Isidleke senzelwe ukuvikela amaqanda namachwane ekushiseni ngokweqile naku-hypothermia. Ngesikhathi sokuqanda amaqanda, kusiza ukugcina ukufudumala kwabazali. Ngenxa yesidleke, izidleke zesikhathi sokuncika kwazo ngokuphelele kubazali bazo zikhula enduduzweni nasekuphepheni.
Ezinyoni eziningi, owesilisa ukhetha indawo yokwakha isidleke endaweni yakhe, kanti insikazi imvamisa ihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwayo. Ukwakha okuhlanganayo kuvame kakhulu.
Owesilisa uqoqa izinto zokwakha amajuba, insikazi yakhela isidleke. Ngo amagwababa, bobabili abalingani baqoqa izinto, kepha owesifazana ubandakanyeka kuphela ekwakheni. Kuma-woodpeckers kanye nasezinhlanzini, bobabili ababambisene bakhipha umgodi esihlahleni. Ama-Swans nezinyoni ezidla inyama nawo akha izidleke ngababili.
Ezinyoni eziningi, izitshalo zingumbhalo wokwakha isidleke. I-Woodland ihlinzeka ngokukhethwa okubanzi kakhulu - kusuka ezinkulwini ezinkulu kuya emahlumela amancane, izimpande nemivimbo yamagxolo. AmaHummingbirds asebenzisa ama-lichens. Ama-warblers ase-Asia, aziwa njengomsila, akha amaqabunga amakhulu kwelinye igatsha, athwale imiphetho yawo futhi ahlele isidleke ngaphakathi. Izingoma ze-zzotrichia kanye ne-bobolink nesting emahlathini noma emasimini zisebenzisa amakhambi atshaliwe futhi akhathala. I-Waterfowl - izimbotshana, izimbotshana, amasigaqa - ukuqoqa izitshalo zamanzi izidleke.
Izinyoni zenzelwe kakhulu maqondana nezinye izinto eziningi zokwakha, zemvelo nezeyokufakelwa. Uboya, izimpaphe kanye nama-cobwebs asetshenziswa kaningi. AmaSwallows nama-flamesos enza izidleke ngodaka. Inalithi ebhemayo inamathela esidlekeni ngaphandle isebenzisa amathe. Izimbaza, amagwebu, ipulasitiki nazo zivame ukuqeda izimpilo zazo ezidlekeni zezinyoni.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izinyoni zidleke phakathi kwabantu. Kubhekwa njengesiko ukuthi izingwamza zakha izidleke kuma-chimodo. Izingubo zokubhukuda zithanda amapayipi okubuyelela ezintweni zemvelo. Sekuyisikhathi eside ama-pigeon ewazi izindwani zezakhiwo. Izikhova zihlala ezindlini zokugcina amabele nakumaqhubu, izimbotshana - ngaphansi kwamabhuloho nophahla.I-House Sparrow ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yendawo lapho ihlala khona.
Izindlu zezinyoni zinika indawo yokukhosela izinyoni ezidla imbobo, kufaka phakathi i-sialia, i-nuthatch, kanye namadada athile (idada laseCarolina livame ukusebenzisa amakhreyithi). Ama-wrens asendlini azwakalise ngokucacile "izipho" zomuntu: zidla kunoma iyiphi into eyize - ithini lokugqwala, imbiza yezimbali engenalutho, ibhuthini lakudala. Esikhathini esedlule, emadolobhaneni aseNdiya, ihlathi elinsomi ligwinyiza lakhiwe ezindlini ezingenamabhodlela angenalutho olulekwe emagatsheni. Namuhla, lolu hlobo lungelinye lamaphephelo akhazimula kakhulu - umhlali owamukelwa emadolobheni nasemizaneni kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika. Bahlala ezindlini ezikhethekile zezinyoni ezinemindeni eminingi ezibekwe ezigxotsheni eziphakeme.
Isakhiwo se-Nest
Uhlobo lwesidleke esivame kakhulu ukubhokwa. Ngincamela amnyama amnyama, amaketanga nezinye izinyoni ezincane ezidlekayo emhlabeni. Izidleke ezinjalo zitholakala ngezinto zokwakha ezigoqekayo. I-thrush yowesifazane iyakha isidleke uqobo, yize owesilisa eyisiza ngokuletha impahla. Lapho sesithole indawo efanelekile - igatsha elikhula ngokulingene, imfoloko esihlahleni noma isikebhe esikahle - inyoni iqala ukugoqa futhi izungeleze. Kwesinye isikhathi izindawo eziningana ziyazanywa. Isebenzisa umlomo wakhe nemilenze, insikazi yakhela isisekelo sesidleke esizayo kusuka amahlumela kanye namahlamvu otshani. Umi phakathi, ubeka izinto zokuthambisa uzungeze yena, wakhe izindonga, bese ezishaya izindwani endaweni, ehamba ngesakhiwo sakhe esifubeni namaphiko, ukuze kwakheke indishi ebumbene. Ngemuva kwalokhu, udoti wenziwe ngomhlaba notshani ngesimo sendiya, futhi ekugcineni, kusukela ngaphakathi, isidleke sifakwe ulayini owomile futhi othambile. Konke ukwakhiwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyisithupha kuya kwezingama-20.
Imikhoni yezinyoni
Ngaphezu kwama-95% azo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni zasolwandle - kusuka kumapengu, emahlathini kuya ezigebengwini nakwabaseshi - futhi kucishe kube yi-15% yesidleke sokuphumula emakholoni. Indlela yokuphila yobukoloni ithanda ukuxhumana phakathi kwabalingani bezocansi abangaba khona. Ukukhala nezenzo zomakhelwane zikhuthaza izinyoni ukuba zibhangqe, zikhiphe isidleke futhi zibe munye ngasikhathi sinye. Ngenxa yalokhu, wonke amachwane adonsa isikhathi esifushane, ukuze izilwane ezidla ezinye zingakwazi ukudla wonke umuntu futhi zenze nomonakalo omncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwikholoni ungathola ngokushesha indawo yomlingani oshonile bese uthola imininingwane yokuthi ukudla kukuphi. I-Collen nesting ikuvumela ukuthi uvikele ndawonye.
Kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inyoni ukuvikela amaphuphu ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Okokuqala, indima yokukhetha indawo yesidleke esizayo iyobamba iqhaza. Izinhlobo eziningi zithembela ekusithekeni, njengokumboza isidleke ngamaqabunga noma ukuzakhela emgodini. Ukungafinyeleleki kubhekwa njengenzuzo. Phezulu kwesihlahla mude, ixhaphozi elisogwini, isiqhingi esingasodwa siyonikeza isivikelo kwabazingeli bomhlaba. Izidumbu ezishisayo zilenga, izidleke ezinjengezikhwama kumathiphu wamagatsha acashile, zishiya izinyoka nezinye izidlo ezinobuthi zingenalutho.
Izidleke zisetshenziswa
Lapho usongelwe, isidleke esibonakala kahle sivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi sibaheha izivakashi iminyaka eminingi. Abantu abehlukene bazoyisebenzisa amashumi eminyaka, okuthi, ngenxa yokukhuthala kwemvelo, nayo izoba nomthelela ekuqongeleleni izinto zokwakha izidleke. Ubukhulu besikhulumi buyokhula unyaka nonyaka, ipulatifomu izoguqulwa ibe umbhoshongo ohlaba umxhwele.
Isidleke sokhozi esidumile se-bald ukhozi eduze kweVermilion e-Ohio (USA) sasingamamitha ayi-2,5 ngapha nangaphezulu ngamamitha amathathu ukuphakama sinesisindo samathani amabili. Cishe, lokhu kwakhiwa okukhulu kwezinyoni kwalezo ngaphandle kokunwebeka kungabizwa ngokuthi isidleke esijwayelekile, esakhelwe ukuzala inzalo njengombhangqwana oshadile. Ambalwa kuphela aphansi kulesi sakhi esidlondlobala sezinkozi zasolwandle zasePacific Steller eKamchatka. Umgexo omnyama wentamo ngosayizi ufana nesondo elivela elolini elinzima kakhulu lokulahla udoti, lifinyelela kububanzi obungamamitha amabili futhi licishe libe yimitha. Ezindongeni zawo, zisebenzisa ukuthula kokuthula kwabaningi, imindeni yonke yezinyoni iyabekwa ebekezelelana kahle.
Izinto zokwakha izidleke
Izinyoni eziningi zisebenzisa indlela efanayo yokubeka elula. Izimbotshana zamanzi ezizungezile, okubonakalayo akuwona amagatsha, kepha izingcezwana ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo zasemanzini. Izinto zibekwa esimweni esimanzi, okuthi uma somile, sinikeze lesi sakhiwo amandla ongeziwe ngenxa yokugoqeka kwezingcezu.
Ezinyoni ezincane ezinezidleke ezincane, ama-cobwebs aphakathi kwezinto eziyizintandokazi, futhi achitha isikhathi esiningi eyifuna. Njengoba inamathela futhi ihlala isikhathi eside, isebenza njengento yokubopha usimende, ibopha izingqimba zotshani obomile, futhi iqinisekisa ngokuphelele ukufakwa kwezidleke emagatsheni esihlahla.
I-Trop Nectar Nices
Izidleke zabomhlophe bezindawo ezishisayo zinqabile kakhulu futhi ziyabonakala kalula ekwakhiweni kwazo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, lesi sakhiwo sibukeka njengethanga eliphakeme kakhulu elilengezwe esiqongweni segatsha elincane noma limiswe ngaphansi kwephasi lesundu noma likabhanana. Engxenyeni engezansi eyandisiwe ye- "pey", kufakwa ikamelo lokudlela elivaliwe ngomnyango oseceleni omude, ovame ukumbozwa ngentaba encane ngaphezulu. Ukwakhiwa kuncane kakhulu, futhi ngisho nectarina yengane ayifaneleki ngokuphelele ngaphakathi, kangangokuba ikhanda lesikhukhukazi esinomlomo omude ocijile licishe libonakale ngaphandle. Izinto zokwakha eziyinhloko i-plant fluff, ezifakwe ngenani elikhulu lama-cobwebs, asetshenziselwa futhi ukulengisa izidleke.
Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lama-cobwebs afiphaza elangeni, izidleke zezinye izinhlobo zibukeka zinhle kakhulu futhi zifana namathoyizi kaKhisimusi, okuthi, ngephutha, agcine esihlahleni sesundu. Ngokuvamile, uthando lwezinkulumo ezikwiwebhu lusebenzisa konke emvelweni - abadla izicabucabu zeRussia, abasetshenziswa kwabanye abamele leli qembu lezinyoni, kufanele bashintshwe abathandi besicabucabu. Emanye ama-tectari awakhi izidleke nhlobo. Sebethole ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kwewebhu ekhoneni eliqashelwe emqheleni walesi sihlahla, bayithatha kalula endaweni eyodwa futhi babeka amaqanda emgqonyeni owakhiwe.
