I-Humpback Whale ingummeleli womndeni kaMinke Whale. Lesi isilwane esinyisayo sizihlala emanzini asolwandle aseNingizimu Nenkabazwe. Wathola igama lakhe njengendlela yokubhukuda - lapho i-humpback ibhukuda, ubamba umhlane wakhe kakhulu. Le nyamazane ihlala ehlobo emanzini oLwandle Oluseningizimu, futhi ebusika ibhukuda ibheke enyakatho futhi ihlala emanzini ashisayo nasendaweni ephansi.
Incazelo
Umkhomo we-humpback wehluke kwezinye imikhomo enemicu esibonelweni sesimo nobumba bomzimba, ukwakheka kwengqubu yedeshi, usayizi wamaphinifa we-pectoral, "warts" enkulu esihlokweni nasemikhawulweni yamaphini we-pectoral, kanye nomngcele onamandla we-caudal fin. Umzimba whale we-humpback wenziwe mfushane futhi ube mnene, engxenyeni engaphandle ikhulisiwe, engxenyeni engemuva iyacolisiswa futhi icindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda ligcotshwe phansi, ngesinongo esinezindilinga ekugcineni, kubantu abadala linezikhathi ezimfushane eziyi-3,3,5,5 kunomzimba. Imisipha ephansi emikhulu ivela phambili ngo-10-30 cm. Ama-grooves ama-longitudinal emphinjeni kanye nasesiswini makhulu, kepha hhayi maningi. Njengomthetho, kukhona kusuka ku-14 kusiya ku-22 imisele. Umthombo we-humpback unesihlahla, kwesinye isikhathi esimeni shlamvu u-V, aze afike ku-3 m ukuphakama.
Imininingwane esesayizi enkulu kakhulu yama-humpbacks iyaphikisana kakhulu. Ngokusobala, izinsikazi ezinkulu kakhulu (uma zilinganiswe kahle) azidluli kumamitha ayi-17,4, kanti abesilisa - amamitha ayi-16, kepha njengamanje azivelwanga ngokwedlulele ngisho nangamamitha ayi-15-16,5. Imikhomo eseningizimu ye-humpback ngokwesilinganiso imikhulu kunaleyo esenyakatho. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusebenza kuphela emkhakheni we-Atlantic-Africa we-Antarctic, lapho izintokazi zivuthwa ngokobulili ubude obuyi-12,4-12,5 m, kepha hhayi emkhakheni wase-Australia-Pacific, lapho ukuthomba kwenzeka khona ngo-11.6-12.2 m. 4-5 m.
Imvamisa abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi bangu-40-70 cm ubude, kuyilapho izinsikazi ezivuthiwe ngokwasemzimbeni zikhulu kunabesilisa; izitho zabo zobuso zekhanda ziphakeme kakhulu. Umzimba ukhulu, uneconve back, ne-chin elukhuni nesisu. Isiqu se-caudal esibonakalayo ebheke ekugcineni kwasemuva sibucayi. Ngobudala, ikhanda landa ngokulingana, futhi isigaba somsila siyancipha.
Amaphiko we-pectoral akhulu kakhulu (1/3 -1/4 of the body urefu), enomugqa ongalingani we-tubility. Imivimbo esesiswini mikhulu, iphindwe ka-2,5 ebanzi futhi ijule kunaleyo ye-finwale, imbalwa (kusuka ku-17 kuye ku-36, futhi imivimbo engu-25-30). I-dorsal fin isesimweni se-hump, eminyene, ephansi kakhulu, umphetho wayo wangemuva uyinqaba, imvamisa nge notch, umphambili uphakama uslope, ngokucindezelwa okuncane okukhona. Ekhanda kukhona imigqa engu-3-5 yama-warts amakhulu - izigaxa ezinenwele eyodwa kulowo nalowo kuzo. Phakathi kwemigqa engakwesobunxele nangakwesobunxele yabamhlophe kukhona isibhakabhaka esimhlophe noma esibomvana esinama-grooves amabili amade. Inhloko yabantu abadala imvama izikhathi ezingama-3.2-3,5 izikhathi ezimfushane kunobude bomzimba. I-dorsal fin kanye nezinhlangothi zimnyama, kwesinye isikhathi zino-brown tint. Izimbumbulu zesisu nezesikhumba ngaphezulu zinombala omnyama, omile noma (mncane). Umsila uhlanganisa omnyama ngenhla, ukukhanya ngezansi, okunotha noma kumnyama. Isigaxa siguqulwe kubanzi.
