Umqondo "wezinto eziphilayo zabantu" waqala ukusetshenziswa cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule. Kusukela lapho, ibilokhu igxilile emisebenzini yesayensi, izindatshana, nasezihlokweni zezingxoxo ezahlukahlukene. Umuntu kanye nemvelo kuhlobene kakhulu. Abantu bahlobanisa isimo semvelo nezinto ezahlukahlukene zokuphila. I-ecology yempilo yomuntu isayensi egcwele ngokuphelele ecwaninga ngethonya lomhlaba ojikelezile kubantu beplanethi enguMhlaba.

Imvelo yanamuhla yemvelo

Minyaka yonke, indawo yokuhlala iyawohloka. Lokhu kungenxa yokukhula okuqhubekayo komkhakha, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sezimoto. I-Phenol, i-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide nezinye izinto ezinobuthi zingena emkhathini ngamapayipi amafektri nemishini. Isayensi yemvelo yanamuhla iqokomisa izinkinga ezinkulu eziningi zabantu ababazungezile ezibangelwa ukuthuthuka okusebenzayo kwemboni:

• Ukungcoliswa kwendawo yabantu imfucuza yezimboni,
• ukushisa komhlaba kanye namazinga amanzi akhuphukayo olwandle,
• ukuguqulwa kwezinkinga zamagciwane, ubhubhane, izifo ze-oncological,
• ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi,
• ukubhujiswa kwengqimba yesibhakabhaka se-ozone,
• ukudangala kwezimbiwa.

Umthelela omuhle kwezemvelo

Izindawo ezisemhlabeni lapho isimo semvelo singekho emiphumeleni elimazayo yezimboni zigadiwe ngokucophelela. Bahlela izindawo zokonga, ezokugcina izindawo, zokwakha izikhungo zezempilo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Ukugeza komoya nokuhamba kuyasiza kubantu abanezifo zokuphefumula, futhi ukuphuza amanzi ahlanzekile kusiza ukuvikela izifo zezitho zangaphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe isikhathi eside kukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ngokwezemvelo sidlula lokho emadolobheni nasemabhizinisini asezimboni. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, umuntu angaqonda ukuthi i-ecology exhunyaniswe kanjani nomuntu nomuntu.

Imvelo emibi iyithinta kanjani impilo?

Umthelela wezemvelo empilweni yabantu ubalulekile. Ukuhlala emadolobheni amakhulu ezimboni, ukusondela kumafektri nefektri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuthinta isimo sanoma yisiphi isidalwa - lokhu kuyimvelo emibi. Izwela ikakhulu imvelo yizingane. I-ecology nempilo yabantu ngokuyinhloko ixhomeke kwikhwalithi yomoya namanzi.

Umoya

Imvelo emibi ithinta kabi impilo yabantu. Izifo eziningi zokuphefumula zibangelwa ukungcoliswa komoya. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu bathambekele ekubhekaneni nesifo i-bronchitis, asthma, komzimba futhi banesimo somdlavuza esandayo.

Amanzi angcoliswe ngodoti oyingozi nawo awayona ingozi. Ngokusho kwabezemvelo, iningi lezifo ezisezweni libangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile.

Izifo ezijwayelekile zokuphuza amanzi angcolile:

• ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo
• i-oncology
• izifo zesisu zamapheshana
• izinkinga zokugomela
• ukungazali

Le yingxenye encane yohlu lonke, ngakho-ke udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ithonya lemvelo empilweni yabantu likhulu impela.

Ukuhlanzeka kanye nemvelo yabantu

I-ecology yobuntu ihlotshaniswa nenhlanzeko yomuntu. Ama-bacterium ahlukahlukene, amagciwane, izibungu namagciwane angaba semoyeni, emanzini, inyama yezilwane futhi abangele izifo ezahlukahlukene. Ingozi ethile yizihlambi ezivulekile, imifula, amachibi. Umoya wokuphefumula onama-pathogens, kunengozi yokuthola izifo ezitholakala emoyeni ezinjenge-diphtheria, umkhuhlane, ummbila, i-bronchitis, njll.

Uma ukungatheleleki kwehliswa yizimo ezingezinhle zemvelo, ubungozi bokutheleleka banda kaningana. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina izindinganiso zokuhlanzeka okujwayelekile futhi uthathe izidakamizwa ezithuthukisa imisebenzi yokuvikela umzimba.

Izici zemvelo yabantu njengenkambu yesayensi ekhethekile

I-ecology maqondana nobuntu isayensi yezindlela ezihlangene efunda ukuhlangana kwabantu nezwe, izimo ezinamandla zokuphila kulo nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo komuntu wesimanje. Uhlobo oluguqukayo luyinto evamile yokusabela eyenzeka ngokuzimela ezimweni ezifanayo zezemvelo kubantu okungenzeka ukuthi abahlobene ngofuzo. Uhlobo lwezinqubo ezivelayo ngenxa yethonya lemvelo ebuntwini lufundwa ikakhulukazi.

Eminye yemisebenzi esemqoka yalesi sayensi ukusiza umphakathi ukwengeza izimo zezemvelo ngokuletha imininingwane edingekayo ezinhlanganweni zomthetho nabaholi emazingeni ahlukahlukene.

Izifundo zinaka imingcele eminingi:

• imiphumela yocwaningo lwenhlalo yabantu,
• Izibalo zezokwelapha nezokwanda kwabantu
• Ukuhlolwa kweHabitat
• imiphumela yokucubungula idatha yezomnotho neyezibalo.

