IGyurza - usayizi omkhulu, ofinyelela ubude ngomsila wamamitha amabili, inyoka enobuthi yomndeni wakwa-Vipers. Ngamanye amagama, inyoka yeLevantine ibizwa. Isisindo esijwayelekile somuntu omdala sifinyelela amakhilogremu amathathu.
Abameli abaningi bezinhlobo banobukhulu obedlula usayizi wesandla somuntu. Inyoka kaGyurza ihluka ngekhanda elibanzi nelikhulu, i-monophonic noma iphethini yamabala nama-arcs.
Inyoka kaGyurza
Intamo incane futhi icacile ngaphandle kwekhanda. Amehlo nomfundi kuqondile. Isikhumba simbozwe esikalini, isisu nomsila zinezibazi. Umdwebo nemibala ngokwahlukahluka kakhulu. Inyoka kaGyurza (njengoba kubonwe ku isithombe) yi-monophonic: nsundu, nsundu futhi imnyama, imvame ukuba nsomi.
Kwesinye isikhathi ingambozwa ngezindawo ezimnyama ezinsundu. Ihlala emazweni ase-Asia nase-Afrika. Ukusuka esikhaleni se-USSR yangaphambili, lapho le nhlobo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo yathathwa njengommeleli omkhulu we-fauna, kwenzeka inyoka ye-gyurza eDagestan, eNyakatho neCaucasus, Kazakhstan naseAzerbaijan.
Yizinhlobo ezingandile futhi ezisengozini eRussia futhi zibhalwe ku-Red Book ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Usayizi wesibalo salokhu okuhlukahlukene kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo wehla kakhulu ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabo okuningi.
Kodwa-ke, kuma-expanses ezifuywayo lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kuyabulala inyoka, ukuluma gyurza qhathanisa ne-cobra yase-Asia kuphela. Ubuthi bayo busebenza kakhulu futhi buyizinto eziyingozi ze-hemolytic, kanti amamilogremu angama-50 anele ekufeni.
Lapho ubuthi bungena egazini lomuntu, ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana abomvu egazini kuyabhujiswa. Njalo ngonyaka, abantu abafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziningana baba yizisulu zaloluhlobo lwenyoka emhlabeni. Kungakho kungcono ukwazi: inyoka ye-gyurza ibukeka kanjaniukuvikela ingozi engaba khona ngesikhathi.
IGyurza ithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esomile futhi ihlala ezindaweni ezinamagwadule, agqunywe kakhulu nezihlahla. Kuyenzeka nasezindaweni ezathathwa ngumuntu ngenxa yempilo yakhe.
Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi izinyoka zihlale emaphethelweni amadolobha amakhulu nasemiseleni yokunisela, ezihlala emazweni atshaliwe. Ikakhulu, okuningi kuyaziwa mayelana kizlyar gyurza – izinyokabahlala eduze kwezakhiwo zokuhlala namakamu ezwe. Bahlukaniswa inani elincane lamabala kanye nemikhuba eminingi esifundeni sesisu.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila yenyoka ye-gyurza
Izici zokuziphatha kanye nemikhuba ye-gyurza incike ngqo, njengezilwane eziningi, ngesikhathi sonyaka. Ezikhathini ezishisayo nezomile, ukhetha ukuqhuba impilo esebenzayo ebusuku kuphela, ecashe elangeni elihangayo. Futhi ngezikhathi ezinhle, entwasahlobo noma ekwindla, ubamba indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke.
Izinyoka ezisebenzisa ngokweqile, zakha amaqembu amancane abantu abayi-5-12, zicashe ezindaweni zokukhosela ezingatholakala emaweni noma ngaphansi kwamatshe. Kepha bayakwazi ukuhlala ebusika bodwa. Zikhulela emvelweni bese zidlulela empilweni esebenzayo lapho okujwayelekile kosuku lokushisa komoya kuba ngu-+10 ° C bese kuba ngaphezulu.
I-gyurza yowesifazane nowesilisa
Inyoka ingaba yingozi enkulu hhayi kuphela kumhambi ongakhathaleli, kodwa futhi nakwimfuyo nasezilwane ezifuywayo. Lapho ehlasela, uphonsa ebukhali isisulu sakhe kubo bonke ubude bomzimba wakhe omkhulu. Ukusuka kwakhe ngobuhlanya nokuba nolaka, ngisho nabadla izinyoka abanolwazi bangahlupheka.
Kusukela Ubuhlungu benyoka ye-gyurza iqukethe izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme, izidakamizwa zenziwa kulo. Ama-birdarium amaningi athumba, alondoloze futhi azalanise lolu hlobo lwezinyoka ezinobuthi, bese athengisa ubuthi bawo ngezinjongo zokwelashwa.
Ukugcina i-gyurza ezindaweni zokunakekela izingane, kungaba ngama-terrariums noma amakamelo akhethekile anesimo sezulu sokufakelwa nekhono lokulawula amazinga okushisa, kanye namahora asemini, asetshenziswa.
Lapho, nakanjani, kukhona indlela yokushisa engenakuphinda ingene nomoya omncane. Kwakhiwa namakhaya okugcina izingane ekhethekile, ahlala enamanzi ahlanzekile. Kuma-terrariums, lapho kuvame ukungabekwa khona umuntu oyedwa, okuqukethwe i-gyurza kukhetheka kakhulu kunasemakamelweni ajwayelekile nenani elikhulu labazwana.
IGyurza, njengazo zonke izinyoka, iyathanda ukushiswa yilanga
Lokhu kuzovumela ukubhekisisa isimo somzimba kanye nezinga lempilo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ngesikhathi ukukhomba izimpawu ezibuhlungu. Lapho, kulula kakhulu ukuqapha ukudla nokuqeda ngokuphelele ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwezinyoka, kanye nemiphumela yokuziphatha kwabo okunolaka.
Umsoco we-Gyurza
Ngokwemithetho yemvelo, zonke izinyoka zingabazingeli abakhohlisayo. Inyoka enobuthi kaGyurza ihlala eduze neziphethu ezipholile, ezindaweni eziwubukhazikhazi obuhle namabhange, ihlinzeke umswakama omnandi ekushiseni kwemifula, lapho ithanda ukubhukuda nokuzingela izingcingo zamanzi nezilwane eza emgodini wokuphuza.
Inyoka idla amagundane amancane, phakathi kwawo kukhona amagebhu, ama-gerbils, ama-pikas, kanye namagundane. IGyurza ingadla ondlunkulu, izibankwa nezinye izinyoka. Imvamisa inyoka ilindela inyamazane yayo, ihlale phansi etsheni elithile, ikhombisa ukukhohlisa okumangalisayo nokubekezela, yenza okuphonsa ngokubukhali nangombani lapho kusondela inyamazane.
Efaka isisulu kokubi, akamvumeli ukuthi ahambe kuze kube yilapho ubuthi buqala ukusebenza, bese egwinya lonke ngaphandle kokulandela. Ukuba nesifiso esikhulu sokudla, i-gyurza ngokushesha iyaqhubeka nokuzingela izisulu ezintsha. Ngentwasahlobo nasekwindla, uGyurza uthanda ukufunza inyamazane ezindaweni zokuhlala izinyoni ezifudukayo ubusuku bonke, azifaka emasimini nasezivinini.
Kunzima ukuqaphela esihlahleni se-gurzu
UGyurza uyakwazi ukukhuphuka kahle izihlahla, futhi ezimsiza kakhulu ekuzingeleni. Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa alolu hlobo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ngokuzimela azitholela ukudla kwawo futhi angagculiseka yizinambuzane.
Ukuzalela nokuphila isikhathi eside kwe-gyurza
Uhlobo olufanayo lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo lingelabamele abamele i-oviparous of theuna. Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-gyurza siqala ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli futhi siphela maphakathi noJuni. Futhi ngenyanga yokugcina yehlobo, umama we-gyurza ubeka amaqanda, inani lazo lisuka ku-15 liye ku-30, kwezinye izimo lifinyelela izingcezu ezingama-40. Zimbozwe ngegobolondo elincane lesikhumba.
Ngemuva kwamaviki angama-4-7, kuvela izinyoka ezincane kubo, ubukhulu bawo abudluli kuma-25-27 cm, futhi banesisindo esingaphansi kwama-gramu ayi-10. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuzalwa, izinyoka zigibela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ziqala impilo yokuzimela. Abazali abasenandaba nabo.