Umkhomo we-humpback ungomunye wemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu phakathi kwemikhomo emikhulu; waziwa kahle ngemibono emangalisayo yokuphuma emanzini, umsila wawo nokufafaza amaphiko awo. Ungomunye wemikhomo ekhonjeka kalula.
Ikhanda limfushane, lilikhulu kakhulu, lithatha i-28.2-30.9% yobude bomzimba wonke. Ezimweni ezingandile, igobe ngamandla endizeni ye-sagittal. Izigxobo ezinkulu ze-warty (isigamu se-orange) ezingxenyeni eziseceleni kwekhanda zihlelwe ngemigqa emithathu kuya kwemihlanu: maphakathi (5-8 izigaxa) kanye nomugqa owodwa kuya kwemibili ezinhlangothini (5-15 Izigaxa kwesokudla nakwesobunxele kusuka kuluhlu oluphakathi). Ekhonweni ngalinye eliphansi lomhlathi we-10-15. On Izigaxa zivame ukukhula eyodwa izinwele ngamunye. Umhlathi ophansi udlulela ku-1.0-1.9% yobude be-zoological phambili ngaphesheya kwemikhawulo ephezulu. Kwi-symphysis ye-mandibular, ukukhula okuphezulu (kufika ku-30 cm ubukhulu) akujwayelekile. I-palate evalekile phakathi kwemigqa yamakhonkolo ibanzi futhi iphansi, lapho kukhona ngaphambili izindwani ezimbili zangaphambili.
Ukusabalalisa kanye nokufuduka
IGorbach luhlobo lwendawo yonke etholakala kulo lonke ulwandlekazi futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi ngasolwandle olusondelene nalo ukusuka endaweni eshisayo kuya ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezindawo zeqhwa ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic. Ayitholakali e-Arctic Ocean ngenhla kuka-65 ° C. sh., akekho emanzini we-polar weRussian Federation kusuka kuLwandle lwaseKara kuya olwandle oluse-East Siberian. Imikhomo iHumpback yayivame ukungena olwandle iMedithera nolweBaltic ifike eGulf of Finland. Njengomthetho, itholakala emanzini asogwini naselangeni, ingena ezindaweni ezinolwandle olujulile kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka. Ama-humpbacks aseNyakatho ngesikhathi sokufuduka anamandla kunalawo aseningizimu, anamathela emijondolo yezwekazi.
Imihlambi yemikhomo ye-humpback ifudukela lapha, kuya ngokutholakala kokudla, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ezishintshayo, ichitha ingxenye efudumele yonyaka ekunikezeni izindawo ezindaweni ezinamanzi anomoya obandayo noma obandayo, futhi ebusika ngokuzala nokuzala, ukuyela emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo, lapho ukuba khona kwawo kuhlobene ngeziqhingi noma ngezinhlelo zasogwini lolwandle. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-humpback whales hibernate yonke indawo kumanzi emazingeni okushisa angama-21.1- 28.3 ° C, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ayindawo yakini. Okuhlukile emthethweni ojwayelekile yisibalo esizinzile oLwandle i-Arabian, esihlala unyaka nonyaka emanzini ashisayo. Ukufuduka kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-1-2, ukufuduka okubhalwe phansi okusheshayo (ukusuka empumalanga-mpumalanga ye-Alaska kuya eHawaii) kuthathe izinsuku ezingama-39. Ubude obujwayelekile bokufuduka komkhomo we-humpback bufika ku-8000 km, okwenza kube ngesinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezifuduka kakhulu.
Ukufuduka konyaka kwenziwa ngokulandelana okuthile: izinkambu zokuqala zokudla ekugcineni ekwindla zithambisa izinsikazi ngamawundlu ahamba kancane. Izilwane ezincane ezingavuthiwe, izinsikazi ezindala, izinsikazi ezingakhulelwe futhi, ekugcineni, abesifazane abakhulelwe bayazilandela. Ekupheleni kobusika, ukufuduka kuyaqhubeka ngokulandelana okuphindayo. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwe-1995 olusogwini lwase-East Australia lukhombisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izilwane ezifudukayo minyaka yonke - ezinye izintokazi zihlala ezindaweni ezidlisa ubusika bonke.
Imihlambi emikhulu yemikhomo ye-humpback nayo ihlukaniswe yaba yimiphakathi emincane. Ngakho-ke, enkomeni yasentshonalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic, izidalwa ezi-4-5 ziyahlukaniswa ngokudla e-Gulf of Maine, eGulf of St. Lawrence, eduze naseNewfoundland naseLabrador, emanzini aseGreenland nasemanzini ase-Iceland, axubene ngokwengxenye ezindaweni zobusika.
