Itshe ledada lingelomndeni wamadada, lakha uhlobo lapho kukhona uhlobo olulodwa. Uhla lokudlekwa luhlanganisa izifunda ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia kusuka eBaikal naseLena kuya e-Arctic Circle naseMpumalanga Ekude, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika, i-Iceland naseGreenland. Ebusika, izinyoni zithutheleka ogwini lwe-Atlantic nolwePacific. Amaqembu ahlukene ezinyoni atholakala eNtshonalanga Yurophu. E-Iceland naseNingizimu ye-Greenland, ingxenye yamadada amatshe iphila impilo yokuhlala. Ngesikhathi sokudlekwa, lezi zinyoni zikhetha izindawo eziphakeme nezidleke eduze kwemifudlana. Ebusika, bathuthela ogwini olunamatshe lolwandle, lapho lugcinwa khona emaphaketheni.

Ukubukeka

Ubude bomzimba bungama-36-51 cm.I-Mass is 450-680 g.Ezesilisa zinamapheya amnyama anamahlangothi esifubeni. Kukhona amabala amhlophe ekhanda eduze kwamehlo. Umucu omnyama onama-chestnut amabala ezinhlangothini ugijimela phezulu kwekhanda. Intamo imnyama, engxenyeni engezansi yayo kukhona umucu omhlophe obunjengotshana. Umsila umnyama, mude futhi ubukhali. UBill uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onsomi, ubomvu ngokungabonakali. Kwabesifazane, iplamu li-brown-brown. Kukhona amabala amhlophe amathathu ekhanda. Kukhona ibala elimhlophe eliyindilinga ngemuva kweso ngalinye. Ngokuvamile, izinsikazi zibukeka zinemibala emincane kunabesilisa.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

IKamenushki indizela kumasiza adonsa izidleke ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, ekuqaleni kukaJuni vele ngababili. Izinduna zihlelwe emhlabathini eduze nemifudlana yezintaba ngokugeleza okusheshayo ngaphansi kwemingculu, imijunipha, imijikelezo emincane, ezindaweni ezimnandi zomhlaba. Ibanga lokuya emanzini alidluli kumitha eyi-1. Akukho kulayini esidlekeni. Kunenani elincane kuphela le-fluff. Ku-clutch, kuvela amaqanda endlovu amathathu kusuka kwayi-8.

Isikhathi sokufuduka sithatha izinsuku ezingama-28- 30. Ngemuva kwamachwane amachaphaza, insikazi iwaholela emanzini. Amantshontsho emi kephiko ngenyanga yesi-2 yokuphila. NgoSepthemba, izinyoni zishiya izindawo zazo ezidlekayo. Ukuthomba kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila. abesilisa bathola ingubo ephelele yomshado ngonyaka we-3 wokuphila. Endle, itshe ledada lihlala iminyaka eyi-12 kuye kweli-14.

Ukuziphatha Nempilo

UDrake ushiya izindawo zawo ezidlekayo ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Balindele ukuncibilika, bathuthela olwandle ngemihlambi. Ukuhlanza kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Izinsikazi zezinsikazi ngemuva kokuba amazinyane azo eba namaphiko. I-molt yesibili, lapho abesilisa bethola ingubo yokuvuthwa, yenzeka ezindaweni zobusika. Ngasikhathi sinye, abantu abasha molt. Futhi molt yabo elandelayo yenzeka ehlobo. Emnyakeni wesibili wokuphila ekwindla, amadrama amancane athole iplamu eduze komuntu omdala, futhi umuntu omdala ngokugcwele uthola i-plumage ekwindla ngonyaka we-3 wokuphila.