Izidleke zomhlanga
Okufanele kukhulunywa ngakho yizidleke zomhlanga, ezibekwe ngekhono ezifaneni eziqonde zibheke eceleni komunye nomunye. Iziqu zidlula ezindongeni eziseceleni zesidleke, esibanjelwe kwizisekeli ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokufuthumala noma “igqinsiwe” ngezinto ezenziwe ngothuli nodaka. Ukwakheka kwesidleke somhlanga kufana nesilinda noma ibhola elinophawu olunqunqiwe, olusonteke kahle kusuka ebangeni lobutshani namaqabunga omhlanga. Imiphetho yetreyi ihlala iqiniswe ngokuqinile, ingaphakathi kwesinye isikhathi “ligcotshwe” ngodaka olufanayo, lapho lomisiwe, lwakha indawo ebushelelezi. Kwesinye isikhathi umhlanga unamathisela isidleke ukuze siphile, ukhula lwamakhambi, i-meadowsweet noma i-ivan itiye, futhi ngenyanga esedlulile kusukela ngesikhathi lesi sakhiwo sabekwa ngaso ekusukeni kwamachwane, kwesinye isikhathi kukhuphuka cishe isigamu semitha. Isidleke sinamathiselwe emaphethweni omhlanga odongeni oluseceleni.
“Amakhosi obumba” - izidleke zobumba
Inhlabathi yobumba engavuthiwe ifakwe kuhlu kukhathalogi yokwakha enezinto ezinemidwebo. Ukubheja okuyinhloko phezu kwayo kwenziwa ngama-swallows, amatshe ama-nuthatch, amarokhethi lark kanye namanye amalungu omndeni negama lobucwebe bezinyoni. Izidleke zeStucco ziphakathi kokwakhiwa okunamakhono kakhulu futhi kufana nokubumba. Akhiwa kusuka ezinqenqemeni zobumba obuncane ngakho-ke cishe cishe njalo anendawo encane enezici ezincanyana, ukuze ngenani lamashubhu ukwazi ukubala ngokunembile ukuthi mangaki ama-servings ezibonakalayo abekwa phakathi nenqubo yokwakha.
Magpie Lark
Amagagogo angama-Magpie mancane, izinyoni ezinemibala ye-motley ezihlala ezifundeni ezomile zase-Australia. Ngokuphikisana negama, ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, zivame kakhulu ukugwedla izinyoni kanti empeleni zifana nomsila ongamashumi amane nesigamu. Zigculisekile ngezidleke ezilula zenziwe inkomishi ezivulwe ngenhla, zibekwe phezu kwamagatsha ezihlahla kanye namagwababa amaningi. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi izidleke zamalogi zibunjiwe ngokuphelele ngobumba. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba elilodwa kuphela - amandla okwakha emagatsheni acishe abe mncane, "anamathele" esakhiweni, kuyilapho izidleke zento “ejwayelekile” engenazo izakhiwo zesimende, kubalulekile ukufuna imfoloko kumagatsha noma ukuwaqinisa eduze kwesiqu, imbumbulu noma inyoka ingagibela.
Rocky Nuthatch Nlies
Isidleke somgede omkhulu onamadwala ubukeka njengesigelekeqe esinemizila emincane esigcotshwe edwaleni. Intamo yejagi, okungukuthi, ukungena esidlekeni, iqondiswe phansi eceleni. "Ijug" enjalo ivame ukuba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu ama-4-5, kepha kunezakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ukuqina kodonga kufinyelela amasentimitha ayi-7, futhi amandla amakhulu kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuphula isidleke ngezandla zakho. Njengodaka nosimende, abasebenza ngokungemthetho basebenzise umquba wamacimbi agayiwe, amabhungane kanye novemvane, bawagxume ngokungaphezi ebusweni esidlekeni, okuthi ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi lapha nalapha kufakwe iphethini elimibalabala elivela emaphikweni wezisulu ezingezinhle.
Swallow izidleke
Izidleke ezinamamodeli ezigwinyayo zihlukaniswa ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene. Ukubukeka okulula kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwama-drains edolobhana avela phezulu - impela le nxenye isikwe ngobunxele enkomishini, yagcotshwa ngocezwana odongeni, ngokuqinisekile ngaphansi kwesembozo esithile se-visor - i-cornice noma umgwaqo wedwala. IDolobha ligwinye isidleke esivaliwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngomnyango oseceleni onqenqemeni. Imvamisa, isakhiwo esime ngendlela sisondela kwikota yebhola enamathiselwe kusuka phezulu nangasemuva ezindizeni ezimbili ezihlanganyele ngokulandelana - imvamisa odongeni nasophondweni lwophahla.
Isidleke somgwinyo obomvu we-lumbar sihlukaniswa ngumusa waso owedlulele. Isisikwe uhhafu eceleni kwejug enentamo ende futhi inamathela ngqo ophahleni.
Kungani izinyoni zakha izidleke ngobumba?
U-Clay uyasebenza ngesikhathi sokwakha futhi unika amandla aphezulu kwizakhiwo eziqediwe. Kungani le mfanelo yaqala ukufunwa "ngumkhakha wokwakha" wezinyoni ngezinga elilinganiselwe? Ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kobumba ekwakhiweni kwezidleke zezinyoni kuthikamezwa yimizwa yalo engapheli, ngokuya ngesimo sezulu. Kumshise kakhulu, futhi uyoma, kuvame ukuphoqa isikhathi eside ukumisa ukwakhiwa osekuqalile. Lokho, kunalokho, kumanzi kakhulu, futhi izingqimba zobumba ezisanda kubekwa zinqaba ukoma futhi ziqinise, okufaka futhi ikhefu elingakahlelwanga ekwakheni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidleke zobumba zifiselekile ukwakha emthunzini. Uma selishonile elangeni, zingomile futhi ziwe, futhi namachwane asesitofini "sobumba" esishisayo abomvu angahlali. Ngakho-ke, igwilisa uthando lokuhlala ngaphansi kophahla lwezakhiwo, abapheki bezempilo bagwema ukwakha izidleke emadwaleni okuvezwa ngaseningizimu futhi cishe bahlala bewafihla ngaphansi kwama-rockings agqamile, futhi abenzi bezitofu bavame ukubeka amaqanda abo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kuze kube yilapho ilanga selitholile amandla agcwele.