Izinkomba ezisetshenzisiwe futhi zibonisa umphakathi wesintu:

• isilinganiso sokuzalwa, ukufa, ukungasebenzi komzimba, ukukhubazeka,
• iminyaka nobudala bobuciko
• izinga lokuthuthuka komzimba wabantu, njll.

I-ecology maqondana nomuntu, njengesayensi, idlala indima ebalulekile. Iyasiza ekwakhiweni kwezinga lokuzibophezela izinqumo, izinhlaka kanye nokuxhumana nabaphathi kwiziphathimandla ngemininingwane ngemiphumela engaba khona yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza futhi ivuselela umsebenzi oqhubekayo ukwenza ubuchwepheshe besimanje obuvikela imvelo.

Izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo ebukhoneni bendoda yesimanje

Izinkinga eziphambili zemvelo zifaka:

• ukufudumala komhlaba
• Ukungcoliswa komoya okungaphezulu komhlaba,
• ukucekelwa phansi kwesendlalelo se-ozone,
• ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle
• ukuncipha kwamanzi amasha,
• ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi,
• ukunciphisa ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane,
• ukuncipha kwemithombo yezemvelo namaminerali.

Izazi zesayensi yezemvelo zesayensi yanamuhla nabanye ososayensi bayayibona indima ebalulekile yemvelo empilweni yabantu, ngalokho-ke, banikela ngezindlela eziningi zokuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo. Iningi lazo lize ekunciphiseni ukuphuma kwomoya, ukulahla imfucuza yezimboni, nokushintshela kwenye imithombo yamandla.

Uhlu lokuqukethwe

• Isandulela
• Isifundo 1. ISIHLOKO: Isihloko sokuphila komuntu. Inhloso, izinhloso kanye nokuqukethwe kwesiyalo. Beka ohlelweni lwesayensi
• Isifundo 2. ISIHLOKO: Umlando wokuthuthuka komphakathi wesintu kanye nezinkinga zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo
• Isifundo 3. ISIHLOKO: I-niche yemvelo yomuntu
• Isifundo 4. ISIHLOKO: Izici zezemvelo kubantu

Isiqwenga sencwadi esinikeziwe Imvelo yabantu. Ikhosi Yeenkulumo (i-I.O. Lysenko, 2013) ihlinzekwe ngumlingani wethu wezincwadi - inkampani yamalitha.

ISIHLOKO: Isihloko sokuphila komuntu. Inhloso, izinhloso kanye nokuqukethwe kwesiyalo. Beka ohlelweni lwesayensi

1. Umqondo wemvelo yabantu.

2. Isihloko kanye nezinto zemvelo yomuntu.

3. Isakhiwo semvelo yomuntu.

4. Ubudlelwano bemvelo yabantu namanye amasayensi.

5. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa emvelweni yabantu

1. Umqondo wemvelo yabantu

Isayensi yezinto eziphilayo - lokhu kuwukuphela kohlelo oluqinisekisa ukuzinza kwendawo ephilayo yezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi abantu, uma kwenzeka kuba khona ukuphazamiseka okuvela. Akunasizathu sokwethemba ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiwe imiphakathi eyakhiwe eqinisa indawo kuze kufike emiphakathini yemvelo eyenzayo. Ukusuka kulokhu kulandela ukuthi i-biosphere ingokwemvelo futhi kuze kube manje ukuphela kwendawo yokuhlala yesintu esimweni sanamuhla nesibikezelwe ngesimo esizayo somphakathi wesintu.

Umuntu usebenza endaweni yemvelo yendawo ahlala kuyo, akagcini nje ngokudla imithombo yayo, kepha futhi ushintsha imvelo yemvelo, ayivumelanise nezimo ukuxazulula izinkinga zakhe ezisebenzayo nezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisebenzi yabantu inethonya elibalulekile emvelweni, ikubeka ngaphansi kwezinguquko eziye zithinte umuntu uqobo. Kuwo wonke umlando wezimpucuko, amahlathi ⅔ agawulwa, kwaqothuka izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-200 ngenxa yokusebenza kwabantu, izindawo ezigcina umoya-mpilo zehla ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi, amahektha omhlaba acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-200 ngenxa yokulima okungafanele. Iminyaka yamashumi amabili njengekhulu leminyaka yentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ikhulise kakhulu ingcindezi yomnotho womuntu esimeni semvelo. Zonke izinsuku, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu engenangqondo, amahektha angama-44 omhlaba aphendulwa ugwadule, amahektha angaphezu kwama-20 amahlathi abhujiswa ngomzuzu, uhlobo olulodwa lwezilwane nezitshalo luyanyamalala nsuku zonke, izingane ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40 ziyafa yindlala minyaka yonke. Umsebenzi wobuntu ongemuhle maqondana nemvelo yemvelo uboniswa ngokuqondile ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlobene. Lokhu kungcoliswa kwemvelo yemvelo, ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yemvelo.

Imvelo yabantu iye yavela futhi yaphendulwa njengezimpendulo zezidingo zomphakathi, ezikhathazekile ngesimo semvelo yazo kanye nekhwalithi yempilo yazo. Kulokhu, bekukhona isidingo sokutadisha okungaphandle (imvelo), umzimba wangaphakathi (umzimba womuntu nempilo yawo) kanye nokucacisiwe kwezinqubo zomsebenzi obalulekile wabantu.

Imvelo yabantu - lokhu kuyisayensi efunda imithetho yokuxhumana kwemiphakathi yabantu kanye nendawo yabo ekhula njalo, imvelo, ezenhlalo, izimboni, ezemvelo kanye nezenhlanzeko, kubandakanya isiko, amasiko, inkolo, ukuthola imininingwane kanye nemiphumela yezinqubo zezemvelo, zenhlalo yabantu (anthropoecological). , kanye nezizathu zokuvela kwazo.

