Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zasolwandle imikhomo (kitos - ngesiGreek, "Sea Monster"). Kepha okhokho bomkhomo babengama-artiodactyls ahlala emhlabeni.
AmaCetacean abukeka njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu, kepha 1 okhokho bawo imvubu!
Incazelo
Umkhomo omkhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuze kube ngu-25-33 m, futhi unesisindo esingamathani angama-150. Kunemikhomo emincane engamamitha ayi-6 kuphela kuze kube ngamathani amane.
Ukuma komzimba whale kufana nethonsi eliphakeme; zishwabana kalula emanzini. Amehlo amancane namakhala kutholakala emqheleni wekhanda.
Ukwakheka kwamazinyo kuhlukile:
- Imikhomo enamazinyo enamazinyo abukhali obumbeke obumbeke.
- I-Mustachioed - ngaphandle kwamazinyo, bahlunga amanzi ngamapuleti amathambo (i-whalebone).
Umgogodla womkhomo unwebekile, ngenxa yawo lesi silwane siyakwazi ukudonsa noma ikuphi. Inhloko enkulu idlula kahle emzimbeni, ihlangana nomsila. Futhi amaphini amade nomsila kumsiza ukuba ajike noma abukeke kancane.
Qaphela!
Imikhomo yeBaleen ine amadevu ebusweni babo, futhi umzimba ubushelelezi ngokuphelele.
AmaCetaceans ahluka ngombala, ukusuka ethafeni kuya ezindaweni. Izilwane zasemanzini zingashintsha umbala wesikhumba ngeminyaka. Banomqondo omnandi wephunga, kepha ukunambitheka cishe akwenziwanga. Kepha bahlukanisa amanzi anosawoti namanzi amasha.
Imikhomo eminingi inokubona okufiphele, kepha ibe nokuzwa okumangazayo okunobubanzi obukhulu kusuka emsindweni ongabonakali wokuzwakalayo kuya ku-ultrasound. Ngakho-ke, indlebe yomkhomo inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukuthinta nakho kuhle kakhulu, ngenxa yenamba enkulu yemizwa ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Yini imikhomo
Ngokwezwi nezwi, igama elithi "Whale" lihunyushwa lisuka esiGrekini njengesilwane sasolwandle. Futhi konke lokhu, mhlawumbe, kusuka ekutheni okokuqala ngqa ukuhlangana nalezi zidalwa, abantu babemangele nje ngosayizi wabo. Kepha, konke kuhlukile futhi yiziphi imikhomo - sizokutshela manje.
I-Humpback Whale, noma i-Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Imikhomo iyizilwane ezincelisayo, nokho, ngenxa yokuthi zihlala zihlala emanzini, zaqala ukuhlotshaniswa nokuqonda kwabantu ngezinhlanzi, okuyinto ezingeyona.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphandle, imikhomo ibonakala kalula ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo, inokuhlukahluka okuningi okuqondile futhi ayisebenzi kumahlengethwa noma ama-porpoises.
Whalebone emlonyeni whale
Ukuvela kwemikhomo
Into yokuqala ebhekelwa lapho ukujwayelwa kwemikhomo, ubukhulu babo obukhulu. Ngisho nabameleli abancane bama-cetaceans, njenge-sperm whale emincane, afinyelela kumamitha amathathu ubude futhi anesisindo esingama-400 kg. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-cetaceans zingaqhosha ubude bamamitha ayi-5-12, ngenkathi zinesisindo samathani amaningi. Futhi, umholi ongaphikisiwe whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umuntu omdala ongafinyelela kumamitha angama-33 ubude futhi abe nesisindo esingamathani ayi-150. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nama-dinosaurs asendulo ayengenawo usayizi onjalo, okwenza umkhomo ube yisidlakela esidume kunazo zonke futhi esake sahlala emhlabeni.
Ekhanda lomkhomo we-humpback, umehluko osayizi bemihlathi engenhla nangaphansi ubonakala kahle
Yonke imikhomo inomzimba ohleliwe, intambo emfushane nengasebenzi futhi nekhanda elikhulu, ubukhulu bawo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zingahluka kusuka ku-1/3 kuya ku-1/5 kasayizi ophelele. Ngokwakheka kwamazinyo, imikhomo ingahlukaniswa ibe yimikhawulo emibili - imikhomo ye-baleen neyethothi. Imikhomo enamakhanda ayinamazinyo nhlobo, nasemlonyeni wayo kukhona izingcweti zophondo eziyinqayizivele, ezibizwa nangokuthi yi-whalebone.
Imikhomo kaToothy inamazinyo, kepha inani layo kanye nokwakheka kungahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo.
Amaphiko amade womuthi we-humpback ngaphansi kwamanzi afana nezimpiko
Engxenyeni engenhla kwekhanda lomkhomo kukhona umoya, umgodi lapho isilwane esinyisayo siphefumula ngaso. Ngesikhathi sokuphefumula, umthombo wamanzi omswakama uqhuma ngaphakathi kwesiphefumulo, usayizi wawo kuncike ezinhlotsheni zalokhu noma kulowo mmeleli.
Ngokuqondene nezitho, ezinhlotsheni eziningi ziye zaphenduka amalunga abunjiwe, osayizi bawo angahluka - kusuka kumkhomo omncane wesidoda kuya kokukhulu, njengomkhomo we-humpback.