Lezi zinyoni zishona kahle. Amapayipi abushelelezi futhi aminyene, ngakho-ke umoya omningi uqongelela kuwo. Kuyasiza ukugcina ukufudumala emanzini abandayo futhi kuthuthukisa ukufuya: izinyoni ngemuva kokuphuma emanzini, njengamakhokho. Ukudla kuqukethe ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane, izinhlanzi ezincane. Amadada amatshe amancane aqhuma ebusweni bamanzi kalula futhi ngokushesha. Badazuluka bakhala kakhulu. Abantu bomdabu baseNyakatho abazithinti lezi zinyoni ezinhle, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi yimiphefumulo yezingane eyehla emanzini. Ubuningi balezi zinhlobo bungaphansi. Usengozini.

Habitat kanye nokudla

Itshe elijwayelekile litholakala eSiberia eseNyakatho-neMpumalanga, eMpumalanga Ekude, eNyakatho Ntshonalanga Melika, eGreenland, e-Iceland futhi lihlala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, ikakhulukazi imifula yendawo egcwele ubusika. Ebangeni eliningi, itshe elincane liyinyoni efudukayo. Kusebusika ogwini lwePacific ne-Atlantic, oluseningizimu yezindawo ezidlekayo, ebusika kuhlala olwandle ogwini olunamadwala. I-Kamenushki yehla ngokuphelele, ungasabi ngisho ne-surf. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la madada angavame ukubonwa kahle endaweni engasogwini, lapho evame khona ukufuna ukudla. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni zibhukuda zisondelana kangangokuba imizimba yazo iyathintana. Emanzini, amatshe ahlala phezulu, aphakamisa umsila wawo, futhi uma kunesidingo, asuse ngokushesha futhi kalula.

Zidla kuma-crustaceans, ama-mollusks, izinsalela zezinhlanzi ezincane, ama-echinoderms, izinambuzane nezibungu zazo (izimpukane ze-caddis, izimpophoma, izimbungulu zamanzi nezimbungulu). Uthola ukudla ngokuzuma ngemuva kwawo.

Ukubhema

Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili ematsheni akwenzeki ngaphambili kunangonyaka wesibili wokuphila (ngemuva kokubanda ubusika obubili), futhi isigqoko esiphelele sokumatanisa siphela ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Unyaka wokuqala izinyoni zichitha ezikoleni ezisogwini. Zindizela ezindaweni ezidlekayo, sezivele zigqekeziwe ngababili. Ku-Anadyr, bahlangana ngababili ezinsukwini zokuqala nje lapho befika (Juni 5-6), yize zinezinsikazi ezithile ezigcina abesilisa aba-2. Ukudonsa okukhona manje kuntanta ngamabele avela, amaphiko asabalele bese ehliswa. Babambe amakhanda abo baphonswe emhlane ngemilomo yabo ivulekile, bese beyiphonsa phambili, bakhale kakhulu ngathi "gi-ek." Abesifazane baphendula cishe ithoni efanayo ye "gi-ak."

I-Nesting nokuzalela

Isidleke saseKamenushki esiqongweni semifula yezintaba enamajubane asheshayo, izindolinga namabhange amatshe, eKamchatka, kuze kube ngu-400-500 m. at. eSiberia, ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu zohla, ukwenziwa kwemashi kuqala engxenyeni yokuqala kaJuni. I-biology of nesting eRussia cishe ayaziwa ngokuphelele. E-Iceland, izidleke zitholakala ngaphansi kwemifantu emincane, imicondo nemifantu, noma emabhishi angena ngaphansi kotshani obukhulu, imvamisa ngaphansi kwamamitha Cishe azikho izintambo, ngaphandle kwenani elincane le-fluff. Ezwenikazi laseMelika, amatshe akhiwa izidleke zivame ukuba seduze namanzi, enhlabathini engalingani, kuvame ukuba phakathi kwamatshe noma ngaphansi kwesembozo sotshani nesihlahla. Ekulumbeni kwamatshe, kukhona amaqanda amathathu kuya kwayi-8. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi leli dada elincane lithwala amaqanda aqhathaniswa ngosayizi nenkukhu. Umqondo wemvelo ulula: kukhula iqanda, likhulu likhuphuke, ngakho-ke, lizokhula ngokushesha, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zehlobo elifushane laseSiberia. Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda izinsuku ezingama-27- 29, kanti abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi bavikela indawo yezidleke, kodwa ngokuzayo bangahlanganyeli ekunakekeleni inzalo. Lapho amachwane eqhasha futhi omile, insikazi iwaholela emfuleni. Amachwane athola amandla okundiza eneminyaka engama-5-6 amasonto, kuthi ngoSepthemba amatshe ashiye izindawo zawo ezidlekayo.