Ekwindla, bagcwala izinyanga ezine kuya kwezingu-4. Amandla okukhiqiza izinyoka zawo azithola iminyaka emithathu. Isikhathi sokuphila se-gyurza endle singaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nambili. Ekuthunjweni, ngokunakekelwa okuhle, izinyamazane zalezi zinhlobo zivame ukufika eminyakeni engu-18-20.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
IGyurza - inyoka eyingozi kunazo zonke, enobuthi, ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke abomndeni wama-viper. UGyurza unamagama amaningi neziteketiso, uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inyoka yeLevantine. Igama "Gyurza" uqobo laqhamuka olimini lwesiPheresiya futhi lisho ukuthi "mace" noma "iklabhu yensimbi" ekuhumusheni kusuka kulo. Leli gama lisekelwe ngemuva kwenyoka, sibonga ngomzimba wayo onamandla, ofana neklabhu yangempela.
Ukusuka kwisiLatini, igama lenyoka lihunyushwa ngokuthi "i-coffin viper." Abantu base-Uzbek bayibiza ngokuthi inyoka eluhlaza, kanti abantu baseTurkmen bayibiza ngokuthi yihhashi. Akunandaba noma kubizwa kanjani futhi kuphi, into eyodwa icacile ngokuphelele - iyingozi kakhulu, inobuthi futhi inobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele.
Ividiyo: Gyurza
Ensimini yendawo eyake yaba yiSoviet Union, lena inyoka eyingozi kakhulu futhi enkulu kunazo zonke, zonke izihlobo zayo ezinyoka zinobuthi, kepha i-gyurza iyona enobuthi kunazo zonke, ayaziwa ezweni lethu kanye namazwe wangaphambilini we-USSR, kepha emhlabeni wonke. Ama-herpetologists manje akhomba imininingwane engu-6 yalesi silwanyana esiyingozi, kepha esisodwa sazo siyangabaza. Zonke izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka hhayi endaweni yazo yokuhlala, kodwa futhi ngosayizi nezinye izici zangaphandle.
Echaza i-gyurza, kungaphawulwa ukuthi inkulu kakhulu ngosayizi, engafinyelela ubude (kanye nomsila) kuze kube 2 m, futhi inesisindo esingama-3 kg. Umzimba we-gyurza uqinile futhi unamandla, ukushuba kwawo ku-girth kungaphezu kwesandla somuntu. Umbala wesikhumba wezinhlobo ezingefani ezahlukile, konke kuncike endaweni yenyoka engapheli.
Ubuthi be-gyurza buyingozi kakhulu futhi bunamandla kangangokuba bunamandla acishe afane nele-cobra yase-Asia. Lapho esegazini lomuntu, ubuthi buqala ukushabalalisa amaseli akhe abomvu egazi. Futhi noma yikuphi ukubambezeleka kuyabulala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: cishe amaphesenti ayi-15 ayo yonke ukulunywa kwe-herpes ayabulala, uma ungaguquki ekwelashweni. Njengomuthi wokudambisa izidakamizwa, odokotela bafaka i-serum ekhethekile emzimbeni, isikhathi ngasinye bexwayisa ukuthi ukuzelapha kumele kungafakwa ngaphandle, ngoba kungaholela ekufeni.
Minyaka yonke, abantu abayizinkulungwane eziningana bahlushwa ukulunywa yi-gyurza emhlabeni wonke, ngakho-ke kudingeka wazi ukuthi luhlobo luni lwenyoka ebukeka njengegobolondo ukuze ingabi yisisulu salo.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Inyoka kaGyurza
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kunezinhlobo zezinyoka ezifinyelela kumamitha amabili ubude, ubude besikhathi somzimba we-gyurza bungaphansi kwamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Ikhanda le-gyurza linesimo sikanxantathu, futhi umzimba wonke unamandla amakhulu, umsipha. Isikali esincane siyabonakala ngaphezulu kwamehlo e-gyurza, lokhu kuyayihlukanisa nezihlobo zayo. Ezinye i-goosebirds zinezihlangu ezincane emakhanda azo, kanti i-gyurza inezikali ezigwaza zimboza amakhanda. Umfundi endaweni yezilwane ezihuquzelayo utholakala ngokuthe nkqo, futhi isigaxa sizungezwe kancane.
Umbala wekhanda lenyoka uyi-monophonic, alikho iphethini kuwo. Uhlelo lombala lomzimba wonke lungahluka, kuya ngezinhlobonhlobo nezindawo lapho inyoka ihlala khona.
Ithoni ejwayelekile yesikhumba ingaba:
- Okumpunga okukhanyayo
- Ubomvu onsundu
- UBrown
- I-Grey beige
- Okumpunga okumnyama
- Mnyama (kwesinye isikhathi ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
Iphethini esikhunjeni somzimba yehlukile kuma-subspecies ahlukene, kepha imvamisa kunezindawo ezimnyama ezitholakala ngemuva nasezinhlangothini. Lawa mabala ane-tint emdaka ngokuthinta kokugqwala okuthile, ezinhlangothini zenyoka zincane kakhulu kunalezo ezibunjiwe.
Isisu senyoka ihlala isithunzi esilula, nayo enomhlobiso obonakalayo. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi amabala ahlobisa umzimba wenyoka awahlukanga kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho iphethini esikhumbeni ayikhanyi kangako. Akuzona zonke izinyoka zeLevantine ezihlotshiswe ngephethini; izinyoka ze-monophonic zitholakala, zivame ukuba nsundu futhi zibe mnyama.
Ihlala kuphi i-gyurza?
Photo: Animal Gyurza
Indawo yokusabalalisa ye-gyurza ibanzi kakhulu. Inyoka ihlala emazweni anjengeNyakatho Afrika njengeTunisia, Mororussia ne-Algeria. Inyoka kaLevantine ibuye yahlala kwezinye iziqhingi eziseLwandle i-Aegean. UGyurza uhlala empumalanga ye-Asia Minor, eSyria, ePalestine, e-Iraq, eJordani, e-Iran, e-Arabia. Izwe lase-Transcaucasia liyindawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezihlala njalo, i-Abkhazia iyingqayizivele;
Wathandana nenyoka neCentral Asia, Afghanistan, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya. I-Transcaucasian gyurza ihlala ezweni lethu. Wahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeDagestan, ubhalwe kuRed Book of Russia. Inani elincane kakhulu le-herpes lasala eKazakhstan.
UGyurza uthanda izindawo ezilandelayo:
- Ugwadule
- Izwekazi leSemi-desert
- Izinyawo
- Ibhande eliphansi lezintaba.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: inyoka yeLevantine ingakhuphuka izintaba ifinyelela ku-2,5 km ukuphakama (ePamirs).
UGyurza uthola isiphephelo sakhe emadwaleni amatshe, ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu. Ungahlangana nezirhubuluzi eziyingozi ezigodini zemifula, iziqu zezivini, eduze kwemifudlana yezintaba. Ungesabi ukuhlangana ne-gyurza ehlathini kaningi, ukhetha izindawo ezivulekile.
UGyurza akesabi kakhulu abantu, ngakho-ke angabonakala ezivandeni, amakhabe, amasimu atshaliwe, okungekho uphawu lwezihlobo zakhe ezithile zenyoka. Izinto ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinethonya ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala yenyoka ukuba khona kwamanzi aseduze nobuningi bokudla.
Inyoka kaGyurza. Incazelo, izici, izinhlobo, indlela yokuphila ne-gyurza
IGyurza iphuma olimini lwasePheresiya ihunyushwa ngokuthi "iklabhu yensimbi", "iklabhu", "i-mace". Ubukeka njengeklabhu enkulu. Yize, mhlawumbe, igama "iklabhu" - lisuka ekuphonsa phansi ngokushesha kwenyoka, "ikhadi lokushaya" layo. Le yinyoka enobuthi evela emndenini wezinyoka. Elinye igama laso ngu "Levantine Viper".
Kuthiwa le nyoka ayisiyo ubuthi kuphela, kepha inolaka olukhulu futhi inesihluku. Esimweni esifanele sentukuthelo engenamandla, uyakwazi ukuphula ikhanda uma isikhala sakhe silinganiselwe. Ngokuthukuthela ngobuhlanya, uluma ngisho nesithunzi sakhe. Futhi ngemuva kwezikweletu noma izitha kungasuka emuva ibanga elide. EMpumalanga, wathola igama lesidlaliso "Indlovukazi Yokufa."
Okunye okushiwoyo - uyivila futhi akanandaba, kanti nomzimba wakhe omile, ongenamdlandla awunakuzithoba kuye. Ukuze ahlasele isisulu, kufanele abheke isisulu lapho aqamekele khona isikhathi eside futhi ngenkani.
Ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa noma ukusabalalisa lezi zindaba, umuntu kufanele axwayise ngokulandelayo. Izinyoka ezinobuthi, noma ngabe zinomusa futhi zivila kakhulu, kufanele zihlale zikhethekile. Akunakuthola ukuthi ungazithola ngokwakho, njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Incazelo Nezici
Inyoka kaGyurza indawo enkulu kunazo zonke, enobuthi enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union. Ubude bawo, ngokuya ngobulili, bufika ku-1,2-2 m. Izinsikazi zincane, abesilisa bakhulu. Isisindo kufika ku-3 kg. Ikhanda lithambile futhi likhulu, lifana necala lomkhonto, ngokushintshwa kwentambo entanyeni, amehlo anamaqhina amakhulu avele kahle ebunzini.
Ufana nezilo eziningi, unabafundi abheke phezulu. Ekhanda elingenhla, ukungahambisani ngesimo sezimbambo zesikali, eduze kwempumulo kubushelelezi. Umbala grey nge-tint nsundu, kepha ngaphakathi kwendawo okuhlalwa kuyo ingashintsha. Kwesinye isikhathi kukhona izinyoka ezinombala owodwa kuphela, onesihlabathi noma obomvu, kukhona izithunzi zombala we-ultramarine.
Kepha imvamisa kuhlotshiswa kahle. Ezinhlangothini ezingemuva kukhona imichilo yamabala amnyama wokuhleleka okuguqukayo. Izindawo ezincanyana zehlela esiswini. Isisu sikhanya, futhi kukhona nezindawo ezincane kuso. Umbala wekhanda ungowokuhlobisa kanye nokuhlobisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwama-arcs noma amabala.
Umbala wenyoka uthembele kakhulu endaweni okuhlala kuyo; uyayisiza ukuzifihla ekuzingeleni kwayo. Kwenzeka ngemvelo futhi gyurza emnyama, umbala oqinile, ngaphandle kokuphimiswa kwamabala agqagqene ngemuva. Kwesinye isikhathi udideka nenye inyoka eyingozi futhi enobuthi ebizwa ngokuthi i-mamba emnyama.
Amazinyo amade kakhulu anobuthi aqiniselwe ukuhambisa, kufana necala lommese wokugoqa, ngomlomo ovulekile azungeza i-axis ukuze athathe isikhundla sokulwa. Ngakho-ke, i-reptile iyakwazi ukuhlasela futhi ibuye ithathe isivinini sombani.
UGyurza osesithombeni ubukeka emanoni futhi eqinile. Ukubonakala kwakhe kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi kungadukisa umuntu ongenalwazi othola ukuthi uyephuza futhi muhle. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunjalo neze. Ungumuntu onobuhlakani futhi ohlakaniphe kakhulu, ukhuphuka izihlahlana ngokuphelele, wenza ukushesha kombani okusheshayo. Ibona ingozi, ikwazi ukuphuma ngokushesha okukhulu.
Kunzima ukuhlukanisa ngokuqinile phakathi kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-gyurza. Ingabukeka ihluke ngokuphelele esifundeni esifanayo. Manje bazama ukuthola imininingwane eyisithupha yalomuntu. Kuliqiniso, enye yazo ayichazwa ngokunembile. ICypriot gyurza, iTranscaucasian, i-Central Asia, iGyurza Chernova naseNurata.
Izindlela zokugcina ezinalo igama lesiLatini elithi Macrovitera leetina Discoverusa. Noma kunjalo, zingahlukaniswa zibe yizindawo ezincike ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Zonke izinhlobo zomndeni we-viper zingahlobene nezinhlobo ezihlobene. Izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zezinyoka yilezi:
- Inyoka ejwayelekile ehlala emahlathini wonke ezwekazi lethu. Ubude bawo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1, umbala kusuka ku-grey nge-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uye kumnyama kakhulu, ucishe ube mnyama. Ngasemuva kunomhlobiso womugqa omnyama we-zigzag.
- ISteppe viper esihlala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama nolweCaspian. Umbala ulula, usayizi mncane.
- Kukhona izinyoka ezinesihlabathi nama-aspis ogwini lweMedithera. Azinangozi kangako, kepha futhi zinobuthi.
- Inyoka yase-Armenia, etholakala emazweni asempumalanga yeMedithera. Isici saso esihlukile siyizindawo ezikhanyayo eziwolintshi noma i-terracotta ngemuva.
- Yezinyoka zasogwadule, i-sand efa yiyona edume kakhulu. Ihlala ezingwadule zaseNyakatho Afrika naseNingizimu Asia. Sihlangana nayo eCentral Asia. Incane, ifinyelela ku-60 cm ubude, iselula kakhulu futhi ishesha. Isikhumba sinombala wesihlabathi, imivimbo emnyama yobude obude egcwele phezulu emaceleni. Ekhanda kukhona umdwebo osesiphambanweni.
- I-Daboyya, noma i-chain adder, indawo yokuhlala India, Indochina, izindawo ezisogwini nasezintabeni.
- Inyoka enomsindo ihlala e-Afrika. Umbala onsundu onamabala akhanyayo emuva. Ukusuka ngamehlo ukuya emathempelini kukhona imichilo eshintshashintshayo. Ngokucasuka okukhulu imemeza kakhulu.
- Inyoka yaseGabon ihlala e-Afrika. Umuhle kakhulu wezinyoka. Izindawo ezingaphezulu zimbozwe ngephethini eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enhle kanxantathu enemibala epinki, onsomi noma onsundu. Maphakathi emuva kukhona umucu wamabala amhlophe futhi akhanyayo aphuzi. Ikhanda lingwevu.
Cishe zonke ziyingozi kakhulu kubantu.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Kuhlala uGyurza enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ePhalamende lase-Arabia, eNdiya nasePakistan. Ensimini ye-USSR yangaphambili, itholakala eTranscaucasia, e-Azerbaijan, e-Armenia naseCentral Asia. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeKazakhstan, le nyoka manje isiyivelakancane.
Kwa-Israyeli, wanyamalala eminyakeni engama-50 yekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Kuhlala abantu abahlukanisiwe bodwa gyurza eDagestan. Inani labo lincane, ngokwesilinganiso ungathola inyoka eyi-1 ngamahektha ayi-13. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni lapho ubukhulu buphakeme khona, izinyoka zihlangana kaningi, umuntu ngamunye ehektheleni elilodwa. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, kuze kufike ku-20 amasampula ngehektha ngalinye kungaqoqwa emithonjeni yamanzi.
Isizini ngayinye ihlukile ngenombolo. Isibonelo, ngo-Ephreli 2019, inani lenyoka lezinyoka labonwa kwezinye izindawo. Baze batholakala ngaphansi kogesi wezimoto, emigwaqweni, ezindaweni ezingadini. Isimo esiphuthumayo samenyezelwa, nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile ezibandakanyekile ekubambeni. Ngemuva kwenyanga, isimo saba ngcono.
Isilwane sasendle sikhetha ugwadule, iziwombe zemihosha, izintaba nezinyawo. Ngokuvamile kutholakala ezintabeni, emigodini enemifudlana, emithambekeni yeziphethu, eduze nemifula, emiseleni enamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi angatholakala ngisho nasezindlini ezingaphansi komhlaba, kulezo zindawo angaphephela kuzo, nalapho kukhona ukuzingela okuhle. Uthola amagundane namagundane lapho. Ingakhuphuka kakhulu phezulu, ifike ku-2000-2500 m.
Ebusika, bacasha futhi bacashe. Kwenye indawo entwasahlobo, eduze kukaMashi, lapho umoya ufudumala ufike ku- +10, avela ezindlini zokukhosela. Isikhathi esithile badla eduze nasezindaweni zabo zobusika, bezingela ama-rodent asondele, bese bengena ezindaweni zasehlobo. Lo muntu uyiselula, kuncike ekufudukeni.
Babuthana futhi ekwindla, basebenza ubusika kubantu abaningana, cishe ngabo-12 - 12, yize bengaba nesandla sinye. Balala esifundeni ngasinye ngezikhathi ezihlukile, kuya ngesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, eTranscaucasia, isikhathi se-hibernation sithatha izinyanga ezinhlanu, kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba kuya ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari.
Lapho uMay esishisa kakhulu efika, inyoka izama ukuhlala eduze komswakama - iziphethu nemifula. Ngalesi sikhathi, basakazeka ukumboza umngcele omkhulu wokuzingela. IGyurza ithanda amanzi, ubheshu, kanti ngasikhathi sinye ihlasela izinyoni ezihlala emanzini noma zifike zingene ziphuze, kanye namasele namaqhude.