Umgomo wokuphiliswa komuntu - ukuhlinzeka umphakathi ngolwazi olufanele olusiza ekwandiseni imvelo yabantu nezinqubo emiphakathini yabantu kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yabo empilweni yabantu.

Umsebenzi ongokoqobo wokuphila komuntu - ukudalwa kwendawo enobuntu enemvelo, ephephile nenempilo yezenhlalo.

2. Isihloko kanye nezinto zemvelo yomuntu

Inhloso yemvelo yabantu - indoda uqobo nemvelo yakhe. Isihloko semvelo yabantu yindlela ye-anthropoecosystem - ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo yemvelo yomuntu, kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo, ukufana kwemvelo, inhlalo yezomnotho, inhlanzeko yenhlanzeko, amasiko kanye nokuphila kwabantu, okwakha ukubukwa komhlaba nokwazi ngemvelo, izinga lempilo, ukuziphatha kwabantu, ukubukeka komzimba, ukubukeka komzimba amakhono, indlela yokuphila, amasiko, amasiko, ukukhetha kwezenkolo, izintandokazi zochwepheshe nokuningi. I-anthropoecosystem ngayinye iboniswa yi-homogeneity ethile yangaphakathi (homogeneity) futhi ihlukaniswa nge-heterogeneity (heterogeneity) ebonakalayo enabantu abangomakhelwane. Isibonelo se-anthropoecosystems yangumakhelwane wedolobha nemizana yalo ezungezile.

Isayensi yemvelo yabantu ifunda ama-anthroposystems emazingeni ahlukahlukene - ukusuka kumhlaba jikelele kuya kwasendaweni ngisho ne-microlocal. Yonke iplanethi enguMhlaba ngemvilophu yayo yomoya nendawo yangaphandle ingaba yinto eyodwa yokufunda kwemvelo yabantu.

Indlela ephelele yendawo ibandakanya ukucatshangelwa kwezindaba ezifana nemvelo yabantu njengokuthi:

- inani lemiphakathi ngayinye yabantu nakubo bonke ubuntu,

- Ubudala nobumbano lobuciko bemiphakathi,

- izinga lempilo yabantu, elingakhonjiswa ngokuya ngokwesilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi eside, izifo ezivelele kakhulu nezimbangela ezijwayelekile zokufa,

- imininingwane yokudla kwabantu besikhathi ngasinye, okuqukethwe kwekhalori kokudla, izindlela zokuzilungiselela,

- Uhlobo lomsebenzi, izindlela namathuluzi, imithombo yamandla asetshenziswa ezindlini nasemakhaya,

- Amakhono namasiko wokuhlanzeka,

- inhlala-kahle yezomnotho nentuthuko yabantu,

- Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo semvelo,

- Ukuphathwa komkhakha wezinsizakalo nezinkinga zabathengi,

Izinkinga ezifanayo zifakwa kuhla lwemisebenzi exazululwa yimvelo yabantu.

3. Isakhiwo semvelo yomuntu

Isayensi yemvelo yomuntu, njengesayensi, inesakhiwo sayo, esivumelana ngokuphelele nesakhiwo esivamile semvelo, i-Fig. 1.

Umdwebo 1. - Indawo yemvelo yabantu ekwakhiweni kwemvelo Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, izigaba ezifana nomuzi wamadolobha, ubuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo, ubuchwepheshe bezemvelo, ubuchopho bezengqondo, ubuhlakani bezinto eziphilayo, i-paleoecology, i-ecology yezokwelapha, njll.

4. Ubudlelwano bemvelo yabantu namanye amasayensi

Ngokwethiyori nangendlela efanele, imvelo yabantu isebenzisa izindlela kanye nolwazi lwesayensi eminingi esebenzisana nayo.

Ukutadisha kokusebenzisana komuntu nendawo ezungezile akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imininingwane nezindlela zenombolo isayensi yomhlaba. Emisebenzini yesayensi yemvelo yabantu, izingqinamba zobudlelwano obudala bokubangelwa izinqubo zokuphila kwabantu ngesimo sezulu, amanzi emvelo, isembozo senhlabathi, izimila, imvelo eyingozi, kanye nesimo se-biiogeochemical kuxoxwa ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Imvelo yabantu ixhumene kakhulu ne biology. Ochwepheshe ekufundweni kwemvelo yabantu basebenzise imininingwane evela emisebenzini yezakhi zofuzo zabantu, izakhi zofuzo ezithinta imvelo, izifo zofuzo nokuhlukahluka kubantu, ubuchwephesha bezemvelo, amasosha omzimba, i-allergology, ubuthi bezemvelo, ubuthi be-narcological, i-radioecology kanye ne-bio-cybernetics.

Isayensi yemvelo yomuntu ixhumene ngokuqinile ne umuthi, ikakhulukazi ngesiqondisi sayo sokuhlanzeka. I-Anthropoecologists isebenzisa kabanzi izinto zokwenziwa ezivela kulezi zingxenye ezilandelayo zomuthi: umlando wezokwelapha nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, izisekelo zemvelo zemithi, umuthi wezemitholampilo, isifo sokuxilonga kwezifo ezithathelanayo nezingalapheki, inhlanzeko jikelele, inhlanzeko yenhlalo, inhlanzeko yomphakathi kanye nokuhlanzeka kwemvelo.