Ekugcineni, izidleke zobumba zisebenza kanzima. Ukwakha isidleke sakho esincane kakhulu esimweni sezulu esifanele kanye nokunikezwa okugcwele kwezinto zokwakha, umbhangqwana wedolobho udinga ukuhambisa kusuka ku-700 kuya ku-1500 servings wobumba (ngaphandle kokulahla), okuthatha okungenani izinsuku eziyishumi. Isitofu kanye nesidleke esidlekeni esidlekayo sidinga okungenani izigaxa ezingama-2 000, kanti ukwakhiwa okuhambisana nokuphumula okungenakugwenywa kuthatha amasonto ambalwa. Abapheki be-Stove abafihli izidleke elangeni ngakho-ke bayaphoqelelwa ukuthi bandise ubunzima babo ngokusemandleni abo wokunciphisa izinga lokushisa kwabo futhi banciphise ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa.
Kepha ngakho konke ukushiyeka, izidleke ezibunjiwe nokho zavula indlela entsha yenkinga yezokuphepha. ISwallows kanye nabathathi bezingane banethuba 'lokugcobhoza' izindlu zabo emawodini ashubile alengiswe ngaphezulu kwemifula yezintaba noma bawela kwalasha, ngaphansi kothango lwemhume nemigedla ephakathi kokuhlwa okungaqondakali nokuntengantenga okungapheli, ngezwi, ezindaweni lapho izinyamazane zingakwazi ukuthola . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidleke, ezenziwe ngesimo samakamelo avaliwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngomnyango omncane, zivikela ngokuphelele inzalo, futhi, uma kunesidingo, abazali emvuleni nasemakhazeni.
Ngosizo lomhlabathi wobumba, unganciphisa usayizi we-inlet ungene emgodini, njengoba kungena i-nuthatch yethu ejwayelekile. Zihlala ikakhulu emigodini yamapulangwe amakhulu amakhulu acwebeziwe aneletshisi elingamamilimitha angama-50-60, kuyilapho amamitha angama-35 eyanele ukubamba. I-nuthatch iqeda umehluko ngokuhlanganisa ngokucophelela ihlobo ngobumba, isilika noma umquba.
Lo msebenzi unemvelo yokuzalwa. Noma isidleke sidonsa emgodini ngesibambo esincane, usazosakaza ngobumba ngenkani ebangeni lesihlahla elizungeze uthango.
Izilonda Ezijubane
Isimo sezinwele lapho kuhlelwa izidleke zazo singachazwa ngokuthi “ukunganikeli idamu”. Izinto zokwakha eziyinhloko ngenkathi kwakhiwa kungamathe ayo uqobo, anekhono lokuqina ngokushesha emoyeni.
I-Swift iyindiza enhle kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinyoni zonke. Uphila ngempukane - uzingela izinambuzane, aqede ukoma, udlale umshado, aphumule, alale nokunye.
Ummeleli owaziwa kakhulu we-swaps suborder, anezinhlobo ezingama-58, ngumjikijeli omnyama - umhlali wezindawo zasemadolobheni ezinamakamelo ezindlu nezindlu zezinyoni. Isimo sezidleke zaso kuncike kakhulu ekumiselweni kwegumbi lezidleke, ukuba khona kwezinto zokwakha izivakashi kulo. Ngokuyisisekelo, isidleke sibukeka sijwayelekile futhi luhlobo lekhekhe elinemiphetho ephakanyisiwe enjengesaucer.
Ngokuya ngezici zokwakheka nezindleko zokwakha, iCayenne Swift, ehlala eCentral naseNingizimu Melika, yakha isidleke esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esisebenza kakhulu.Lesi sakhiwo simiswa kusuka edwaleni eliwela phezulu futhi sibukeka njenge-icicle ewugqinsi enethiphu ephukile. Ngomklamo wayo, isokhethi liyishubhu elinomnyango ovela ngezansi. Sibambelela ngezihlakala ezibukhali, ishesha ligxuma lilingise odongeni lwangaphakathi, lapho iqanda lilele khona. Phezulu kweshubhu kukhona omunye umnyango wamanga, ophela ekugcineni oshubile. Ubude be- "icicles" budlula amasentimitha angama-60, okuyinto ephindwe kane ubude bomakhi. Akumangazi ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha futhi kudinga ukubekezela nokuzimisela kusuka kwizinyoni. Ukuthululela imicu yezitshalo nezimpaphe emoyeni futhi, ukukhiqiza amathe ngesamba esanele ekwakheni akulula.
Ngosizo lwamathe, amaswidi akwazi ukujova amaqanda endaweni yokufakelwa - lokhu kubavumela ukuba badlule ngezidleke ezincane kakhulu futhi bathuthele i-clutch esimeni esihle kakhulu.
Isidleke esinejubane lesundu
Isidleke sentende esindayo, esabalele ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Eastern Hemisphere, sifana nesipuni ngaphandle kwesibambo esimweni nobukhulu bawo. Lesi “sipuni” sinamathela ngaphansi kweqabunga lesundu elenga endaweni ecishe imile. Amaqanda, kunjalo, nawo anamathela - ngaphandle kwawo, ngokushesha awela emhlabathini. Amachwane "asanda kuzalwa" abopha ngokuqinile izimbambo zawo ezibukhali esileni sawo sokulengiswa bese elenga amasonto ambalwa njengoba abazali bawo babenamathele phambi kwabo.
Isidleke sesundu sibonisa iqabunga lesihlahla sesundu emifuleni eshisayo. Ama-swaring ahlanganisiwe ancike kuphela ekuvikeleni izidleke zabo emvuleni. Uma ziqhathaniswa nobukhulu bazo, zakha izidleke ezincane kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinyoni.