UGyurza: izithombe nencazelo
Ngokuya ngobudlelwano bezinsizakalo zokuhlala nendawo yokuhlala, usayizi we-gyurza usukela ku-95 kuya ku-160 cm. Amadoda we-gyurza makhulu futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunabesifazane (lokhu kuyehluka kwabanye abamele umndeni lapho izintokazi zikhulu). Umzimba we-gyurza mkhulu, umsila umfushane, ikhanda liboshwe ngokuqinile emzimbeni. Ithiphu kanye nohlangothi lwe-muzzle luyindilinga. Umfundi uthe mpo. Onke amanye amalungu omndeni abenezivikelo ezincane ngaphambili kwekhanda, kanti i-gyurza inawo wonke umkhanda wekhanda ombozwe izikali ezibunjiweyo.
Inyoka ethunwe ipendwe ngesizotha kakhulu kunezihlobo zayo. Alinawo umucu okhanyayo we-zigzag emhlane wakhe, njengowenyoka ejwayelekile. Umbala ojwayelekile wangemuva wohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba usuka ekukhanyiseni uye ku-grey omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ube nombala ogqamile. Iphethini iyahlukahluka kakhulu, kepha imvamisa iqukethe izindawo ezinwebekile eceleni komgede kanye nasezinhlangothini zomzimba. Amabala awakhanyi, ansundu noma aqinile. Isisu esikhanyayo simbozwe amachashazi amnyama. Ikhanda lingwevu, ngaphandle kwephethini.
Indawo yokuhlala yaseHurza
IGyurza isabalele kakhulu. Indawo yayo ihlanganisa iNyakatho Afrika (iMorocco, i-Algeria, iTunisia), iziqhingi ezithile zase-Aegean, izindawo ezisempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia Minor, iSyria, iJordani, iPalestine, i-Arabia, i-Iraq, ne-Iran, nezwe lase-Transcaucasian, ngaphandle kwe-Abkhazia, izindawo eziseningizimu ye-Middle Republics I-Asia empumalanga iya eKhorog nasenyakatho-mpumalanga eningizimu yeKhojent, Afghanistan naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga neNdiya empumalanga kuya kufaka phakathi iKashmir. E-Russia, i-gyurza itholakala kuphela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Dagestan; izinhlobo zitholakala ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation.
IGyurza iyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile esihlala ezintabeni futhi sifinyelela indawo ephansi yezintaba. Lapha kusabalale futhi kuningi kakhulu. Emadwaleni aqhephukile futhi ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu amakhulu uthola izindawo ezilungele ubusika, futhi emithambekeni yama-sai kanye nemifudlana yezintaba - ukudla okuningana. IGyurza ivame ukutholakala ezigodini zemifula. Kujwayelekile impela ezivinini. Kepha ehlathini awukwazi ukwesaba ukuhlangana ne-gyurza - ukhetha izikhala ezivulekile. Phezulu ezintabeni, ayikho i-gyurza futhi, ukuphakama okuphezulu okhuphukela kuyo kungamamitha ayi-1,500.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka, i-gyurza ayigwemi ngokucophelela abantu - ingakhukhuleka iye ezingadini, amakhabe, ihlale emasimini atshaliwe.
Indlela yokuphila kaGyurza
Ehlobo, i-gyurza iphila kakhulu ebusuku. Esikhathini sokusebenza esisebenza kakhulu, lapho kukondleka kakhulu nokukhiqizwa kabusha (kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti), i-gyurza isebenza lapho kusihlwa ngobuningi bayo. Ubona kahle ebumnyameni futhi angabheka inyamazane ngokuhogela. Ngezinsuku ezishisayo, lezi zinyoka zicasha elangeni elishayo ezihlahleni, otshanini, emifantwini yamatshe, ngenkathi kukhethwa izigodi ezinomthunzi nezipholile. Baqala ukukhasa ngokuqala kokuhwalala. Ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, amaGyurzes azingela ntambama.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nezimo zezulu, ukuhanjiswa kwemvelo kuqala cishe ekuqaleni kukaNovemba futhi kuphele ngoMashi - Ephreli. Izinyoka zifihle ngaphansi kwamatshe, emiseleni elahliwe yamagundane nakwezinye iz vertebrates, ngesinye isikhathi emifantwini yamawa asokiwe, ngawodwana noma kuze kufike abantu abathathu ndawonye.
Yini edla i-gyurza?
Kwezinye izindawo izinyoni zibusa ekudleni kwama-gyurza, kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngakho-ke, isisekelo somugqa we-gyurza eCentral Asia wenziwa yizinyoni - noma iyiphi inyoni enkulukazi yayo engakhuli kunejuba ayivikeleki ekuhlaselweni yi-gyurza. Inyoka inyoka ibheka izinyoni emahlathini, phakathi kwamatshe eduze kwamanzi uqobo, ilele ngokungagudliyo endaweni yayo. I-gyurza engenanhliziyo ebamba ngokushesha ibamba futhi ibambe amazinyo ayo aqinile. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni iyakwazi ukuphuma emlonyeni wayo, ishiye izimpaphe zayo, kodwa indize ihambe kancane, iwele ife. Inyoka ayilandeleli inyamazane. Isici esinjalo sakhiwa, ngokunokwenzeka, ngesizathu sokuthi inyoni edwenguliwe iwele futhi iwele, ingashiyi mkhondo lapho inyoka ingathola khona inyamazane. Kepha uma i-gyurza igwinye inyoni, ihlala emthunzini noma endaweni yokukhosela ukuze ingxenye yomzimba wayo inenhlama yokudla ihlale elangeni. Izinyoka ezigcwele zilala cishe zinganyakazi izinsuku ezingama-3-4, zigaya ukudla.
Kwezinye izingxenye zobubanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zifakwa kuqala kumenyu ye-gyurza. Ama-hamsters, ama-voles asensimini, amagundane endlu, ama-gerbils, amagundane, amajezi, ama-hares amancane - lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lokudla kwe-gyurza. Kwesinye isikhathi ugwinya izilwane ezimangalisa kakhulu - ama-hedgehogs noma ama-cubs of porcupines. Ukusuka ezihuquzelayo esiswini se-gyurza kungenzeka kube nezimfudu ezincane, ama-geckos, ama-yellowfangs, izinyoka, ama-phalanges. Izilwanyana ezidliwayo zidliwa ikakhulukazi izinyoka ezincane nezilambile, zingatholi okunye, ukudla okujabulisa ukudla.
Ukubhubhisa inani elikhulu lamagundwane ahlukene emaceleni emasimini, le nyoka iletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kwezolimo.
I-Molting
Sheds gyurza ngemuva nje kokushiya ubusika. Eningizimu yebanga - kakade ngoMashi, enyakatho - ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Ezinye izinyoka zishiya izindawo zasebusika zikhathele kakhulu, ukuntuleka kokudla kwenza kube nzima ukuthi izinyoka zizingele, futhi zona, njengoba zingaqongeleli izakhi ezanele zomzimba, azikwazi ukulungiselela umzimba ukuze zilolongwe ngendlela evamile. Isimo sezulu sithinta nesikhathi saso. Ukupholisa ngokuzumayo kunciphisa umsebenzi wezinyoka futhi kudlulele.
Esikhathini sokulungiselela i-molting, umzimba wezinyoka uhlangabezana nezinguquko eziningi zomzimba (ukushibilika kwezihlangu ezimboze amehlo, ukunyakaza kobuhlungu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwesikali esidala nomzimba). Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoka zihlala phansi futhi zihlale emashalofini. Usuku lokuqala ngemuva kokuncibilika, i-gyurza isaqhubeka nokuba sendlini yokukhosela noma ilele inganyakazi eduze kwendawo lapho kuqubeke khona isikhumba (isikhumba).
Isimo esibalulekile sokuncibilikisa umswakama. Kungakho ngesikhathi semvula izinyoka zihlala zingaphezulu, bese kuthi emva kwemvula kuqhume imifantu eminingi entsha. Ngesizathu esifanayo, ehlobo nasekwindla, gyurzes ngokuvamile molt ekuseni. Ngaphambi kokulahla isembozo sophondo esidala, izinyoka zigxotshwa emanzini noma zibekwe phansi enhlabathini enomswakama, ngaphansi kwamatshe emithonjeni. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukukhasa emijondolo ephakathi kwamatshe noma otshanini obumbozwe ngumbethe. Isikali se-Wet siba yisithambile, sinakekele, futhi inyoka ihlukanisa kalula i-corneum endala ye-stratum emaphethelweni esihlathini.