Isayensi yemvelo yabantu iboleke imigomo ethile yendlela, izindlela zokwenza izindlela namasu ocwaningo kusuka isifo sofuzo Izifo ezithathelwanayo - isayensi efunda imithetho yenqubo yokuqhuma kobhubhane futhi yakhe izindlela zokulwa nezifo ezithathelanayo zabantu. I-epidemiology yezifo ezingalawuleki ichazwa njengendlela yokufunda amaphethini wokusakazeka kwezifo ezingalawuleki phakathi kwabantu, ngokusetshenziselwa izinkomba zezibalo.

Imvelo yabantu ihlobene kakhulu nabaningi isayensi yezenhlalo. Izixhumanisi ezijulile zikhona phakathi kwemvelo yabantu kanye demographics, ngoba yomibili le mikhakha itadisha inani labantu ngezici ezifanayo.

Ubudlelwano obusondelene busekelwa phakathi i-anthropoecology futhi ezenhlalo, esifundisisa ubudlelwane bezinto ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo kanye namaphethini wokuziphatha kwabantu kwezenhlalo.

Ukuxhumeka okuqondakalayo kokuphila komuntu nesayensi yezomnotho kususelwa ngokucacile kunoma yikuphi esifundweni se-anthropoecological. Isayensi yemvelo yabantu ihlobene kakhulu nezihloko zezindawo ezilandelayo zesayensi yezomnotho: imithombo yezemvelo yomhlaba, isimo sokudla somhlaba, ukwahlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kwezabasebenzi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla akhiqizwayo, ukuhlukaniswa komnotho ngokwezomnotho, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kanye nomnotho wamadolobha, ezomnotho kwezempilo, ezomnotho ezemvelo kanye nezomnotho zokungcebeleka.

Uma ucabanga ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kwe-anthropoecology nezinye izindawo zesayensi, kungakuhle ukuthi uhlale endaweni efanele ukwakheka kwesifunda futhi ukuhlela amadolobha. Lezi zingxenye zokucwaninga ezilandelayo zihambisana nezintshisakalo zokuphila kwabantu: izisekelo zemvelo nezesayensi zokuhlelwa kwezifunda nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha, ukuhlela nentuthuko yezindawo nezinkundla ezinkulu, ukuhlela kanye nentuthuko yamadolobha nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi, amadolobha kanye nokuhlangana emadolobheni.

Izifundo eziphathelene nemvelo yabantu zisebenzisa indlela yomlando, kanye nemininingwane evela emisebenzini yemivubukulo, yezazi zezokuziphatha, kanye nochwepheshe ku-anthropology yobuhlanga.

I-logic yocwaningo lwe-anthropoecological ikhombisa isidingo sokusebenzisana ngokusondelana phakathi kwemvelo yemvelo yabantu kanye ne-psychology.

5. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa emvelweni yabantu

Indlela ehlelekile iqhubeka nezifundo eziningi ze-anthropoecological, ngoba umuntu uqobo kanye nomphakathi othile ofundiwe bayingxenye yohlelo ngenxa yokuxhunyaniswa kwezinto nezinto eziphilayo kwendalo.

Izindlela zokubhalisa nokuhlola imvelo bayingxenye edingekayo yocwaningo lwezemvelo. Lokhu kufaka ukubonwa kwesimo sezulu, izilinganiso zokushisa, ukubonakala, usawoti nokwakheka kwamanzi ngamakhemikhali, ukuzimisela kwezimpawu zenhlabathi, ukukala kokukhanyiswa, isizinda semisebe, ukuqina kwezinsimu ezibonakalayo, ukuzimisela kokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kanye namagciwane emvelweni, njll. Iqembu elifanayo lezindlela kufanele lifake ukuqapha - Ukuqapha ngezikhathi noma okuqhubekayo kwesimo sezinsiza zezemvelo kanye nekhwalithi yendawo ezungezile.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ukubhaliswa kokwakheka nenani lokungcola okulimazayo emanzini, emoyeni, enhlabathini, ezitshalweni ezindaweni zokungcola kwe-anthropogenic, kanye nezifundo zokudluliselwa kokungcola ezindaweni ezihlukile. Njengamanje, amasu wokuqapha imvelo athuthuka ngokushesha esebenzisa izindlela zakamuva zokuhlaziya okusheshayo kwe-physicochemical, ukuzwa okukude, i-telemetry, nokucutshungulwa kwedatha yekhompyutha.

Izindlela ezibalulekile zokuqapha imvelo, ukuvumela ukuthola ukuhlolwa okuhlanganisiwe kwekhwalithi yemvelo, ukuqondisisa futhi ukuhlola - Sebenzisa ukuqapha isimo semvelo yezilwane ezithile ezizwela kakhulu ushintsho lwezemvelo nokubukeka kokungcola okuyingozi kuso.

Ucwaningo lwethonya lezici zemvelo empilweni yomuntu faka emtholampilo izindlela - ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha, kungenzeka ukuthola ushintsho emzimbeni ukuphendula isenzo sezinto ezizungezile, ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri - Khiqiza kabusha izimo ezithile ngokwezifiso futhi utadishe amashifu ukusabela komzimba. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izilwane noma amavolontiya abantu.

Izindlela zokulungiswa kwedatha yezibalo ahlinzeke ngomqondo wezinguquko ezinhle noma ezingezinhle empilweni yabantu ngaphansi kwethonya lemvelo.

Ngokuhambisana nenhloso yocwaningo, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ubuntu (isayensi yezenhlalo, idemokhrasi, isayensi yezengqondo, njll) kanye / noma isayensi yemvelo (physiology, psychophysiology, biochemistry, njll.).

Ukwakhiwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwemibono ye-anthropoecological kuhambisana nokusebenza kanye nokwenza ngcono kwezindlela zocwaningo ezitholwe yimvelo yabantu eziqondisweni ezinje nge-geography yomzimba neyomphakathi, ubuzwe, isayensi yezenhlalo yabantu, kanye nemithi. Indawo enkulu inikezwa ekuhlolweni kwezemvelo, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezemvelo, zenhlanzeko nezinye izinto, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-cadastres aqukethe uhlu lwawo, athinta umsebenzi obalulekile wabantu.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga zesayensi futhi zasebenza ekuhlaleni kwemvelo, ucwaningo lwenziwa emazingeni ahlukahlukene ezindawo, ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziphambili - zasekhaya, zesifunda kanye nezomhlaba jikelele. Ngayinye yazo inemininingwane yayo yocwaningo kanye nobubanzi nokujula kwezinqubo ezembuliwe ezibonakala kuphela kuleli banga. Izinga ngalinye linesilinganiso salo se-cartographic, yomibili imithombo ye-cartographic esetshenzisiwe kanye nomklamo we-cartographic wemiphumela yokugcina yocwaningo.

Izinkinga zokucwaninga kwe-anthropoecological ziyaxazululwa kusetshenziswa izindlela namasu wokuqongelela ulwazi olusungule kwisayensi, olusebenze njengesisekelo sokwakheka kwemvelo yabantu.

Phakathi kwalezi zindlela ukuqagela, ukumodela, ukubuka imephu, ukubheka izifunda kanye nokubikezela.

Ukuhlolwa kweHabitat - Lokhu kuqhathanisa okungaziwa nokwaziwayo. Ku-anthropoecology, ukuhlolwa kuyenziwa njalo emiphakathini yabantu. Kepha ezimweni ezahlukahlukene kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi - yimuphi umphakathi wabantu okufanele uwuhlole. Izihloko zokuhlola zingaba: inani labantu abahlala njalo, inani lesikhashana (abantu abasebenza ngokujikeleza noma abahamba ngezinyawo, amaqembu abantu ngezikhathi ezithile abavakashela insimu - izivakashi, ababukeli, njll.).

Ubulukhuni bokuhlola okuhlanganayo kwesimo se-anthropoecological silele lokuthi cishe akukho zakhi zemvelo nempilo yomphakathi ezingathinta impilo yabantu kanye nezinga lempilo yabo bebodwa, ngokwahlukana. Imiphumela yomphumela onjalo ingahle incike ekuphelele kwezimo. Ukushintsha ngisho into eyodwa ebonakala ingasho lutho kungaholela emiphumeleni ehluke ngokuphelele (ngokumelene nemiphumela).

I-Anthropoecological taxonation (isifunda). Ekufundweni kwe-anthropo-kwemvelo kwendawo, ukuhlaziya kwezimo zezinkinga ezivela kumthelela wezinto zobungozi kubantu, nokuhleleka okulandelayo kolwazi olutholakele, kuyasebenza taxonization, isb. ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo kube yi-taxa encane (kumasistimu wokuphamba wesifunda noma wesifunda). Intela ye-Anthropoecological ingasiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi ezicindezelayo zesayensi futhi ezisetshenzisiwe emkhakheni wokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukubhekwa kokuhlanzeka nobudlova, ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo yezomnotho egxile kwezenhlalo, ukuhlela amadolobha, njll.

Ukulingisa. Esikhathini sokuphiliswa komuntu, izindlela zokumodela, noma zokwakha amamodeli ahlukahlukene alingisa izinqubo noma imvelo ye-anthropo, asetshenziswa kabanzi.

Imininingwane ekude ngemisebenzi ekuphilisweni kwabantu. Lapho uxazulula izinkinga ze-anthropoecological, izindlela nezinqubo zocwaningo ezikude (izithombe zasemoyeni, izithombe zesikhala, ukubonwa okuqondile okuvela emkhathini) zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo. Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswe ngempumelelo kwi-geology, geomety, geology, geology, meteorology, njll. Kusetshenziswa imininingwane ekude (ngokuhlanganiswa nocwaningo olususelwa emhlabathini), ubunjalo, umnotho, ukwakheka kwenhlangano yomphakathi, ukugxila kwemvelo kwezifo eziyingozi eziningi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemvelo kungafundwa. ukuhlala kwabantu futhi, yini ebaluleke kakhulu, izitayela eziguquguqukayo ekwakhiweni kwalezi zinto nezinqubo.

1. Ngokuhlobene nalokho kwavela isidingo sokutadisha imvelo yabantu?

2. Yakha incazelo yemvelo yabantu.

3. Yini inhloso futhi yini imisebenzi yemvelo yabantu? Ukubaluleka okusebenzayo kwesiyalo esifundiwe.

4. Yini into futhi isihloko semvelo yabantu?

5. Sitshele ngobudlelwano bemvelo yabantu namanye amasayensi.

6. Bhala bese uchaza izindlela eziphambili ezisetshenzisiwe ekwenzeni ucwaningo ngokuphila kwabantu.

Izikhombisi-ndlela ezingenzeka zokuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo

Ubuntu bunesidingo sokugcina indawo ephephile. Ngakho-ke, singathatha izinkomba ezinjalo ekuxazululeni izinkinga zemvelo njenge:

1. Ezomthetho. Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwamukelwa kwemithetho yamazwe omhlaba evikela imvelo yabantu.
2. Kwezomnotho. Ukulwa nemiphumela yomthelela we-anthropogenic emvelweni, kudingeka imijovo emikhulu yezimali.
3. Ezobuchwepheshe. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokwenza ngcono ubuchwepheshe obukhona obusebenza ukuvikela imvelo ethonyeni lomuntu.
4. Ubuhle. Ukulungiswa kwamadolobha, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuvikela nemvelo, ukudala amabhande amahlathi ezungeze amabhizinisi nemigwaqo.