Kodwa hhayi kusuka empilweni enhle, kodwa ukuze isidleke sikwazi ukuvalwa ngokuphelele kusuka emvuleni ngomzimba waso.
Okwamanje, ezindaweni ezidlekayo zalezi zinyoni endaweni eshisayo, imvula nsuku zonke, njengoba ihlelelwe - khona kanye ukudla kwasemini, futhi ingaba namandla kuze kube yilapho idlulele. Ukwakhiwa kuyishelu elincane lezingcezu eziningi zamagxolo agxotshwe ndawonye, imicu yezitshalo namafluffs agxotshwe ohlangothini lwegatsha lesihlahla. Sikhona isikhala esanele se-testicle elilodwa: inyoni efukelayo kufanele ihlale egatsheni, ngoba ishalofu layo ngeke liyijamise. Ngakho-ke, igatsha lapho isidleke sinamathiselwe khona akufanele kube likhudlwana kunomunwe - ngaphandle kwalokho angisiki iminwe yami ukuze ngilibambe. Uhleli ngaphansi kwemvula evuthayo eshisayo, phakathi kwezulu elinamandla, umuntu osheshayo onamandla kufanele abe uphawu lokuzinikezela kwabazali abanemisebe.
Izidleke zeWoodpecker
Ukuthi izinyoni zabuphi ubuchwepheshe kuphela ezingakaze zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuthola induduzo ephezulu nokuphepha izidleke zazo! Abanye babeze basebenzise amakhono ababazi nababhuli. Lawa makhono kuwo womabili asuselwa ekusetshenzisweni okunekhono kwethuluzi elifanayo elisebenzayo - uqhwaku lwawo oluqinile, okuthi, ngokuya ngezimo, lungasetshenziswa njengesichizi noma esikhundleni sefosholo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wobazi wezimboni nowokumba emhlabeni wezinyoni kunobudlelwane obuseduze.
Iningi lezinhlobo ezingama-200 zamapulangwe asatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke angabahlali bamahlathi okuqala, futhi azinakulingana ngobuciko bokubamba izihlahla. Lapho “umbazi” omkhulu - ophuzi - engena enjabulweni futhi athathe lolu daba ngokungathí sina, ama-chips aze abe ngamasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu abhekisisa “indawo yokwakha” enomthombo. IZhelna inkulu kakhulu yamapulangwe ethu, acishe abe ngosayizi weqhude, ngakho-ke idinga "ifulethi" elikhulu. Ukujula komgodi wayo kufinyelela amasentimitha angama-40, ububanzi obungaphakathi bungamasentimitha angama-25.
Lokhu "kwakhiwa" kwenziwa ngababili abalingani, futhi kuyaqabukela kuthathe isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili. Umsebenzi wenziwa endaweni ephakeme engamamitha ayi-3 ukusuka emhlabathini, kanti abanye ngababili benyuka cishe ngamamitha ayi-15. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kuze kufike utshani, umuthi, okhethwe ngophuzi, unikeza kude amachaphaza amhlophe alele ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-10-12 ukusuka esiqwini. Isigaxa salolu hlobo - esishiywe isikhathi eside ngabakhi "," akunzima ukuthi siqashelwe ukwakheka kwe-notch - imvamisa ayisiyindilinga njengabanye abasebenza ngezinkuni, kepha i-ellipsoid, futhi kwesinye isikhathi icishe ibe yunxantathu, iqonde eduze kwesiqu.
Isikhuni esidala se-Woodpecker
Iningi lamapulangwe ligcina “ikhaya” elisha unyaka ngamunye.ngokudlulisela elidala 'emakethe yesibili' futhi lisebenze njengabazuzi bangempela maqondana nezinye izinyoni ezinesidingo esingapheli sezikhala. Isigaxa se-Woodpecker enkulu enamachashazi, “umbazi” omkhulu futhi owaziwa kakhulu wamahlathi aseRussia, sihlala iningi lezingoma ezincane - izingoma ezindala, ama-redstart kanye nama-tits. Banelisekile impela ngekamelo elinobubanzi be-14-15 nokujula kwamasentimitha angama-20-25. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ezinyangeni zasehlathini, imisebenzi iyathandeka, okuyimigodi yayo enesivalo esikhulu esivikela izinyoni ezinkulu ezinjengezikhova, amajuba, ama-mergansers ne-gogol.
Emahlathini anamuhla, izihlahla zakudala eziyizimbangi ziye zacishe zaphela, ngakho cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola imbobo yemvelo efanelekile yezikhova, izilwane ezifihliwe, nama-clintouches. Ngokungafani nabanye abasebenza ngamapulangwe, othambekele ekushintsheni indawo yokuhlala yabo minyaka yonke, ufuna ukugcina isikhathi eside sinamathela kwizimbobo ezindala, okuyinto engamvimbeli nhlobo, entwasahlobo ukubamba iqhaza ekwakheni okusha - "ngokulondolozayo".
Ngabo bonke ubu-dexterity, ama-Woodpeckers awalokothi alokothe alambe izikebhe ngokhuni oluqinile lwesihlahla esinempilo ephelele kusuka ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni. Ngakho-ke, cishe wonke ama-woodpeckers abheka i-aspen, ngokhuni lwayo oluthambile, ngaphansi kokubola okuyisisekelo, umuthi owuthandayo ohamba ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuthepha lesiqu ngaphambi kokuqala "kokwakhiwa", i-woodpecker inqume ngendlebe ukuthi ngabe kufanelekile ukuqala umsebenzi kulesi sihlahla noma ngabe kungcono ukubheka enye.
