 cm, zinikeza ukukhula okukhula cishe okungama-9 cm, khona-ke eminyakeni eyi-14 elandelayo zengeze kuphela 14 cm ubude, i.e., ukukhula kwazo konyaka zafinyelela ku-1 cm. ukunyuka okuningi kusuka onyakeni wesibili, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kumachibi athile, futhi kuyaqhubeka kukhula kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13- 13, bese kuncipha kakhulu. Izinduna zonyaka ofanayo zikhula ngamandla ahlukahlukene hhayi kuphela emizimbeni ehlukene yamanzi, kodwa futhi nasemzimbeni wamanzi afanayo. Emachibini ezifundeni zeVolyn neRivne, ama-blackheads afinyelela ubude obungu-80-100 cm, kanti isisindo sawo sivame ukuba ngu-2,5-3 kg. Ezindongeni zama-Belarusi eels atholakala afinyelela ku-115 cm ubude futhi enesisindo esingama-3 kg. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane. Ubude bawo abudluli ku-50 cm, nesisindo - 250 g.
Lapho izinduna zifinyelela ebusheni ngonyaka wesikhombisa-wesishiyagalolunye wokuphila, zifuna ukushiya amanzi amasha bese ziya olwandle. Izindawo ezilandelwa yi-Eel zitholakala eningizimu ye-Atlantic Ocean ezingxenyeni zeSargasso algae, zakha okuthiwa uLwandle lweSargasso phakathi kolwandle olwandle. Lapha, ekujuleni okungama-400-500 m ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, kuvela ukukhanya futhi kufe. Ekupheleni kobusika - ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amaqabunga ama-eel asobala, aqanduselwa emaqanda. Lapho bekhula, bakhuphuka kancane kancane baye ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zamanzi, babanjwa yimisinga engaphezulu komhlaba, ethwala abanye baye ogwini lwaseMelika, abanye bathwala iGulf Stream iye ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngokuwa konyaka wesithathu wokudonsa, izibungu zifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-7.5. Lapho selusogwini lwaseYurophu, umzimba wezibungu uyindilinga, amazinyo esiwabhuqu athathelwa indawo yiwo uqobo, amachaphaza amachashaza amachashaza nokudlulisela phambili. Izingxenye zesikhumba zimnyama, yize izinhlanzi zisabonakala. Isibungu esinjalo sesivele sibizwa ngokuthi yi-glassy eel, futhi kulesi sigaba sentuthuko, singena emanzini amasha, lapho sihlala khona iminyaka engaba ngu-9-15, futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko size sifike eminyakeni engama-25. E-hemisphere esenyakatho, ezindaweni ezibusayo emifuleni naseziphethweni zoLwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic, ama-ere we-vitreous ayabanjwa futhi agcinwe yimizimba yamanzi ahlanzekile.
Indlela yokuphila
Umqubuko uhambisa inyoka, kancane. Lapho zisengozini, ngokushesha zigobhoza kusilika noma zicashe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokukhosela. Ezindaweni ezinomswakama, ama-blackheads angahlala ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi eside. Bayakwazi ukuhamba otshanini, ikakhulukazi emazweni noma emuva kwemvula, futhi ngisho nangobhekeni obumanzi noma ngamatshe amatshe, kepha emhlabeni bahamba amabanga amafushane. Ngakho-ke, umbono wokuthi i-eel ingadla ebusuku ezingadini ezisogwini ngenkathi ukuzingela peas ngokusobala kuyiphutha futhi ukubonwa okukhethekile akuqinisekisiwe.
Izindawo zokugcina ezifanele kunazo zonke zokuhlala kwendawo ye-eel zifaka amadamu okugcina amanzi, amachibi amakhulu nemifula ngokugeleza okuhamba kancane. Isimo esikhulu esidingekayo sendawo ehlala kuyo ingukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-oxygen emanzini kanye nokuba khona kwezinto zokudla. Amanzi amfudumalo, phansi enodaka, egcwele imifino yamanzi angajulile, kanye nokuba khona kwenqwaba yezinhlanzi zokhula, izibungu zomiyane nezinye izinambuzane - le indawo efanelekile ukuthi u-eel angahlala kuyo. Umsebenzi wakhe ubonakaliswa kuphela kusihlwa, lapho eyozingela. I-Eel ayinamehlo amahle, ngakho-ke umqhubi wayo oyinhloko uwumqondo omnandi wephunga, yikuvumela ukuthi uzizwe amashumi amamitha ezungeza futhi uzulazule isikhala ebumnyameni obukhuphukayo. I-Eel yinhlanzi efudumele, ngenxa yalokho, ibonisa umsebenzi obalulekile kuphela ngenkathi efudumele. Maphakathi neRussia, lesi isikhathi kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba. Ekwindla, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lehla, umsebenzi obalulekile wale nhlanzi wehla ngokufanele. Lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla lifinyelela kuma-degree angama-9-11, ama-blackheads ayeka ukudla futhi awele ku-animation emisiwe (i-hibernation). Bazingcwaba ngosilika, bacashe emigodini, ematsheni nakwezinye izindawo zokukhosela, kusukela lapho abangaqhamuki kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
UMfula eel, ngokuba yidlozi, uya ukondla ebusuku. Ngenkathi ihlakazela ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, idla amaqanda ayo, bese ikhalori ayithandayo yi-cyprinids. Kepha inyamazane edla inyama idla nezinhlanzi ezincane (izibani, isipikili), okusha namasele. Kwesinye isikhathi izibungu, iminenke, ama crustaceans kanye nezibungu ziba ukudla.
Izinhlanzi ze-Eel - indawo yokuhlala, imikhuba, indlela yokuphila, ukuzingela nezithombe ezingama-125 zemifula nolwandle izinhlobo ze-eel
Manje emhlabeni kukhona inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi. Abaningi babo bayathakazelisa kakhulu, kodwa iningi labo ngama-eels. Konke sibonga ukwakheka komzimba wakhe, futhi ngenxa yako, abantu bavame ukuchaza izinhlanzi ze-eel njengenyoka. Ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5 futhi bunesisindo esingama-7 kg.
Kungenzeka kakhulu, abaningi besaba ukuthi esitolo ngeke bathengiswe i-eel, kodwa okuthile okuyi -inyoka, futhi ngenxa yalokho abantu akuvamile ukukuthenga. Noma kunjalo, ingabe i-eel inhlanzi noma inyoka?
Kunezici ezihlukanisayo ezimhlukanisa nenyoka ejwayelekile - ukuthi azikho izikali emzimbeni wakhe, futhi futhi zimbozwe uketshezi lwama-mucous. Futhi emsileni kunenhlawulo enkulu, ekuvumela ukuthi ugone emhlabathini.
Ukudoba kwe-Eel
U-Eel ugwema ukukhanya phakathi nosuku. Amanzi anamafu kanye namafu anengxenye ekulobeni ngokuphelele. Njengoba sesikhethe indawo yokudoba echibini, kungcono ukukhetha indawo esondele kwababambi bezitshalo zasemanzini.
Emachibini kuhlala izingqimba zamanzi ezijulile ezindaweni lapho phansi kunodaka noma kumbozwe khona ngotshani. Indawo yokuhlala ye-eel emfuleni ingaba izimpande zezihlahla, imifantu phakathi kwamatshe, iziqu ezindala ezibolile zomile emanzini, nokugobhoza kwamagatsha aphukile. Lezi futhi ziyizingxenye emfuleni ezinamabhange aphezulu, hhayi kude nesiteshi esikhulu, lapho kwakhiwa khona izimbobo zemvelo, phakathi kwezindawo ezenziwe ngamatshe, umfula wesikebhe, ihlathi elinezikhukhula, noma yiziphi izakhiwo ezingezansi.
