Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Ubude bomzimba 32-37 cm, amaphiko ama-62-72 cm, isisindo somzimba esingu-200-400 g. Ukubonakala kwejuba eliluhlaza kuyaziwa wonke umuntu. Ezinhlotsheni ezisondele kakhulu, zingahlanganiswa ne-clintukh, lapho ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngakho konke ukuhluka kombala waso, lihluka ngokuthembekile ngamehlo e-orange nomlomo omnyama. Isibonakaliso esingathembeki ngandlela-thile siyindawo emhlophe emuva engezansi, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi abantu batholakala lapho cishe noma bungekho ngokuphelele. Ensimini ehlolwayo, ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka luhlobo lwe-synanthropic olutholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu emaphandleni nasemadolobheni. Ukuziphatha nendlela yokubamba izinyoni ezindaweni zasemadolobhaneni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya kuhlukile ngokubonakalayo, ngokwesibonelo, amajuba asedolobheni ahlala ngokuzithandela emagatsheni ezihlahla nasemawodini, kuyilapho labo abahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya bengakwenzi lokhu, kuba yindlela esondelene nezihlobo zabo zasendle ezihlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala.

Incazelo. Isikhathi esiningi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nabantu abathile, abafaka imibala "yasendle" phakathi kwamajuba ampunga ahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemaphethelweni amadolobha. Zinenkosi “eyisivikelo” esikhanyayo yephiko elinemivimbo emibili emnyama egqekeke phezu kwezimpaphe ezinkulu, indawo emhlophe emhlophe emuva, umsila ompunga onomugqa omnyama obanzi eceleni komphandle. Phakathi kwamajuba asedolobheni, izinyoni ezinombala omnyama, kuze kube yilapho zimnyama ngokuphelele. Imvamisa kuba khona namajuba angaba mhlophe ngokwenxenye noma amhlophe ngokuphelele kanye namakhofi, angumphumela wokuwela osayizi basendle be-synanthropic kanye namajuba asendlini aqinisiwe. Kwezinyoni ezinjalo, ngisho umbala woqhwaku kanye namehlo kungahluka - uqhwaku kungenzeka lube pink futhi amehlo amnyama.

Vota. I-coo ethule, edonswe ngaphandle kwejuba elimpunga ijwayelekile kwabaningi; ihlukile kahle kumazwi amanye amajuba ethu.

Ukusabalalisa Nesimo. Kutholakala ezindaweni ezisezindaweni e-Afrika nase-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi eCrimea naseCaucasus. Inani labantu be-Synanthropic lalihlala emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni. E-Russia yase-Europe, itholakala yonke indawo ezindaweni zokuhlala. Emadolobheni amakhulu kungenye yezinyoni eziningi kakhulu. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ikakhulukazi endaweni yama-steppe. Lapha emadolobheni amancanyana ingagudluzwa ingxenye yijuba elinezintambo. Ukubukeka kwesedentary.

Indlela yokuphila. Emiphakathini yasemadolobheni, ayakwazi ukuzala unyaka wonke, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani, yize ebusika be-broods amathuba okuphuma ngokuphepha aphansi kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi abesilisa bajaha izinsikazi futhi babakhombise okuhlukahlukene nokukhanywa, kanye nezindiza zamanje ezinamaphiko amakhulu. Amakamelo ezakhiwo ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengendawo yokudlela, azikho izidleke - imvamisa lawa ngamagatsha amaningana abekwa eceleni komgodi onyathelwe ngobuningi bomquba obanzi. Ukudla emadolobheni kutholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezivulekile nasezindaweni zokudla kwabantu kwendabuko. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, imihlambi emikhulu iqoqana ezindaweni zokuphaka kanye nezinye izikhungo zezolimo, lapho zidla khona ngokudla okusanhlamvu nezilwane. Imvamisa kutholakala emasimini ngamaphakethe ahlanganisiwe namanye amajuba, ngokuyinhloko ngama-vahirs. Amajuba asendle grey ahlala ezintabeni nasidlekeni emadwaleni.

Esifundeni saseVolga naseningizimu ye-Urals kubhalwe izindiza ijuba elinsunduColumba eversmanniukuzalaniswa eCentral Asia naseKazakhstan. Kubukeka njenge-clintukha, kepha incane (ubude bomzimba 28-31-31 cm, amaphiko angama-60-62 cm), umzimba ongaphezulu onsundu, uqhwaku olunesihlabathi esimnyama nesihla esimnyama ophuzi, i-iris ephuzi, imilenze epinki. Izinyoni ezindizayo zinomsila omfushane kanye nomhlophe, njengejuba elimpunga, emuva emuva, ngaphansi kwephiko kungwevu okukhanyayo. UTokuya ushicilela i-coo buthuntu "uupu-wupbuuu, wupu-wupbuuu. ».

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isithombe: Ijuba le-Blue

Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka libizwa nangokuthi i-Chisar; le nyoni enezithelo inomndeni wamajuba kanye neqembu elinjengejuba. Ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala okwenzeka ezweni kwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi, ukwahlulela ngokusala kwezinsalela zezinsalela, uhlobo lwejuba olakhiwa eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingamashumi amane noma amashumi amahlanu edlule, kwakuwukuphela kwe-Eocene noma ukuqala kwe-Oligocene. INyakatho Afrika, iYurophu eseNingizimu kanye neSouth-West Asia kubhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa kwamajuba. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babezithambisa lezi zinyoni.

Ijuba - esiphatha izifo eziyingozi

Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi ijuba libizwa ngokuthi "igundane lokundiza." Le nyoni ingaba ngumgadli wezifo ongafika kwezi-90. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziyi-10 zazo ziyi-pathogenic yabantu. I-Salmonellosis, i-histoplasmosis kanye ne-ornithosis iyingozi ikakhulukazi. Isibonelo, i-ornithosis yisifo esibi esithathelanayo, lapho amaphaphu ethinteka khona, okungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu. Abantu babamba ukutheleleka ngokuxhumana nezinyoni noma ngokuphefumula umoya oqukethe izinhlayiya zokulahla kwejuba elingcolisiwe.

Futhi, ijuba lingumuntu othwala izinambuzane eziningi, ikakhulukazi imikhaza. Izimbuzane ziyahlakazeka esikhunjeni somuntu, zibangele ukulunywa, ukuqubuka kanye nokuphefumula, okungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu.

Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, amajuba ayingozi kubalingani bawo abanezinwele. Zithelela izinyoni zasepulazini ngezifo eziyingozi, zibangele ukulimala okukhulu kwezindawo zezolimo. Izinyoni zokuhlobisa ezihlala emafulethini abantu azivikelwa yizinkinga.

Amajuba - Ama-Vandals Akhethiwe

Ngenkathi uthintwa yile "zimpawu zomhlaba" ezinemisebenzi futhi uphoqelekile ukuba uhlanze, i-ahem, imfucuza yezinyoni imini nobusuku :)

Amajuba ahlangana nemigwaqo, amabhentshi nezimoto ngentshiseko. Ikakhulu iya ezikhumbuzweni.

Amajuba asolwa ngokungaqondile ngokubhujiswa kwamatshe ezikhumbuzo zamatshe ezakhiwo. Izindwangu ezinamaphiko ezinamahlandla zizikhulula emihlangeni, ngaleyo ndlela zibe negalelo ekwandeni kwazo. Kanye nezinqubo zokuguguleka kwemvelo, lokhu kuholela ekubhujisweni kancane kwesikhumbuzo.

Amagama ahlukile kufanele anikezwe ama-attic ezakhiwo ezinamakamelo amaningi, lawo amajuba akhethe kuwo izidingo zawo. Uma ungalihlanza i-Attic isikhathi eside, kuzobukeka okufana nalokhu:

Imbozwe izingqimba zonke zamaphonsa amajuba ahlanganiswe izimpaphe, amagobolondo nezinsalela zezinyoni. Lesi yisimo sangempela sokutheleleka kanye namagciwane!

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka libukeka kanjani

Umzimba wejuba mkhulu kunalokho, uphakeme kancane, ubude bawo buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-37 kuye ku-40 cm. Kubukeka sengathi osayizi bakhiwe kakhulu, kepha ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi kwawo makhulu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ubuningi bezinyoni okuzalelwa kuzo amajuba asendle kusuka ku-240 kuya ku-400 amagremu, izinhlobonhlobo zasemadolobheni zivame ukukhuluphala, ngakho-ke ziba nzima kakhulu.