Njengoba ulazi kahle izinga lesongo, ubuntu bungathatha izinyathelo eziphuthumayo nezisebenzayo zokulungisa isimo esikhona.

Izindlela zokuvikela

Izindlela zokuvikela zifaka:

1. Ukunciphisa izinga lokungcola, kokubili okufuywayo nezimboni.
2. Ukushintshwa kwemithombo yamandla ehlukile, ukushiywa kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi, ukufakwa kwamalahle, ukuguqulwa kokusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo, amandla elanga, ukwakhiwa kweziteshi zamandla kagesi.
3. Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zanamuhla zokugcina amanzi angcolile.
4. Ukutshala amahlathi, ukuvikela amazwe ekuguguleka komhlaba.

Indima enkulu yalokhu idlalwa izinhlangano zamanje zemvelo zomhlaba. Benza inkulumo-ze engaguquki ngenhloso yokuvikela imvelo, kancane kancane bashintsha imibono yabantu futhi babaphoqe ukuthi baphinde babheke isimo sabo semvelo.

Izeluleko ze-Ayurvedic Zokuthuthukisa Impilo nge-Ecology

Ukuqondiswa kwemithi ehlukile ye-Ayurveda kunikeza isintu indlela yokuzivikela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ngokubuyisela ibhalansi. Ifilosofi ye-Ayurvedic isuselwe kubhalansi yendoda nemvelo. Izinto eziyisisekelo zokuqondisa umoya, amanzi, umlilo, umhlaba ne-ether.

Izeluleko ze-Ayurvedic zokuthuthukisa impilo ngokusebenzisa imvelo:

1. Ukuze uqinise uhlelo lwezinzwa, u-Ayurveda weluleka ukuthi ahole indlela yokulinganisa, athobele umzimba amandla akhanyayo ngokomzimba, futhi aphuze newayini elimhlophe ngemithamo emincane nsuku zonke.
2. Kukhona nohlelo lwayo olukhulu lokuzivocavoca, oluguqulwa ukuze kwelashwe izifo ezithile.
3. U-Ayurveda weluleka ukusebenzisa o-oiri abalulekile, ukudla amakhambi okwelapha, ukwenza uhambo njalo ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ngemvelo, nokwenza amakilasi e-yoga.

I-Ayurveda isifundisa ukuthi siphile impilo ephelele futhi enempilo, naphezu kwesimo semvelo esingaphephile emhlabeni.

Wonke amazwe akhathazekile ngokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Kubanjwa izingqungquthela zomhlaba wonke, kubhekwane nezinkinga zezemvelo e-UN. Kwethulwa imigoqo yokubulawa kwezilwane zasendle, futhi ukudoba kuyalawulwa. Ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke amazwe bahlala bebambisana ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa isimo semvelo.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zokuvikela imvelo zikhuthaza umphakathi ukuthi ukhululeke, ucabange ngemiphumela engaba khona yokusebenzisa izinsiza nokungcoliswa kwemvelo.

Ukuthuthukiswa komlando

Imvelaphi yemvelo njengesijeziso esibanzi isekelwe eGreece futhi kusiholela ohlwini olude lokufeza emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo. Isayensi yemvelo nayo iye yathuthukiswa kakhulu nakwamanye amasiko. Ulwazi lwendabuko, njengoba bebizwa kanjalo, lubandakanya ukuthambekela komuntu olwazini olunembile, ubudlelwane bokuqonda, ukuqonda kanye nokudlulisa imininingwane ephathelene nomhlaba wemvelo kanye nesipiliyoni somuntu .. Igama elithi "ecology" laqalwa ngu-Ernst Haeckel ngonyaka we-1866 futhi lichazwa ngqo maqondana nomnotho wezemvelo.

Njengazo zonke izazi zesimanje zesikhathi sakhe, uHaeckel wamukela amagama akhe kuKarl Linnaeus, lapho ukuhlangana kwendalo yomuntu kwakusobala khona. Ngo-1749, encwadini yakhe ethi "I-specimen academicum de oeconomia naturae"U-Linnaeus usungule isayensi efaka inqubomgomo yezomnotho kanye nemvelo. I-polis inezimpande zayo zamaGrikhi emphakathini wezepolitiki (ekuqaleni kwesifunda-dolobha), yabelana ngezimpande zayo ngegama elithi" amaphoyisa "maqondana nokukhuthaza ukukhula nokugcina ukuthula okuhle emphakathini. ILinnaeus futhi owokuqala ukubhala ngobudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwabantu nezenduna. U-Linnaeus wethule imibono yakuqala etholakala ezicini zesimanje zokuphila kwabantu, kubandakanya nokulingana kwemvelo, ngenkathi egcizelela ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yezemvelo: " Ngokushintsha ukusebenza okwenele kwemisebenzi yayo, imvelo ihlinzeka umzimba ngezimo ezidingekayo zokuphila. ”Umsebenzi kaLinnaeus wathonya uCharles Darwin kanye nezinye izazi zesikhathi sakhe, owayesebenzisa isigama sikaLinnaeus ngemiphumela eqondile kubantu, emvelweni nakwezomnotho.