Emanzini aseRussia, imikhomo ye-humpback ingatholakala olwandle lwaseBarents, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk naseJapan. Ngesinye isikhathi, wangena oLwandle iBaltic. Njengamanje, oLwandle i-Chukchi, e-Anadyr Bay, ogwini lweKamchatka kanye ne-Kuril ridge, sekuyivelakancane kakhulu, kanti kuLwandle iBarents sekunyamalala impela.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-humpback whales adla ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokudla, futhi ngesikhathi sasebusika nangesikhathi sokufuduka abulawa yindlala esebenzisa izinqolobane zamafutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, balahlekelwa kakhulu yisisindo, sehlela ku-1/3 yesisindo sabo. Ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene nezinhlanzi ezincane zesikole, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ama-cephalopods, enza njengokudla okuyinhloko kwama-humpbacks. Ama-Humpbacks adla emanzini asogwini, futhi uma isuswa iye kwezinye izindawo, i-krill isetshenziswa njengokudla.
Ngokwesilinganiso sabantu abasenyakatho yemikhomo ye-humpback, izinhlanzi zakha ama-95% wokudla okuphelele. Lezi yi-herring, ama-mackerel, ama-sardine, ama-anchovies nabanye. Isisu se-humpback siyakwazi ukuhlalisa ngaphezu kwesigamu sethoni.
Isici esithandekayo somkhomo we-humpback whale ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ondliwa ngazo umkhomo. Kwenzeka ukuthi imikhomo embalwa ibambe iqhaza ekondleni.
Lapho kunomkhomo owodwa, ubhukuda umhlambi wezinhlanzi noma ipulangwe elinomlomo ovulelekile, ligwinye ukudla namanzi, bese lisihluza ngemishini yalo yokuhlunga. Noma umkhomo owodwa ugebha inhlanzi ngokushaywa umsila wayo, ubhukuda isiyingi esikhulu esizungeze isikole senhlanzi.
Lapho imikhomo ibuthana ezikoleni, zizungeza isikole sezinhlanzi kanye nesitswebhu sesiswebhu ngokuzungeza kuso, izinhlanzi ezingenakuphunyuka kuzo. Lapho-ke imikhomo igxuma ngakunye ngaphansi kwesikole, bese imihlathi yayo ivulekile, igwinye inhlanzi.
Kwesinye isikhathi i-whale icwila ngaphansi kwesikole senhlanzi kanye nomoya wokuphefumula uzungeze isikole ngamabhamuza omoya. La mabhubhu adida inhlanzi futhi afihla iminsalo, ethi, ikhuphukele phezulu ebusweni, igwinye inyamazane ukusuka phansi.
Imvamisa, imikhomo, njengoba ixhumanise isenzo sayo, cishe idla ngokuphelele umhlambi omkhulu wesardine. Ukuzingela kweqembu labo kuyisibonelo somunye wemisebenzi ebambekayo yokusebenzisana phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.
I-humpback ivame ukugwaza ebusweni bamanzi ngezinsamo zayo ezinde nomsila, igwebu lesiswebhu, ligobhoze emhlane walo, lidalule i-muzzle yalo. Kwesinye isikhathi i-humpback igxuma iphume ngokuphelele emanzini bese iwa ngokungezwa. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngale ndlela umkhomo ukhipha izidalwa eziphilayo emzimbeni wazo. Kungamabhulashi, iningi lawo okungama-minke whales, agqunywe ngama crustaceans, izintwala, amadada olwandle nabanye, kanti nezibungu ze-odontobius zitshalwa emgodini wazo whalebone.
Yize ngazi isimo sokudlala se-humpback, kunzima ukusho ngqo ukuthi imidlalo enjalo ibangelwa ini: isidingo noma ukuzijabulisa nje. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-humpbacks abhukuda eduze komkhumbi ezintantayo, adlale ngaseceleni kwawo, ahambisane nomkhumbi isikhathi eside. Njengamanye imikhomo, izimpisi “ziyacula”. Lezi zingoma zizwakala kuze kube yihora. Futhi yize kungekho noyedwa oqinisekile ngezinhloso eziyiqiniso zezingoma zomnenga, kubonakala sengathi izingoma ze-humpback zixhumene ngandlela thile nenkathi yokuzalela, lapho abesilisa bememela izintokazi.