Ikhanda lejuba lincane, uqhwaku lunobude obungaba ngu-2,5 cm, luyindilinga kancane ekugcineni futhi lifiphele. Isikimu sombala woqhwaku sivame ukuba mnyama, kepha i-wax emhlophe ibonakala kahle phansi. Ama-auricles enyoni engaphansi kwenqwaba awabonakali, kodwa abamba ukuhlanzeka okunjalo okuzwela umuntu ongakuboni. Intamo yale nyoni ayide futhi inophawu oluhlukile (ngombala wezimpaphe). Kukule ndawo lapho ama-plumage shimmers anamathoni ansomi aphenduka kahle abe izithunzi zewayini ezikhanyayo.

Umsila wejuba uzungezwe ekugcineni, ubude bawo bungama-13 noma 14 cm, umngcele omnyama uyabonakala ku-plumage. Amaphiko ale nyoni amade impela, ubude bawo bube ngama-65 kuye kuma-72 cm, izisekelo zawo zibanzi impela, futhi iziphetho zibukhali. Izimpaphe zezimpaphe ziboshwe ngemichilo emnyama. Uma ubheka amaphiko, umuntu uzwa amandla amajuba, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukundiza ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-70 ngehora, kanti amajuba asendle ngokuvamile anombani ngokushesha, angakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-170.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ibanga eliphakathi nendawo i-cisar okwazi ukumboza ngalo ngosuku lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-800.

Amehlo enyoni anemibala ehlukile ye-iris, angaba:

• okugolide (okuvame kakhulu)
• zibomvu
• owolintshi.

Umbono wamajuba muhle kakhulu, unhlangothi-ntathu, zonke izithunzi zezinyoni zihlukaniswa ngokucophelela, zibamba ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ukunyakaza kwe-pigeon ngesikhathi sokuhamba kungabonakala kungamangalisa, ngoba i-cisar ehamba phansi kufanele igxilise umbono wayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imilenze yenyoni imfishane, imibala yayo ingamelelwa ngokuhlukahluka okuhlukahluka kusuka koku pinki kuya kokumnyama, ezinye izinyoni zinezinqwaba kuzo. Umbala wamajuba kufanele uxoxwe ngokuhlukile. Uhlobo lwayo ejwayelekile kunazo zonke luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi amajuba asendle alula kancane kunabalingani bawo be-synanthropic. Ngaphakathi kwedolobha, manje usungabona izinyoni zemithunzi ehlukahlukene ezihlukile kumbala ojwayelekile.

Ngokuqondene nombala, amajuba angena:

• okumhlophe qhwa (kucacile futhi kunamabala eminye imibala),
• obomvu okhanyayo ngezimpaphe ezimbalwa ezimhlophe,
• onsundu (umbala wekhofi),
• kumnyama
• mnyama ngokuphelele.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Phakathi kwamajuba asemadolobheni, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekota yezikhulu zazo zonke izinhlobo zemibala.

Emsamo, ekhanda nesifuba, umbala uhluka ngemvelaphi esemqoka yeplamu. Lapha icwebezela ngamathoni aphuzi, apinki futhi aluhlaza-luhlaza okotshani nge-sheen yensimbi. Endaweni ye-goiter, umbala ungaba newayini. Kwensikazi, i-luster ebeleni ayibonakali njengakwabesilisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ziyefana, indoda enamakhanda kuphela enkulu kakhulu kunenekazi. Ukukhula okuncane kubukeka kungasasebenzi, kulindwe i-molt yokuqala.

Amajuba - Izindiza Zokuduma

Izinyoni ziyikhanda elide labasebenzi bezindiza nabashayeli bezindiza. Izindiza ngokuvamile zindiza endaweni engenakufinyeleleka ezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuthatha / ukuhamba, indiza ihlasela endaweni yokuhlala yezinyoni. Izinyoni ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zawela emonjiniyela wezindiza, ngokungazenzisi zaba imbangela yezigameko ezimbi eziholele kwizisulu.

Izinyoni ezindizayo ziyingozi ikakhulukazi. Njengamajuba namajuba. Umhlambi wejuba eliwele ku-turbine yesikhumulo sezindiza, uqinisekisile ukuthi uzomenza angasebenzi.

Ukuxosha izinyoni kude nendawo yezikhumulo zezindiza, abantu bafaka abadayisi abahlukahlukene. Kwesinye isikhathi “kusetshenziswa izikhali zamagciwane” ukulwa nezinyoni - izinyoni ezidla inyama ezinjengesithambisi kanye nensangu. Izimbangi zithusa amajuba, amagwababa nokunye “ukwephula” okungenzeka kwe-airpace. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwazo zonke izinyathelo, ukushayisana kwezinyoni okulinganiselwa ku-5,000 kwenzeka ngonyaka.

Uhlala kuphi ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?

Isithombe: Ijuba le-Blue eRussia

ISisari yanqoba wonke amazwekazi, ayitholakali kuphela e-Antarctica. Kakhulu, lezi zinyoni zihlala ezifundeni zamazwekazi amabili: e-Eurasia, zihlala ezindaweni zawo ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu, kanye nezwekazi lase-Afrika elishisayo. Ngokuqondene ne-Eurasia, lapha amajuba akhethe izintaba ze-Altai, empumalanga yeNdiya, izintaba zaseTien Shan, izindawo ezisuka esifundeni saseYenisei ziye oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Futhi, amajuba abhekwa njengezakhamizi zaphakade ezinhlonhlo zaseCrimea naseCaucasus. E-Afrika ekude, amajuba ahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini zeDarfur neGulf of Aden, ezazihlala izindawo ezithile zaseSenegal. Izimbungulu ezincane zabahlali zaseSri Lanka, eGreat Britain, eCanaries, eMedithera naseziqhingini zaseForte.

Izibi zasendle ezinjengezindawo zezintaba, zingabonakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezi-2,5 kuya ku-3 km. Ahlala kude namathafa otshani, lapho amachibi ageleza khona eduzane. Lamajuba ahlomisa izidleke zawo emadwaleni amatshe, ezigodini nakwezinye izindawo ezihlukanisiwe kude nabantu. Amahlathi amakhulu aminyene amajuba ayagwenywa. Izindawo lapho indawo yomhlaba inothe khona futhi ivulekile kakhulu nayo ayifaneleki kangako, ngoba izinyoni zidinga izakhiwo ezinde zamatshe noma amadwala.

Ijuba le-synanthropic likhangwa ezindaweni lapho kunezakhiwo eziningi eziphakemeyo; zakha ezindaweni zezindawo zezimboni ezahlukahlukene ezingabekwa kude namadolobha. Emadolobheni, lezi zinyoni zingahlala yonke indawo: ezingadini ezinkulu nasezindaweni ezifuywayo, ophahleni lwezindlu, ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, ezakhiweni ezichithwe noma ezingonakalisiwe. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, imihlambi yamajuba ingabonakala njengamanje lapho kugcinwa khona okusanhlamvu naphansi, kepha amajuba angavamile emizini. Osisi basemadolobheni bahlala lapho kulula kakhulu futhi kuphephe khona ukudala izidleke zabo, futhi ngezikhathi ezibandayo, ezinzima, zobusika bahlala eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala zabantu futhi bavame ukubutha ngokulahla udoti.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Kwamanye amazwekazi, kwavunulwa amajuba ompunga. Lokhu kwenzeka eNova Scotia, lapho izinyoni eziningana zabuya namaFulentshi ngo-1606.

Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni ihlala kuphi. Sibona ukuthi kudlani ijuba elingwevu?

Ngabe lidlani ijuba elimpunga?

Isithombe: Ijuba leGrey Grey

Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lingabizwa ngokuthi li-omnivorous futhi elinesizotha ekukhetheni kokudla.

Ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile kwezinyoni kuqukethe:

• zonke izinhlobo zamabele
• tshala imbewu
• amajikijolo
• ama-apula asendle
• nezinye izithelo zesihlahla
• izibungu
• ama-mollusks
• izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene.

Lapho kudla khona ukudla okuningi, amajuba adla emhlambini wonke, asukela ezinyangeni eziyishumi kuye kwelinye. Kuhlanganiswa kakhulu amajuba emasimini ngesikhathi sokuvuna, lapho amaphiko ethatha okusanhlamvu nembewu yokhula ngqo isuka emhlabathini.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Amajuba asinda kakhulu, futhi abe nesakhiwo esithile se-paw, esingavumeli izinyoni ukuthi zijobe okusanhlamvu ezindlebeni, ngakho-ke izinyoni azibeki engcupheni yokutshala umhlaba, zona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zigxoba imbewu eminingi yokhula ehlukahlukene.