Ngentwasahlobo, i-eel ingabanjwa emifuleni ngisho nasemfudlaneni omkhulu, yize le nhlanzi igwema amanzi ageleza ngokushesha, ifuna izindawo ezingashisi nezifudumele ezinendawo yokukhosela entofontofo.
Ukuze ubambe ama-eels, udinga ukulungiselela kahle. Izinsiza kusebenza zokudoba kufanele zibe namandla futhi ziqine. Ngisho ne-eel enosayizi omncane iyimpi enamandla futhi efanelekile. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi ngesikhathi sokudoba izinhlanzi, unamathela ngomzimba wakhe ezimpandeni ezingaphansi kwamanzi, amagatsha kanye nolwelwe, okunzima kakhulu ukuzikhipha emanzini. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amagiya athembekile azosiza. Ukuqasha le nhlanzi kumane kungenzeki.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokubamba: kumugqa we-plumb, inaliti, ku-donka, "ebhodleleni", ekubhekeni okubambekayo.
Ehlobo, ama-eels abanjwa ikakhulukazi ngamagiya angaphansi. Ukulwa kulula, yinduku yokudoba elula, enomugqa onokwethenjelwa nomugqa wokuloba onentambo ephindwe kabili noma i-tee.
Amabheyisi ajwayelekile kakhulu we-eel ngokungangabazeki ayizinhlanzi ezincane - izinhlanzi ezinjengesiheyidi, isixha sezinyosi zomhlaba, izihlambi zezinhlanzi ezifile eziyi-6-7 cm ubude, izingcezu zenyama. Entwasahlobo, iyakuthanda ukudla izimbungulu, izibungu zasemanzini, izibungu zasemhlabeni noma izibungu zomquba. Ehlobo nasekwindla, kuvame ukuwela izinhlanzi eziphilayo noma ezifile. Inhlanzi ye-Eel ayizideleli izithombo zemifino. Kwenzeka ukuthi aphendule ushizi, ubhontshisi, utshani noma uphizi oluhlaza.
Izinhlobonhlobo nokubukeka
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zomqubuko. Kepha ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- I-eel kagesi. Le nhlanzi yaziwa nangokuthi umbani u-eel. Lokhu kungenxa yamandla ayo okukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Ungabona lolu hlobo lwe-eel esithombeni sokuqala. Ukuphakama okukhulu kwenhlanzi okungafinyelela kumamitha amathathu, kuyilapho isisindo singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-40,
- I-eel yasolwandle, isithombe saso esitholakala ngaphansi kwesithombe se-eel kagesi. Le nhlanzi ingafinyelela amamitha amathathu ubude, futhi isisindo sayo singaba amakhilogremu ayi-100,
- I-eel yomfula. Le nhlanzi yaziwa nangokuthi yi-European eel. Isithombe sakhe singesesithathu zilandelana. Ngobude, ifinyelela ubukhulu bemitha eyi-1, futhi ngesisindo - ama-6 kilos. Kepha kwaqoshwa icala lokubamba umuntu obanjiwe onesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-12.
Isidumbu sika-eel kagesi asimboziwe esikalini, sikhuphukile, sinwetshwe emaceleni nangasemuva, futhi siyindilinga ngaphambili. Abantu abadala banombala onsundu futhi ingxenye engezansi yekhanda iyi-orenji ekhanyayo. Inhlanzi inamehlo ansundu aluhlaza kanye nomphetho okhanyayo we-anal fin. I-Lightning eel iyathakazelisa izitho ezikhiqiza ugesi futhi zihlala ku-66% wobude bomzimba wonke. Ngosizo lwabo, kukhishwa ugesi okunamandla afinyelela ku-1 Ampere namandla kagesi afinyelela ku-1300 V.
I-eel yasolwandle inomzimba omude nowenyoka, ongamboziwe ngesikali nakancane. Ikhanda lakhe lithambile, ekugcineni kwenhlanzi kungumlomo ohlukile ngezindebe eziwugqinsi. Umbala womzimba ungaba nsundu noma ube mpunga omnyama, kanti isisu sivame ukufakwa imibala ngombala wegolide noma okhanyayo onsundu. I-anal ne-dorsal fin inombala onsundu, kepha inomngcele omnyama, obonakala kahle esithombeni. Izinhlanzi zinama-pores amhlophe kulayini we-lateral.
I-eel yaseYurophu inomzimba ophakeme, ocindezelwe kancane kamuva. Umzimba umbozwe izikali ezincane kakhulu, cishe. Ngemuva kwenhlanzi kudwetshwe onsundu nge-tint eluhlaza okotshani, kanti isisu siphonsa umbala ophuzi. Umzimba wonke umbozwe umquba, lapho kufihlwa khona izikali eziphakeme.
Ukudla
UMfula eel, ngokuba yidlozi, uya ukondla ebusuku. Ngenkathi ihlakazela ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, idla amaqanda ayo, bese ikhalori ayithandayo yi-cyprinids. Kepha inyamazane edla inyama idla nezinhlanzi ezincane (izibani, isipikili), okusha namasele. Kwesinye isikhathi izibungu, iminenke, ama crustaceans kanye nezibungu ziba ukudla.
I-eel kagesi ihlukile. Udla inyamazane ishaqekile ngokuphuma kukagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugesi awukhiqizwa njalo: inani lokukhishwa lihlala lilinganiselwe. Akuyona ingozi kumuntu, kepha ukushaqeka kukagesi kumzwisa ubuhlungu obukhulu.
Ukuzala
U-Eel ufinyelela ekuvuthweni okuhlobene nokufika sekwedlule kwezinye izinhlanzi: eminyakeni emi-5 kuya kwengama-5. Akukhathalekile ukuthi uhlala kuphi lo mmeleli we-ichthyofauna, emfuleni noma olwandle, ukuqhekeka kwenzeka kuphela olwandle. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi amafomu emifula ahlala kuphela ezimbizeni zolwandle: lapho zifika ekuvuthweni, inhlanzi yehlela phansi futhi ihlale olwandle ukuze iqhubeke uhlobo.
Lapho amanzi efudumala aze afike ku-16 ... + 17 degrees Celsius, kuqala isikhathi sokukhula. Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kukhulu kubamele abasolwandle bezinduna (cishe amaqanda ayisigidi ayisikhombisa), amafomu emifula anokuzala aze afike kuma 500 500 amaqanda. Ububanzi bamaqanda bungamamitha ayi-1. Ukuqhuma kolwandle ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokusweleka kokufa. Izibungu eziqwini zamaqanda, eziqale ukubhukuda ebusweni bamanzi.
U-Eel akanazimpawu zobulili aze afinyelele ekukhulelweni. Imvamisa, umehluko wobulili ubonakala ezinhlanzini ngeminyaka engu-9 kuya kweli-12 ubudala. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-eel evela emuva iba mnyama, futhi izinhlangothi nesisu ziba yisiliva. Ososayensi abakaqali ukuthi kungani i-eel ifuduka isikhathi eside iye emanzini olwandle ukuze izalwe.