Ngokwemvelo, ama-gyurzes ama-molt amathathu ngonyaka: ngemuva kokushiya indawo yokukhosela ebusika, phakathi nehlobo (lokhu kuncibilika kungenzeka kungabikho) nangaphambi kokuya ebusika. Ama-gyurza asanda kuzalwa athulule isikhumba sawo okokuqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuqokwa. Abasha bancibilikisa izikhathi ezi-8 ngonyaka.
Okufanele ukwenze uma ukuluma kancane
IGyurza ingesinye sezinyoka eziyingozi kakhulu ezifuywayo nakubantu. Uyakwazi ukwenza umbani uphonse ngobude bomzimba wakhe esitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akagcini, akaqhubeki ngokwesiko, kepha uhlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso uma ebheka ukuthi wephule insimu yakhe.
Ngisho nomuntu ogebha ingcweti angaba isisulu sakhe. Kunzima ukubamba, kepha kunzima kakhulu ukubamba. Umzimba oqinile futhi onemisipha ugoqeka ezandleni, wenze ukunyakaza okungazelelwe. Kudingeka ikhono elikhethekile nesipiliyoni ukubamba i-gyurza. Ngakho-ke, abadobi be-gyurzu babaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezinyoka.
Lapho esekulungele ukuluma othile, khona-ke, ngaphandle kokungabaza, unamathela amazinyo akhe ngawo wonke amandla, kuyilapho kwesinye isikhathi ehlaba umhlathi wakhe ophansi. Ngalo mqondo, yena, njengazo zonke izinyoka, unemishini enhle yomhlathi. Ukuluma i-cobra, okokuqala kudingeka 'ukushukumisa' imihlathi yayo, uyihambise kancane. Kwezinye izikhathi ngasikhathi sinye uzilimaza yena.
Ukulunywa nguGyurza kuvame ukubulala. Ngaphandle kosizo olufika ngesikhathi, umuntu uyafa. Isimo siyinkimbinkimbi ngesimo sezulu esifudumele, ekushiseni kobuthi kusakazeka ngokushesha emzimbeni wonke. Uma ulunywe yi-gyurza, akunakuzisiza ukuthi uzindle. Lokhu kubuthi ngaphandle kosizo lwe-antitoxic drug-serum akunakususwa emzimbeni. I-serum ngokwayo yenziwa ngaleli tyhefu, futhi ibizwa nge- "Antigyurzin."
Ubuthi be-Gurza kuyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Iphutha le-cobra kuphela elinobuthi ukwedlula imiphumela yalo enobuthi. I-Gyurza ngesikhathi esifanayo ingenisa inani elikhulu, kuze kube ngu-50 mg wobuthi. Siqukethe ama-enzyme abhubhisa igazi ngokushesha okukhulu, aqhume imithambo yegazi emincane.
Igazi liqala ukugcwala. Konke lokhu kuhambisana nobuhlungu, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, umkhuhlane. Kodwa-ke, lobu buthi bubaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha. Basebenzisa umuthi wokucindezela, ama-painkiller, i-anti-bronchial asthma, imithambo ye-radiculitis, i-neuralgia, i-polyarthritis, izidakamizwa zokuxilonga nokwelashwa kwe-hemophilia, ezinye izimila ezinobungozi kanye nochoko.
Ukubamba izinyoka kuyibhizinisi eliyingozi kakhulu, kepha kunenzuzo enkulu. Ukwenza ukubanjwa kwenyoka okungalawulwa, futhi kwephule imvelo yendawo yokuhlala yayo, umuntu uyehlise kakhulu inani labantu, kufaka phakathi neRussia. Ngakho-ke, i-gyurza yafakwa ezincwadini ezibomvu zaseKazakhstan, eDagestan nasezweni elisha leRed Book of the Russian Federation.
Ubuthi be-gyurza. Ingozi ebantwini
Umndeni wezinyoka umelelwa izinyoka eziyingozi kakhulu. Kokubili ukubukeka kwangaphandle, nokwakheka kwangaphakathi, kanye nemikhuba yalezi ezihuquzelayo kukhombisa ukuthi banezikhali ezinkulu - ubuthi, abazisebenzisa kabanzi kokubili ukuthola ukudla nokuzivikela.
Ngokuphikisana ne-cobras "enhle", evame ukuhlangana ne-hood lapho ihlangana nomuntu futhi ilalela isexwayiso esithi "ungangithinti", i-gyurza idume ngokuba yinyoka "engenangqondo". Le nyoka enamandla futhi enobuthi iyazethemba ngokwayo ukuthi uma umuntu noma isilwane esikhulu esiseduze, ingakuboni ubukhona bayo futhi ingagijimisi ukubuyela emuva, futhi umbala wayo nokungahambi kwayo kwenza icishe ingabonakali. Futhi uma umuntu engayiboni i-gyurza futhi ayithinte ngephutha, angaluma ngokushesha.
Imithi ye-rheumatism ne-radiculitis ilungiswa kusuka kubuthi be-gyurza - viprosal, hentatic agent - lebetox. Kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwamathoni. Ngemuva kokusebenzisa lesi sidakamizwa, ukopha kuyeka kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-1.5. ILebetox nayo isetshenziselwa i-hemophilia.
Ubuthi be-gyurza buyinto yesibili kuphela kwe-cobra. Inomphumela we-necrotizing, we-hemorrhagic ne-coagulating egazini, odala ukuthi ulahlekelwe kakhulu yangaphakathi, izicubu ze-necrosis kanye ne-shock. Umphumela ekubumbeni kwegazi ngezigaba ezimbili: owokuqala, imithambo yegazi iyele, okwesibili, i-fibrinogen inyamalale egazini futhi ukuvela ngokuphelele. Le nqubo yokuhlangana kwegazi ngokujwayelekile inyakazisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-fibrinogen namanye amaprotheni (ama-coagulation factor) ku-plasma, ngenxa yokuthi igazi liba liyagoqeka futhi kuphume igazi kwenzeka - amanxeba avela kokulunywa yinyoka isikhathi eside, isikhumba sivele siqhume, ukuvuvukala kwegazi lezitho ezithintekile kuqhume, futhi kuphakama ukuphuma kwesibindi ezithweni zangaphakathi. Lokhu kuphakama kukhuthaza “ama-hemorrhages” ezinobuthi, i.e. izinto ezidala ukucekelwa phansi kwezindonga zemithambo yegazi. Isisulu sizwa izinhlungu ezinzima, isiyezi, kanye nenausea. Imvamisa ukuluma kugcina ngokufa.
Amandla womphumela we-giurza ubuthi emzimbeni womuntu ngokuya ngezizathu eziningi - ekujuleni kokungena kwamazinyo esikhunjeni, endaweni yokulimala, enanini lobuthi obungene esilondeni, futhi, esimweni somzimba nasengqondweni salowo ohlukunyeziwe. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ingozi yangempela ilele ekwelashweni ngokwakho.
Ngabe kudlani i-gyurza?
Photo: Ubuthi Gyurza
Imenyu yokubhaliswa okuhlukile kwe-gyurza iyahluka, ngoba izindawo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala kwaso, kanye nokuba khona kwesidalwa esiphilayo endaweni etholakalayo. Kwezinye izindawo, imenyu yenyoka iqukethe ikakhulukazi zonke izinhlobo zamagundane, kwezinye - ezivela ezinyoni. Izinyoni zidliwa yizilwanyane ezizinze eCentral Asia.
Kumenyu ye-gyurza ungabona:
Ukuhluka kwale nyoka eyingozi kuyehluka kakhulu. Kufanele wengezwe ukuthi kuphela i-gyurza ebulawa yindlala kakhulu ehlasela, ikwenza lokhu lapho ingatholakali enye impango. Izinyoni zeGyurza ziyazingelwa endaweni yokuqamekela eseduze namanzi. Izinyoni endize ziyophuza zivame ukuwela inyoka, eyihlasela ngejubane lombani futhi ilume isisulu ngamazinyo abukhali. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni iyakwazi ukuphunyula, i-gyurza ayisukeli isisulu, esivele siwele uqobo lwayo, ishaye endaweni leyo enobuthi obunamandla.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: ukugwinya isisulu sakhe sonke, i-gyurza ilele endaweni yokukhosela ukuze ingxenye yomzimba lapho inyamazana itholakala khona ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga. Inyoka eyondliwe ihlala izinsuku eziningi ukuze ukudla okugonyiwe kugaywe ngempumelelo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-gyurza, ehlala emhlabeni olinywayo, iwusizo olukhulu kubantu, ichitha namagundane amaningi - izinambuzane.
Yini okufanele uyenze ngokuluma kwe-gyurza?