AbakwaSisari baqine kakhulu, bangadla cishe amagremu amane wembewu ngasikhathi, yize iqiniso lokuthi ukudla kwabo kwansuku zonke kungama-gramu ayisithupha. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kunokudla okuningi nejuba kushesha ukuzodla ikusasa. Ezikhathini ezilambile, izinyoni zihlakaniphile futhi zinamabhizinisi amaningi, ngoba akukho ongakwenza ukuze uphile. Izinyoni ziqala ukudla ukudla okungajwayelekile kubo: i-oats ehlumile, amajikijolo aqandisiwe. Ukuze uthuthukise ukugaya, u-sisari ugwinya amatshe amancane, amagobolondo nesihlabathi. Awukwazi ukubiza amajuba ancibilikisayo nokukhetha, ezikhathini ezinzima awakugwebi ukugcwala, ukugqekeza imigqomo yedolobha nokulahla imfucumfucu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Amajuba anezinambuzane ezingama-37 zokunambitha, kubantu kunezinkulungwane eziyishumi.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka endizeni

I-Cesarea ingabizwa ngokuthi izinyoni ezixazululiwe, ezisebenzayo phakathi nosuku. Ekufuneni ukudla, izinyoni ezindizela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene kuze kushone ilanga. Kodwa emadolobheni, ukusebenza kwawo kungaqhubeka ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, lapho kungakabi mnyama ngokuphelele. Ebusuku, amajuba ayaphumula, kepha ngaphambi kokulala azama ukuphuza amanzi. Izinsikazi zilala endaweni yezidleke, kanti ezeduna zindawo ndawo thile, ngoba zigada izithandwa zazo nenzalo. Ikhukhumale futhi ifihle ikhanda layo ngaphansi kwephiko, amajuba awela ephusheni, elizwelayo kakhulu, kepha lihlala kuze kuse.

AmaSizars akhetha ukuhamba ebusweni bomhlaba, futhi izindiza zawo zibiza cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amathathu esikhathi sosuku. Izinyoni zasendle zikhuthele kulokhu, zihamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka endaweni edlekayo ukuthola ukudla, kaningi lokhu kwenzeka ebusika, lapho izinto zinzima ngokudla. Ngokuvamile, ama-savage anezinwele aphile kakhulu, ngoba awakwazi ukucasha kuma-attics afudumele, awondli ngabantu.

Amajuba sekuyisikhathi eside eba abangane bomuntu abangangeneki, kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukucabanga ngemigwaqo yedolobha ngaphandle kwalaba bantu abajwayele futhi abajwayele ukuba nemibala. Amajuba nabantu bahlangana ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene umuntu angahlulela ngazo imikhuba yezinyoni, imikhuba namakhono. Ukuma okuhle kakhulu esikhaleni esenziwe ezikhathini zasendulo kusuka kumajuba abanamakhono nabanokwethenjelwa. Ijuba lihlakaniphile futhi linenkumbulo enhle, ngoba esehambise izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, uhlala eyazi indlela ebuyela ekhaya.

Ijuba ingaqeqeshwa, sonke sizibonile lezi zinyoni zisebenza enkundleni yezemidlalo. Kepha iqiniso lokuthi asetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekusebenzeni kokucinga, bambalwa abaziyo.Lezi zinyoni zafundiswa ukwenza amababazi amakhulu lapho zithola i-vest ephuzi futhi zindiza phezu kwendawo lapho umuntu olahlekile atholakala khona. AmaSizars abikezela izinhlekelele zemvelo, ngoba azwela kakhulu kunoma yiluphi ushintsho ekucindezelweni komkhathi kanye nemisindo ephansi kakhulu engagcinwa ekulaleleni komuntu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izazi zesayensi yemvelo zikholelwa ukuthi ukujula kwejuba esikhaleni kwenzeka ngokuhambisana nokukhanya kwelanga namandla kazibuthe. Kwabonakala ukuthi phakathi kwedolobha, izinyoni ziqondiswa izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngabantu.

Cishe wonke umuntu wezwa amajuba ephola, imisindo ayenzayo iyafana nokuqhuma komphimbo. Ngosizo lwale chords, abalingani abancengayo abathandayo futhi bangaxosha abangalungile. Ngokuvamile i-coo ihlala emadodeni. Ngokumangazayo, ihluke ngokuphelele futhi isatshalaliswa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ososayensi baveze izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuqunjelwa kwejuba.

Ngakho-ke, ukuqalwa kwezinyoni kwenzeka:

• abathandi
• ukuqasha
• ngokwesabisa
• isidleke
• ifishi (kushicilelwe ngesikhathi sokudla).

Ngaphezu kwezingcingo zezwi, amajuba ayaxhumana, eshaya amaphiko awo.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Izimbila

Shono abathandi bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngamajuba, ngoba lezi zinyoni zakha umbhangqwana ngokuphila, zihlala zithembekile futhi zinakekela kahle abanye abalingani bethu. Amajuba avuthwa ngokocansi anezinyanga eziyisithupha. Amajuba ahlala ezindaweni ezinezimo sezulu ezifudumele zohlobo lonyaka unyaka wonke, nezinyoni zasenyakatho kuphela ngenkathi efudumele. Umgadli ubheka kahle ijuba alithandayo, izama ukuliheha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, iduna lingabonakali lingabonakali, liphoqa umsila, lenze ukunyakaza kokudansa, lizama ukwanga insikazi ngamaphiko alo, lenze izimpaphe entanyeni yalo.

Ukuzikhethela kuhlala kuhlala nomlingani, uma ethanda imfene, khona-ke ukuhlangana kwabo komndeni kuzohlala impilo yezinyoni yonke, okuthatha iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu ku-vivo, yize ekudingisweni ijuba lingaphila kuze kube ngu-15. Lapho lo mbhangqwana udaliwe, uqala ukuzihlomisa ngendawo yokuhlala , owesilisa uletha izinto zokwakha (amagatsha, i-fluff, amahlumela), kanti umama okhulelwe uzihlumela esidlekeni esihle. Lapho kuvela umphikisi, ukuxabana phakathi kwabesilisa akujwayelekile.

Ukubekwa eqandeni kuqala amasonto amabili ngemuva kokuzalela. Imvamisa kukhona kuphela amabili awo, amaqanda mancane, amhlophe ngokuphelele noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iqanda lesithathu libekwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kwelokuqala. Inqubo yokufaka ekufakwiseni ihlala ezinsukwini eziyi-16 kuye kwezingu-19. Ababelethi bathela inzalo, baphenduka enye. Imvamisa, owesilisa uhlala esidlekeni phakathi nosuku, kanti umama okhulelwe ulala emaqanda ubusuku bonke. Izinsana azidonsi ngasikhathi sinye, umehluko ekubonakaleni kwamachwane ungafinyelela ezinsukwini ezimbili.

Masinyane lapho uzalwa, ungezwa ukuncipha kwamajuba angenazimpaphe futhi adinga ukushisa. Kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-25 ubudala, abazali baphatha izingane ngobisi olukhiqizwe kwi-bird goiter. Lapho ifika inyanga, amajuba azama okusanhlamvu okufakwe emilonyeni yawo, ayithatha ngemilomo yawo emphinjeni kanina noma oyise. Eminyakeni engu-45 yezinsuku, izingane ziba namandla futhi zimbozwe ngamapani, ngakho-ke sezivele zishiya izidleke zazo, zishiya impilo yabantu abadala nezimele.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenkathi eyodwa yesizini, ithanga elilodwa lamajuba lingakwazi ukuzala lisuka emaqandeni amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili, kepha akuwona wonke amaphuphu asindayo.

Izitha zemvelo zejuba elimpunga

Photo: Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka libukeka kanjani

Empungwini amajuba izitha endle ngokwanele. Izidlamlilo ezinobungozi zibabeka engcupheni enkulu. Ungakhathazeki ngokudla amajuba enyama. Ziyingozi kakhulu esikhathini sokuvuthwa. I-grouse kanye nezigwaca zithokozela ngokuthokozela amajuba, munye kuphela umndeni wabo ngosuku okwazi ukudonsa amajuba angaba mahlanu.

Oklebe basongela, okokuqala, ama-savage, ama-savage, kanye nezihlobo zabo ze-synanthropic besaba kakhulu ama-peregrine falcons, bahambela izindawo zedolobha ngokukhethekile ukunambitha amajuba noma bondle amaphuphu abo. Isibalo samajuba sithinteka kabi yimakhaza, omnyama nompunga, okuthi, okokuqala, ahlasele amachwane noma izinyoni ezibuthakathaka zobudala. Kuyingozi kwamajuba amakati ajwayelekile athanda ukuzingela.