Ngakho-ke, i-eel yinhlanzi ethengisayo enokukhubazeka okuphezulu. Kepha i-eel imvamisa inhlanzi eyingqayizivele, ubungqayizivele bayo obuhlotshaniswa nezici zokubukeka, indlela yokuphanga emangalisa, kanye nendawo evame ukukhethwa njengomhlaba obabazekayo.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: UMfula Eel
Inhlanzana encane ye-chord pikaya, ebiphila emhlabeni eminyakeni engama-530 million edlule, ibhekwa njengezokudoba. Babemincane ngosayizi - amasentimitha ambalwa kuphela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye induna yayifana kakhulu nabo ngokuhamba - bahamba ngendlela efanayo, begoba umzimba. Kepha lokhu kufana akufanele kube ukukhohlisa: ngokungafani namalambu, ama-eels angawezinhlanzi ezigqinsiwe, okusho ukuthi, zenzeka izigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka kamuva. Yize amakhonsathi ayefana nama-eels ngokubukeka, enye yezinhlanzi zokuqala ezingenamuntu ezazihlala ngasekupheleni kweCambria.
I-maxillary ivele ngesikhathi se-Silurian: yona, kanye nezinye ezimbili ezilandelayo, i-Devon ne-Carbon, kubhekwa isikhathi sezimbali eziphezulu kakhulu zezinhlanzi, lapho zaziyizilwane ezihluke kakhulu futhi ezinkulu emhlabeni. Kepha kwakusele okuncane kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ngalesosikhathi - izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zamanje zavela kamuva.
Ividiyo: Umfula u-Eel
Izinhlanzi ze-bony, ezihlukaniswa njenge-eel-like, zivela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ye-Jurassic noma ekugcineni kwe-Triassic. Ngasikhathi sinye, abameli bokuqala bokuhlaselwa kwe-Ugricacean kungenzeka ukuthi baqubuke, yize abacwaningi benganombono ojwayelekile ngalolu daba: abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka kamuva, ekuqaleni kukaPaleogene.
Abanye, kunalokho, bencika kokutholakele kokudalwa kwezinto eziphilayo, bathi imvelaphi yokhokho babo yasendulo.Isibonelo, inhlanzi enjalo engapheli ibizwa ngokuthi iTarrasius, eyinkathi yeCarboniferous futhi ifana kakhulu ne-eel ekwakhiweni kwayo. Kepha iqiniso elikhona ukuthi lokhu kufana akusho ukuthi bazwana. UMfu eel wachazwa nguC. Linnaeus ngo-1758, igama ngesiLatini elingu-Anguilla.
Iqiniso elihehayo: U-eel omdala kunabo bonke - igama lakhe kwakunguPutt, wayehlala e-aquarium eSweden iminyaka engama-85. Wabanjwa mncane kakhulu ngonyaka we-1863 futhi wasinda kuzo zombili izimpi zomhlaba.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umfula u-eel
Ama-Eels ahlukaniswa ngumzimba omude kakhulu, ngenxa yawo afana kakhulu nezinyoka kunezinhlanzi - ngaphambili, ngenxa yalokhu, kwamanye amazwe awazange adliwe, ngoba ayengabhekwa njengezinhlanzi. Eqinisweni, lokhu akuyona nje inhlanzi, kodwa futhi kunambitha kakhulu: ama-eels abhekwa njengodlame, yize ukubukeka kwawo kungabonakala kungathandabuzi.
Umbala we-eel ungahluka: emuva ungumnqumo, uluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu ngokukhanya okuluhlaza - kuya ngokuthi uhlala kuphi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi zinzima ukubona lapho zibheka amanzi avela phezulu. Izinhlangothi nezisu zalo kungaqala kusuka kokuphuzi kuya kokumhlophe - imvamisa i-eel iyaqina njengoba ukhula.
Isikali sincane kakhulu, isikhumba sakhe simbozwe ungqimba we-mucus, yingakho ibushelelezi futhi inyibilika - i-eel ingaphenduka kalula esandleni, ngakho-ke kufanele uyibambe ngokucophelela. Inhlanzi enkulu kakhulu ingakhula ibe ngu-1,6-2 m, bese inesisindo esingu-3-5 kg.
Ikhanda le-eel ngokusobala lithambile kusuka phezulu, umzimba walo usekhanda lomumo wesilinda, kancane kancane usondela emsileni, konke kuthambile. Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza, i-eel igoba ngomzimba wonke, kepha ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa umsila. Amehlo akhe aphuzi ngokuncane futhi mancane kakhulu kunenhlanzi, enikeza nokwangempela.
Amazinyo mancane kodwa abukhali, ahlelwe ngemigqa. Ngaphandle kwamaphinifa we-pectoral, ayahlotshwa futhi amade kakhulu: aqala ebangeni elithile ukusuka kumaphini we-pectoral futhi aqhubeke aze afike kanye nomsila wenhlanzi. Ulayini osobala ubonakala kahle. I-eel inesibindi esikhulu: kungabonakala sengathi amanxeba ayo aqine kakhulu ukuthi kumele afe, kepha uma esakwazi ukuphunyuka, ngokunokwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa uzoba cishe nempilo, ngaphandle kokuthi athole ukwelashwa komgogodla.
Uhlala kuphi umfula i-eel?
Photo: Umfula eel emanzini
I-River eel futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-European, ngoba ihlala cishe eYurophu: ngaphandle kutholakala eNyakatho Afrika kuphela nasezingeni elincane e-Asia Minor. E-Europe, kulula ukusho ukuthi ayikho lapho: kusebhishi lolwandle olumnyama. Emifuleni egelezela kulo lonke olunye ulwandle egeza iYurophu, uyatholakala.
Vele, lokhu akusho ukuthi kutholakala kuyo yonke imifula: kukhetha imifula ezolile ngamanzi athule, ngakho-ke kungahlangatshezwana nawo kakhulu emifuleni esheshayo yezintaba. Amakhulu amakhulu ahlala emifuleni egeleza olwandle iMedithera nolwandle iBaltic.
I-River eel isabalele kuyo yonke iNtshonalanga neNyakatho Yurophu, kepha umngcele wokusatshalaliswa kwawo ngasempumalanga uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: utholakala eNhlonhlo yeBalkan eningizimu yeBulgaria, ifakiwe, kepha ngokuqhubekayo lo mngcele uya ngasentshonalanga futhi uya ngasogwini olusentshonalanga lweBalkan. E-Austria, i-river eel ayitholakali.
EMpumalanga Yurophu, uhlala:
- iningi le-Czech Republic,
- cishe yonke indawo ePoland naseBelarus,
- e-Ukraine ungahlangana naye kuphela endaweni encane enyakatho-ntshonalanga,
- kuzo zonke izifundazwe zeBaltic
- enyakatho yeRussia kuze kufinyelele nasezifundeni zase-Arkhangelsk naseMurmansk.
Uhla lwayo luhlanganisa yonke iScandinavia neziqhingi eziseduze naseYurophu: Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland. Ukusuka endaweni yokusatshalaliswa kwayo kungabonakala ukuthi ayinciphisi izinga lokushisa lamanzi: ingafudumala, njengasemifuleni yoLwandle iMedithera, futhi kubanda, njengakulolo olungena kuLwandle Olumhlophe.
Ukuqubuka izinduna kuyaphawuleka nangeqiniso lokuthi liyakwazi ukukhasa liphume endaweni yokugcina amanzi liqhubekele otshanini obumanzi nasemhlabeni - ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kwemvula. Ngakho-ke, bayakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha amaningi, ngenxa yalokho bangagcina echibini elivalekile. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, zibiza kalula amahora angama-12, kube nzima ngokwengeziwe, kodwa futhi kungenzeka - kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezimbili. Bavele olwandle, kepha bachitha isikhathi sokuqala nokuphela kwezimpilo zabo lapho, bachitha impilo yabo yonke emifuleni.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kutholakala kuphi umfula u-eel. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudliwa yini yile nhlanzi.