Ubuso bomkhomo we-humpback umbozwe ngamagobolondo we-crasitic crustaceans
Izingalo zesinqe azikho nhlobo, futhi endaweni yazo, emgogodleni we-lumbar kunamathambo amabili amancane okufakelwa kuwo izicubu zesitho sangasese.
I-Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) yaba negama ngombala wayo wesikhumba esimhlophe esingavamile
Umkhomo uqobo uhambisa emanzini ngosizo olukhulu lomsila ophindwe kabili, abaningi, bengazi, baluthatha njengezinyawo ezelulekile.
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Isikhumba nombala we-whale
Yize umkhomo futhi ezincelisayo, nokho, isikhumba saso sivele sibushelelezi futhi asinawo umbono wokukhona kwezinwele. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba ungqimba olunamafutha impela (ngesinye isikhathi kufika kumitha eli-1). Kungamanoni adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenziweni kwama-whale futhi ngasikhathi sinye aqukethe izakhi zomzimba ezibalulekile.
Ingaphezulu lesikhumba semikhomo eminingi imbozwe yizinambuzane zasolwandle - lezi yizintwala okuthiwa yi-whale, balanids - nazo ezinganciphisa kakhulu ikhono lomkhomo ukuhamba ngokukhululeka emanzini.
Ama-humpback whales enza ngomlomo ovulekile njenge-scoop
khona-ke ngolimi lwakhe ukhipha amanzi emlonyeni wakhe njengepistoni - amanzi ageleza ngokukhululeka emthanjeni whale, futhi ama-crustaceans asala.
Whale Strain amanzi nge-plankton
Umbala wemikhomo, yize ingahluka, kepha ngasikhathi sinye oqondayo futhi, njengomthetho, ungaphezulu omnyama nomzimba ophansi olula.
Habitat
AmaCetace alima olwandle ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Izilwane ngenkathi ebandayo zihamba ziye emanzini afudumele.
Abantu bagcinwa ngamaqembu ezilwane ezingama-30-100. Ake sibheke lapho kuhlala khona imikhomo.
Isistimu yobuchopho nezinzwa zemikhomo
Imikhomo inobuchopho besayizi obanele, obuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi inendawo ethuthukile kakhulu yobuchopho ebhekene nokuzwa. Into ekhona ukuthi imikhomo inamandla okusebenzisa i-ekslocation, ebasiza bobabili ukuhambisa nokuthola ukudla ekujuleni kolwandle ngosizo lomsindo oboniswa entweni, yona ngokwayo abayikhipha besebenzisa amaza ahlukene.
I-Blue Whale Cub (Balaenoptera musculus)
Kepha kwenzeka into eyinqaba ekuziphatheni kwemikhomo ososayensi abasayiqondayo - lokhu yilapho imikhomo, njengamahlengethwa, igezwa khona lapho. Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi le ngenye yezindlela zokuzibulala kwezilwane ezindala noma ezigulayo. Kepha ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi akuwona wonke umkhaya okhishwe njengamanje futhi kwesinye isikhathi angabuyiselwa olwandle ngosizo lomuntu. Mhlawumbe kungukungasebenzi kahle kwendlela ye-echolocation ebenza bathathe okucatshangelwe njengeqiniso, ikakhulukazi njengoba ezinye izinzwa emikhondweni - umbono nephunga - akuthuthukiswa kahle, ngenxa yalokho imikhomo, ngokungathi kunjalo, igezwe ngasosebeni.
Minke whale e-Antarctic ice
Indawo yokuhlala ye-Whale
Imikhomo ijwayelekile kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba wethu. Ngasikhathi sinye, zihamba ngokuya ngemizila yazo eziyithandayo, lapho kunezindawo zokuzondla, zokuncelisa kanye nokuzala.
Imikhomo ihamba kancane ngokwanele emanzini - 10-15 km / h, kepha lapho ingozi iba khona, ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-50 km / h.
Isidumbu sageza i-sea whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eqoshwe ocwaningweni olwengeziwe lwesayensi
Amadoda amaduna nabesifazane abangazalanisi bazala bodwa ngaphandle kwemikhomo, lapho phakathi nesikhathi sokuzala iba imihlambi yabantu abangaba ngu-15. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanalo nhlobo ubukhosi, okuvumela ukulondolozwa kobudlelwano obushelelezi obunokuthula phakathi komhlambi.
Umsoco
Ukudla kuhluke kuhlobo lwe-cetacean:
- ichthyophages idla izinhlanzi,
- I-detritophages feed kwi-organic (isivele ibolile),
- imikhomo yokubulala - yidla izinhlanzi, ama-pinnipeds (uphawu lwasolwandle, amabhubesi olwandle), ngisho namahlengethwa asheshayo namaphinifa.
Blue whale
Umkhomo omkhulu kakhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) emhlabeni ungamamitha angama-33 ubude futhi unesisindo esingamathani angama-150. Isikhumba semabula enezindawo ezimpunga. Ukudla kwakhe yinhlanzi encane neplankton.
AmaCetaceans afuduka eyedwa. Lapho besaba noma ngokulimala okungathi sína baye ezansi kuya ku-550 m.Noma abantu abaphilile bebila kumamitha ayi-100.
Umkhomo ungaphansi kwamanzi 3/4 wokuphila. Owesifazane ubeletha ingane eyi-1 njalo eminyakeni engama-2-3.