Izidleke ze-pigeon zivame ukuqothuka:

Ubhubhane lwezifo futhi lubhubhisa iningi elinamaphiko, ngoba amajuba ahlala aminyene, ngakho-ke ukutheleleka kusakazeka ngejubane lombani. Phakathi kwezitha zamajuba, umuntu angabeka futhi isikhundla somuntu ongakwazi ukufaka ubuthi ngamabomu amajuba, amaningi kakhulu endaweni yakhe, ngoba ubabheka njengezithwele zezifo eziyingozi nezinambuzane zezindawo zasemadolobheni ezihlaselwa iminjunju yamadwala.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Ijuba leGrey Grey

Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwamajuba ibanzi kakhulu, lezi zinyoni zijwayele ezindaweni eziningi. Abantu bazijwayeze kakhulu kangangokuba azinaki, futhi ukuqonga kwabo kujwayeleke kabuhlungu kuwo wonke umuntu. Inani lezitoko zamajuba alibangeli ukukhathazeka phakathi kwezinhlangano zezemvelo, yize kuye kwaqikelelwa ukuthi kunosayizi abancane futhi abaphansi kakhulu. Imvamisa bahlangana nabasemadolobheni.

Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuthi akukho okusongela inani lamajuba, alizukufa ngokuphelele, futhi, eduze komuntu, liyaqhubeka landa futhi likhulisa isibalo salo. Kwezinye izifunda, kunesimo esinjalo sokuthi kunenqwaba yamajuba, ngakho-ke abantu kufanele bawasuse ngokufaka ubuthi olwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukulahlwa kwenjiva okuningi kwephula ukubukeka kwamadolobha, kulimaze izakhiwo nezinye izakhiwo, ngisho nezimbobo zezembozo zemoto. Amajuba angathathela abantu izifo ezinjengomkhuhlane wezinyoni, i-torulosis, noma i-ornithosis, ngakho-ke eziningi zazo ziyingozi kubantu.

Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amajuba ompunga akuzona izinhlobo ezisengozini, inani labantu bakhona likhulu impela, ngesinye isikhathi likhulu kakhulu. Azikho izikhulu ezibalwe kunoma yiluphi uhlu olubomvu, azisongelwanga maqondana nokuba khona kwazo, futhi ngenxa yalokho azidingi zindlela zokuzivikela, ezingeke zajabula kodwa.

Ukufingqa, kufanelekile ukungeza lokho ijuba elimpunga muhle kakhulu, muhle futhi unomusa, amaplamu ayo angahambi kahle akhangeleka kakhulu futhi ayathakazelisa, hhayi ngoba ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo wayehlonishwa kakhulu futhi enomuntu ukuthula, uthando nokuzinikela okungenamkhawulo. USizar useduze kwendoda, ngethemba losizo nokusekelwa kwayo, ngakho-ke kudingeka sibe nomusa emajuba futhi sinakekele, ikakhulukazi ebusika obunzima kakhulu beqhwa.

Incazelo

Ijuba elikhulu, ubude besilisa bubalelwa ku-335-375 mm, izinsikazi zingama-325-370 mm, ubude bensikazi bube abesilisa 215-238 mm, izinsikazi 210-230 mm, ubude besilisa kube ngu-675-720 mm, insikazi 670-710 mm, ubude bomlomo wesilisa bube ngu-18,0 -22.3 mm, izinsikazi 17.0-21.5 mm, ubude bezidalwa zabesilisa 28-31 mm, izinsikazi 26-31 mm, isisindo - 300 g.

Ifomu lokuhlala endle linombala ompunga okhanyayo, omnyama ngezansi futhi ompunga onsundu ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda linombala omnyama oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lijika entanyeni ngamathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Intambo enensimbi eluhlaza okotshani, engakhuli kancane eceleni kwayo engemuva. I-sheen eluhlaza engxenyeni engezansi yentamo ku-goiter ithathelwa indawo ngokukhanyayo okubomvu noma okubomvu kweayini (obomvu-obomvu). Isingemuva langemuva licwebile elimhlophe, lakha umucu ongaba ngu-5-6 cm ububanzi. Ingono iblue elimnyama, ihlala imnyama ngaphezu kwengubo, ingaphansi lesibhakabhaka esimnyama, kufaka phakathi okuthengiswayo. Izimpaphe zomsila zingwevu emnyama enomugqa omnyama obizwa ngokuthi i-apical 20-25 mm ububanzi kanye namathiphu acishe ampunga wezobudisi obuyi-5-7 mm ububanzi, fan yangaphandle yomjolo obedlulele imhlophe, ngaphandle komugqa omnyama we-apical. Izimbobo zama-axillary nezangaphakathi ezingaphansi zimhlophe qhwa; ngaphesheya kwamaphiko, eduze kwezembozo ezinkulu kanye nephiko lesibili, zingama-strip amnyama amabili, achazwe kahle 8 cm mm ububanzi. Uqhwaku limpunga emnyama nge-wax emhlophe ekhanyayo, imilenze ibomvu ngombala, i-iris ibomvu noma iwolintshi ophuzi. Azikho izinguquko zesikhathi sezikhathi zokuphuma kwamajuba grey.

Owesilisa nowesifazane bangahlukeki ngombala weplamu labo. Izinsikazi ngokwesilinganiso zincanyana kakhulu kunabesilisa futhi okuluhlaza okotshani nokukhanya okusansimbi okubomvu kuyakhanya futhi kukhule kancane, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engezansi ye-goiter nangemuva langemuva lentamo. Abancane bancishwa ukukhanya kwezinsimbi zezimpaphe, ingubo ende enombala onsundu, esifubeni, imichilo emnyama yamaphiko ayimake kahle, izimpaphe eziningi zinonqenqema oluyimpuphu.

Umbala wefomu le-synanthropic uhluka ngokwengeziwe. Emhlambini walezi njuba, kutholakala izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe nezinsundu, kodwa-ke, kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yobukhona beziphambano ezinamajuba asendlini. Kodwa-ke, inqwaba yezinyoni ziyefana ngombala ngesimo sasendle.

Vota

Ijuba elimpunga, kungenzeka ukwahlukanisa ukusabela kwamazwi kuze kube mahlanu, kuya kokunye noma kwelinye, okuhlobene nesikhathi samanje nesidleke:

1. okusalungiswa, okubandakanya imisindo ekhalayo yokukhonkotha "guuut ... guuut",
2. isimemo esidlekeni sizwakala sinjengaleso esimema, kepha lapho intokazi isondela esidlekeni, ukufakwa kwe-hoarseness kule misindo futhi iculo liqukethe imisindo ethi "Kuuhguuut ... Kuuhguuut",
3. iculo, elishiwo njengamanje lapho owesilisa ehambisa lowesifazane, ekuqaleni liqukethe imisindo ethule ethi “guurcuu ...
4. ngesikhathi sengozi noma lapho inyoni yathukuthela yenza umsindo obukhali we- "grouu ... grouu" noma "grouuf ... grouuf",
5. Ngesikhathi sokuphakela amantshontsho, inyoni ezindizayo inyathelisa okusalungiswa okuwukuthi "giuuguuut ... giuuguuut".

Indawo

Ibanga lemvelo lejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lihlala ezifundeni eziphakathi neziseningizimu ze-Eurasia ukusuka e-Atlantic kuya esiGodini saseYenisei, izintaba ze-Altai, iTien Shan, empumalanga yeNdiya neMyanmar, kanye ne-Afrika enyakatho yeSenegal, iDarfur kanye nogu lweGulf of Aden.

Ihlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezibonakalayo nezendawo ye-Saratov. Ihlala emadolobheni amakhulu namancane (kufaka neRtishchevo), ezinye izindawo. Kunezibonelo ezaziwayo zokuhlala kwejuba ezimweni zemvelo ngasezintabeni zakwaVolga eSaratov Right Bank.