Ngabe kudlani emfuleni?
Isithombe: I-Eel River Fish
Ukudla kwe-eel kufaka:
Bazingela ebusuku, nabantu abasha bavame emanzini angajulile eduze nolwandle, futhi abantu abadala, kunalokho, emanzini ajulile kude nawo. Ungabathola phakathi nosuku, yize ngalesi sikhathi bengasebenzi kakhulu. Iningi lizingela izinhlanzi ezincane ezihlala phansi, njengababazi. Uma ungayitholi, zingakhuphukela phezulu.
U-Eel, ikakhulukazi osemncane, ungomunye wabalweli abaphambili be-caviar bezinye izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi ama-cyprinid. Umthanda kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi sokuluka okusebenzayo ngoMeyi-Juni, yi-caviar eba yisisekelo semenyu yakhe. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ishintshela kuma-crustaceans, idla gazinga eliningi.
Babheka ngokukhethekile i-pike ne-tench Fry, ngakho-ke, kuleyo mifula lapho kunenhlanzi eningi khona, ama-eels nawo avame ukutholakala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abadli hhayi kuphela ngamanzi, kepha nasemhlabeni: bayakhasa beya ogwini ukuze babambe i-amphibian noma umnenke. Ama-eels amakhulu angavimba amachwane wamanzi angenazinsiza.
Yize zizingela ebumnyameni, futhi umbono wazo umbi, ziyakwazi ukubona ngokunembile indawo yomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, uma zingamamitha ayi-2 noma eduze kwawo, futhi zinomqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga, ngenxa yazo ezingawunuka zikude. Ama-glass eels adla ikakhulukazi izibungu nama-crustaceans - wona uqobo mancane kakhulu futhi abuthakathaka ukubamba ama-amphibians, izinhlanzi ezincane noma ngisho nefry.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: River eel eRussia
Ama-Blackheads ayasebenza ebusuku, kepha achitha izinsuku ephumula ngemisele, noma noma elele nje phansi, egcotshwa nge-silt - ngesinye isikhathi aze afike kumitha. Imisele yase-Eel ihlala iba nezindawo ezimbili zokuphuma, imvamisa kufihlwe ngaphansi kohlobo oluthile lwetshe. Bangaphumula ogwini impela, ezimpandeni zezihlahla: into esemqoka ukuthi indawo le izolile futhi ipholile.
Isikhathi esiningi abasichitha duzane naphansi noma kuso, bathanda ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela, okuyi-snags ehlukahlukene, izingxaka noma amathanga. Ngaso leso sikhathi, akudingeki ukujula okukhulu: kungaba maphakathi nomfula, hhayi indawo ejulile kakhulu ngasogwini. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi ibuye ibonakale ebusweni, ikakhulukazi uma kukhuphuka amanzi: ngalesi sikhathi, iziduli noma umhlanga zitholakala emathangeni ngasogwini, ezimpondweni eziseduzane. Zincamela lapho ezansi zimbozwe ngodaka noma ngodaka, kodwa ezindaweni lapho kunamadwala noma isihlabathi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nale nhlanzi.
Ukusuka ekugcineni kwentwasahlobo kanye nalo lonke ihlobo i-eel ibilokhu ihamba: ziyehla ziye ezansi bese zibhukuda ziye ezindaweni ezinqwabelana, zinqoba amabanga amade kakhulu. Kepha ama-eels avela kanye kuphela (emva kwalokho bafa), futhi baphila iminyaka eyi-8-15, futhi kwezinye izimo, isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kube iminyaka engama-40, ngoba yingxenye encane yabo kuphela ehlanganyela kule nqubo. Ebusika, ama-blackheads hibernate, agobhoza ngaphansi komfula noma acashe emgodini wawo. Empeleni azisabeli kokuthatheka kwangaphandle, zonke izinqubo emzimbeni wazo zihamba kancane, okuzivumela ukuba zidle cishe kungabikho mandla futhi zingadli ngaleso sikhathi.
Kepha ngentwasahlobo, basalahlekelwa kakhulu yisisindo, ukuze kuthi lapho sebevukile baqale ukuzondla ngokwabo. Iningi lama-eels lihamba liba hibernation, kepha hhayi konke: amanye ahlala esebenzayo ebusika, ikakhulukazi lokhu kubhekisele kwabakhileyo bemifula namachibi afudumele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Giant River Eel
Ukuvela, ama-eels avela kuyo yonke imifula abhukuda oLwandle iSargasso. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele anqobe amabanga amade: kulezi zinhlanzi ezihlala emifuleni yaseRussia, aze afike ku-7,000 - 9,000 km. Kepha bahamba ngomkhumbi lapho - endaweni lapho bazalelwa khona bona uqobo. Kululwandle lapho izimo ezifanele zezibungu ze-eel zibizwa ngokuthi yi-leptocephalus. Ukuhlwayeka kwenzeka ekujuleni okukhulu - ama-350-400 m. I-eel yesifazane ibamba amaqanda amancane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350-500, ngalinye libe ngu-1 mm ububanzi, bese liyafa.
Ngemuva kokuqhekeka, izibungu cishe zisobala - lokhu kuzihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuhle kwabazingeli. Amehlo abo amnyama kuphela abonakala emanzini. Bahlukile kakhulu kubazali babo kangangokuba bebebhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile ngaphambili - ososayensi kade bethathwa imfihlakalo yokuzalwa kabusha kwama-eels, futhi igama elithi leptocephalus seligxilile ezinhlangeni zabo.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwe-leptocephalus, iyaqhuma futhi ithungwe yi-Gulf Stream. Ngokuhambisana nalesi sikhathi, i-lecoscephalus kancane kancane ihlehlela eYurophu. Esiteji lapho inhlanzi isivele isondele ogwini lwaseYurophu, bese ingena ezingxenyeni zemikhumbi, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-glass eel. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlanzi ikhula ibe ngu-7 cm cm, kepha ngokushesha lapho isiya emfuleni iyeka ukondla isikhathi eside futhi inciphe ngosayizi isikhathi esisodwa nesigamu. Umzimba wakhe uyashintsha, futhi uba ngaphandle njenge-Eel endala, futhi hhayi njenge-lecoscephalus, kodwa namanje uhlala esobala - yingakho ukuhlangana nengilazi.
Futhi lapho ukhuphuka umfula, i-eel ithola imibala yokuba umuntu omdala, emva kwalokho ichitha cishe impilo yayo yonke lapho: lezi zinhlanzi zihlala emfuleni iminyaka eyi-8 kuya kwe-12 futhi zihlala zikhula, ukuze kuthi lapho kuphela isikhathi sokuphila zikhule zifinyelele kumamitha amabili .
Izitha zemvelo zomfula i-eel
Isithombe: UMfula Eel
Azikho izilwane ezizingelayo ezikhethekile ezizingela i-eel. Cishe akekho osongela abantu abadala ngemvelo ngenkathi behlala emfuleni: bakhulu ngokwanele ukuba bangesabi izinhlanzi zasemfuleni noma izinyoni ezidla inyama. Kepha olwandle bangadla nge-shark noma tuna.