Blue whale waphila isikhathi eside, uyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engu-80-100.
Humpback whale
Ukubuye kukhunjulwe nge-hump fin, kunikeze igama "humpback." Umzimba ungwevu omnyama onamabala angavamile kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-14, isisindo singamathani angama-30, uhlukaniswa ngokukhula esiqongweni sekhanda (ama-warts) kanti isisu simhlophe.
Zidla kuma-mollusks, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. Umkhomo we-humpback wenza imisindo ebabazekayo ejabulisa ukuzwa. Ihlala cishe iminyaka engama-50.
I-warwar whale
Umkhomo ongajwayelekile kakhulu mncane. Ungaphansi kwamathani amathathu, futhi afinyelela kumamitha ayi-6. Unomzimba ompunga onsundu omnyama. Amaphinifa we-pectoral mancane, futhi ku-dorsal fill kuze kube ngu-25 cm ngesimo sesikela.
Isici esiyingqayizivele sale nhlobo ukuthi unombala omhlophe-ophuzi.
Kunzima ukuhlangana, ngoba ayibonakali ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Le whale ayenzi i-hum futhi umthombo ukhipha omncane. Ubhukuda kancane, agobise umzimba wakhe ngegagasi.
Kubalulekile! Uthanda isizungu, etholakala phakathi kwemikhomo engama-minke, kanye nabasindayo. Bambona ngebala elimhlophe emhlathini (izinsini).
Isidoda whale
Ummeleli okhanyayo wama-cetaceans yi-sperm whale. Zihlala emihlanjini, zigxila olwandle.
Umoya omkhulu wesilwane ugcinwa esikhwameni somoya, nasemisipha. Ixhumana nama-ultrasound ezihlobo.
Umkhomo owalimele wesikhumba uyingozi ngobudlova baso, ungakhukhulula umkhumbi ohelezayo. Ngenxa yokuzingela, inani lezilwane lehle kakhulu.
Idla kuma-crustaceans, squid, oshaka abancane, ama-mollusks, njll.
Inkomba! I-sperm whale kuphela okuwumbele lapho umuntu omdala engabekwa emlonyeni wayo. Kwenye ingozi yomkhumbi, isidoda sigwinya abantu.
Beluga whale
Lokhu whale okuhlanganisiwe, ngenxa yombala omhlophe owathola igama elithi "Belukha". Baphila iminyaka engaba ngu-40, babe namaphiko we-pectoral wesimo esisetshenzisiwe.
Izingane zizalwa ngombala oluhlaza okotshani. Abantu abadala banebunzi elikhulu le-bulging. Ithuba eliyingqayizivele phakathi kwemikhomo ukuguqula amakhanda.
Ukuzalela umkhomo
Izilwane zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngeminyaka eyi-12, kepha zikulungele ukuzalaniswa ngeminyaka engama-4-5. Isikhathi sokuzalela sande isikhathi eside kwabesilisa; bangashada kaningi.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesilwane, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-7-15.
Ebusika nangesikhathi sokuzala, izinsikazi zifudukela eningizimu ziye emanzini afudumele ngaphambi kowesilisa. Bahlala lapho nezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, futhi ehlobo bahlala ezindaweni ezifudumele.
Ikati lizalwa linomsila ngaphambili, libhukude eduze nowesifazane. Ubisi lwe-Whale yiwo amanoni kunazo zonke.
Izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle, abanqobayo bezilwandle zihlobisa umhlaba wethu. Ukubamba nokuzingela ama-cetaceans emazweni ahlukene sekuvunyelwe manje ukwandisa amanani awo.
ICetacean squad
Ama-Cetaceans ase-oda yiqembu elimangalisayo lezilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini ezibukeka njengezinhlanzi. Ukwakheka kwemizimba yabo kulungisiwe, isikhumba sabo singenazinwele, izindlala zesikhumba sazo azikho, izangqa zazo ziguqulwa zaba amafliphu, futhi zona, njengezinye izilwane, ziphefumula ngamaphaphu wazo. Ngokuphefumula okukodwa, amaphaphu ama-cetaceans agcwele umoya kumthamo wamalitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14, okuvumela ama-cetaceans ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ukuthi uhlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-15 kuye kweyi-90.
U-fig. 1. ICetacean squad
Okukhulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo okule-oda, ngokwesibonelo, omkhulu kunabo bonke o imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wawungamamitha angama-33 ubude futhi unesisindo esingamathani ayi-150. Cabanga: lesi sigaxa silingana nobunzima bezindlovu ezingaba ngu-50, ngokusobala, lolu hlobo lukhulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwane ezake zaba khona.
U-fig. 2. Isisindo nobude be-blue whale
Amahlengethwa amancane kunabo bonke anobude obuyimitha eyi-1 kanye nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30.
AmaCetaceans anekhono lokufunda izinkanyezi futhi kulula ukuzulazula ngisho nasekujuleni okukhulu.
U-fig. 3. Icebo lokuchasisa izinkanyezi
Kusatshalaliswa kabanzi, kuthuthela kuzo zonke izilwandle nolwandle. Ezinye izinhlobo ngesikhathi sokufuduka zibhukuda zifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba semikhomo, ungqimba lwamafutha luqongelela kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-18 kuye kwangama-50, kuqinisekisa ukushisa komzimba okuqhubekayo nokudla okuhle.