I-Woodpecker emfishane isungulwe kahle - ungomunye wabameleli abancane kakhulu ababazi bamahlathi, ohlala emahlathini bamboo weHimalayas nase-Indochina. Isiqu se-bamboo sishubile ngaphakathi futhi sihlukaniswe ngezigaba ngama-partition-internode. Kwanele ukuba inyoni igobele udonga lwesiqu esingu-10-20 amasentimitha ngaphezu kwe-internode - futhi inayo igumbi lokudlela elilungele ngokuphelele.
I-Woodpecker enamakhanda abomvu ahlala esifundeni esifanayo ayakhi ndawo, kepha ibonisa amachwane ngaphakathi izidleke ezinkulu futhi ezihlala khona izintuthwane zezihlahla ezinkulu, esidume ngokuthi "umlilo" ngokuphila kwazo nokuzimisela ukwethula ngokushesha imihlathi enamandla nokugwinya okunobuthi.
Izinto zokwakha izintuthwane ziyingqayizivele futhi “ziqinile” zekhadibhodi, ezenziwe ngokhuni oluhlafunwe ngokucophelela futhi oluhlanganiswe namathe. Abakwa-Woodpeckers benza umgodi ongamasentimitha ayi-5 ububanzi egobolondelweni lesidleke futhi babeka amaqanda abo phakathi kwamakamelo ezinambuzane. Imfihlo yokuthembeka kwezintuthwane, okuthi ubutha bayo obumangalisayo yaziwa yibo bonke abakhileyo ehlathini, ayikaxazululwa maqondana nabakwa-Woodpeckers, ikakhulukazi njengoba abafaka amafomu abanemibala abahlukanga ngesizotha futhi badla njalo i-ant pupae, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nokufaka ngaphakathi.
Imisele Ye-Kingfisher Ejwayelekile
AbakwaKingfisher bangamakhosi amakhulu ekumba imigodi. Bemba ngemilomo yabo, futhi bamba umhlabathi ngaphandle komhubhe ngezihlakala zawo, babuyela emuva ekungeneni, ngokuxakile lobobumba nesihlabathi ngaphandle komgodi. Ukukhetha indawo ntofontofo ngokwengeziwe, izinyoni eziningi zibeka izimbobo eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, imvamisa ebangeni eliqondile ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ekuseni, i-kingfisher isebenza kwenye idwala, ngemuva kokundizela kwasemini iye kwelinye, futhi kusihlwa, uyabona, selivele lithululelwe ubumba lwesithathu.
Ukumba izimbobo kudinga umzamo ogxile futhi kusebenza kakhulu. Kepha umbhangqwana wabadobi benkosi basebenza ngentshiseko enkulu, kanti abashadikazi abagcini nje ngokugwema umsebenzi, kodwa balwela ukwenza umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni futhi babheke phambili esikhathini sabo ngokungabekezeleli okukhulu.
Umgodi ophelile ngumhubhe omncane kusukela ngamasentimitha angamashumi amathathu kuya kwamamitha amathathu ubude, ogeleza ngokuqondile noma ngethambeka elincane. Isango lomgodi lihlala libheke emfuleni, futhi ekujuleni kwalo yigumbi lokudlela eliyindilinga elilingana ne-apula. Lesi i-nursery lapho amaphuphu angafinyelela kwesihlanu angakhula ngokukhululekile.
Phakathi kwezinyoni kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingazihluphi ngokuzikhandla ngokubopha noma ngomhlaba, kodwa ngokuzithandela zifaka emigodini eseqedile nemibhede. Izakhamizi zohlobo ngalunye ziletha izidingo zazo kuleyo ndawo. Isibonelo, ama-tits amakhulu ahlala emigodini emnyama kakhulu futhi ajulile futhi awabekezeleli ukuqhekeka ezindaweni izidleke zokufakelwa. Okwahlukile, ama-flycatchers, futhi azibophezele ukudlela izidleke emigodini, awuthandi ubumnyama, yingakho lapho kwenziwa umkhuba wokuheha izinyoni umphumela onqabile “wokuguga”. Umnyombo waso ukuthi izingcingo ze-flytraps ezisetshenziswa kakhulu manje zihlala ngamabhokisi esidleke asanda kufakelwa ukukhanya ngaphakathi kwezindonga, kepha cishe azizakhi iziza ezinendawo yokuhlala, ezihambe iminyaka eminingi, odonga lwazo luye lube mpunga ngezikhathi ezithile. Kepha kwanele ukungcola lezi zidleke ngaphakathi, ziphinde zihehe.
Impumelelo ye "workshop yokwaluka"
Imibukiso emangalisa kunazo zonke eMnyuziyamu Wokwakhiwa Kwezinyoni ihlinzekwa “ngendawo yokusoka”. Izingcweti ezivelele ezisebenza lapha, ezibizwa ngokuqondile ngokuthi ziluka, cishe zonke zazo zincane kunondlunkulu ngosayizi. "Izisebenzi zokusebenzela" ziyizinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 zabaluki, cishe bonke bahlala kumasena nasehlathini lase-Afrika. Igatsha elincane le "workshop" litholakala eSoutheast Asia - izinhlobo ezingama-7 kuphela ezisebenza lapha. Sonke "isitolo eselukiweyo", esiyingxenye yomndeni womaluki, sehlukaniswe iminyango eminingana engaphansi, ehluka kakhulu ngenani "labasebenzi" kanye nezinqubo zenqubo yezobuchwepheshe.
Izinhlobo ezingama-7 kuphela ezihlukaniswa njengama-passerines. Abazange bakwazi ukuphatha kahle ibhizinisi lokweluka, kepha lokhu akuzange kuvimbele noyedwa wabo, kepha ngemizamo ehlangene, ekwenzeni umbukiso, othi embonini yezokwakha izinyoni unazo zonke izizathu ezibhekwa njengezinzima kakhulu ukuzakha nesinye sezakhiwo ezinamandla kakhulu.
