E-Russia, kufakwa imali engaphansi kwe-Atlantic subspecies ye-grey seal esifundeni saseMurmansk. Kwesinye isikhathi subspecies itholakala esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, emanzini e-Franz Josef Land, iBohemian Bay, iCara kanye neWhite Seas, esiqhingini saseNovaya Zemlya. Ama-subspecies aseBaltic ahlala oLwandle iBaltic, iGulf of Finland, iBothnia kanye neGulf of Riga. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala endaweni yogu ngasogwini olunamadwala. I-Baltic seal izalanisa eqhweni elisheshayo (elinganyakazi), ne-Atlantic seal - ogwini olunamadwala amnene.

Izimpawu zangaphandle

Elinye igama le-grey seal ngophawu olude olunobude, noma i-tevak. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izimpawu, izinhlobo zezimpunga zinobuso obuphakeme ngokwedlulele. Lezi zilwane zikhulu kancanyana kunezakwabo. Ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelela ku-2,5 m, futhi isisindo lisukela ku-150 liye kuma-300 kg. Umbala wazo uhluka kakhulu. Izikhala zezimo ezahlukahlukene, osayizi nemibala zihlakazeka kulo lonke uboya ngokungahambi kahle.

Indlela yokuphila

Okokuzalela, iziqaqa ezingwevu zakha izidumbu. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, imibhangqwana nayo iyisenzakalo esijwayelekile. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa isikhathi eside (cishe izinyanga eziyi-11.5), insikazi yondla ingane ngobisi isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - cishe amasonto amabili. Imidlwane izalwa njalo ebusuku. Uma, kungakapheli ihora ngemuva kokubeletha, okuthile kuphazamise insikazi, iyomshiya ngokuphelele umntwana wayo. Ukwazi lesi sici, abazingeli nabasebenzi bokugcina abazama ukungaphazamisi ukuthula kwezimpawu zamanzi. Ingane esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-20, inombala omhlophe okhilimu.

Isisekelo sokudla kwabo yinhlanzi. Ukubamba, ikhodi, i-hake, i-capelin, i-goby, i-salmon - konke lokhu kuzoba yisisulu sophawu olu-grey. Yize kunjalo, ubona kahle ngisho nasemanzini odaka. Lezi zilwane kwesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa amasiginali we-echolocation, impendulo ezihlaziywa kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani obuzwakalayo. Ngokushesha lapho uphawu luphala, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo liyancipha futhi, ngenxa yokonga komoya-mpilo, lingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi cishe imizuzu engama-20. Kunecala elaziwayo lapho insikazi yalolu phawu ihlala iminyaka engama-28, kuthi owesilisa abe neminyaka engama-41.

Encwadini Ebomvu YaseRussia

Ukubhalwa kwe-Baltic kwe-grey seal kusongelwa ngokuqothulwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, inani lalezi zilwanyana libucayi, futhi kudingeka izindlela eziphuthumayo zokuzisindisa. Isimo nge-Atlantic subspecies asisihle kangako. Encwadini ebomvu yaseRussia, inikezwe isigaba sesithathu sokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kepha ngaphandle kwensimu yaseRussia lolu hlobo luvame kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1975, ukuzingelwa kwezimpawu zasendlini ezimpunga, ezemidlalo nokuzingela ama-amateur kuvinjelwe. Yize ngesikhathi esifanele sokuhlatshwa kwe-grey seal kwakumele kukhokhwe imali ekhokhwayo. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zichitha amasheya ezinhlanzi.

Iqiniso elihehayo

Emuva ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union, ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwezilwane zasolwandle ekuhlosweni kwaqalwa eMurmansk Marine Biological Institute. Ososayensi baseMurmansk bafunde ubuchule namakhono ezinhlobo zasendaweni, kubandakanya ama-pinnipeds. Lezi zivivinyo zazingqayizivele ezenzweni zomhlaba. E-USA, ngathola ukuqeqeshwa kwamabhubesi olwandle nezimpawu zasolwandle. Kepha ososayensi baseRussia basebenzisane nabamele umndeni wangempela wama-seal okokuqala. Izikhonkwane zaba abafundi abahle kakhulu. Bayakwazi ukukhumbula ngekhanda futhi ngokuthobeka bakhiphe imiyalo, bangene ekujuleni okukhulu futhi bangene ngomkhumbi ngemuva kwesikebhe, bakha isivinini esifinyelela ku-40 km / h.