I-Ecology ayigcini nje ngokuzalwa, kepha futhi isiza abantu. UHerbert Spencer wayengusosayensi wokuqala onomthelela emlandweni wokuphila kwabantu. USpencer waba nomthelela emsebenzini kaCharles Darwin futhi wabuyisela ithonya lakhe. UHerbert Spencer uqambe ibinzana elithi "osindayo kunabo bonke," wayengomunye wabasunguli bokuqala bokuhlalisana kwabantu, owathuthukisa umbono womphakathi njengezinto eziphilayo, futhi wabeka isandulelo sendlela yokuphila kwezenhlalo, okwabe kuyinhloso eyalandela nokuxhumeka phakathi kwezenhlalo yabantu nemvelo yabantu.

Isayensi yemvelo yabantu inomlando ohlukanisile wezifundo, futhi ukuthuthuka kwayo kufinyelela emikhakheni eminingana yezifundo, kufaka phakathi: ikhaya, i-geology, i-anthropology, i-psychology, i-zoology ne-psychology. Abanye ababhali bathi i-geography yi-ecology yomuntu. Ngokubona ingxoxo ebanzi yokuthi yini eyakha imvelo yesintu, abacwaningi bamanje abahlukahlukene bafune ukuhlanganisa umkhakha wesayensi, abawubiza ngokuthi "izinhlelo ezixhumene zabantu nemvelo ngokususelwa emsebenzini wangaphambilini, kepha ngaphesheya." Ezinye izindawo noma izimboni ezihlobene nokukhula komlando wesimo sokuphila kwabantu njengoba imikhakha ifaka phakathi i-ecology yamasiko, imvelo yasemadolobheni, imvelo yezemvelo, imvelo yezenhlalo kanye nemvelo yemvelo.

Ukuxhumana kwendlu

Ngaphezu kokuxhunyaniswa kwayo nezinye izigwegwe, imvelo yabantu inokuxhumana okuqinile komlando nensimu yasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, kakade ngawo-1960s, amanyuvesi ambalwa aqala ukuqamba kabusha iminyango yezomnotho, izikole kanye namakolishi zaba izinhlelo ezinhlelweni zokuphila kwabantu. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kushintshwa kwegama bekuyimpendulo ebunzimeni obethulwe ngegama elithi "umnotho wezasekhaya" emphakathini ophucukile futhi kubonise ukuqashelwa kwemvelo yabantu njengenye yezindlela zokuqala zokukhetha isiyalo okufanele sibe ngumnotho wasekhaya. Njengamanje, izinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo zabantu zibandakanya iCarlell College of Human Ecology eCornell University kanye noMnyango Wezemvelo Yomuntu eYunivesithi yase-Alberta nabanye.

Isicelo ku-epidemiology nokunakekelwa kwezempilo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemibono yezemvelo ku-epidemiology kunezimpande ezifanayo nakweminye imikhakha yesicelo, noCarl Linney edlala indima eqondile kulokhu. Kodwa-ke, leli gama, ngokusobala, lalibhebhetheka ezincwadini zezokwelapha nezempilo maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngo-1971, abantu abaningi bafunda ngayo, sibonga ukushicilelwa kwencwadi ethi "Epidemiology njenge-Medical Ecology" kwathi ngonyaka we-1987 - incwadi ethi "Umphakathi Wezempilo kanye Nezomuntu". Umqondo we "impilo ye-ecosystem" uqhamuke njengomnyakazo ohlanganisa ucwaningo nokwenza izinto ezindaweni ezinjengokuphathwa kwezemvelo, ezempilo, ukuhlukahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho. Kususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kwemiqondo efana nemodeli yezenhlalo yezenhlalo yezempilo, imvelo yabantu ihlanganisiwe izinkomba eziphambili zezincwadi zomhlaba emkhakheni wezempilo.

Uqedile umsebenzi esihlokweni esifanayo

Iyunithi lokufunda emfundweni yemvelo yabantu i-anthropoecosystems. Lokhu kungafaka ngisho nezinhlelo ezincane kunazo zonke, okuyisikhala esinqunyelwe esakhiwe yinqwaba yabantu. Isibonelo, lesi kungaba yisizwe samaPapuans. Kepha imvamisa, izinto zokufunda yizinto ezinkulu - ngokwesibonelo, idolobha, idolobhana noma indawo yokuhlala.

Ohlelweni lokuphiliswa kwendalo yomuntu, le mikhakha elandelayo ihlukaniswa:

• I-Urboecology,
• I-Psychological ecology,
• Izimiso zokuziphatha ezithinta imvelo
• I-Ethnoecology,
• I-Paleoecology,
• Izimiso zokuziphatha zezemvelo nezinye.

I-ecology yomuntu ngandlela thile ifana ne-autecology, umehluko wokuthi ekufundweni kwemvelo yomuntu into efundwayo luhlelo lwe-anthropo.

I-ecology yezenhlalo icishe ifane nemvelo yomuntu, umehluko wokuthi emvelweni yabantu sikhuluma ngomuntu noma iqembu labantu njengommeleli wezilwane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho kubhekwa isici senhlalo - ubuntu bomuntu, iqembu lezenhlalo - kufanelekile ukukhuluma nge-ecology yenhlalo.

Njengesayensi yemvelo uqobo, imvelo yabantu inezinkomba eziningi. Ngisho negama elithi "i-ecology" namuhla selivele lingaphezu kokuqonda okujwayelekile kwaleli gama. Isibonelo, muva nje isayensi efana ne-ecology yomoya isiqalile ukwenziwa, ingaqondwa ngokweqiniso ngokuthi "msulwa womoya", lesi sayensi sithuthukisa ekuhlanganyeleni kwe-biology ne-psychology, sicwaninga ngokuziphatha kwesimo somuntu.