Isu Lokwakha
Zonke izidleke ezelukiwe zihlukahluka engqikithini eyodwa. Leli gumbi eliyindilinga noma ellipsoid elivaliwe ngazo zonke izinhlangothi ngomnyango omncane ngokungena ngaphansi noma ohlangothini. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, i-inlet ethe xaxa noma ngaphansi isikhathi eside iholela esidlekeni, esenza ukuthi isakhiwo sonke sifane ne-bulb noma i-retort. Indlela yokwaluka iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, azakhi, zilenga, kepha zilenga izidleke.
Okokuqala ulala isisekelo. Isebenza ngomlomo, ngezidladla, ngokuzulazula egatsheni elifanele, inyoni iyakwazi ukugoqa ngokuqinile ngenani elincane lezinto zokwakha. Bese kuthi elinye lamagatsha angomakhelwane lisongwe, bese izinyoni ziwaxhuma omunye nomunye ngesimbambo sezindwangu eziqhamuka ngaphansi nangaphezulu. Ukufana kwamafomu endandatho, okugcina kuphenduka kubhasikidi bese kuba yibhodlela, - ngamagama, kube yindawo yokuhlala eseqedile.
Abaluki basebenza ngokwakhiwa ngabesilisa kuphela, futhi abaningi babo abazihluphi ngokuvakashela izidleke ezakhiwe okungenani kanye. Iqiniso ngukuthi, ngaphandle kwalokho, wonke umsebenzi wokwakha banqume ukuwenza ngaphandle ngaphandle kokukhwela ngaphakathi kwekamelo. Ifika ngomucu olandelayo, iduna lihlala linendawo efanayo yokusebenza - ebhulohweni elingaphansi lendandatho, ngomlomo walo odongeni olude lwesidleke bese libuyela ekungeneni kwalo ngokuzayo. Ngakho-ke, owelukiweyo wenza ukwakhiwa oqonde “kuye” futhi, njengoba usayizi wesakhiwo ukhula, ngaphansi “kokuhlaselwa” kwawo, uphoqelekile ukuphambuka kakhulu emuva, ngokuqina okumangazayo ebambe izinyawo zakhe endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni. Ukuqeda ukwakhiwa nokumema umakoti ukuba ahlole ifulethi, kufanele abheke phezulu, okungukuthi, elenga umhlane wakhe phansi abambe izilenge zakhe ngemuva komkhawulo wendlu.
I-Public Weaver Nest
Manje sizosuka eMpumalanga Afrika, emasosheni lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo eziningi zabaluki bangempela, siye ehlane laseNamib, eliqonde emngceleni we-Atlantic eningizimu nasentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika, eligezwe yiBenguelan yamanje ebandayo. Indawo yasendaweni ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esibi futhi hhayi ukuceba kwezinyoni.
Kepha yisiphi isazi se-ornithologist esenqaba ithuba lokuvakashela lo mhlaba ongafinyeleleki, ngaphansi kwegama elibi uSkeleton Coast? Ngemuva kwakho konke, kulapha lapho ungabona khona esinye sezimangaliso eziphambili zomkhakha wokwakha onezinwele - isidleke esihlanganisiwe sabaluki bomphakathi.
Umphumela wokuqamba okuhlanganayo uyabonakala kusuka kude futhi ufana nesitishi esikhulu, esitshelwe ngaphandle komuntu hhayi emhlabeni, kodwa umqhele wesihlahla. Ikakhulu kaningi, “izindunduma” ezinjalo zitholakala eminduze yamapulangwe enziwe ngesiqu esikhulu (esinamandla), esisebenza njengethala lomswakama, nekhanda eliyindilinga lamagatsha amafushane futhi aqinile. "I-Kopna" ifakwe emagatsheni aminyene futhi iyisigaxa esakhiwe njengotshani sicindezelwe obunjiweyo, esimbozwe ngosozi oluqinile futhi oluqinile lwamakhamba akhule kakhulu abekekile futhi anesihlahla esimnandi esenza uhlobo lwophahla.
I-Public Weaver Nest
Amakamelo okuhlala e-nesting atholakala kungqimba oluphansi kakhulu lwezinto ezithambile. Ukungena kwabo kubheke phansi futhi kusondelene, ukuze kuthi uma ubukwa ngezansi, isithombe sikhumbuzise uju lwezinyosi. Isitezi esiphakeme esivela ezindlini zokuhlala ezitezi eziningana kukhona izidleke ezindala, ezishiywe isikhathi eside ngabaninizo futhi zigcwele ngokuphelele izinto zokwakha izidleke.
Ukuphakama okuphezulu (noma ubukhulu) bezidleke ezihlanganisiwe kufinyelela kumitha eyodwa, ukujikeleza kungamamitha ayi-3-4. Iningi lezizukulwane zabaluki lisasebenza ekwakhiweni kwalezi zakhiwo ezinkulu ezihlala iminyaka engu-100; abantu abangafika kwabangu-500 bahlala ezindlini ezinkulu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemuva kokufeza inhloso yayo, "ukushaqeka" kuphula ukwesekwa bese kuwela phansi.
Ukulethwa kanye nokupakishwa kokuqukethwe inani labantu bekholoni kuthinteka unyaka wonke. Ebusika, abeluki ababa nentshisekelo engaphansi komhlaba ophansi futhi iningi bachitha isikhathi ophahleni, lapho izingcezu zomile zomile ezilukhuni namagatsha omtholo omile ahudula ngokukhuthala okukhulu. Wonke umuntu uthonyiwe ukubeka umnikelo wawo uphakeme kunabanye, yingakho uphahla lungaxutshwe nhlobo.