Ukuzala
Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kwenzeka ebusika, okuthi e-hemisphere eseningizimu yehle ngoJuni-Agasti. Yize insikazi ingakhulelwa ngoSepthemba nangoNovemba, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinyanga eziyi-11. Kuzalelwa iwundlu elilodwa, elisisindo salo simalunga ne-1 ton, futhi ubude bomzimba bungamamitha amane. Abesifazane bondla izingane ngobisi izinyanga eziyishumi. Ekupheleni kokondla ubisi, ikati linesisindo esivele ngamathani ayi-8 futhi isibuko sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-9 ubude. Inzalo iba ngowesifazane izinyanga eziyi-18, bese iwundlu limshiya bese owesifazana ekhulelwa futhi. Ukukhulelwa ku-humpback yabesifazane kunemvamisa yeminyaka eyi-2. Lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zivuthwa ngokobulili eneminyaka eyi-5. Ama-wumpback ama-Humpback ahlala iminyaka engama-40 kuya kwengama-5.
Izitha
Lesi silwanyana esikhulu esinezinyamazane asinazo izitha, kuphela imikhomo engumbulali futhi abantu bayingqayizivele, futhi umuntu uyingozi kakhulu kunesitha solwandle. Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule, abantu babeziqothula kakhulu lezi zilwane. Manje umkhomo we-humpback ubhalwe ku-International Red Book futhi uvikelwe ngumthetho. Abantu bakhona namuhla babalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20.
Whalebone
Umugqa ngamunye we-whalebone uqukethe kusuka ku-270 kuya ku-400 amapuleti amnyama omnyama anefreyimu eqinile (emnyama yokukhanya grey) (kwesinye isikhathi amapuleti angaphambi komugqa aqine mhlophe ohlangothini oluvulekile). Ukuphakama okukhulu kwamapuleti kungamamitha ayi-1, ngokuvamile kungabi ngaphezu kwama-85 cm. Unyaka nonyaka, amapuleti akhula ngo-8 - 11 cm.Ukuqina kwamaphiko phakathi kobude bawo kungama-0.47-0.82 mm, ngokwesilinganiso, ngu-0.62 mm, futhi ngasisekelo kwawo kungu-0.6. -1.0 mm. Ngobude obuyi-1 cm eceleni komphetho wepuleti wepuleti, kukhona imiphetho engu-42-50.
Ukudoba
Ama-humpbacks - imikhomo enejubane eliphansi futhi ehlobene nolwandle - aqothulwa kalula. Esikhathini esedlule, babebanjwe ngokuqinile ezindaweni zaseNingizimu Georgia, eSouth Shetland Islands, eSouth Africa (Natali, Angola), eCongo, eMadagascar, e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eJapan, Korea nase ogwini lwePacific lwaseNyakatho Melika. Owesilisa onobunzima obungamamitha ayi-12,92, enesisindo ku-Aleut, enesisindo esingama-27,714 kg, okuyi (in kg): amafutha angamakhanda angama-2847, i-peritoneum 3734, ulimi 792, inyama 5788, i-vertebrae 2669, igebhezi elingcolile 2247, umhlathi ophansi u-1103, izimbambo ezinesikhumba I-3718, ama-pectoral fins i-1016, amahlombe ama-578, i-caudal fins 455, inhliziyo i-125, isibindi i-327, amaphaphu angama-362, isisu u-105, amafutha angaphakathi angama-443 nezinye izingxenye ezingama-1405 kg.
Ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kokudoba, inani lama-humpback whales laqala ukubuyela emuva, ngakho-ke isimo sezinhlobo ezikuloluhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN sashintshwa sisuka ku-Endangered (izinhlobo ezisongelwa) saba yi-Vulnerable (izinhlobo ezisengozini) ngo-1990. Ukushayisana kwezikejana nokuvalwa komsindo wolwandle kuyingozi enkulu kakhulu yemikhomo e-humpback, yize ngokusobala kungabathinti kakhulu ubuningi bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhomo ye-humpback, engenawo amandla okusebenzisa i-ecolocation, ayikwazi ukuthola amanetha okudoba futhi ihlala ifa, ifakwe kuwo. Lokhu kokugcina kuyinkinga enkulu emanzini aseNewfoundland-Labrador nase-Isle of Man, lapho ama-humpbacks elimaza khona aze afike ku-90% wamanetha okudoba amakhodi. Phakathi kukaNovemba 1987 noJanuwari 1988, ama-humpbacks angama-14 afa ngemuva kokudla ama-mackerel ase-Atlantic atheleleke nge-saxitoxin. Izizathu zendabuko zokuzalela ama-humpback whales zisongelwa yizinto eziphazamisayo njengokudlula kwemikhumbi yolwandle nezikebhe nobuningi bezikebhe zokuvakasha, yize ngokuvamile lolu hlobo lulula ukujwayela ukusondela komuntu.