Ngokuwa kwe-USSR ngonyaka ka-1990, "amabutho akhethekile akhinyabeza" ayeka ukuthakazelisa umbuso. Kepha kakade ngonyaka we-1997, isigaba esisha sokuhlolwa endaweni yamanzi yesisekelo samasosha saqala: iRed Stones aqua-polygon yadalwa lapha. I-Ringed seal ne-grey seal yaphendulwa izitha ezinhle kakhulu. Imidlwane kuqala ukukhethwa ezindaweni zayo zemvelo lapho isuka ebisini likamama iye kokudla okuqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqeqeshi usuvele uzondla ngokwenqenqema nezinhlanzi - lesi yisigaba sokuqala futhi esibaluleke kakhulu sokudambisa. Ukuze benze izimpawu, basebenzisana nezenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi: ukuphuma endaweni ebiyelwe nokubuyela emuva, befaka imishini ekhethekile. Kumele benze imiyalo ngokusobala epulatifomu, bangene emanzini futhi bayale, babone izinto ezikhukhulayo bese babuyela kumqeqeshi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezimpawu zamanzi ukuhamba ezindaweni zamanzi nokuhlola izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Incazelo Nutrition

Seal Grey (I-Nalichoerus grypus) - ummeleli omkhulu walezi zivalo, ubude bomzimba wakhe kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-3 m, isisindo kusuka ku-150 kuya ku-300 kg. Izimpawu zomphofu ezimpunga zidla ikakhulu inhlanzi, ama-invertebrates esiswini sazo ayivelakancane futhi ngamanani amancane - lezi ezinye izinhlobo zes squid, crab kanye shrimp. KuLwandle iBaltic, lezi zimpawu zingadla i-cod, i-herring, i-eel, i-bream, inhlanzi ye-salmon, ne-cod ne-pinagora emanzini ogu lweMurmansk.

Habitat

Isigaxa segrey isatshalaliswa ikakhulu esifundeni esishisayo saseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, itholakala cishe kulo lonke uLwandle iBaltic, kufaka phakathi iGhuba LaseFinland, iRiga kanye neGulf yeBothnia. Ngaphandle koLwandle iBaltic empumalanga ye-Atlantic, iziqhingi ezimpunga zihlala kusuka ku-English Channel kuya oLwandle iBarents, zihlala emanzini asogwini lwaseGreat Britain nase-Ireland, i-Orkney, i-Hebrides, iShetland kanye ne-Faroe Islands, futhi zitholakala ngasogwini lwe-Iceland, Central kanye neNorway Norway. E-Russia, lezi zimpawu ezihlala ogwini lwaseMurmansk zisuka emngceleni neNorway ziye ekungeneni okungasentshonalanga oLwandle Olumhlophe, kanye naseziqhingini eziningi ezisemanzini asogwini. Unyaka wonke lawa ma-pinnipeds ahlala ngaphansi kwezimo zikasawoti aphansi wamanzi olwandle.

Ukuzala

Izimpawu eziyimpunga yakha amabhangqa azinza. Kulesi zinhlobo, umehluko wezikhathi zokuzalela, okungajwayelekile kuma-pinnipeds, akubonwa nje ezilwaneni ezivela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, kodwa nasezilwaneni ezivela kubantu abafanayo. Phambilini kunabanye, inzalo yabesifazane bezimpawu zamanzi zaseBaltic, ukuzalaniswa eqhweni loLwandle iBaltic, kuletha inzalo yabo; Cishe kuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye zohlu, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzeka emhlabeni ngokuzayo nangendlela ende kakhulu. Ukukhulelwa esiseleni esimpunga kuhlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-11, okuthi (uma kubambezeleka isikhathi eside ukufakwa), ingane ikhula ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-9. Izimpawu ezisanda kuzalwa zinobude obuyimitha eyi-1 futhi zimbozwe ngezinwele ezinde ezimhlophe - yingakho zibizwa ngama-squirrels.