Ama-eel amancane angakakhuli ngamanani amakhulu angasongela izinhlanzi ezidla inyama, njenge-pike, noma izinyoni: ama-cormorants, gulls njalonjalo. Noma kunjalo, akunakushiwo ukuthi ngisho ne-eel encane kunezinsongo eziningi emfuleni. Kuyiqiniso, kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukuthi i-fry ibe nzima ngokuphelele, ingasaphathwa i-lecoscephalus: izinyamazane eziningi ezidla izinyawo ziyazondla.
Kepha izitha eziphambili ze-eel abantu. Le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengokudla okumnandi, ngoba inenyama ethambile futhi emnandi kakhulu, ngakho-ke idotshwa ngentshiseko. Hhayi ukudoba kuphela, kepha neminye imisebenzi yabantu inethonya elibi kubantu be-eel. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi akubathinti abantu babo ngezindlela ezihamba phambili, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadamu okuwavimbela ekuqhekekeni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kungani ama-eels ukubhukuda kuze kube manje engakaqalwa, kunemibono ehlukene kulokhu. Okuvame kakhulu ukuchaza lokhu nge-Continental Drift: I-eel yayiseduze nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, futhi ngisho namanje, lapho ibanga selikhule kakhulu, bayaqhubeka nokwenza njalo.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umfula u-eel
Phambilini, inani labamnyama abamnyama emazweni aseYurophu lalilikhulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo awabanjwa nhlobo, ekholelwa ukuthi azinakuphakama, noma zize zizondle imfuyo, ngoba nokho ama-eels amaningi eza ngohlobo lokubanjwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, lapho kwakabanjwa khona ama-eel fry amaningi.
Kwamanye amazwe, sekudlule isikhathi eside bedliwe futhi bethandwa, babanjwa nangaphezulu lapho. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni inani lezinhlanzi lehliswe kakhulu yingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XX. Ukudoba kusaqhubeka njalo kuma-eels, noma kunjalo, isilinganiso saso sehle kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kwezinombolo zezinhlanzi.
Emuva ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8 - 11 abanjwa njalo ngonyaka, kepha ngaleso sikhathi kwase sekubonakele ukuthi inani labantu lasehlile. Kuqhubeke kwehla emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngenxa yalokho isilinganiso sokudoba sesibe nesizotha kakhulu. Manje, umfula i-eel ususaziswa kakhulu.
I-fry yakhe eSpain manje ithengisela ngisho ama-euro ayi-1 000 ngekhilogremu ngayinye njengokudla okumnandi kwabacebile. I-River eel ibhalwe ku-Red Book njengohlobo olusondele ekuqothulweni, noma kunjalo, ukudoba kwalo kwakungavunyelwe - okungenani hhayi kuwo wonke amazwe. Isincomo seNhlangano Yezizwe Yokulondolozwa Kwemvelo sikunciphise ukubanjwa kwaso.
Ukuvikelwa Komfula
Isithombe: Redhead River Eel
Ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lama-eel river nokufakwa kwalo kwiBhuku eliBomvu, kuthathwe izinyathelo emazweni amaningi ukuwuvikela. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukubanjwa kwayo akukakavinjwa nhlobo, kuvame ukulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ngakho-ke, eFinland, kusungulwa imikhawulo elandelayo: i-eel ingabanjwa kuphela uma ifinyelela usayizi othile (izinhlanzi ezincane zidinga ukukhishwa) futhi kuphela ngenkathi. Ngokuphula le mithetho, izinhlawulo ezinkulu zinqunyelwe kubadobi.
E-Russia naseBelarus, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokugcina amasheya: phambilini, emuva ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ama-eels ethengiwe athengwa ngalokhu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, manje ukuthengiswa kwawo ngaphandle kwe-EU kunomkhawulo, okuyimpikiswano enkulu yalolu daba. Ukuthengwa kufanele kwenziwe eMorocco, futhi njengoba kuyisizwe esihlukile, i-thermophilic ethe xaxa, kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe.
E-Europe, ukusindisa inani labantu abasebenza ngezikebhe ezihamba ngomkhumbi, bayabanjwa futhi balinywe emapulazini, lapho bengekho engcupheni yengozi ethile. Ama-eel asebekhulile asevele ededelwa emifuleni: okuningi kusinda kubo. Kodwa ukuzalanisa ama-eels ekudingisweni akusebenzi, ngoba kumane awazali.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Lapho ama-eels esuka olwandle ebhukuda eya ogwini lwaseYurophu, abhukuda ayongena emfuleni wokuqala ongena ngendlela, ngakho-ke konke kuya ngokuthi baphendukela kuphi ngqo ogwini. Ukuba nomlomo obanzi womfula kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kube yisisulu sazo, ngakho-ke kutholakala ama-eels amaningi emigodini yawo.
Futhi uma i-eel ikhethe ilitshe, khona-ke kunzima ukuyiyeka: ingaphuma iye ezweni futhi iqhubeke nendlela, ikhambe ngaphezulu kwesithiyo, igibele enye i-eel.
I-eel yomfula - Isibonelo esisodwa sokuthi ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kubukela phansi kanjani inani lezinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu zentengiso. Manje, ukuze kubuyiswe inani lama-eels, kuthatha iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi obukhali ukuze uvikele futhi uzaluse - lokhu kunzima ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi abazali ekudingisweni.
Ukuqhekeka kwe-Eel
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, isazi semvelo esincane saseDenmark nesazi sezilwandle uJohannes Schmidt (owayengakabi naminyaka engamashumi amathathu ngaleso sikhathi) wafunda ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi ezentengiso ezitholakala olwandle lwaseYurophu olusenyakatho. Inetha elihlanganayo elinamaseli amancane kakhulu lancishiswa eceleni kohlangothi lomkhumbi. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, inethiwekhi yaphakanyiswa yafakwa ngaphakathi, futhi ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela kunakho konke okungene kuyo kwaqala. Okokuqala, inhlanzi enkulu, bese kuba yinhlanzi encane, emva kwabo gazinga, izibungu - njalonjalo kuze kube yilapho inyamazane encane kunazo zonke, ifinyelela kumaqanda ngamanye. Ngesineke nangendlela, konke lokhu kuqoqwe emabhange, kubalwe nemiphumela eqoshwe kwijenali.
Ngo-1904, ngomkhumbi "Thor" e-Faroe Islands, phakathi kwe-Iceland nogu lweScotland, uSchmidt wabamba i-leptocephalus. Eyodwa nje. Kungabonakala ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukubanjwa kwenhlanzi eyodwa encane kuso sonke isikhathi sokuhamba? Kepha uSchmidt, ngomqondo ongaguquki wesayensi yeqiniso, wayeqonda ukuthi lokhu kungaba yisiqalo sentambo, ukudonsa okungavula yonke intambo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-leptocephalus yokuqala ayibanjwanga eStrait of Messina. Futhi uSchmidt wakwazi ukukholisa amalungu eKhomishini yaseDenmark Yokubhekisisa Kwasolwandle ukuthi kusukela manje inhloso esemqoka yomsebenzi wakhe kufanele kube ukufuna indawo lapho kuqubuka khona. “Ngaleso sikhathi bengisenomqondo omncane kakhulu,” kubhala uSchmidt ngokulandelayo, "yibuphi ubunzima obuhlukile obungaqhamuka nendlela yokuxazulula le nkinga."
Ngo-1905, i-Thor yahamba ngomkhumbi ezindaweni eziseningizimu ethe xaxa. Lesi sikhathi sikwazile ukubamba amakhulu we-leconcephals. Abanye babo bebevele benza izinguquko, noma kusenzima ukuthi babone. USchmidt wabona ukuthi ama-eels avela kwenye indawo kude olwandle oluvulekile. Kepha kuphi?