Habitat

Ijuba lasendle eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - umhlali wezindawo ezinezintaba (ezitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-2500 kuya ku-3000 ngaphezu kolwandle) endaweni yamathafa embozwe ngotshani obunotshani obuningi kanye nokuba khona kwamachibi agobhozayo nezindawo ezinkulu ezingenalutho ezingenalutho, izidleke emadwaleni, izigodi nezinye izindawo ezingahambisani nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu. Amahlathi amakhulu avinjulwa ngamajuba ampunga. Akuvamile ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinomsizi ofanayo, lapho kungekho zakhiwo zamatshe eziphakeme zohlobo lwamadolobha. Ijuba elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-synanthropic - amatshe adonsela phansi ezindaweni ezakhiwe ngamatshe amade amade, akavikeli, noma kunjalo, ahlanganisa izakhiwo zezimboni ngazinye, ngezinye izikhathi amakhilomitha amaningi kude nezindawo ezinamadolobha amakhulu kakhulu. Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, ihlala ezihlahleni futhi imvamisa ihlala ezingadini ezinkulu nasemapaki. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ngaphandle kokuchichima kokudla, ijuba elimpunga alijwayelekile. Ezigodini zemifula esezintabeni, amajuba ahlala emawofeni asogwini, endaweni yezinyawo nasezintabeni - emadwaleni nasemadwaleni, emathafeni - emanxiweni obumba nasezakhiweni zamatshe ezinkulu. Yonke indawo ukubukwa okuhleliwe.

Indlela yokuphila

Ijuba elimpunga libonisa indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Isikhathi somsebenzi waso ezimweni zemvelo sinqunywa ubude bokukhanya kwemini. Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, amanye amapulangwe amajuba asebenza kusihlwa ngenxa yokukhanya kwemigwaqo, iziteshi, izingqimba zamabhilidi, imidwebo yamakamelo, njll. Ezindaweni ezibekwe kahle emigwaqweni yedolobha, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka avame ukudla kusihlwa.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke wamajuba asempunga ngezikhathi ezingezona izidleke ancishiselwa kwezinye izikhathi zokuphaka nokuphumula. Esikhathini sekwindla nobusika, bachitha ekondleni nasekuphumuleni kwemini ngokwesilinganiso esingu-31% wesikhathi, ekuphumuleni ebusuku - ama-35%, kanye nesikhathi esilingana ne-3% yesikhathi esichithwa ezindizeni ebusuku. Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwempilo, izinyoni zisebenzisa isikhathi esingu-34% wesikhathi sokuphumula sasemini, ama-30% ekondleni nasekuniseleni (kufaka phakathi ukondla nokunakekela amachwane), i-10% ekule ndawo nasekuvikeleni indawo yezidleke, nama-26% ngesikhathi sokuphumula kobusuku.

Ijuba eliluhlaza sasendle liqaphile impela, futhi, seliyibonile indlela yabantu, lindizela ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ijuba elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-synanthropic liziphatha ngokucophelela ezindaweni zasemakhaya kunasemadolobheni. Amajuba asendle ne-synanthropic (umgwaqo) ahlala emihlambi emikhulu, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuzalela kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukubona izinyoni zodwa.

Ukundiza kwamajuba kushesha kakhulu futhi kuqinile, ngokushaywa kwamaphiko ngokujwayelekile okuningana, ngasikhathi sinye esisebenzisekayo, ukususwa komhlaba kunomsindo omkhulu, kuhambisana nokushaywa kwamaphiko okukhulu kakhulu. Idla emhlabathini, ayihlali kancane ezihlahleni.

Isici esibonakalayo sokuziphatha komphakathi kwamajuba ukuheha okuhambisanayo kwabantu bezinhlobo zabo ezindaweni ezihle. Isici esinjalo ekuziphatheni kwabo siziveza sobabili esidlekeni nasesikhathini sokuphila ngemuva. Entwasahlobo, ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalela, owesilisa wayehlala endaweni evumelana nendiza yakhe yokubukisa ayihehi abantu besifazane kuphela (njengoba kujwayelekile), kodwa futhi nezinye izibini zezinyoni zokudlela eduzane. Izinyoni ezidla izindwani ndawonye ziheha amajuba amaningi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakhiwa ikoloni. Isizathu sokuqina komoya onobudlova phakathi kwabesilisa kule koloni imvamisa akuyona ukungabikhona kwezindawo zokudlela, kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwabo okunganele phakathi kwabantu bezikhundla ezihlukene zobukhosi, obusungulwa lapho kusungulwa ikoloni. Ukuqashelwa kwembula ukuthi, ngobuningi obukhulu kanye nokuntuleka kwezindawo zokuhlala izidleke, izinyoni eziphuma kwamanye amazwe ngenkani zizama ukuthola isidleke lapha ziyaxoshwa kuleli koloni zindawonye.

Ekwindla sekwephuzile nasebusika, izinyoni zivame ukushiya izindawo zazo zokudlela futhi ziqoqane emhlambini omkhulu eduze kwezindawo ezondlayo. Eminye imibhangqwana ngalesi sikhathi ibuyela ebusuku ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala, kodwa izinyoni eziningi zichitha ubusuku budebuduze nezindawo ezondlayo. Esikhathini sokudleka, insikazi ilala ubusuku esidlekeni, kuthi eyeduna - isendaweni eseceleni eseduze nesidleke. Izinyoni zilele, ziyahleka, zigxaza uqhwaku lwazo emapulini ohlobo lwenyosi.

Ukuhlala eduze kwabantu kubangele ukwehluka okukhulu kofuzo ngendlela yejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ukuzala

Izinsikazi ezisencane zifinyelela ebusheni eneminyaka engu-5.5-6 izinyanga, abesilisa - izinyanga eziyi-6.5-7. Izinsuku zokuzalela kwamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anwetshwa unyaka wonke. Ukuchichima kokudla kwenza ukuba sikwazi ukubonisa i-polycyclia, okuvame ukuba yinto yamajuba. Ukuhlobana nokuziphatha okuyisiko okwenziwa owesilisa, okungenziwa ngaphambi kwakhe, nakho kungabonakala unyaka wonke, ngisho nasesikhathini sobumnyama kakhulu - ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari. Umsebenzi wamajuba ebusika, kusobala, ukhuthaza ukukhanyiswa kukagesi ebusuku. Ema-niches ezakhiwo ngaphansi kokukhanyiswa kwamalambu, abesilisa bayakwazi ukukhombisa ngisho nasezinzulwini zobusuku.

Yize kunjalo, nokho, imvelo ye-polycyclic yokuzala, inani eliphakeme lokuya ocansini kwejuba eliluhlaza liwela entwasahlobo. Amajuba amaningi aqala ukuzalanisa ngo-Ephreli. Ukwakheka kwe-Pair kuhlale kwandulelwa ukuhlala kwabantu besilisa kwendawo yokwakha izidleke, abavikela yona ekuhlaselweni ngabanye abantu. Ngemuva kwalokho, owesilisa uqala ukuthungatha insikazi ngenkuthalo. Efuna owesimame emaphandleni, abesilisa bandizela ebangeni eliyi-6-8 km, edolobheni - alikho ngaphezu kuka-1.5-3 km. Endaweni yokwakha izidleke, owesilisa uphola isikhathi eside futhi ngezikhathi ezithile wenza izindiza zamanje. Ebona insikazi indiza edlula, ishaya amaphiko ayo kakhulu, iyahamba iyohlangana nayo, ifinyelela phezulu futhi, ngomsila wayo obanzi namaphiko ayo asakazeka ngaphezu komhlane wayo, ihamba kancane ngendiza ehlelayo, imema ukuba yehle naye. Njengoba sehle endaweni yokudlekelwa, owesilisa usheshe aqhamuke phambi kwakhe, enze izijikelezo eziyindilinga ziqonde ngaphesheya. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsila wakhe uvulekile futhi uqondiswe phansi nge-angle engu-45 °, i-goiter igeleza ngokuqinile, futhi ikhanda lihlisiwe phansi. Ngesikhathi sokuphola okusebenzayo kakhulu, insikazi ithatha ithuba lokumema, kanye ne-bird mate. Ngemuva kokuphindana kweminye imizuzu engama-5-7, owesilisa uyaqhubeka ukuncipha futhi “ububende”. Ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni ziphanga,"Ama-kisses" amajuba asempunga asetshenziselwa ukuvumelanisa uhlelo lokuzala lwabalingani. Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka liyindida eyodwa, yize noma kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuba iduna noma insikazi ibhangqe isizini kuphela.

Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamajuba amabili aqala ukwakha isidleke. Owesifazane usesidlekeni, owesilisa uletha impahla yokwakha, ayiqoqela endaweni engaba amamitha angama-300-500 esidlekeni: amagatsha, amahlumela, utshani obomile, izimpande neziqu zezitshalo, utshani, ukusikwa kwezinkuni, ucingo, njll. Uma kukhona ukushoda kwezinto zokwakha zivame ukusebenzisa izimpaphe eziqondile. Isikhathi esidlekayo siyizinsuku eziyi-9-14.