Ama-whales azalela kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ubude bomzimba wosanda kuzalwa cishe buba yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba besifazane. Umama wondla ingane ubisi. Ubisi lweCetacean lunamafutha afinyelela kuma-54%, cishe izikhathi eziyishumi ngaphezulu kwezenkomo. Ngakho-ke, iwundlu likhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Imikhomo ifinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokobulili eneminyaka engu-4-6.
U-fig. 4. Cub nge-whale yowesifazane
Sekukonke, cishe zingama-90 izinhlobo zamaCetaceans anamuhla aziwayo. I-oda leCetacean lihlukaniswe kabili ngemikhawulo emi-2: imikhomo enamazinyo i-Toothed and Whiskered. Imikhomo ese-Suborder Toothed ihlukaniswa ubukhona bamazinyo nekhala elilodwa kuphela. Umlomo nolimi lincane. Imikhomo eyakhiwe ngamazinyo ifaka phakathi imindeni emi-4, kufaka phakathi umndeni wakwaSperm Whale nowaseDolphin.
AmaDolphins Omndeni
Umndeni weDolphin awufaki ama-cetaceans amakhulu kunawo wonke, aqala kubude obu-1 kuye kumamitha ayi-10. Onke amahlengethwa abhukuda ngokuphelele, ahlala ngamaqembu, azulazula kalula ngisho nasemanzini anezinkinga. Baxhumana bodwa besebenzisa amasignali omsindo omkhulu. Amahlengethwa angabadli, adla kakhulu izinhlanzi. Ama-Killer whales ayakwazi ukuhlasela amanye ama-cetaceans, ama-pinnipeds noma ama-penguin. Bacinga ukudla, bazulazula kakhulu.
U-fig. 6. AmaDolphins Omndeni
I-Suborder Whiskers ihlukaniswa ukungabikho kwamazinyo, emakhaleni amabili kanye nokuba khona komkhomo whale, okwakha izinto zokuhlunga. Ukudlula kuwo amanzi, imikhomo ye-baleen ibamba ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ulimi lukhulu, luyisikhwama, sinesisindo esingamathani amathathu. Isendlalelo siqukethe imikhomo emikhulu: i-bowhead, grey, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-finwal nabanye.
Iqembu eliphiniwe
Abamele umndeni wakwaPiniped kukhona izilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini, kepha-ke, ziyaphumula zizale emhlabeni. Uku-oda kufaka amabhubesi asolwandle, ama-walruses, ama-seals nezimpawu zoboya. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu futhi eziphakathi nendawo ezinobude obungamamitha ayi-1.5 kuye kwayi-6 nesisindo samathani angama-40 kuya kwangama-3.5.
Imizimba yabo iyaphakeme, iqondiswe. Ikhanda lincane, amazinyo abukhali futhi akhonza ukubamba inyamazane. Izimbobo zezindlebe lapho zicwiliswa emanzini zivaliwe. Izingalo ziguquliwe zaba amafliphu. I-hairline iyahlukahluka kusuka kohlanga obukhulu olunomkhuhlane omnyama eziseleni zoboya kuya ezinweleni ezingatholakali ezitholakala kuma-walrus. Ungqimba lwama-subcutaneous ungqimba olufika ku-10 cm.Zidla ikakhulu ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi kanye nama-mollusks. Kanye ngonyaka, zizala ikonyana elilodwa, elimbozwe kakhulu phansi.
U-fig. 7. Seal Hatchling
Bakhula ngokobulili ngeminyaka engu-7-7. Ziphila ikakhulu ezilwandle ezibandayo nezibandayo. Manje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 zama-pinnipeds. Amasayizi amakhulu kakhulu afinyelelwa yizimpawu zasendlovu zase-Antarctic ezingamamitha ayi-6 ubude nesisindo esingamathani ayi-3,5. Isigaxa esincane kunazo zonke esinezintambo ku-Arctic cishe singama-78 cm.
U-fig. 8. Indlovu yasolwandle
U-fig. 9.I-Ringed seal
Kuma-pinnipeds, izinhlobo zama-walrus, izimpawu kanye nezimpawu zibhalwe kwi-Red Book of Russia.
Isigcawu seTrunk
Kulesi sithole kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zezindlovu ezinezinhlobo ezithile ezingaphansi. Indlovu yaseNdiya inobude obungamamitha amathathu nobunzima obungamathani amahlanu.
U-fig. 10. Isisindo nokukhula kwendlovu yaseNdiya
Indlovu yase-Afrika inkulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni. Ukukhula ekushwabeni kwendlovu kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3,5, isisindo sabantu besifazane singamathani amathathu, kanti abesilisa cishe ngamathani amahlanu.
U-fig. 11. Indlovu yase-Afrika
Isici esiyingqayizivele sokwakheka kwezindlovu ubukhona bemisundu. Imisebenzi yakheka kusuka ezinhlafunweni eziyikhulu. Imisebenzi ikhula kuyo yonke impilo, futhi ama-molars athathelwa indawo amasha njalo eminyakeni engu-6-7. Kuvele isidumbu esikhulu semisipha esiyingqayizivele ezilwaneni ngenxa yokuxinana ekhaleni kanye nesindebe esingaphezulu. Ngesiqu, izindlovu ziyaphefumula, ziphuze amanzi, zithole ukudla ezihlahleni. Bayakwazi ukuphakamisa izinto zisuka emhlabathini, zombili ezincane, ezifana noswidi, nezinkulu, njengelogi.