Isizini sika-1906 alunikanga lutho olusha, kepha ikuqinisekisile kahle imiphumela yangaphambilini. Unyaka wonke olandelayo, uSchmidt akazange aye olwandle nakancane. Ngokuvumelana nendlela yakhe, wachitha unyaka wonke ehlolisisa lokho akubamba ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Yilapho yonke impikiswano ngokulondolozwa kokubanjiswa ebhodini ikhokhelwe kahle! Ngemuva kokufunda ama-leccephals abanjwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, uSchmidt uthole ukuthi, bonke njengamuntu, bayalingana ngokumangazayo. Lesi kwakuyisimo esibaluleke kakhulu.Kwakufakazela ukuthi kunohlobo olulodwa olungabizwa ngokuthi yi-European eel. I-flair itshele uSchmidt ukuthi wonke ama-eels avela endaweni eyodwa, cishe endaweni ethile enkabeni yoLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo sesayensi singabonakala siyindida: kusuka ngo-1908 kuya ku-1910, iSchmidt iphinde yahlela uhambo, kodwa kuphi? OLwandle iMedithera, yize wayeqinisekile ukuthi ama-eels azalela endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele. Izikhathi ezimbili ezichithwe eMedithera, uSchmidt wakufakazela ngokungenakuphikwa ukuthi ama-eels awaveli lapha. Onke ama-lexandcephals athunjiwe ayemakhulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma siqhathanisa usayizi wezibungu nendawo yokubanjwa kwazo, sithola isithombe esicacile: kude kakhulu naseGibraltar, elikhulukazi i-leptocephalus. Ngenxa yalokho, wonke avela e-Atlantic ngempela.
Manje sase sikwazi ukugwaza ngolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean. Ukusuka eziqhingini zaseFortee kuye e-Azores, kusuka e-Azores kuya eNewfoundland, ukusuka lapho kuya eziqhingini zase-Antilles - lezi ngezinye nje zemizila yaseSchmidt. Kwakunokuphuka kwemikhumbi, lapho kwenzeka kuphela ngesimangaliso ukusindisa abantu nezinto zokwakha ezaziqoqiwe. Kepha akukho okwakungavimba uDane owayenganakile ukuba afinyelele enjongweni yakhe. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe I, imfihlo eyayifihle indawo eyayisetshenziswa yama-eels yadalulwa. Le ndawo yaphenduka uLwandle lweSargasso: ama-lecoscals amancane kakhulu ayesanda kubanjwa amaqanda abanjwa eduze kwawo. Kuliqiniso, uSchmidt wazibona enelungelo lokumemezela lokhu kuphela ngo-1920.
Uyini umbala we-eel?
Umbala wama-eels awufani kakhulu futhi uchazwa ngesidingo sokufihlakala ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa, ama-blackheads anemibala ngemibala ehlukene grey, emnyama, brownish noma greenish. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezinhlobo ezinombala ohlukile ohlukile. Ngokuya ngosayizi, ama-eels asolwandle adlula kakhulu izihlobo zawo zamanzi ahlanzekile futhi angafinyelela kubude obufika kumamitha amathathu futhi abe nesisindo esingama-100 kg.
Ukukhula kwe-eel
I-eel yasolwandle, kanye nomfula i-eel, kungumkhiqizo wokudla obaluleke kakhulu. Izindleko zayo ziphakeme, futhi uma ufunda ukuzalanisa noma okungenani ukuzikhulisela ezimeni ezithengiswayo ezenziwe ngama-glass eels, kunganikeza umthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokwemvelo, umcabango walokhu uqhubekisela phambili ukwenza ucwaningo ngokutshala kwama-eels okwenziwe ngenkani. EJapan, izivivinyo ezifanayo bezilokhu zenzeka kusukela ngo-1950. Ngemuva kwalokho amaJapan aqala ngemizamo yokukhulisa ama-Japanese eels.
Nansi incazelo yokuhlolwa okwenziwe ngusosayensi waseJapan uTakahashi ngonyaka we-1972. Wathatha ukuthunyelwa kwama-glass eels atholakala eNgilandi. Sekukonke, iqembu lalinama-eel angaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili, isisindo esilinganiselwe saso singama-20,4 amagremu. Izinhlanzi zazinikezwa ukudla okuhlanganisiwe kanye ngosuku ukuze isisindo sokuphakelwa cishe kube ngamaphesenti amabili kuya kwamathathu esisindo senhlanzi. Kanye ngenyanga, amanzi ayekhishwa futhi asinda zonke izinhlanzi zilandelana, anqume isisindo sazo nesilinganiso. Isisindo sama-gramu ayi-150 sathathwa njengomugqa wokulawula, futhi njalo ngenyanga kwaqoshwa ukuthi zingaki izinhlanzi ezifinyelela kulesi sisindo.
Umphumela ophambili ungafushaniswa kanjena: i-eel ikhule kabi. Inani lezinhlanzi elifinyelele isisindo sokulawula lalingamanani amabili kuya kwamathathu kuphela ngenyanga. Kwathathwa izinhlanzi eziyishumi kulezizinhlobo ukuze zifunde ubulili bazo. Iningi lezinhlanzi ezidlule umngcele wegramu engu-150 zazingabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya okunemininingwane ethe xaxa kuveza amandla ashukumisayo kakhulu ekusatshalalisweni kwabesilisa nabesilisa: okokuqala, ngo-Agasti wonyaka ka-Agasti, izinhlanzi eziyishumi ezifundiwe zatholakala zingabesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho isithombe sashintsha kakhulu: ngoSepthemba bekukhona abesifazane ababili nabesilisa abayisishiyagalombili, ngo-Okthoba - munye nesishiyagalolunye, ngokulandelana, ngoNovemba amabili nesishiyagalombili, ngoDisemba - bonke abesilisa. Ukuhlolwa kuphele ngoDisemba. Inhlanzi ngayinye yaphinde yalwa, futhi zonke zahlukaniswa ngesisindo zaba ngamaqembu amathathu, kusukela kunenhlanzi ngayinye engama-50 yathathwa ngokungahleliwe futhi ubulili babo babunqunywa. Kwaphinde kwaba nomphumela omangazayo: njalo kwakutholakale abesilisa abangaphezulu kweshumi kunabesifazane!
Kungani i-eel iyinhlanzi eyinqaba?
Asazi okuningi. Nazi ezimbalwa zezinkinga ezingalungiswa. Kungani wonke amnyama ahambela endaweni eyodwa, kanti kuseLwandle iSargasso? Umuntu anganikeza incazelo enjalo. Izinduna zokuzalela zidinga amazinga okushisa athile nosawoti wamanzi. Ngokwemvelo baphuma emifuleni bangene olwandle bese bebhukuda lapho amanzi egcwele khona futhi enosawoti, ngakho-ke, ekugcineni, baphelela oLwandle iSargasso.
Kunamaqiniso aqinisekisa le mqondo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-eels awele oLwandle iMedithera awalishiyi futhi ngokuvamile awabambi iqhaza ekuzaleni: eGibraltar, usawoti wamanzi uguquka kakhulu, futhi lo mzila wokuhlukanisa ongabonakali ukhuphuka ngaphambi kwama-eels, njengodonga lukakhonkolo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akucaci: ama-eels ahlala emifuleni ekude ne-Atlantic azizwa kanjani ukuthi kudingeka aqhubeke nohambo lwangaphambilini kunezihlobo zawo ezisuka emifuleni eseduze? Ngemuva kwakho konke, bonke bafika oLwandle iSargasso ngasikhathi sinye!