Ukubukeka

Umbala wejazi labantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili uyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ubulili nobudala. Iningi lezimpawu zamanzi zimpunga ngombala, kepha amathunzi angaba yinoma yini ukusuka kokuphinki kuya kokugcwele. Cishe abantu abamnyama kwesinye isikhathi bayatholakala.

Indawo yokuhlala kanye nokufuduka

Iningi lalezi zilwane lihlala eNyakatho Atlantic, okungukuthi indawo yayo efudumele. Yonke indawo zitholakala oLwandle iBaltic. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iBothnian (hhayi yonke), iRiga ne-Gulf yaseFinland. Izimpawu zasolwandle zivame futhi ukusuka oLwandle iBarents kuya esiteshini sesiNgisi; zingatholakala nasogwini lwase-Ireland naseNgilandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakwaFarae, Orkney, Shetland kanye noHebrides bekungafani nabo. Bahlala emanzini asogwini aseCentral naseNyakatho yeNorway, kanye nase-Iceland. Ngakho-ke uphawu olimpunga luyatholakala ezindaweni eziningi. Uhla lwayo lubanzi impela.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kwezimpawu eziyimpunga: iBaltic, ehlala olwandle lwegama elifanayo, ne-Atlantic, ehlala emanzini aseYurophu.

Zidlani lezi zilwane?

Izimpawu ezinomunwe omude zidla ikakhulu izinhlanzi, kanti zidla ama-invertebrates hhayi kaningi futhi kancane kancane. Ziphinde zidle nge-shrimp, crab kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-squid. KuLwandle iBaltic kunokudla okuningi kubo: i-cod, i-eels, i-salmon, i-herring, i-bream.

Isimo sokuLondolozwa

Zombili lezi zinkampani ezingaphansi kwesisekelo esisebusweni obude (zombili i-Atlantic neBaltic) zifakiwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yaseRussia. Ukudotshwa kwe-Baltic grey seal eRussia e-Baltic kanye nasogwini lwaseMurmansk oLwandle iBarents kuvinjelwe kusukela ngo-1970. Izindawo zokufuya umhlaba zamanzi zasolwandle (amadiphozithi) nazo zivikelwe - oLwandle iBarents lena indawo eyisikhombisa yesiQhingi seKandalaksha Reserve.

Kuyadingeka ukudala izindawo ezinokuthula ogwini lwe-Gulf of Finland kanye neRiga yoLwandle iBaltic.

Inani lezinhlobo lilonke labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-120-170, ohlobo lweBaltic - ama-7-8 ayinkulungwane.

Buka futhi ndoda

Ngemuva kokudutshulwa kwenqatshiwe, isici esiyinhloko sokukhawulela i-grey seal kwakuwukusebenza okukhulu kwabantu ezindaweni lapho lezi zilwane zihlala khona, ikakhulukazi, ukungcoliswa okunamandla kwamanzi olwandle ngokungcola kwezimboni nezolimo.
Umthelela wezimpawu ezinde ezidotshwe ngokudotshwa awutholakali ngenxa yamanani aphansi kakhulu alezi zimpawu.

Ukubhebhetheka

Uhla lwezimpawu zasendlavu ezimpunga luhlanganisa indawo enomswakama yeNyakatho Atlantic. Esikhathini esedlule, ngokusobala yayisatshalaliswa ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika nasenyakatho yeYurophu, kepha njengamanje le ndawo ihlukaniswe iziza ezintathu ezikude. Eyodwa ise-Atlantic ngasogwini lwase-US, eGulf of St Lawrence naseGreenland, enye ise-Atlantic ngasogwini lweBritish Isles, iScandinavia Peninsula, ugu lwaseMurmansk kanye neSvalbard. Emanzini aseRussia, izindikimba zalokhu okubhalwe phansi zitholakala ogwini lwaseMurmansk kusuka emngceleni neNorway kuya emaphethelweni oLwandle Olumhlophe. Futhi ekugcineni, isigaba sesithathu sixhumene noLwandle lweBaltic, kufaka phakathi wonke amabala waso. I-Baltic seal yakha i-subspecies ezimele.