Ekupheleni kukaJuni, kudonswa amadala abantu abadala ezindaweni ezidlekayo bese kuvela olwandle, lapho bebuthana khona emihlambini, kwesinye isikhathi behlangana nemihlambi yezinyoni ezinonyaka ubudala. Ekupheleni kukaJulayi nango-Agasti bayancibilika. Izinsikazi ezindala ziqala ukuncibilika kamuva kakhulu, kuphela ngesikhathi sokunyuka kwezinyoni ezincane ephikweni. Ukugcotshwa embhedeni womshado kuqala lapho kudonswa sekwephuzile futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni zabo zobusika. Izinyoni ezincane nazo ziluhlaza ngasikhathi sinye. I-molt elandelayo yenzeka ehlobo lazo ngasikhathi sinye njengakwabesilisa abadala. Ekwindla yonyaka wesibili wokuphila, odakwayo abasha bagqoka izingubo eseziseduze nomuntu omdala, kodwa bathola okokugcina ekwindla konyaka wesithathu.

Inani lokudoba

Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho njengenyoni ethengisayo, ingatholakala kuphela ezindaweni: eKolyma engenhla, lapho amatshe ayizilwane eziningi kakhulu zamadada, eduze nase-Okhotsk, lapho kuzingelwa khona izinyoni ngasogwini, naseziqhingini zaseKomandorsky, lapho zikhonza khona njengosizo olukhulu ekondleni ebusika, lapho ezinye izinyoni zisebenza khona eduzane neziqhingi zimbalwa.

Izimpawu zangaphandle zamatshe

I-plumage inemibala egqamile, enemithunzi eminingi. Isidumbu sowesilisa siblue-slate, esinamabala amhlophe namnyama. Izimpaphe ekhanda nasentanyeni zimnyama matt. Izindawo ezimhlophe zitholakala ekhaleni, ukuvulwa kwezindlebe nasemuva kwentamo. Amabala amabili amhlophe amhlophe atholakala ngemuva kwamehlo. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda, ngaphansi kwezindawo ezimhlophe, kukhona imichilo yehabhu elinombala onsundu. Umgexo omhlophe omncane awuzungeze ngokuphelele intamo. Omunye umugqa omhlophe onomngcele omnyama ugijimela esifubeni. Umsila ongaphezulu nomhlane umnyama. Izinhlangothi zinsundu.

Amatshe (Histrionicus histrionicus)

Kunendawo encane emhlophe enqenqayo esibayeni sephiko. Ingxenye engezansi yamaphiko in nsundu. Izimpaphe ezisehlombe zimhlophe. Izembozo zamaphiko zingwevu mpunga. Isibuko esimnyama namnyama ngombala. I-oblium ingwevu-luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umsila onsundu. Uqhwaku onsundu - umnqumo, unokukhanya okubonakalayo. Amaphayi grey - umthunzi onsundu onama-membrane amnyama. UBrown iris. Ukudonswa kwamapheya ehlobo ngemuva kokuncibilika kumbozwe ngethafa elikhulu lethoni emnyama nsundu.

Owesifazane ngemibala yeplamu uhlukile kakhulu kowesilisa.