Isilinganiso esiyinhloko nesisebenzayo sokulunywa yi-gyurza ukuphathwa kwe-anti-snake serum.Isigamu somuthi sikhishwa imijovo emithathu kuya kwesine ngenhla kwesayithi yokulunywa. I-serum eseleyo ifakwa esifundeni esiyinqwaba (uma ukulunywa bekungalo) noma umphimbo (uma ukulunywa kusasemlenzeni). ISerum kunengqondo ukungangeni kungakapheli ihora ngemuva kokulunywa.
Akunakukodwa uma ulunywe yi-gyurza awukwazi ukushisa isilonda ngento eshisayo, ngoba i-gyurza inamazinyo anobuthi angena ngokujulile ezicutshini zemisipha, futhi i-cauterization ayikwazi ukuqeda umphumela wobuhlungu benyoka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ibala lesikhumba ngaphansi kwalo lithinta kalula izicubu, okwenza kube nzima ukwelashwa. I-Cauterization ingasiza kuphela ngokuluma kwezinambuzane ezinobuthi, njengezicabucabu, bese kuphela uma zenziwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuluma.
Okokuqala, udinga ukumunca igazi elivela enxebeni, likhale masinyane. Ubuhlungu bezinyoka eziqhamuka emathebeni buchithwa ngokwengxenye, futhi umuntu ngeke akwazi ukumfaka ubuthi, noma enamazinyo amabi. Cwilisa noma uncela igazi akufanele libe ngaphezulu kwemizuzu eyi-5-8. Ngemuva kwalokhu, kunconywa ukwenza i-lotion kusuka kusisombululo esibuthakathaka se-potanganum permanganate, uviniga noma i-soda.
Ukulimazeka okuphelele kwesitho eselume kufanele kwenziwe. Isisulu sinikezwa isiphuzo esiningi (itiye, i-ayran, amanzi). Kodwa into ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukuletha ohlukunyeziwe esibhedlela ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngosizo olufika ngesikhathi, ohlukunyeziwe uvame ukululama ngakusasa.
Ukwelashwa kwalabo abalunywe yi-gyurza, kusetshenziswa i-anti-gyurz serum. E-USSR, yaqala ukukhiqizwa ngawo-1930s - okokuqala eTashkent, kwase kuba seBaku naseFunze (manje eyiBishkek). E-Russia, i-antigyurz serum ayikhiqizwa; kufanele ithengwe phesheya. I-anti-Gyurz serum isiza ngokuluma kwe-gyurza, i-efa kanye nezinyoka. Kuyinto polyvalent. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kubhekwe kahle ukuthi akuhambi kahle ukusebenzisa i-serum lapho uluma izinyoka.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka kaGyurza
IGyurza ivela ekubandakanyeni ngoMashi-Ephreli, lapho izinga lokushisa elenza amabanga ayishumi ngophawu lokuhlanganisa. Abokuqala ukuphuma emgodini ngabesilisa, kuthi ngemuva kwesonto izintokazi ziphume ziphume. Izinyoka eziphaphama ku-hibernation azishayeli ngokushesha ngokushesha, ziqala ngokugeza ilanga. Esikhathini sika-Meyi, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo zivame ukwehla zivela ezintabeni eduze namazinga omswakama namathafa aphansi.
Imvamisa, inani elikhulu lama-gyurs liziqongelela eduze kwemifula neziphethu, izinyoka zithanda ukubhukuda, zisebenzisa amanzi amaningi. Ngokuqala kokushisa kwehlobo, i-gyurza ishintshela esimweni sokuhlwa, ngaleso sikhathi uhambo lwayo lokuzingela luqala, ukuzingela kungenzeka ubusuku nobusuku. Amehlo abukhali nephunga elihle ngokusiza kalula ukuthola inyamazane ebumnyameni ongenakungeneka. Ekushiseni, izinyoka zifihla ngaphansi kwamatshe, emthunzini wotshani, nakuma-gorges. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ukuzingela kwenzeka phakathi nosuku.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: ngokuqala kukaNovemba, amaGyurza akhasa ezindaweni zawo zobusika ukuze abuyele ekubandakanyeni futhi, enza lokhu eyedwa noma njengeqembu lonke (cishe idlanzana).
Kunamahlebezi amaningi ngokukhohlisa kwe-gyurza. Mhlawumbe kungenzeka ukuthi angaxwayisi ngokujikijela kwakhe okunobuthi, ngokumangaza umuntu ogula ngokungafanele. Uma i-cobra inyusa i-hood futhi igcizelele ngokuxaka, i-gyurza ayibonisi ize ifike kowokugcina, ilele endaweni yokuqamekelana, bese iziphonsa ngekushesha. Ngeze, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu, bunamahloni, ngisho nababambi bezinyoka abanolwazi ngezinye izikhathi babengenaso isikhathi sokudonsela phansi ukuphonswa kwabo okulula, ibanga lapho kufinyelela kubude bomzimba we-gyurza uqobo.
UGyurza unethalente eliningi - ugibela kahle izihlahla, ngokushesha akhasa phansi emhlabathini, uyakwazi ukugibela phezulu, unamandla amakhulu. Akuwona wonke inyoka okwaziyo ukubamba lesi zilwanyana ezihuquzelayo ezandleni zayo, ngoba imelana nokuvutha. Lapho kuqhuma i-gyurza, inganikela nangomhlathi wayo ophansi, ilume ngayo, izama ukugebha umuntu.
Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthululwa kwe-herpes, okwenzeka kuye kathathu ngonyaka. Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa ancipha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, nabantu abasha cishe amahlandla ayisishiyagalombili ngonyaka. Ukuze i-molting iphumelele, kubalulekile ukuthi isimo semvelo sinomswakama, ngakho-ke izinyoka zivame kakhulu ukuqhuma ekuseni noma ngemuva kwemvula.
Iqiniso elihehayo: uma kungekho imvula isikhathi eside, i-gyurza kumele ifake amazolo, enhlabathini enomswakama noma igibele echibini ukuze ithambe izikali bese ilulahla kalula emzimbeni.
Okwamanje kokuncibilika, inyoka yenza imizamo eminingi ukususa isikhumba esidala. Uzama ukukhasa phakathi kwamatshe. Ekupheleni kwale nqubo, i-reptile ilele cishe usuku, ingahambi, ngokusobala ithola amandla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Izinyoka zeLevantine ziba ngokobulili obusondelene neminyaka emi-3-4 yokuphila. Isikhathi sazo sokuzala siqala ngezikhathi ezahlukene, kuya ngesimo sezulu sensimu ethile, kepha ikakhulukazi siba ngo-Ephreli-Meyi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: ngaphambi kokumatanisa nama-gyurs, kwenzeka into efana nemidlalo yothando, lapho izinyoka ezimbili, ezihlangene, zigoqa futhi zilulele phezulu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-herpes ama-oviparous, kukhona ezihuquzelayo ze-ovoviviparous. Izinyoka zivame ukubeka amaqanda azo esikhathini sikaJulayi noma Agasti, ukubekwa kungaba amaqanda asukela kwayi-6 kuye kwayi-43, lokhu kuthinteka ubukhulu bendawo yesifazane. Isisindo seqanda elilodwa lisuka ku-10 kuye ku-20 amagremu, futhi ububanzi bungafinyelela kuma-20 kuye kuma-54 mm. Amaqanda abekwa emiseleni eshiywe ngumuntu, emifantwini yamadwala, isikhathi sokufakelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-50. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo imibungu kumele kube nomswakama olinganiselayo, khona-ke isisindo samaqanda siyanda. Ukuwohloka okukhulu kungalimaza, kubangele isikhunta nokufa kwesisu.
Imvamisa ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti noma ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, ukuqandusela kwenzeka. Izinyoka ezincane zizalwe sezakhiwe kakade futhi zizimele ngokuphelele. Ubude bawo bufika kuma-28 cm, izingane zinesisindo esingama-g 12. Okokuqala, izingane zidla zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, kancane kancane ziqala ukuthola izisulu ezisindayo. Ezimweni zemvelo, i-gyurza imvamisa ayiphili iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi elilodwa, futhi ekudingisweni - iphindwe kabili kunaleyo.
Izitha zemvelo zeGyurza
Photo: Gyurza from the Red Book
IGyurza inobukhulu obukhulu, ishesha kakhulu, ishesha kakhulu, iyingozi futhi inobuthi, ngakho-ke izilwane eziningi ziyakugwema ukuxhumana nayo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kepha kukhona abayithandayo. Phakathi kwazo, isitha esiyingozi kakhulu se-gyurza ezimweni zemvelo yisilozi esiziqaphe.