Olwandle iSargasso aluqali i-European kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-eels aseMelika. Lapho-ke i-lecoscephalus kufanele iye emingceleni yendawo lapho imisinga ihamba khona endaweni enkulu, ihamba ngezindlela ezihlukile, futhi ibanga elide lisuka esikhungweni, ngokushesha okukhulu. “AbaseYurophu” kanye “nabaseMelika” bakwazi kanjani ukweqa kuleli “wheel wheel” elikhulu kangaka endaweni efanele? Kepha ama-eels ngandlela-thile axazulula lo msebenzi onzima kakhulu: Uhlobo ngalunye luya lapho okwasentshonalanga lapho luthatha ezinye bese luyisa ogwini lwaseMelika, kanti ezinye ziwela kwi-Gulf Stream expor enkulu, ebaphangisela ogwini lwaseYurophu. Konke ukubhula kuzoshabalala. Ama-eels ase-Europe abanjwe “eWestern Express” azofika ogwini kusesekuseni kakhulu ngoba phela, indlela yawo eyihloselwe ukusetha uhambo lweminyaka emibili nengxenye. Isiphetho esifanayo silindele "baseMelika" abathathe isinqumo sokuvakashela e-Europe: bayobhekana ne-metamorphosis phakathi nolwandle futhi ngeke basithole isifutho samanzi amasha, ngaphandle kwabo abangasakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuphila.
Kunokungabonakali okuningi kokuthi izinduna zizala kanjani. Ekuqaleni, esigabeni se-leptocephalus ne-engilazi ye-eel, bonke abantu kunjengokungabi ngocansi. Ngemuva kwe-metamorphosis, ama-blackheads ahlukaniswe “izinkampani” ezimbili - ezinye zikhuphuka imifula, kanti ezinye zihlala emanzini asogwini. Akunakwenzeka ukubona umehluko phakathi kwabo; bonke banesitho sangasese sowesilisa nowesifazane kanye nezindlala. Kodwa-ke ukukhala koLwandle lweSargasso kuqala ukuzwakala, bese ama-eels ehamba. Ngasikhathi sinye, baqala ukuba ngabesilisa noma abesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, lawo ma-eels akhuphuka imifula aba cishe bonke abantu besifazane, futhi lawo asogwini aba ngabesilisa.
Kuyavela ukuthi imvelo yanikeza i-eel yonke into edingekayo kuwo womabili amacala, futhi yizimo zangaphandle kuphela ezinqume ukuthi izonqoba. Ukuhlolwa kukaTakahashi nabanye abaphenyi baseJapan kubonakala kuqinisekisa leli phuzu lokubukwa. Phakathi kwama-eels akhule ngabo, abesilisa abathola amahlandla ayishumi kunabesifazane. Kepha emaqashini okuqala, bonke abantu abangamaphesenti ayikhulu babengabesifazane. Futhi umehluko kuphela osesimweni sokuphila. Ngokusobala, manje leli gama lingokwabofuzo. Ake silinde abakushoyo.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala yezinhlanzi ze-eel
Enye yezinhlanzi ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezihlala ezilwaneni olungaphansi kwamanzi yi-eel. Isici esiyinhloko sokubukeka ngumzimba we-eel - uphakeme. Omunye we inhlanzi enjenge-eel inyoka yasolwandle, ngakho-ke bavame ukudideka.
Ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo njengenyoka, imvamisa ayidliwa, noma ezindaweni eziningi iyabanjwa ithengiswe. Umzimba wakhe awunasikali futhi umbozwe nge-mucus ekhiqizwa yizinduna ezikhethekile. Amaphisi e-dorsal ne-anal axhumekile endaweni futhi akha umsila, ngosizo lapho i-eel ibithela esihlabathini.
Le nhlanzi ihlala emakhoneni amaningi omhlaba, indawo ebanzi kangaka ngenxa yokwehlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo. Izinhlobo ezinothando lokushisa zihlala oLwandle iMedithera, eduze nolwandle olusentshonalanga ne-Afrika, e-Bay of Biscay, oLwandle i-Atlantic, akuvamile lapho zibhukuda eNyakatho yolwandle kuye ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNorway.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zivamile emifuleni egeleza olwandle, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ulwandle kuphela olufuya i-eel. Izilwandle ezinjengalezi zifaka phakathi: Okumnyama, ama-Barents, amaNyakatho, amaBaltic. Izinhlanzi zikagesi ze-eel elihlala eMelika eseNingizimu kuphela, ukunaka kwalo okukhulu kakhulu kubonwa ezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila yezinhlanzi ze-eel
Ngenxa yokungaboni kahle, i-eel ithanda ukuzingela okuqamekele kuyo, futhi ukujula kwendawo yayo yokuhlala intofontofo kungamamitha angama-500. Iyahamba izingela ebusuku, ngenxa yomqondo wayo wephunga owakhiwe kahle, isheshe ithole ukudla ngokwayo, ingaba ngezinye izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-amphibians ahlukahlukene, ama-crustaceans, amaqanda abanye izinhlanzi kanye nezinye izibungu.
Yenza isithombe se-eel hhayi ngoba nje eluma, futhi akunakwenzeka ukumbamba ezandleni ngenxa yomzimba wakhe omile. I-Eel eshayisana nokunyakaza kwenyoka ingahamba ibuyele emanzini.
Ofakazi bokuzibonela basho lokho izinhlanzi zomfula i-eel kuyamangalisa, uyakwazi ukusuka kwelinye ichibi liye kwelinye, uma kukhona ibanga elincanyana phakathi kwabo. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi izakhamizi zemifula ziqala impilo yazo olwandle ziphela lapho.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, inhlanzi igijimela olwandle lapho umfula ugcwala khona, lapho icwila khona ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha amathathu bese ikhwela bese iyafa. U-Eel Fry uvuthiwe ubuyela emfuleni.
Izinhlobo zamaBlackheads
Ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezintathu eziphambili zingahlukaniswa: umfula, ulwandle, nogesi kagesi. I-eel yomfula Uhlala ezansi emfuleni nasezilwandle eziseduze kwazo, ubizwa nangokuthi yi-European.
Ifinyelela kubude be-1 imitha futhi inesisindo esingama-6 kg. Umzimba we-eel uthotshisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ubude, ingemuva linombala ogqamile ngombala obomvu, kanti isisu, njengezinhlanzi eziningi zasemfuleni, siphuzi. UMfula eel izinhlanzi ezimhlophe ngemuva kwesizinda sabafowabo basolwandle. it uhlobo lwenhlanzi ye-eel Unesikali esitholakala emzimbeni wakhe futhi simbozwe ungqimba lomhunqa.
Izinhlanzi ze-Conger eel sikhulu kakhulu kunesibambisene nomfula waso, singafinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude, futhi ubunzima baso bufika ku-100 kg. Umzimba ophakeme we-conger eel awunasikali ngokuphelele, ikhanda likhulu kancane kunobubanzi bawo, lininezindebe eziwugqinsi.
Umbala wakhe omnyama onsundu, amnyama grey nawo akhona, isisu silula, sibonisa ukukhanya kwegolide ekukhanyeni. Umsila uqhakaze okuncane kunomzimba, kanti ulayini omnyama utholakala eceleni kwawo, owunikeza uhlaka oluthile.