Isembozo sezinsiba sedada sinombala onsundu ngombala nge-olive tint. Kukhona amabala amhlophe amathathu abonakalayo ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ngaphansi komzimba mhlophe ngemivimbo emincane emfushane yensundu. Izintambo zinombala onsundu, umsila ungowombala ofanayo. Uqhwaku nemilenze kungwephuzi onsundu. Amatshe amancane afana nabesifazane abadala ezindlini zamapulangwe ekwindla, kepha umbala wokugcina ubonakala ngonyaka wesibili ngemuva kokuncibilika okuningi.

Owesifazane ngemibala yeplamu uhlukile kakhulu kowesilisa.

Ukusabalalisa amatshe

Itshe linobubanzi be-Holarctic, obuphazamiseka ezindaweni. Ifinyelela enyakatho-empumalanga yeSiberia, indawo yokuhlala ifinyelela eMfuleni iLena kanye neChibi iBaikal. Enyakatho, kutholakala itshe elincane eduze kwe-Arctic Circle, eningizimu ifinyelela ePrimorye. Kutholakala eduzane naseKamchatka nase-Commander Islands. Ngokwahlukana izidleke mayelana. Askold olwandle lwaseJapan. Kusatshalaliswa ezwekazini laseMelika ogwini olusenyakatho yoLwandle iPacific, kuthimba isifunda saseCordillera kanye nezintaba zaseRocky. Uqhubeka ehlala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeLabrador, ogwini lwase-Iceland naseGreenland.

IKamenushki ihlala ezindaweni lapho kunemisinga yamanzi evunguza kakhulu.

Izici zokuziphatha kwamatshe

I-Kamenushki - izinyoni ezifuyayo ezidlisa, i-molt nobusika ezindaweni zendabuko ngamaqembu, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sezidleke, lapho izinyoni zihlala ngababili. Bazibekezelela ngokuphelele izimo ezinzima. Amatshe ayakwazi ukubhukuda alwe nalolu gagasi, akhuphuke emithambekeni namatshe ashelelayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyoni eziningi ziyafa ezindaweni ezisolwandle, lapho amagagasi ephonsa izidumbu zamatshe zamatshe asogwini.

I-Kamenushki - umhlambi wezinyoni

Ukuzala amatshe

AmaKamenushki ahlela izidleke zawo kuphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ehlobo, amadada ahlala emachibini asezintabeni nasemifuleni. Kusevele ukubhangiswa ngababili ezindaweni zokuhlala izidleke. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokufika, abesilisa ababili banakekela ezinye izintokazi. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, amadroni ahlela okwamanje, ngenkathi ecindezela amabele awo phambili, enwebeka bese ephonsa amakhanda emuva, bese aziphonsa ngejubane, akhipha izwi elikhulu ngokuthi “gi-ek”. Abesifazane baphenduka izingcingo ezivela kudrows ezinomsindo ofanayo. IKamenushki yakha isidleke emaphethelweni aphezulu emifula ngokugeleza okusheshayo emigqeni, emabhange amatshe amatshe, phakathi kwamatshe, ezilwanyini zotshani obukhulu.

E-Iceland, amatshe esidleke akhetha izindawo ezinemifoloko emincane emincane, imidondoshiya, kanye nejuniper eduze kakhulu nendawo ekhona manje. Ezwenikazi laseMelika, izinyoni zakha izidleke, phakathi kwamatshe. I-lining i-sparse, engezansi ihlanganisa i-bird fluff.

AmaKamenushki ahlela izidleke zawo kuphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda amathathu, ayisishiyagalombili aphezulu anombala okhilimu. Amasayizi weqanda aqhathaniswa namaqanda enkukhu. Iqanda elikhulu linezakhi ezengeziwe futhi iphuphu libonakala likhulu, ngakho liyakwazi ukukhula ngesikhathi sehlobo elifushane. I-Hatching ihlala izinsuku ezingama-27-30. Iduna ligcinwa eduzane, kepha alinandaba nenzalo. Amachwane aseduzane namatshe ohlobo lwe-brood futhi, lapho omile, alandela udayi ukuya emfuleni. Amantshontsho acwila ngokuphelele futhi athole ukudla eduze nolwandle. Amatshe amancane enza izindiza zawo zokuqala lapho ephenduka amasonto angama-5-6 ubudala.