Lapho kuqala intwasahlobo, ukunaka kwezinyoni kuya ngokuya kushintshela 'esiswini esithambile' esakhiweni, okungukuthi, endaweni ephansi yaso. Lapho esethole indawo lapha futhi elengise imihlane yayo phansi emilenzeni yayo, owelukayo uyithatha ngomlomo wakhe ukuze anamathele emaphethelweni otshani unamathela ngaphandle ekuqineni kwento. Lo msebenzi, vele, udinga ukubekezela. Ekugcineni, umgodi wakheka engxenyeni engezansi yesendlalelo esithambile, okuthi, ngokusebenzisa inqubo efanayo yokwenza izinhlungu, ujule futhi unwebeke kuze kufinyelele ivolumu yegumbi lokudlela.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwesinye isikhathi, umakhi aqala ukuletha amabala otshani angeziwe “endaweni yokwakha” futhi, enza ngendlela ejwayelekile, awafake kokuthile okuzungeze umgodi. Ngakho-ke, ungqimba lwezinto ezibonakalayo lukhula ngokwengeziwe, futhi igumbi lokudlela lizicwilisa ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha lube ubukhulu balo. Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa esidlekeni koloni labaluki bomphakathi kuyanda unyaka wonke, kepha ebusika kukhula kube ngaphezulu, kuyilapho kukhula isizini kukhula phansi.
Isidleke esimangalisa kakhulu sakhiwa i-remez yase-Afrika: njengoba ngokujwayelekile sifana nendlwana ejwayelekile ye-remez, inokungena okubili. Ngaphandle, isango lokugcina elingabonakali libonakala ngokucacile, njengoba isango lokungena emagcekeni esidleke, ngokuvamile akunzima ukulibona, ngoba limbozwe ngethhubhu lokungena elithambile, okungelula kakhulu ukungena kulo ngisho nakubaphathi.
Umsebenzi wokwakha kuma-remezs wenziwa kuphela ngabesilisa. Owesilisa oyedwa ubeka isisekelo sesakhiwo futhi ahehe insikazi ngokucula. Uma kungakaze kube khona isikhathi eside, owesilisa udala isakhiwo esiseduze bese ecula eduze kwaso. Ubuchwepheshe bokwakha buyingqayizivele.Ifika endaweni yokwakha inqwaba yezicucu ezithambile zezitshalo emqhweni, owesilisa uziqinisa ngesiphetho esisodwa egatsheni lokusekelwa bese eqala ukuzulazula ngokushesha, ebamba imichilo yayo futhi evunguza imicu ezungeze isisekelo njengentambo ku-spool. Ngehora, "umakhi" uletha izinto ezibonakalayo ngezikhathi ze-10-15. Ngemuva kokusebenza amahora ama-3-4, owesilisa uxhuma amagatsha asontekile komunye nomunye ngesiphambano sotshani, ukuze isisekelo sesidleke sakhiwe ngendlela yoxantathu noma indandatho. Manje owesilisa uqala ukugqoka hhayi kuphela imicu yezitshalo ezinwebekayo, eya ukuqinisa isisekelo sesakhiwo, kodwa futhi nezinqwaba ezinkulu ze-fluff ezinamathela ezindaweni ezihlukile phakathi kwezicucu bese kancane kancane zakha izindonga zesidleke.
Lapho sekupheleni kosuku lokuqala lokwakhiwa, isidleke sithatha isimo sencanyana encane futhi sicocekile ngebhasikidi elincane elinesibambo - likhulu futhi libanzi ezansi. Kamuva, imiphetho ye-bhasikidi engemuva iba phezulu, izimbobo ziyancipha futhi ekugcineni i-arch yophahla ivale. Manje kusale kuphela ukunamathisela i-lobby yokungena ngesimo se-tube, futhi isidleke sikulungele. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulandelana okufanayo kwezenzo, kuze kufike lapho kwenzeka khona imininingwane emincane kakhulu, futhi kuyisici sabaluki abashiwo ngaphambili, abakha izidleke ezilengelayo, kepha basebenzise ezinye izinto nobunye ubuchwepheshe ekubopheni kwabo.
Ngesikhathi sokwakha, abesilisa baphoqelelwa ukuthi bavikele ngenkuthalo insimu ezungeze izidleke zabo, ngoba uma isakhiwo sesingaphezu kwengqondo, ikakhulukazi esingashabalali singabhujiswa abanye abesilisa ababheka isidleke (kanye nokulahlwa ngonyaka owedlule) njengendawo yokugcina impahla.
Impilo yomndeni yokusikeka ibukeka imangalisa kabi, izinyunyana ezihlobanisa nalezi zinyoni zivame ukuba kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuba lo mbhangqwana usungulwe, i-remeza yeduna iqeda ngokushesha ukwakhiwa (kwesinye isikhathi ngokubamba iqhaza kowesifazane) futhi ngokuzayo ingazinikela ekuhlanganiseni ngokwakha, noma ingandiza ohambweni futhi ehlobo olufanayo ithole umndeni omusha buqamana namakhilomitha angama-25-30 ukusuka kowokuqala.
Lesi simiso sokwakha sakha izinsikazi eziningi kakhulu kangangokuba zivame ukuzama ngawo wonke amandla aso ukuqeda isidleke esenziwe ngomthwebulo, ngenkathi kubangela ukungajabuli futhi nokuhlasela okuthe ngqo kwengxenye yabesifazane, okukhombisa ukwesaba okusekwe kahle ukulondolozwa kwamaqanda. Futhi, ezinye izinsikazi zinesikhathi sokubeka imichilo emithathu ezidlekeni zabesilisa abahlukahlukene ehlobo. Abanye besifazane bashiya ukwenziwa komzimba ekunakekelweni kwabesilisa, abanye bahlala bezishisiwe - bebodwa noma ngosizo lomlingani. Amamoni amaningi afa ngoba abazali baxabana ngaso sonke isikhathi, abakwazi “ukuvuma” ukuthi yimuphi kubo ozoba isikhukhukazi.