Isikhumba sezindlovu siminyene, futhi asinazinwele. Izindlovu zidla ekudleni kwezitshalo. Imihlambi iphila kusuka kwabambalwa kuye kwabangamakhulu amaningana. Indlovu izala ithole elilodwa lendlovu njalo ngeminyaka emine. Ubuningi bamakhilogremu ayi-100 nokukhula kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-22. Baqala ukukhula ngokomzimba ngeminyaka eyi-12 yokuphila.
U-fig. 12. Indlovu Cub
I-Predatory squad
Izilwane ezihlaselayo zesimanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-240. Zonke zinomzimba omfishane, oguqukayo, imilenze enamandla, inhloko encane enentamo emfushane yomsipha.
U-fig. 13. I-Predatory squad
Bonke abameleli bokuchithwa bahlanganiswe ukufana kwesakhiwo samazinyo nasendleleni yokudla okunempilo.Kusetshenziswa imicu emide enamandla ukubamba inyamazane yokubamba nokubulala. Okubaluleke kakhulu amazinyo okudla adalwa kuphela kulezi zilwane.
U-fig. 14. Izitha zabazingeli
U-fig. 15. Amazinyo okubulala
Inani elincane phakathi kwabamele i-oda yizinhlobo ezingama-herbivorous, njenge-panda enkulu, noma izinhlobo ezihlasimulisayo njengamabhere. Abamele abanohlonze kakhulu bangamamitha amathathu ubude futhi anesisindo esingafinyelela ku-1 ton. Isilwane esincane kunazo zonke singisisindo esifinyelela ku-13 cm ubude nesisindo esifinyelela ku-100 g.
Izilwane ezihlaselayo zigcwele kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctic. Bahlala ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. Leli qembu lifaka imindeni engu-7, esizoyicabangela ibhere, inja, umfela nekati.
Umndeni weCanine noma weCanine ufaka izinja, izimpisi, izimpungushe, izinja ze-raccoon, izimpungushe nezimpungushe ze-arctic. Lezi yizilwane ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo ezinama-muzzle amade, imilenze emide nezimpelesi ezingaphindeki.
U-fig. 18. Amakhaya Womndeni
Ziyasebenza, njengomthetho, ebusuku noma kusihlwa. Umbala uyi-monophonic noma uyabala, adla ngokudla kwesilwane kwe-canine. Ukuhlaselwa kubhekwe, kulandwe phansi futhi kuxoshwe kusetshenziswa umuzwa wokuhogela onephunga. Isibonelo, impisi, uma kunesidingo, ingagijima ngejubane elingama-50-60 km / h, bese ngokwesilinganiso igijima cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-20 ngosuku. Izinja zizala kanye ngonyaka, zizala zisuka kwe-4 ziye kweziyi-6, kwesinye isikhathi zize zibe ngama-15 ezingaboni ezingasebenzi ngamehlo.
U-fig. 19. I-fox cub
Bopha umndeni
Umndeni weBear ubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-7, umzimba womzimba walezi zilwane unamandla. Ikhanda libanzi, intamo imfushane, umsila, kufihlwe ejokeni elikhulu lesilwane, ucishe ungabonakali.
U-fig. 20. Umndeni WeBhele
Amabhere ajwayelekile eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Okudume kakhulu amabhere ansundu, amnyama namabala aqinile.
U-fig. 21. Ukwabiwa kwamabhere
UBrown bear uhlala eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Ubude bawo bufika kumamitha ama-3, kanti ubunzima bawo bufika kuma-750 kg. Ingadla ukudla kwezitshalo, ama-vertebrates amancane, ukuhlasela imfuyo futhi kudle i-carrion. Kuholela ekuhlaleni kokuhlala phansi, usebenza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Ebusika, i-hibernates yebhere, engahlala izinyanga ezi-4,5 kuye kwezingu-6.5.
U-fig. 22. Ubude nesisindo sebhele elinsundu
Ebusika, emgodini, insikazi ibeletha u-1-2, kwesinye isikhathi okungaphezu kwamathole anesisindo esingama-500. Amawundlu ebhere azalwa engaboni futhi engasizi lutho futhi aqala ukubona ngenyanga yokuphila kwawo. Ubisi lukamama londliwa lize lufinyelele ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Bajwayela ukuya ocansini beneminyaka emithathu.
U-fig. 23. AmaCuba
Umndeni wakwa Kunyi
Umndeni wamaKunya ungowo omkhulu kunawo wonke kulokhu kukhishwa, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-70 zokubonakala okuhlukahlukene nendlela yokuphila ezikuyo. Ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-150 cm, nesisindo - kusuka ku-100 amagremu kuya kuma-40 kilos. Ama-Cunyas ane-hairline eminyene kakhulu, eziningi zazo izilwane ezibalulekile zoboya.
Abafel 'ukholo abaningi baphila emhlabeni, okunje ngemikhuba emincane, ngemisuka, emabhulekweni nakuma-wolverines. AmaMartens nawo akhetha ukuhamba phansi, yize egibela futhi egibela izihlahla. Ama-Otter nama-sea otter aseshintshe indlela yokuphila yasemanzini.