Izindawo zezidleke ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Emadolobheni, izidleke zamabhungane aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuma-eves, kuvulandi, ngaphansi kwezimbungulu zophahla, ezindlini nase-attic, emabhokisini nasemibhoshongweni yamanzi, kumadivayisi we-ventilation, ngaphansi kwamabhuloho. Lapho kungekho khona amakamelo we-Attic, lapho ijuba lamajuba lidlela khona phezu kwemishayo, lihlala lihlala ngokukhululekile, libeka isidleke phakathi kodonga lwendlu nomsele wokugeleza. Kude nezakhiwo zabantu, izinyoni zakha izidleke emifantwini yamatshe, ezihlahleni zamatshe, osebeni lomfula nezifufula, kaningi eduze kwamanzi uqobo. Bahlala emakoloni amakhulu (kuze kube ngu-40-80 ngababili noma ngaphezulu), amajuba ahlala ahlela izidleke kude kwe-0.5-1 m ukusuka komunye nomunye. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye ngababili bathatha umhlalaphansi bese izidleke zihlukane.

Isidleke silula, siyisicaba, sakhiwe ngokungakhathali. Ubukhulu bawo buvame ngokuya endaweni ethile. Ubukhulu obumaphakathi (in mm): ububanzi bangaphandle u-200-350, ingaphakathi le-140-200, ukujula kwetreyi ngo 20- 40, ukwakheka kogqinsi 20-100. Kaningi isidleke esiyinyoni esifanayo sisetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana ngokulandelana.

Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isidleke, amajuba ahlala ndawonye izikhathi ezingama-5-7 ngosuku, izinsuku ezingama-1-2 ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda - amahlandla ama-2-3, phakathi kokuzalela amaqanda amahlandla ama-1-2. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa ubhekisisa insikazi ngokucophelela. Uma kuvela omunye wesilisa eduzane, uholela insikazi kwenye indawo. Owesilisa ulandela owesimame ikakhulukazi lapho kusale izinsuku ezingama-2-3 aze amaqanda abekwe. Ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lesibili, indlela yokuziphatha kowesilisa iba yinto ejwayelekile.

Ngemuva kokuba ukwakhiwa kwesidleke kuqedwe, ngokuvamile ntambama, insikazi ibeka iqanda lokuqala, ngemuva kwamahora angama-46-48 - elesibili. Kuyaqabukela, iqanda lesibili libekwa ngemuva kwamahora angama-24, angama-36 noma angama-72. Imichilo ephelele yamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibonwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu ka-Ephreli. Izinyoni ezihlala emadolobheni ziqala ukubeka amaqanda maphakathi no-Mashi, kuqubuka imiloza ezinsukwini zokugcina zale nyanga. Ku-clutch kunamaqanda amabili amhlophe acwebezelayo anesayizi angama-34.1–43.5 × 25,6-31.8, isilinganiso esingu-38.8 × 28.7 mm, kanye nesisindo esingu-16.5-17 g. Isikhathi sokufakwa ngaphakathi, sibala kusukela ngesikhathi sokubekwa iqanda lesibili, izinsuku eziyi-18-18,5. Ijuba elimpunga esidlekelwa emakamelweni wezindlu cishe alibesabi abantu futhi aliphenduli lapho livakashelwa ezindaweni ezingene kulezi zinyoni.

Ukuvela kwamachwane ngazimbili ngazinye kuqala ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaMeyi; ukubethelwa kweziningi kuwuphawu maphakathi nenyanga. Kusukela lapho kuvela ukulunywa kokuqala kuze kube yilapho iphuphu selikhishwe ngokuphelele egobolondweni, kudlula amahora angama-18 - 24. Ukusuka eqandeni lesibili, iqanda lezinkukhu lishesha amahora angama-5-6. Ngokuvamile abazali bakhipha igobolondo esidlekeni. Amachwane amachwane ambozwe ngombala omude (ongama 8-10 8-10) wombala ophuzi ophundu. Zonke izilevu ze-oda lokuqala ziwela imisebe eseceleni. Ezinye izingxenye zomzimba aziwona ama-pubescent: i-chin, izindawo ezinhlangothini zekhanda, izindawo eziphakathi kwentamo ne-goiter, eduze kwamehlo nezindlebe, maphakathi nesisu nasemhlane.

Inkukhu eqale ukudliwa ithola kuqala kubazali ngemuva kwamahora angama-4-6, omncane kakhulu cishe ngosuku olulandelayo. Inkukhu endala ngalesi sikhathi isivele ikwazi ukukhulisa okuncane futhi yomelele. Ngakho-ke, amaphuphu amajuba asempunga acishe abe nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kobumbono nokondla amaphuphu. Kodwa-ke, insikazi ichitha isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni kunowesilisa, okuhlala kusuka ngo-10 ekuseni kuya ku-4 kuya ku-17. Kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyishumi nane, bobabili abazali bondla cishe ngokulinganayo. Ngemuva kwaloko lowesikati uniketa lolulandzelako, bese kusuka ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke, iduna ikakhulukazi londla amantshontsho.

Kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7, abazali bondla amachwane izikhathi ezingama-3-4 ngosuku, lapho sebekhulile - amahlandla ama-2, imvamisa ekuseni nakusihlwa. Amachwane asekhulile ngaleso sikhathi okudla kuwo ngokuqinile ancibilikisa amaphiko awo. Inyoni edlayo ngezikhathi ezithile ikhipha isiginali yokuxwayisa eyingozi. Ukuzwa lokho, amaphuphu ancipha isikhashana bese acasha, kodwa bese eqala ukuncipha. Kaningi, iphupho elidala elinamaphiko nomzimba liwohloka kumzali omncane ongumhlengikazi bese lithola ukudla okwengeziwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amaphuphu amancane kwesinye isikhathi asemuva kakhulu ekukhuleni noma aze afe.

Ngosuku lwe-8-10 lokufakwa, abazali baqala ukuqina izindonga ze-goiter. Lapho amachwane eqhasha endle, kwakhiwa “ubisi”. Kufika ezinsukwini ezingama-6-8 ubudala, izinyoni zondla amachwane ngalokhu “ubisi”. Ngosuku lwe-7-8, imbewu ehlukahlukene kanye nama-gastrolite asevele atholakala ku-goiter yamachwane, inani lakhona liyanda nsuku zonke. Ukusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-10-12 ubudala, amajuba aqala ukondla amachwane ngengxube yokusanhlamvu enamanzi amaningi. Kusukela kulo mzuzu, ukwakheka kokudla kwamachwane kuyafana nasezinyoni ezindala, ngokuhlanganiswa okuncane kobisi lwe-goiter.

Ubisi lwePigeon lunombala ophuzi-omhlophe nokuvumelana kokhilimu omuncu noma ushizi. Inezinto ezilandelayo: amaprotheni, i-lysine, i-methionine, amanzi, i-phosphorus, i-sodium, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-nitrogen ephelele, i-cellulose, kanye namavithamini A, B, C, D no-E Goiter aqukethe (%): amanzi - I-64-82, amaprotheni - 10 - 19, izinto ezinamafutha nezinamafutha - 7-13, amaminerali - 1.6.

Amachwane amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aqedela ngokuphelele ukukhula kwawo nokukhula ngezinsuku ezingama-32-34 zeminyaka. Eshumini sesithathu sikaJuni, ukufukelwa kwesisindo kuqala futhi, okuhambisana nomjikelezo wesibili wokuzalela. Eminye imibhangqwana idlisa ama-brood amathathu ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Umsoco

Imininingwane ekuondleni kwamajuba asendle aluhlaza ayindlala. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi bondla ikakhulukazi ngembewu yezitshalo zasendle nezitshaliwe. Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-synanthropic, ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye inyoni, kuya ngomuntu othembele cishe kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Emigwaqweni nasegcekeni, amajuba amakhonkco ushizi wezinkukhu, izingcezu zenyama ephekiwe ezivela emathanjeni, bambe phakathi kukadoti emigqonyeni kadoti. Basebenzisa ukudla kwemvelo kuphela enkathini engenalo iqhwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ikakhulukazi ekwindla. Isisekelo sokudla siqukethe imbewu yokutshala okusanhlamvu namakhambi asendle, ama-legumes, izithelo ezincane namajikijolo. Ehlobo, amajuba kwesinye isikhathi ancina utshani emthangeni futhi acoshe imbewu ebunjiwe yesiphalaphala ku-asphalt. Amajuba ahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ngendlela aphila ngayo nasekondleni, afana kakhulu nefomu lasendle lejuba elimpunga.