Kubukeka sengathi yikuphi okunye okungadangalisa ukwengeza ukubukeka kwayo, kepha kuvela ukuthi kukhona ukumangala okungaphezulu, ngoba enye yezinhlobo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-eel kagesi. Ibizwa nangokuthi umbani i-eel.
Le nhlanzi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi, umzimba wayo inyoka, nekhanda layo liyisicaba. Ama-eel kagesi akhula aze afike ku-2,5 m ubude, futhi abe nesisindo esingama-40 kg.
Ugesi okhiqizwa inhlanzi ukhiqizwa kwizitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe "amakholomu" amancane, futhi lapho inani labo likhulu, liba namandla ngokwengeziwe izindleko ezingashiywa yi-eel.
Usebenzisa ikhono lakhe ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko ukuvikela kubaphikisi abakhulu. Futhi, ngokudlulisa ukuthambekela okubuthakathaka, izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuxhumana, uma sengozini enkulu i-eel ikhipha iziphikiso ezingama-600, khona-ke isebenzisa kuze kufike ku-20 ukuxhumana.
Izitho ezikhiqiza ugesi zihlala ngaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba wonke, zikhipha imali enamandla engamangaza umuntu. Ngakho-ke, kufanele wazi iphi izinhlanzi ze-eel engingafuni ukuhlangana naye. Lapho kudonswa ukudla, u-eel kagesi onecala elinamandla ubopha inhlanzi encane ebhukuda eduzane, bese edla ngokuthula.
Ukudla Izinhlanzi Eel
Izinhlanzi ezihlanzayo zithanda ukuzingela ebusuku kanti i-eel ayikho ehlukile, ingadla izinhlanzi ezincane, iminenke, amasele, izibungu. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlanza enye inhlanzi, i-eel nayo ingajabulisa i-caviar yayo.
Uhlala ngokuzingela, abambe umgodi esihlabathini ngomsila wakhe bese efihla lapho, kuphela ikhanda elisele ebusweni. Kunokusabela kombani, isisulu esidlula lapho asinalo ithuba lokuphunyuka.
Ngenxa yobungqabavu bayo, ukuzingela kwe-eel kagesi kulula kakhulu, ihlala endaweni yokuqamekela, ilinda lapho izinhlanzi ezincane ezanele zihlangana eduze kwayo, bese ikhipha ukucishwa kukagesi okunamandla okungezwa wonke umuntu ngasikhathi sinye - akekho owathola ithuba lokuphunyuka.
Isisulu esimangele kancane sishona phansi. Kumuntu, induna ayiyona ingozi, kepha ingadala ubuhlungu obukhulu, futhi uma lokhu kwenzeka emanzini avulekile, kunengozi yokuminza.
Ibhayoloji
Izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile ezifudukayo. I-eel yaseYurophu ichitha iningi lokuphila kwayo emanzini amasha, bese iphonseka olwandle. Umjikelezo wempilo nge-metamorphosis. Izingela ebusuku emanzini angajulile osogwini, yize isheyini sanele emini, uma sisendaweni eseduze. Idla izibungu zezinambuzane, ama-mollusks, amasele, inhlanzi encane.
Ukuzingela kwe-Eel
I-eel ingahle ibe ngumzingeli ofanele, kepha ngeshwa inamehlo angaboni kahle. Indawo yokuhlala entofontofo ingamamitha angama-500 ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho ethanda ukuzingela izilwane ezincane ebusuku.
Indlela azingela ngayo ilula kakhulu. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Ngomsila wakhe, ukhipha imunyu. Ukhuphuka phakathi lapho kuze kubonakale ikhanda lakhe kuphela, bese ulinda isikhathi eside ukuphanga.
Ngokunokwenzeka, noma yimuphi umhlaseli uyoba nomona ngokuphendula kwakhe. I-Eel iphuma endaweni yayo yokukhosela ngejubane elikhulu futhi ibambe inhlanzi enganakile.
Indawo yokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala
Ihlala ezindlini ezigcina amanzi ezise-Baltic Sea basin, ngamanani amancane kakhulu - emifuleni nasemachibini okugcotshwe kuwo ama-Azov, amnyama, amhlophe, amabhere, izilwandle zeCaspian. Kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi zokugcina ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zaseRussia.
Iyakwazi ukunqoba izindawo ezibalulekile zomhlaba ngokusebenzisa utshani obumanzi ukusuka emvuleni noma ngamazolo, ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwesinye futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivele kumachibi avaliwe angenamanzi. Prefers amanzi athulile, kepha, atholakala kumaqhubu asheshayo. Igcinwa ezingxenyeni ezingezansi ekujuleni okungafani nakuyiphi inhlabathi engezansi emashalofini, ongaba: umsele, udaka, udoti oluqinile, iziqubu zotshani obukhulu.
Ukusebenzisana kwabantu
Kuyinto yokudotshwa kwezentengiso. Ukubanjwa komhlaba kwakungu (izinkulungwane zamathani): 1989 - 11.4, 1990 - 11.1, 1991 - 10.1, 1992 - 10.7, 1993 - 9.5, 1994 - 9.4, 1995 - 8.6, 1996 - 8.5, 1997 - 10.1, 1998 - 7.5, 1999 - 7.5, 2000 - 7.9. Ama-river eels abanjwa ikakhulukazi nge-hook tackle, izicupho namanye amagiya okudoba, futhi kuyinto yokudotshwa kwezemidlalo.
I-eel yaseYurophu inenyama ethambile kakhulu, enambitha. Kungathosiwa, kubheme futhi kukhethwe. Ukusuka ku-eel, kukhiqizwa i- "Eel in Jelly" ekheniwe. ENyakatho Jalimane, isobho le-eel yisitsha sendabuko.
Ngo-2010, iGreenpeace yengezela ama-eel emfuleni ohlwini lwayo olubomvu (uhlu lwezinhlanzi ezithengiswa ezitolo ezinkulu ezejwayelekile emhlabeni jikelele, kepha ngengozi enkulu yokuqothuka ngenxa yokudoba okungalingani).
Ngo-2019, iFinland yethula izinhlawulo ezinkulu zokubamba izinhlanzi ezingandile, kufaka phakathi i-river eel, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokudoba noma ngaphansi kwesayizi omisiwe. Futhi, kukhululwe i-eel yowesifazane eneminyaka engama-40 ubudala e-aquarium yomnyuziyamu wokudoba e-Asikkala, owathola izimpawu zokuxineka zokucindezelwa kokufuduka.
Qaphela!
Kepha olunye uhlobo lwe-eel, njenge-eel kagesi, lwenza umzuzwana ukuze kube nenamba enhle yezinhlanzi ezizungezile, futhi zikhiphe ngokuqinile ezamanje.
Isithombe sezinhlanzi
Kubukeka kunzima kakhulu ukusho ukuthi ibukeka kanjani inhlanzi ye-eel, ngoba akulula ukuthatha isithombe senhlanzi ye-eel, ngoba ngokomqondo yona ayibanjwa ngegiya elilula, kanti idodger enkulu kunazo zonke ayikwazi ukuyibamba ezandleni zakho. Isizathu salokhu umzimba wakhe ungakhululekile. I-Eel igoqeka njengenyoka, inyathela phezu kwamazwe amabanga amafushane.
Abanye abantu bahumusha ngentshiseko ukuthi izinhlanzi zomfula i-eel azifani nezinye ngoba zingakwazi ukukhasa zisuka komunye umkhawulo womfula ziye kwelinye uma kukhona ibanga elifushane lendawo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-eels emhlabeni. Njengomfula (i-European), i-eel kagesi neyasolwandle.