U-fig. 24. Umndeni wakwaKunyi
Umndeni kaFeline
Umndeni kaFline ufaka amakati asendle nawasekhaya, amahlosi, amabhubesi, izingwe, ama-lynxes nabanye. Sekukonke, ziyizinhlobo ezingama-36 ezingohlobo lwe-4 ezaziwayo. Ubude bomzimba wabamele abususelwa ku-50 kuye kuma-380 cm. Isisindo sisuka ku-1.5 siye ku-275 kg. Ubude bomsila buvela ku-10 kuye ku-115 cm.
Umzimba wekati uyavumelana nezimo, ubude, nekhanda eliyindilinga elincane. Imilenze yinde, izipikili ezibukhali ziyaphindeka, umsila futhi mude, uvame ukumbozwa izinwele. Bangazingela bebodwa noma ngamaqembu.
I-Cheetah ingeyamakati - isilwane esisheshayo emhlabeni, ingafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-110 km / h. Ukuchitheka kombala womzimba, okunabala noma okumthende. Amantshontsho azalaniswa kanye ngonyaka, insikazi ibeletha ama-3 kuya ku-9 amathoyizi angenamandla, angaboni. Baqala ukukhula ngokomzimba ngonyaka noma ngeminyaka eyodwa nengxenye yempilo, baphila iminyaka eyi-15, bancane kakhulu kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30.
Izinhlobo eziyi-16 zibhalwe kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia kusuka ku-Predatory oda, kubandakanya impisi ebomvu, amabhere amhlophe kanye namaHimalayan, ama-sea otter, ukugqoka, ihlosi le-Amur nengwe yeqhwa.
U-fig. 25. Ubomvu weWolf
U-fig. 26. I-Himalayan bear
Okuningi ngamaCetaceans
Umndeni wakudala kakhulu wemikhomo yesimanje enezinwele yi-dolphin yasemfuleni. Abamele bayo bane-snout emincane, ende futhi inekhanda yeselula. Zidla izinhlanzi, igobolondo kanye nezibungu, ezivame ukubiwa emhlabathini odaka. Bahlala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika, India nase China.
Ukushaywa ikhwela phambilini kudlale indima enkulu emnothweni wamazwe athile wokudambisa. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-whale bukhula ngokushesha, okuholele ekwehlekeni kwenhlekelele ngamanani abo. Isidumbu sonke somkhomo senziwa, kepha i-spermaceti yaziswa kakhulu. Ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, kwabanjwa imikhomo ecishe ibe yizigidi ezi-2,5.
Ukuze ibavikele ekuqothulweni, kwasayinwa isivumelwano samazwe omhlaba ngo-1946 sokulawula inyamazane, kepha isibalo semikhomo saqhubeka nokuwohloka, kwathi ngo-1985 wonke ama-cetaceans ayekwa ngokuphelele. Izinhlobo eziningi zokukhishwa zifakwe kuzincwadi ezibomvu futhi zivikelwe kakhulu.
Okuningi ngezindlovu
Izindlovu zasendle eNdiya ziyabanjwa, zivinjwe bese zisetshenziselwa umsebenzi onzima. Ukuzingela izindlovu akuvunyelwe yonke indawo, noma kunjalo, naphezu kwezindawo zokugcina, amapaki ezwe nazo zonke izindlela zokuzivikela, abazingeli abaqhubeka nokubhubhisa izindlovu ngenxa yezindlebe noma izindlovu zazo eziyigugu.
Ngokuvinjelwa kokuhweba ngezindlovu, ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo okwenziwe ngamalahle enyuka ngendlela ebabazekayo, isifunda esikhulu semayini yi-tundra yaseRussia osebeni loMfula iLena. Ngo-2009, ukuthunyelwa kwethambo lemamony kusuka eRussia kwaba cishe ngamathani angama-60.
Eminye imindeni yokuhlanya
Umndeni wakwaRaccoon ufaka phakathi izilwane eziphakathi nendawo ezinomzimba omude oguqukayo, nomsila omude, kwesinye isikhathi ongabamba. Isici sokufuna ukwazi kwama-raccoon amandla abo okubamba izinto ezincane ngezandla zabo ngeminwe eyishumi. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa ama-raccoon, amakhala kanye ne-panda encane. Umndeni ufana ne-canine, ibhere ne-kunim.
Umndeni wakwaHyena uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-4 kuphela, yize zifana kakhulu nezinja, zihlobene kakhulu nomndeni wekati. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu kunalokho, ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-55 kuye ku-165 cm, isisindo - ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-80 kg. Izintathu zezinhlobo ezine zidla ku-carrion nezilwane ezibuthakathaka, zidlala indima ebalulekile yama-oda.
Isifinyezo Sesifundo
Ngakho-ke, lesi sifundo sihlole izici zezilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini nezisemhlabeni ezihlala ezindaweni ezihlukile zomhlaba nasemanzini.
I-Bibliography
1. I-Latyushin V.V., i-Shapkin V.A. Ibhayoloji. Izilwane. Ibanga lesi-7. - M: Bustard, 2011.
2. Sonin N.I., Zakharov VB Ibhayoloji. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izilwane. Ibanga lesi-8. - M: Bustard, 2009.