Ukudla okunempilo nokudla okuphakelayo

Ukuphakelwa kwensimbi engwevu cishe kuhlangene nezinhlanzi, zombili ezintantayo kwikholamu yamanzi nangaphansi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi lezi zinhlaka zinembala kakhulu futhi zingadla izinhlanzi eziningi ngosuku njengoba zizisinda. Kepha kwezinye izindawo lapho kugcinwa khona lezi zimpawu, ukudla kwazo kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezinamakhilogremu, okubonakala ukuthi, sekwanele. Izimpawu ezinkulu zangaphambi kokuba zidwengulwe yizimpunga zangaphambili, bese zidliwa izingxenye zazo. (Phakathi kokudla okuthandwa kakhulu yizimpawu eziyimpunga yi-eel, i-Atlantic herring, i-salmon, i-cod, i-pinagor kanye ne-flounder). Izinhlanzi ezincane nama-eels aziginya zigcwele. Amanzi asolwandle angazingela ekujuleni okufika ku-100 m, yingakho izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ze-benthic zifakiwe ekudleni kwazo. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, angaba imizuzu engama-20. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ezingatheni, ezimpunga ezidla ama-invertebrates asolwandle - squid, crab, ne shrimp. Ngokuvamile, ukudla kwezimpawu zasendlini ezimpunga kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka yezilwane, nangesikhathi sonyaka nezimo zasendaweni.

Impilo yeZoo

Izimpawu ezintathu ezimpunga zafika eMoses Zoo ngoNovemba 2015. Lezi yizilwane ezincane - izinsikazi ezi-2 nowesilisa, isisindo sazo manje asidluli kuma-70 kg. Bamukelwe kwiRiga Zoo, kepha bazalelwa endle. Njengoba indawo yabo yokuzalwa kungenzeka i-Gulf of Riga yoLwandle lweBaltic, zingabangaphansi kwezinkampani ezingaphansi kweBaltic.

Manje zigcinwa endaweni ebiyelwe evulekile enephuli lokubhukuda e-Old Territory eduze kombuthano we-ski.

Izinhlanzi ezahlukene zifakwa ekudleni, manje sekungama-3 kg ngosuku, ngokuzayo, njengoba izilwane zikhula, ukudla kuzonyuswa kube ngama-6-7 kg ezinhlanzi ngosuku. Izimpawu ezincane ziginyiwe zigcwele, bese ezikhulu zikhahlukaniswa zibe yizicucu, kodwa zona ngokwazo seziqale ukuklebhula, zisebenzisa ubuhlalu obusembondeni.

Izimpawu zalolu hlobo zavela okokuqala eMoses Zoo.

Isimilo

Ubude besilisa bubalelwa ku-2,5 m (kuyaqabukela - kufinyelela kumamitha ama-3 noma ngaphezulu), izinsikazi ziba ngu-1.7-2 m. Isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela kuma-300 kg noma ngaphezulu, kuthi izinsikazi zibe ngu-100-150 kg. Isizalo siqonde, umbala ungwevu noma onsundu omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ucishe ube mnyama, isisu sikhanye. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emadodeni kwenzeka ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-6-7, kwabesifazane - ngeminyaka engu-3-5. Ukukhulelwa kuyizinyanga eziyi-11-11,5. Amathole asanda kuzalwa amhlophe. Emavikini ambalwa ngemuva kokubeletha, insikazi ingaphinde ishade. Izimpawu zokudla zasendlini zidla kakhulu ezinhlanzini (kuze kufike ku-5 kg ​​ngosuku) - ukhokho, i-flounder, i-salmon, i-herring, ama-stingrays, kaningi kakhulu - imifantu kanye nama-squids amancane.