Into yokuthi ubuthi obunamandla futhi obunobuthi be-gyurza abunamphumela ngokuphelele kuyo, i-lizard yokuqapha ayithinteki kuyo, ngakho-ke ayesabi ukuhlasela i-vipant yeLevant. Kwesinye isikhathi impisi, ikati lomhlanga, impungushe, impungushe ingahlasela i-gyurza. Kuliqiniso, lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zifaka impilo yazo engcupheni, ngoba azinawo umuthi wokuwavikela. Imvamisa izilwane zihlasela ngezikhathi ezinzima, zilambile lapho zingatholi enye inyamazane.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane zasemhlabeni, ezinye izinyoni zibuye zizingelele i-gyurza, ihlasele kusuka phezulu, khona kanye empukaneni. Izinyoni ezinjengokudla izinyoka nama-steppe buzzards zivame ukwenza lokhu. Ukukhula okuncane, okungakafiki iminyaka yobudala, kuvame ukuhlaselwa ukuhlaselwa kwezinye ezihuquzelayo (i-sand ef, i-Central Asia cobra). Izinyoka ezingenalwazi nazo ziyanqotshwa ngumqwayizi wokuqapha ugwadule.
Zingahlaselwa nayizinyoni ezifana neBuzzard kanye ne-kite emnyama. Uma abantu abasha be-gyurza beqaphela noma yikuphi ukusongelwa, khona-ke bazama ukucasha ngokushesha, babaleke. Lapho indiza ingenakwenzeka, izidalwa ezihuquzelayo ziqala ukuhlasela, zenze ukuhlaselwa ngokushesha, ngobude obungaphezu kwemitha. Imvamisa lokhu kusiza ukuthi kusindiswe, ngoba amachaphaza kaLevantine awanobuthi kuphela, kepha aqine futhi anamandla.
Ukuvela kwe-gyurza
Inyoka inezimpawu ezinjalo zangaphandle:
Umzimba wesilisa ungaba yimitha eyi-1 ubude, kuthi owesimame - 1.5 - 2 metres.
- Ikhanda linxantathu, libanzi ngesigaxa esiyindilinga.
- Azikho izihlangu zokuvikela ngaphezu kwamehlo.
- Isizalo, ikhanda nomzimba kumbozwe ngesikali.
- Umbala wekhanda uyefana. Kuyaqabukela, amabala abunjwe nge-V angabonakala kuwo.
- Inyoka emuva inombala onsundu okhanyayo noma onsundu.
Imibala yenyoka ngokusobala icacile, kepha emuva kwesinye isikhathi ungabona iphethini ngesimo semigqa emibili yamabala noma umugqa we-longitudinal. Iphethini imnyama ngaphezu kombala oyinhloko. Ngombala, kungaba:
Isisu sikhanya ngombala ngamabala amancane amnyama.
Habitat
Lolu hlobo lwenyoka lujwayelekile impela. Izindawo abahlala kuzo zihlukile: ukusuka eNyakatho kuya eCentral Africa, amazwe ase-Middle East, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya. Ngokuvamile ungathola subspecies zayo ezahlukahlukene eziqhingini zaseSifnos, Polynos, Kimolos, Milos naseCrete. Engxenyeni yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union, i-gyurzu ingatholakala emazweni anjalo: eningizimu Kazakhstan, entshonalanga Tajikistan, empumalanga naseningizimu Uzbekistan, eningizimu Turkmenistan, empumalanga Ciscaucasia naseCaucasus.
E-Asia Ephakathi naseCaucasus, le nyoka ibizwa nge-gyurza, kepha kwamanye amazwe ibizwa ngokuthi i-Levant noma i-Eastern viper. Ngaphandle kwalawa magama, abantu bendawo bamnikeza igama lesidlaliso, kuya ngezwe abahlala kulo.
Izindawo ezivezwa yilenyoka ziyafana kulo lonke uhla lwendawo yalo. Lezi zindawo zifaka:
- Amawele ezigodini zemifula.
- Imithambeka yezintaba nama-gorges agqunywe ngezihlahla.
- Izintaba ezomile.
Ezintabeni, lesi reptile ayihlali ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha angaphezu kwengxenye nengxenye ngaphezu kolwandle. Akesabi ikakhulukazi abantu. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi akagweme izivini namasimu ezithelo, ogwini lwemisele yokunisela, amasimu otshaliwe. Futhi angakwazi ukungenela ezindlini zokuhlala nasezindlini ezingekho zokuhlala emaphethelweni amadolobhana.
Izindawo zakhe zokukhosela ziyindawo esekusithekeni futhi ethulile - imisele yemigqa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinobukhulu, uthango olwenziwe ngamatshe, izingalo emaweni emifula, emifantwini emadwaleni. Lezi ezihubhayo ziyiselula impela, labo bantu abahlala emithambekeni yezintaba bangaphansi kokufuduka okukhulu kakhulu. Ubusika be-Gyurza ngamaqoqo amakhulu abantu ngemifantu yamatshe, kuthi emva kobusika bangene emiphakathini ehlukene.
Ukufuduka kwehlobo lenyoka kwenzeka ngenxa yezimo zokushisa. Lapho kuqala ukushisa kwehlobo, ahambahamba eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi ezansi kwezintaba. Ngesikhathi sokushisa, baphuza amanzi amaningi futhi bayakuthanda ukubhukuda.
I-gyurzy yokuqala iqala ukuphuma ngoMashi noma ngo-Ephreli. Ukhuphuka ngemuva kokucabanga, ngalesi sikhathi bamane nje. Bahamba elangeni bavuke kancane. Azizingeli khona manjalo. Esikhathini esinjalo, umsebenzi wabo wenzeka ngesikhathi sasemini, futhi ebusuku bangena ezindaweni ezinqunyelwe.
Lapho ukushisa kungena, indlela yokuphila yenguqu eguqukayo. Kancane kancane, baqala ukukhombisa imisebenzi yabo ebusuku. Ehlobo, umsebenzi wabo usekushoneni kwelanga ilanga nengxenye yokuqala yobusuku. Lapho kufika ekwindla, baphinde baqale ukuzingela kuphela phakathi nosuku. Kwathi ngo-Okthoba baqala ubusika.
Ukusakazwa kweGyurza
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwalezi ezihubhayo zingu-Ephreli noMeyi. Ama-kites azalwa ekwindla yokuqala. Kepha bazalwa ngezindlela eziningi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, lokhu kuzalwa kubizwa ngokuthi ukuzalwa bukhoma, kepha eCentral Asia, i-gyurza ibeka amaqanda. Isikhathi sokufakwa izinsuku ezingama-40..
Amaqanda embozwe ifilimu elincanyana translucent. Imibungu ikhula ngokwanele. Igobolondo liyadingeka ukuze kube lula ukuzalwa futhi kutholakale i-oxygen eyanele. Ngemuva kokuba kwenziwe egobolondweni leqanda umgodi mncane, izinyoka azijahi ukuphuma endaweni yazo yokuhlala amanye amahora angama-24. Ama-kites asanda kuzalwa anesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-10 kuye kwayi-14 nobude bomzimba amasentimitha angama-24. Inani eliphelele lamaqanda lingahluka kusuka kwezingcezu eziyi-15 kuye kwezingu-20 kwi-clutch eyodwa.
Izinyoka Ezinobuthi: Izinhlobonhlobo
Izinyoka ezivamile (cishe wonke umuntu uyazi) zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zaseRussia. Singahlangana naye kunoma iyiphi indawo: emahlathini, ezintabeni, emaphethelweni, emasimini, ezixhotsheni nasezindalini. Lesi ngesinye sezinyoka ezimbalwa ezingaphila ngisho nezimo sezulu ezibandayo.
Imamba emnyama iyingozi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi iyabulala, ibhekwa njengenye yezinyoka ezicashile kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Wathola igama lakhe ngenxa yombala omnyama wangaphakathi komlomo (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Yinyoka enobuthi esheshayo, enolaka futhi ebulalayo. Ihlala ema-savannah nasezintabeni zamadwala e-Afrika (izingxenye eziseningizimu nasempumalanga). Uyinyoka ende enobuthi e-Afrika (kufika kumamitha ayi-4,5).
UGyurza - inyoka enobuthi: incazelo
IGyurza ingummeleli omkhulu kunayo yonke yezilwane ezihuquzelayo zomndeni wezinyoka.
Ubude bawo bonke bomzimba (obunomsila) cishe buba ngamamitha ayi-2, futhi isisindo sakhe cishe singama-5 kg.
Unekhanda elikhulu kakhulu futhi elibanzi, isizalo sakhe siyindilinga, amehlo akhe kanye nomfundi wakhe ziqonde. Izikali ezibunjiwe zitholakala kuwo wonke umhlaba wekhanda. Ngombala, imvamisa i-monophonic, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala iphethini eyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela yamabala nama-arcs. Akukho zihlangu ngaphezulu kwamehlo akhe.