Izixhumanisi ezingeziwe ezinconyelwe izinsiza ze-Inthanethi
Ukuhlukaniswa Oku-1 kwamaMammaliya (Umthombo)
4. I-Porpoises (Umthombo)
Umsebenzi wasekhaya
1. Yiziphi izilwane ama-cetaceans? Yini isimilo sabo?
2. Bhala imindeni yabazingeli owaziyo. Yini abamele babo etholakala endaweni yakho?
3. Yiziphi izilwane? Yiziphi squads ezaziwa nguwe ezihlobene ne-proboscis?
4. Yisho amagama ezinhlamvana ozaziyo. Yikuphi kuzo ezitholakala endaweni yeRussian Federation?
5. Xoxa nabangane nomndeni ukuthi kungani izilwane ezinjengemikhomo, izindlovu namabhere kungokwesigaba samaMammals. Leli klasi lavela kanjani?
Uma uthola iphutha noma isixhumanisi esiphukile, sicela usazise - yenza umnikelo wakho ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi.
Isakhiwo somkhomo
Kuwo wonke ama-cetaceans, umzimba unokwakheka kokwehla okuphakeme, okubanika i-glide elula kwikholamu yamanzi. Ikhanda elikhulu eline-rostrum emincane futhi ebuthuntu ivumela umkhomo ukuba unqamule emanzini lapho ubhukuda. Amakhala asabalele eduze komqhele wekhanda, futhi amehlo amancanyana emzimbeni. Abantu abahlukahlukene banomehluko ekwakhekeni kwamazinyo. Imikhomo enamazinyo inamazinyo abukhali abunjiwe, futhi imikhono ecijile esikhundleni samazinyo ajwayelekile ukuhlunga amanzi bese ithola ukudla kusetshenziswa amapuleti amathambo (noma i-whalebone).
Ithambo lomkhomo linikeza ukuguquguquka okukhethekile nekhono lokwenza ngokuqondakalayo ngenxa yesakhiwo se-spongy nokuqina kwe-disc ye-intervertebral disc. Ikhanda emzimbeni ngaphandle kokwehlukaniswa kwentamo, emsileni umzimba uba mncane. Izilwane ezincelisayo ziyajika kanye namabhuleki ngosizo lwamaphiko, aguqulwa kusuka kumaphinifa we-pectoral. Umsebenzi wale moto wenziwa ngumsila, ubonakala ngesimo esithe xaxa, ukuguquguquka ngokweqile nemisipha ekhule kahle. Ekupheleni kwesifunda se-caudal, kukhona amabala atholakala ngokuqondile. Imikhomo eminingi isebenzisa umsila onayo ukuqinisa ukuhamba kwayo ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Izinwele namabhulashi kukhula kuphela ebubini bomkhomo we-baleen, umzimba umbozwe ngesikhumba esibushelelezi nesingenazinwele. Umbala wesikhumba sesilwane ungaba yi-monophonic, anti -thunzi - phezulu omnyama kanye nelambu elikhanyayo, noma ibala. Ngokukhula kweminyaka, imikhomo ingashintsha umbala wesikhumba sabo. AmaCetaceans awatholakali ama-receptors ama-olodoory, nama-receptors enambitha akhiqizwa kahle. Umkhomo uhlukanisa kuphela ukunambitheka kokudla okunosawoti, kuyilapho ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zinezisethi eziphelele zokunambitheka. Umbono ompofu kanye ne-myopia ejwayelekile inxephezelwa ngokuphelele yizindlala ezihlangene. Ukuzwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo kuhlukanisa imisindo esukela ekuzwelweni kwezithulu kuya emafrimini e-ultrasound, ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyindlebe esiyinkimbinkimbi sendlebe yangaphakathi. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba kunenqwaba yezinzwa, enikeza isilwane umuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuthinta.
Imikhomo ukuxhumana nomunye ngokusebenzisa i-ecolocation. Ukuntuleka kwezintambo zezwi akuzange kuvimbele umkhomo ekuxhumaneni nabanye abantu ngokudlala imisindo. Indima yesibonisi nelensi yomsindo yenziwa ungqimba lwamafutha emathanjeni we-concave wesikhumba. Imikhomo inemisipha ebushelelezi ehamba kancane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi isivinini sayo singafinyelela amakhilomitha angamashumi amane ngehora.
Ukushisa komzimba whale akuxhomekile kwimvelo, lezi yizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Ungqimba obukhulu bamafutha luvikela ekuvinjelweni ngokweqile kwama-cetaceans. Amaphaphu amakhulu anemisipha eyenziwe kahle ivumela izilwane ukuba zichithe ngaphansi kwamanzi ukusuka imizuzu eyishumi kuya kwehora nesigamu. Kuhamba ngomkhumbi kubhekwe olwandle, umkhomo ukhipha umoya ohlobo lokushisa lwawo luphezulu kakhulu kunomoya owuzungezile. Kungakho, lapho kuphuma umoya, kuvela umthombo - isithungu se-condensate, futhi ngawo, ngenxa yamandla aphezulu, kuphakama i-hum hum kwezinye izilwane ezinkulu.
Ahlala kuphi imikhomo?