Into efana "nemvelo yesiko" isivele ixhumene ngokungalingani nomqondo wokuphila komuntu. Ngokwengxenye, leli gatsha lesayensi lifinyelela imvelo yomoya, lifunda kuphela ngethonya lendawo yesiko emphefumulweni womuntu.

Izinjongo zokufunda zesayensi

Isayensi yemvelo yabantu yakhula kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kwesayensi yemvelo ngokwayo, kodwa yayibizwa ngokuhlukile. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka komlando, le sayensi yayikhathazeka ngemibuzo efanayo:

• inani lemiphakathi ngayinye yabantu nakubo bonke abantu,
• iminyaka nobudala bohlelo lwemiphakathi,
• izinga lempilo yabantu, elingakhonjiswa ngokwesilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi eside, izifo ezivelele kakhulu nezimbangela ezijwayelekile zokufa,
• imininingwane yokudla kwabantu besikhathi ngasinye, okuqukethwe kwekhalori kokudla, izindlela zokuzilungiselela
• uhlobo lomsebenzi wezabasebenzi, izindlela nezinsizakalo zabasebenzi, imithombo yamandla asetshenziswa ezindlini nasendlini,
• uhlelo lokuhlala kabusha
• amakhono namasiko wokuhlanzeka.

Ukuhlaziywa ngokuphelele kwawo wonke amaqiniso angenhla kunikeza isithombe esiphelele kakhulu sokuxhumana komuntu nemvelo ahlala kuyo.

Impilo yabantu

Phakathi kwazo zonke izingqinamba ezibaluleke kakhulu ezixazululwa yimvelo yabantu, impilo yabantu ihlukile. Impilo yabantu ingenye yezinkomba eziphambili zenhlala-kahle yendawo abantu akhiwe kuyo. Okokuqala ngqa phakathi kwezinkomba zezenhlala-kahle zezwe zihlala zikhomba impilo nempilo ende. Lapho izimo zokuphila zizithanda, isifo esincanyana, isikhathi eside sokuphila. Izimo lapho ingozi yempilo ivela khona zibizwa ngokuthi “yizinto eziyingozi”.

Izici ezinjenge:

• izimo zemvelo
• indlela yokuphila nezimo zezomnotho,
• ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokucekelwa phansi
• izimo zokukhiqiza.

Isayensi ekhula ngamandla, ubuchwepheshe, umuthi kanye nezinye izintelezi zempilo yesimanjemanje, idale izembatho zempi ezithembekile ezingavikela abantu emthonyeni omubi wezilwane zasendle. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi zivikela, izici zemvelo ye-anthropogenic ngasikhathi sinye zibangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “izifo zempucuko”, ezihambisana nokwenyuka kwamazinga okuxineka, umsindo ongapheli, ukungasebenzi ngokomzimba nezinye izinto.

Izici ze-anthropogenic

Umuntu wanamuhla uhlala ezimweni ezikude kakhulu nemvelo. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, uhlala eyisidalwa, leli qiniso lidala ukungqubuzana phakathi kwengxenye yezinto eziphilayo yomuntu nendawo yezimboni. Izici ze-Technogenic zinomphumela onamandla empilweni yomuntu nasempilweni:

• Kwehliswe amandla okusebenza nomsebenzi wezenhlalo kubantu abaphilile
• Izifo eziningi zofuzo ziyavela ezithinta izizukulwane ezizayo ngezinga elikhulu.
• Isibalo sezifo ze-oncological sikhula ngokuqinile, ngamacala anda kakhulu ezinganeni nasentsheni
• Izingane ezizalwe ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe ziya ngokuya zibuthaka, zivame ukugula.
• Izigameko zezifo ezingamahlalakhona kubantu abasha abasebenzayo ziyanda.
• Isilinganiso sokuphila kwabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe siyancipha.

Umuntu wanamuhla ohlala endaweni yasemadolobheni ubhekene nezici eziningi zobungozi nsuku zonke. Imfucumfucu yezimboni, ukuthathwa komhlaba ngamadolobha, umoya ongcolile namanzi - konke lokhu kuyizingxenye zezindawo zokuhlala zomhlali wanamuhla wedolobha.

Imvelo Yabantu - I-ecology

Ukuphila endaweni ethile, izehlakalo zemvelo ngazinye zingathinta isimo somzimba. I-ecology yesintu ibheka izinto ezithinta imvelo ezinomthelela oqondile empilweni yabantu. Impilo yabantu incike kuyo.

p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->

Ngokwesakhiwo sale nkambiso, kubhekwe izinkinga zesifunda nezomhlaba wonke ezithinta abantu. Ngokwesimo salolu daba, kubhekwa indlela yokuphila yezakhamuzi zedolobha kanye nemisebenzi yabahlali basemakhaya. Indawo ekhethekile ihlala nodaba lokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo yabantu.

p, blockquote 6.0,0,1,0 ->

Izinkinga zemvelo yabantu

Lokhu kuyalwa kunemisebenzi eminingana:

p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->

• - Ukuqapha imvelo nendlela yokuphila yabantu,
• - Ukudalwa kwamakhadi anezinkomba zezokwelapha,
• - Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo semvelo,
• - Ukuhlonzwa kwezindawo ezinemvelo engcolisiwe,
• - Ukuchazwa kwezindawo ezinemvelo enhle.

Okwamanje, imvelo yabantu isayensi ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, impumelelo yayo ayikasetshenziswa ngenkuthalo, kodwa ngokuzayo le nkambiso izosiza ukuthuthukisa izimpilo kanye nempilo yabantu abahlukile.