Ukushayela kwabantu abadala ekupheleni kukaJuni kushiya izindawo zabo ezidlekayo bese bakhe imihlambi eyondla ogwini. Kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa amatshe kubo, abanonyaka owodwa kuphela ubudala. Ukuchithwa okuningi kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi nasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Izinsikazi z molten kamuva kwesikhathi lapho zondla inzalo. Ukuhlangana kwezinyoni kwenzeka ekwindla ezindaweni ezisebusika. Amatshe amancanyana azalanisa eneminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemi-3, kepha ikakhulukazi lapho ephenduka iminyaka emi-4-5. Ukuhlangana kwabo kwenzeka ekwindla ezindaweni zobusika.

NgoSepthemba, izinyoni ziyahamba

Isimo sokugcina itshe

IKamenushka ezifundazweni ezisempumalanga yeCanada kuthiwa yizinhlobo ezisengozini. Kutholwe izizathu ezintathu ezingachaza ukwehla kwamanani: ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nemikhiqizo kawoyela, ukucekelwa phansi kancane kancane kwezindawo zokuhlala nezidleke, ukuzingela ngokweqile, ngoba itshe liheha abazingeli ngombala ogqamile wensimbi.

IKamenushki ihlala ogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi.

Ngalezi zizathu, izinhlobo eziseCanada zivikelwe. Ngaphandle kweCanada, isibalo sezinyoni sizinzile noma sikhuphuke kancane, naphezu kwezinga eliphansi lokuzala. Lokhu kuqina kwamanani kungenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwamadada luhlala ezindaweni ezikude nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu.

Izinhlobo zamatshe

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamatshe:

1. subspecies N. h. I-histrionicus ifinyelela eLabrador, e-Iceland, eGreenland.
2. H. h. i-pacificus itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia kanye nasentshonalanga yezwekazi laseMelika.

Inani lezomnotho

AmaKamenushki abaluleke kakhulu kwezentengiselwano ezindaweni kuphela, izinyoni zidutshulwa eKolyma engenhla, lapho lolu hlobo luningi kakhulu phakathi kwamadada okumba. Eduze nase-Okhotsk molting bird zibanjwa ziwela phesheya kwezilwandle. EsiQhingini SaseCommander, lokhu okuyikhona okubhekiswa kakhulu ebusika, lapho ezinye izinhlobo zamadada zishiya iziqhingi ezinolaka.

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Kamenushka

I-Kamenushka - i-Anseriformes oda, umndeni we-Duck

Amatshe (Histrionicus histrionicus). Indawo yokuhlala - i-Asia, iMelika, i-Europe Length 65 cm Weight 750 g

IKamenushka iyinyoni engajwayelekile. Lathola igama laso ngenxa yezindawo ezazihlala kulo - leli duck lithanda ukuhlala emanxwemeni anamatshe emifula yezintaba, futhi lichitha ubusika ezintabeni ezingasolwandle i-Atlantic nePacific. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, idrake, edwebe sonke leso sikhathi ngesizotha ngokwanele, ithola ingubo enhle ngokumangazayo.

Idada libhukuda kahle, futhi linamakhono okucwilisa, lingadla ngisho nengulube yamagagasi anolaka, ongamane uphonswe kunoma iyiphi enye inyoni ogwini. Le nyoni idla ukudla kwezilwane, inyamazane yayo iba izinambuzane nezibungu zazo, ama-amphibians amancane, ama-mollusks nama-crustaceans. Kakhulu inyoni yabo ithola ngaphansi kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Akubi ngokujulile, kepha ngaphansi kwamanzi kungahlala isikhathi eside. Ngamaqoqo, abantu bomdabu baseNyakatho bathatha itshe.