Indawo yokuhlala kwemikhomo ingulwandle lomhlaba. Izilwane ezincelisayo zihlakazeke kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhamba, kodwa lapho kubanda kakhulu kuthuthela emanzini afudumele futhi kuhlala eduze nolwandle. Lezi yizilwane zomhlambi, zikhetha ukuhlala ngamaqembu kanye namashumi amaningana noma ngamakhulu abantu. Imikhomo iyathutha kuya ngesizini. Ebusika nangesikhathi sokuzalela, imikhomo nezinsikazi zazo zibhukuda emanzini afudumele, futhi ehlobo zisemanzini anomoya ophakeme noma ophakeme.
Ngabe kudlani imikhomo?
Umsoco we-whale kuya ngohlobo lwayo. IPlankton ithandiwe ngama-planktophages; ama-mollusks adla njengokudla kwama-teutophages. Ukudla kwezinhlanzi bukhoma kuma-ichthyophages, izinto ezi-organic ezibunjiwe zisebenzisa i-detritophages. Ama-killer whales angabameli bodwa be-cetaceans abazingela izinhlanzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nezipuni ezinjengezimpawu zamanzi, amaphinifa namabhubesi olwandle Amahlengethwa kanye nenzalo yawo nawo angaba yizisulu zemikhomo yokubulala.
Umkhomo whale
Omunye wabamele ama-cetaceans yi-whale whale. Igama lesilwane livela kumbala waso. Amawundlu weBeluga azalwa enesikhumba esimnyama esiluhlaza, bese-ke eshintsha iba mpunga, bese kuthi abantu abadala babe nombala omhlophe omsulwa. Isilwane sinekhanda elincane ebunzini eliphakeme. Umkhomo we-beluga whale ungaphenduka ikhanda, ngoba i-vertebrae yesibeletho ayifakwanga. Imikhomo eminingi ayinalo ithuba elinjalo. Isilwane asinawo umdwebo we-dorsal fins, kanti namaphiko amancane we-pectoral are oval. Ngenxa yalezi zimpawu, igama lesilwane esiqhwaga esiLatini lihunyushwa ngokuthi "dolphin engenaphiko". Iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuya kwengamashumi amane - miningi yale mikhomo iphila.
Le mikhomo ihlala ezindaweni ezihlala ama-arctic, kepha ifuduka ngezikhathi ezithile. Imikhomo yaseBeluga ichitha ihlobo futhi iphuma ogwini, ezindaweni zokuncibilikisa nokudla. Ngenkathi yokuncibilikisa, imikhomo igcobhoza emanzini angajulile amatshe amatshe asolwandle, ngaleyo ndlela izama ukuchitha isikhumba esidala. Minyaka yonke, imikhomo ye-beluga ihambela izindawo ezifanayo, ikhumbula indawo ezalwe kuyo, lapho ibuyela khona ebusika. Ebusika, imikhomo ihlala ezindaweni zokuqothula, iqeqe iqhwa elincanyana ngemisipha yalo enamandla. Kepha ngesinye isikhathi lapho umhlonyane udonswa wugqinsi weqhwa, ama-belugas angawela ekudingisweni kweqhwa. Ingozi ivezwa ngamabhere wasemakhwapheni kanye nemikhomo yokubulala, okuyiwona ama-beluga whales angaba ukudla. Ukufuduka kuka-Whale kwenzeka emaqenjini amabili: kwelinye kunezinsikazi eziningana ezinamathole, kwesibili kukhona abesilisa abadala. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu abathile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izibonakaliso ezizwakalayo kanye nokushaya izandla ngamafini emanzini. Ngesikhathi sokufunda imikhomo ye-beluga, bekunezinhlobo zemisindo engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu azishicilelayo.
Killer imikhomo
Abaphenyi abaningi basaqhubeka nokuqagulisana ngokuthi ngubani umkhomo obulala umuntu okuyi-whale noma ihlengethwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhomo obulala ubizwa ngokuthi i-whale engumbulala kwabezindaba nakwimpilo yansuku zonke yabomkhomo, lesi silwane ngesamahlengethwa. Lesi silwane sibhidaniswa nomkhomo ngenxa yokwakheka kwengqimba: amahlengethwa anamaphiko amade abukhali, kuthi kumkhomo wumbulunga azungezwe futhi abanzi.
Ukuhluma nokuzala imikhomo
Umkhomo siyisilwane esinyanyekayo esizalanisa kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Isilwane esinyisayo sivutha ngokuphelele lapho sineminyaka eyishumi nambili, kodwa sesivele sinethuba lokuzala sineminyaka emine ubudala. Abesilisa abathandana nawo unyaka wonke, ngakho isikhathi sokukhwelana isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ukukhulelwa kuyaqhubeka ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-cetacean futhi kungathatha izinyanga eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyishumi nanhlanu. Okokuzalwa kwengane, izinsikazi zifudukela emanzini afudumele.
Njengomphumela wokuzala kwengane, kuvela inyathi eyodwa, eshiya umsila wesifazane phambili. Ingane ezelwe ngokushesha inethuba lokuhamba nokuzithuthukisa ngokuzimela, kepha igcina isikhathi esithile eduze nonina. Ukondla umkhomo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngoba ubisi lwe-whale lunokuqina okuphezulu nokuqukethwe okunamafutha amaningi, ngenxa yalokho olungancibiliki emanzini. Ingane ngemuva kokuncelisa icishe iphindwe kabili ngosayizi. Kuyo yonke inkathi yokondla, umama namakati kufanele ahambisane nowesilisa.