Isibalo esikalini esiphakathi kwesiqu sicishe sibe ngama-23 kuye kwangama-27, kwi-peritoneum - sisuka ku-126 saya ku-181 nangaphansi komsila - sisuka kwabangu-33 kuya kwabangu-53.
Le nyoka enobuthi inethoni yezimpawu ezimpunga ngaphezulu komzimba. Ngokusho kwephethini, abantu ngamunye atholakala womabili ama-monophonic (amnyama noma ansundu), kanye nama-brown hues. Ngasemuva kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezimnyama ezinqamlezayo, futhi ezinhlangothini zikhona, kepha zincanyana ngosayizi. Isisu senyoka sikhanya, sinamabala amancane amnyama.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Lezi zinyoka zivamile eNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, eziqhingini zaseMedithera, eningizimu, eNtshonalanga naseCentral Asia. Izinyoka zalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezifuywayo zihlala ezifundeni zamazwe alandelayo: iSyria, iNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, u-Israyeli kanye namabhange omfula (osentshonalanga) nomfula iJordani, i-Iraq, ne-Iran, ne-Iraq, ne-Afghanistan, neTurkey, neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga neNdiya neNtshonalanga Pakistan.
Zitholakala nakumariphabhulikhi angaphambili e-Union: eCaucasus, e-Azerbaijan, enhlonhlo ye-Absheron nakulo lonke i-Asia Ephakathi.
Iseningizimu yeKazakhstan yindawo lapho namuhla icishe iqothulwe khona futhi kunqabile ukuba yi-gyurza.
Inyoka eDagestan ihlala emiphakathini eminingi engayodwa. Inani kule republic liphansi kanti ngokwesilinganiso ezindaweni zalo umuntu oyedwa kumahektha ayi-13. Kulezo zindawo lapho kunabantu abaningi khona bendawo abahlala kuyo, umuntu oyedwa ku-0,8 ha. Lapha ungahlangana nenyoka enamabala amnyama ansundu ezinhlangothini. Ubude bawo bungamamitha ayi-1.
Le nyoka yendawo iyabulala. I-20% yenani eliphelele lezisulu ezilunywe nguye ziyafa.
Ukuzingela
IGyurza inyoka izingela ngokumangazayo. Emhlabathini noma etsheni elithile, lilinda isisulu, lapho i-gyurza iphonsa khona umbani obukhali. Lapho esebambile, akakhululi inyamazane, kepha alindele isenzo sobuthi, abese eyiginya. Njengoba isifiso salezi zinyoka sihle kakhulu, isikhashana ngemuva kokudla ukudla, uyaqhubeka nokuzingela kwakhe.
IGyurza, njengezinyoka eziningi, iyathanda ukubhukuda, ngenkathi ibamba izinyoni zifika emgodini wokunisela.
Ukuhlaselwa kweGyurza
Ngemuva kokulala isikhathi eside, ulambile, inyoka ye-gyurza iqala ukuzingela okungathi sína ntambama. Ehlobo, ikakhulukazi ekushiseni okwedlulele, ubusuku buba yisikhathi esihle sosuku kuye.
Esimweni esizolile, uyacotha futhi uyahamba kancane, kodwa lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyindlela ephazamisayo. Ngesikhathi sengozi, i-gyurza ishesha kakhulu futhi ingenza ukuphonsa okulingana nobude bomzimba wayo, okuyi-1-1,5 m
Ngabe kudlani?
Ngokuyisisekelo, inyoka idla izinduku, izibankwa, izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezincane, kepha uma kwenzeka umhlangano ungahlasela umuntu. Ubuthi benyoka le buyingozi kakhulu futhi bungabulala.
Ungumzingeli omuhle kakhulu futhi angalinda isikhathi eside inyamazane yakhe, ecashe phansi noma esihlahleni. Lapho nje inyamazane isondela, yenza umbani uyijwayeze futhiayibambe ngokujova ubuthi bayo. Ngokwesisekelo salobuthi, kwenziwa izidakamizwa kanye ne-serum ngokumelene nokulimala kwenyoka.
Maqondana nokuqothulwa, inani lalesi sidalwa somoya lehlile kakhulu, futhi njengoba kwenzeka, kaningi, ekudingisweni, singaphila izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.
Kwethulwe inyoka yeGyurza eNcwadini ebomvu I-Russian Federation futhi ivikelwe umbuso.
Njengayo ukukala inyoka.
Bhalisela kuIsiteshi sami sezinkomo , phambi kwemininingwane eminingi ethokozisayo ngezilwane.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Gyurza eRussia
Indawo yezinyoka zeLevantine ibanzi futhi ehlukahlukene. Kuze kube manje, izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ezibambe iqhaza ekuvikelweni kwezilwane nemvelo ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba zithi akukho okusongela inani le-herpes, ziningi lezi zinyoka cishe kuzo zonke izindawo lapho zinemvume yokuhlala unomphela. Lesi sitatimende sibuye sihambisane nokubalwa kwedijithali okwenziwe ososayensi.
Bakhombisa ukuthi endaweni ejwayelekile yokuhanjiswa njalo kwezinkomo kukhona abantu abane ehektheleni, kuthi ehlobo eliningi, kuze kufike kuma-20 abo ehektheleni aqoqiwe eduze kwezikhala ezahlukahlukene zamanzi. Ngenxa yalolu datha nolunye ucwaningo, akukho okukhathazayo ngosayizi wabantu be-gyurza, azikho izinsongo zokuqothulwa, kepha lokhu akwenzeki kuyo yonke indawo.
Kwamanye amazwe, inani lama-gurza lincane kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwemisebenzi yezolimo enobudlova kanye nokubanjwa kwabantu abaningi. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi ubuthi be-gyurza busetshenziswa ekhemisi, benza eminye yemithi evela kulo esisiza nge-rheumatism, radiculitis, hemophilia.
Izenzo zomuntu ezithathe isithombe esingesihle zaholela ekutheni eRussia naseKazakhstan, i-gyurza ibhalwe ku-Red Book. Kuhle ukuthi izwe elincane kangako labantu lisendaweni, futhi ezifundeni ezisele i-gyurza izizwa inkulu futhi ayivezwanga ekusatshisweni.
Ukuvikelwa kweGyurza
Photo: Gyurza from the Red Book
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, akuzona zonke izinto ezinesibalo sezinyoka zakwaLevane ezihamba kahle, kwezinye izindawo lezi ezihuquzelayo ezimangalisayo ziya ngokuya zincipha. Ezweni lethu, i-gyurza iseNcwadini ebomvu. Ensimini yaseRussia, lolu hlobo lwezinyoka luhlala eDagestan, okungukuthi, engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi nathi lokhu kuyingozi enkulu yezinyoka ezinobuthi. UGyurza, ohlala eDagestan, ubizwa ngeTranscaucasian, izici zayo ezihlukanisayo ukuba khona kwezihlangu eziningi esiswini nokungabi bikho (inani elincane kakhulu) lezicucu ezimnyama kuso.
Inani labantu be-gyurza yeTranscaucasian lincane kakhulu. Izibalo ezenziwa eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule zikhombisile ukuthi akusekho abantu abangaphezu kuka-1000 abasasele kulezi zinyoka. Lesi simo siqhamuke ngenxa yokubhujiswa ngumuntu wendawo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo: ukulima komhlaba, uklaba emithambekeni yezintaba nasezindaweni eziphansi, ukuphazamiseka kohlelo lomfula wentaba lokunisela.
Phezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukubanjwa kwezinyoka bekungalawulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela, ngakho-ke, njalo ngonyaka, izidumbu ezibalelwa ku-100, usayizi wazo ezazingaphezulu kuka-70 cm, zazibanjelwa izidingo zemithi, futhi laba ngabantu abazala kakhulu. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi hhayi ezweni lethu kuphela, kepha naseKazakhstan kukhona izinyoka ezimbalwa kakhulu zeLevant, ngakho-ke le nyoka iyatholakala naseBhuku eliBomvu.
Ekugcineni, ngithanda ukufaka ukuthi ubukhulu be-gyurza, amandla ayo, ingozi ebangelwa yiyo, ubuthi obuqine kakhulu kanye nokukhohlisa kwenza umuntu athuke lapho ecabanga ngalesi siqhwaga esikhulu. Kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu kubantu, kubhubhisa izindimbane zezinambuzane eziluhlaza emasimini atshaliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumangazayo ngokwanele, ubuthi be-gyurza bunezinto ezibalulekile zokwelapha.