Ngokudla okukodwa, ijuba elimpunga lidla kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-43 g wembewu ehlukahlukene. Ngokwesilinganiso, inyoni eyodwa idla kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-60 g wokudla kwemifino ngosuku. Amapulangwe nezinhlayiya zesihlabathi, izingcezwana zamagobolondo e-mollusk, nomhlaba zihlala zikhona ku-goiter of amajuba empunga. Ukucwatshwa komhlaba kuhlinzeka ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwamajuba weflora yamathumbu.

Izinyoni zabantu basemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya zihlala zenza izindiza ezingena emasimini ezihlwanyelwe izitshalo ezitshaliwe, ama-lifti, izitolo zokusanhlamvu, ziqoqa okusanhlamvu okuchithulwe emigwaqweni nakujantshi. Ukundiza kwezinyoni kwezinyoni ezindaweni zasemakhaya kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-8 kuya kwengaphezulu noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa izindiza zabo eziya emasimini azidluli i-1,5 ukuya ku-3 futhi zingaphansi kwe-4-5 km. Ijuba ledolobha livame ukugxila eduze kwezindawo zokudla, futhi izindiza zazo eziya ezindaweni zokuphakela kuyaqabukela ngaphezu kwe-1.5-3 km. Kodwa-ke, imihlambi yezinyoni ezinamandla kakhulu imvamisa yakhiwa phakathi kwezinyoni zasemadolobheni, ezihlala ziphuma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ziye eqhweni ziyokondla emasimini asivuniwe noma ngesinkwa esikhulu. Ukundiza kwezindiza kwamajuba asemadolobheni kungaba okungenani yi-10-12, kanti ezimeni ezihlukile kuze kufike ku-20-50 km.

Lapho indiza eyondlayo, indlela yokuziphatha kweziziba ibonakala kahle. Izindawo zokuqala zokondliwa zinqunywa yimhlambi omncane wokuhlola wabantu abangafika ku-8-12. Ngesikhathi sokudla, izinyoni ezinjalo zibuka izimbungulu zibuka. Lapho bebona izinyoni ezindizayo, zivele zizitshele ukuthi zikukuphi nokuthi ziningi ukudla. Izinkulungwane zemihlambi yamajuba zihlangana ezindaweni ezinjalo usuku lonke. Ngemuva kokudla ukudla kule nsimu, amajuba athuthela kwezinye izindawo ezondlayo ngendlela efanayo, axhumane nezinye izinyoni lapho.

Emadolobheni amajuba, iningi labantu liyondla, ngakho-ke, ezindaweni ezondlayo, ukugxila kwalo okukhulu kuvame ukubonwa, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwesimo sokuhlanzeka kwemigwaqo, izikwele, igceke kanye nama-cornices wezindlu. Lapho bondla emaphandleni, yakha imihlambi exubile ne-clintukh.

I-Molting

Ukuncibilika kwejuba elingwevu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli - Meyi kuya kuSepthemba - Novemba. Izinyoni ezindala ziqala ukushibilika kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMeyi kuya eshumini sokuqala sikaJuni bese ziqeda ukushintshwa kwama-plumage ngoSepthemba - Novemba. Ingxenye yabantu engasho lutho iqala ukushisa ngo-Mashi - Ephreli noma ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi bese iphela ngo-Novemba nangoDisemba. Isikhathi sokuncibilika kwezinyoni ezindala ziyizinyanga ezingama-5.5-6. Ezinyoni ezincane ezivela kuma-broods okuqala, izimpaphe zivuselelwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka ofanayo. Ngenkathi yokuncibilikisa, amajuba ampunga aba ngaphansi kweselula futhi umsebenzi wawo wansuku zonke empeleni wehla kuze kuguqulwe izikhathi zokudla nokuphumula. Bachitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yamahora esikhathi semini bephumula futhi benakekela izimpaphe ezikhulayo ngesikhathi sokuncibilika okukhulu (Septhemba - Okthoba). Izinyoni zasendle zigcina njalo izindiza zasekuseni nakusihlwa zokudla nokokunisela. Amajuba asemgwaqweni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aqoqa ukudla edolobheni, achitha isikhathi esithe xaxa esesimweni sokuhlala.

Izici zokunciphisa kanye nesimo

Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwalo okubanzi nezinamba ezinkulu, alilona isigaba sezilwane ezivikelwe futhi kunalokho kudingeka kulawulwe.

Izitha eziyinhloko zamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezindaweni zemvelo nezamasiko zingamakhonya ezinemibala evela emindenini yama-hawk, i-falcon negwababa. Ingozi enkulu yamajuba yi-goshawk. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi i-goshawk ihlasela amajuba ampunga ngaleso sikhathi sokudla izidleke (ngoJuni - Julayi). Umndeni wama-goshawks, oqukethe amachwane amathathu asekhulile nezinyoni ezimbili ezindala, udla kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-3 amajuba ngosuku. I-goshawk endala idla ijuba elilodwa ngokwesilinganiso izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ehlobo nezinsuku eziyi-1.5-2 ebusika. Imvamisa i-goshawk ihlasela amajuba ama-synanthropic anezinwele ezigrey futhi ezifuywayo ngo-Agasti - Septhemba phakathi nokufuduka kwawo ekwindla kanye nobusika, lapho amajuba eba yisisulu sawo esikhulu ngemuva kokuhamba kwezinye izinyoni. Ama-goshawks amaningi asebusika athuthela ekwindla aya ezindaweni zokuhlala, lapho, ebhubhisa ingxenye ethile yamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inani lawo lilinganiselwe.

Ukwabiza izigwaca okuncane kakhulu kungenzeka kuhlasele amajuba ampunga. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuhamba emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, ondlunkulu besifazane bavame ukuzingela amajuba asempunga nasekhaya.

Kulezi zinsuku ezingandile, ama-falcons amakhulu (i-peregrine falcon, i-saker) kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela amajuba ampunga futhi aphethwe ekhaya. Ama-peregrine falcons ahlala ezakhiweni ezinde emadolobheni amakhulu futhi phakathi nesikhathi sokudlekwa kwawo azingela kuphela amajuba. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinsikazi zama-derbniks zihlasela amajuba ampunga.

Umonakalo omkhulu kunawo wonke amajuba ampunga emadolobheni amakhulu ubangelwa amagwababa amnyama namnyama. Iqhude ngesikhathi sokudlekwa kwemvula lidonsa inani elikhulu lezidleke zezuluba eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lihlolisisa ama-attic ezakhiwo, ama-niches ezindongeni, emakholomu nakwezinye izindawo ezifanele lapho amajuba angahlalisa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje iqembu elihlaseli (izinyoni ezi-3-5) lokuhlasela kwezingulube ezingwevu nezimnyama kumajuba “ukuza” liye labonwa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela okunjalo, inyamazane egwinya imvamisa ayihlali ibe amachwane kuphela, kodwa futhi ibe nezinyoni ezindala.

Imvamisa, imvundla yamajuba kanye nezidleke kubhubhisa izibungu namadada, kanye namachilo, okuthi emaphandleni nangaphandle kwamadolobha kuvame ukuqala ukundiza ngaphakathi emagcekeni lapho kuhlala khona amabatha empunga. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, phakathi kwamadwala namawa, izidleke zohlobo lwasendle ezingwevu zigudluzwa amagwababa, amagwababa grey nezimantshi.

Ezintweni ezingezinhle zamajuba asekhaya nasendle empunga, ukungabikhona kokudla eminyakeni ethile ebusika obunzima kufanele kuqapheleke okokuqala. Eminyakeni enjalo, amajuba asendle azulazula esuka ezintabeni aya ezigodini, eduzane nasezindlini zabantu, lapho, kuhlangene khona amajuba e-synanthropic, kuba lula ebusika.

Ngokuhlwitha okukhulu emadolobheni amakhulu namadolobhana, lapho amajuba engawenzi umsebenzi wokuzivikela wokuhlanzeka, amajuba ngokuvamile abulawa yizifo. Ukulimala kwamakhemikhali ezitshalweni nakumanyolo kungaletha ukulimala okubonakalayo emajuba. Ukuluma okusanhlamvu okufakwe emasimini noma ukugwinya umanyolo njengama-gastrolite, amajuba ngokuvamile anobuthi futhi afe.

Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukuqoqa imbewu yokusanhlamvu, angalimaza ezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi yehlobo-ekwindla, zidla emasimini ngezinhlamvu eziwile kanye nembewu yezitshalo zasendle, ngaleyo ndlela zibe nomthelela ekuhlanzweni kwamasimu kusuka kukhula. Zithola emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezinkulu, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka angaba abathwali bezifo ezithathelanayo zezilwane ezifuywayo nabantu. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe iqhaza legijuba elimpunga njengento yokucwaninga kwelabhoratri nokubaluleka kwalo emkhakheni wokufuya izinhlobo zezinja ezifuywayo.

Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu

Ijuba elikhulu lisesibili kuphela ngosayizi wesw swirl. Ifomu lokuhlala endle linombala okhanyayo onamabala amfushane entanyeni nemivimbo emibili ehlukile emnyama eshaye emaphikweni. Umbala wefomu le-synanthropic uhluka ngokwengeziwe. Emhlambini walezi njuba, kutholakala izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezimhlophe nezinsundu, kodwa-ke, kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yobukhona beziphambano ezinamajuba asendlini. Kodwa-ke, inqwaba yezinyoni ziyefana ngombala ngesimo sasendle. Ijuba elinamadwala ne-clintukh asondelene kakhulu nejuba elimpunga ngombala we-plumage nosayizi. Ihluke edwaleni elimnyama ngokungabi bikho komucu omhlophe opical ezimpapheni ezigijimayo, okuphawuleka kakhulu edwaleni elinamadwala lapho indiza. Ngokuya kwezinye izibonakaliso, kunzima ukwedlula ukwahlukanisa ijuba elimpunga ekubalekeni kusuka edwaleni.

Esimweni esizolile, iziphetho zamaphiko agoqiwe wejuba elimpunga azifinyeleli emaphethelweni ezimpaphe zalo msila ngo-15 - 20 mm. Ijuba elinamadwala, zilingana noma ziyi-5-7 mm (kwesinye isikhathi ziye kufinyelele ku-12 - 12) ziveza ngale kwemikhawulo yezimpaphe zomsila.

Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lihlukile ku-clintukh ngosayizi omkhulu, onesinqe esimhlophe nemivimbo emnyama ebukhali emaphikweni. Endizeni, ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lihlukaniswa ukukhanya kophiko kanye nendiza elula. Uma ubheka ngemuva kwenyoni endizayo, kubonakala kahle ukuthi umsila wejuba elimpunga alinamatheli emaphethelweni kune-clintukh.

Ijuba eliluhlaza sasendle liqaphile impela, futhi, seliyibonile indlela yabantu, lindizela ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lapho usuka, uphakamisa amaphiko alo kakhulu. Ijuba elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka le-synanthropic liziphatha ngokucophelela ezindaweni zasemakhaya kunasemadolobheni. Amajuba asendle ne-synanthropic (umgwaqo) ayizinyoni ezifuyayo, futhi nangesikhathi sokuzalela kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukubona izinyoni zodwa.

Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka livame ukuba nezindiza zamanje. Le nyoni, eshaya amaphiko ayo kakhulu, iyahamba, ikhule phezulu bese ihlela ngamaphiko ayo iphakanyiswe ngenhla komhlane wayo. Isici sezinhlobo zesilo sejuba elingwevu kungokwaso ngesikhathi sokuthandana kowesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, wenza imjikelezo eyindilinga ezungeze insikazi, ngokuhlukile kwelinye icala noma kolunye. Ngomzuzwana onjalo, umsila wakhe uvulekile futhi uqondiswe phansi nge-angle engu-45 °, i-goiter igeleza kakhulu, bese ikhanda lakhe liphansi. I-coo ecishe ifane, kepha ngokujika okungatheni, iyabonakala emadodeni amajuba amadwala.

Ijuba elimpunga, kungenzeka ukwehlukanisa ukusabela kwamazwi kuze kube mahlanu, kwelinye izinga noma kwelinye, okuhlobene nesikhathi samanje nokufakwa esidlekeni: 1) okusalungiswa, okubandakanya imisindo enkulu yokukhala “guuut. guuut ”, 2) isimemo esidlekeni, kuzwakala ngokufana ne-okusalungiswa, kepha okwamanje lapho owesifazane esesondela esidlekeni, ukufakwa kwe-hoarseness kuyangezelelwa kulemisindo futhi nengoma iqukethe imisindo ethi" Kuuhguuut.kuuhguuut ”, 3) iculo elishiwo njengamanje owesilisa uthambisa insikazi okokuqala liqukethe imisindo ethule ethi“ guurkuuu. guurkuuu ”, kepha-ke lapho owesilisa ejabule kakhulu, le misindo iphinyiselwa ngamandla amakhulu futhi ingoma iqala ukuzwakala njengemisindo ephindaphindwayo“ guuurrkruu .-. -ruuu "noma" grouuf. gruuuf ”, 5) ngesikhathi sokondla amachwane, inyoni ezindizayo inyathelisa okusalungiswa okuwukuthi“ giuuguuut. giuuguuut. "

Ijuba elimpunga lingumuntu ohlala ezifundeni ezinezintaba nezindawo ezingenamuntu ezingenakubalwa. Ijuba elikhulu elinamahlathi liyagwema. Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elihlala ekhaya livame ukuhlala ezihlahleni futhi livame ukugcinwa ezingadini ezinkulu nasemapaki. Lapho bondla ezindaweni zasemakhaya, yakha imihlambi exubile ne-clintukh, naseMpumalanga yeSiberia naseCentral Asia enjuba enamadwala.

Ukwakheka nobukhulu

I-flywheel eyi-10 yokuqala, i-helmsman 12, ifomula yamaphiko: I-II-III-IV-V. Izimbotshana (ngo-mm): ubude bendoda yabesilisa 335-375 (isilinganiso esingu-352.4), izinsikazi 325-370 (isilinganiso esingu-342.5), ubude bephiko besilisa 215-238 (isilinganiso esingu-227.4), abesifazane 210-230 (isilinganiso 219.5), ubude besilisa 675-720 (isilinganiso esingu-685.1), abesifazane 670-710 (isilinganiso esingu-681.4), ubude bezindebe zabesilisa 18.0-22.3 (isilinganiso esingu-19.5) , abesifazane 17.0-221.5 (isilinganiso esingu-18,5), ubude besibalo sabesilisa abesilisa abangama-28- 32 (isilinganiso esingu-30.0), abesifazane bayi-26-31 (ngokwesilinganiso esingu-27,6).

I-dimorphism yezocansi ibuthakathaka. Izinsikazi zincane kancanyana kunabesilisa futhi izindwani eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezinsomi ezibomvu onsomi kwabesifazane ziyabumbeka futhi azithuthukisi kangako, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engezansi ye-goiter nangemuva kwentamo.

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Ngokusho kwedatha yakudala, imininingwane engu-15 yokwejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyaphawulwa emhlabeni wezilwane (Meklenburtsev, 1951), ngokusho kwedatha entsha, isuka ku-10 (uStepanyan, 1975) kuya ku-14 (Howard noMoore, 1980).

Imvelo ejwayelekile yokuhlukahluka ibunjiwe njenge-wedge. Ama-subspecies ahlukaniswa ubukhulu bemibala yeplamu, ububanzi nombala wesamba esimhlophe emuva engemuva, kanye nosayizi. Ukwehlukahluka kwemvelo kuvezwa ngohlobo lokuba khona nokuvalelwa kwezinyoni ezindaweni ezahlukene ze-biotopes neziteshi zokudlela ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusatshalaliswa.

EMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia, kuhlala izingxhaso ezimbili.

1.Columba livia livia

I-Columba domestica livia Gmelin, 1789, Sy-st. Nat., 1. C. 769, Eningizimu Yurophu

Umbala ojwayelekile umnyama kancane, isifunda se-sacral simhlophe, ububanzi bekhamba elimhlophe lesifunda se-sacral buyi-40-60 mm.

2.Columba livia ngokunganaki

UColumba ngokunganaki uHume, ngo-1873, uHenderson noHume, uLahore waya eYarkand, c. 272, ILadakh

Umbala ojwayelekile ulula kancane, isifunda se-sacral sivame ukuba mpunga, sikhanyi ukwedlula ingemuva, sikhanya kakhulu njengasemuva, simhlophe kabi. Endabeni yokugcina, ububanzi bokunqwabelana okumhlophe buyi-20- 40 mm.

Kukhona futhi nokutholakele kweColumba livia eyinqaba, evame enyakatho neChina neMongolia (Howard, Moore, 1980) futhi iboniswe ngombala omnyama wethani.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ububanzi be-Nesting. Indawo yokuhlala ihlukaniswe kakhulu. Ensimini yaseYurophu, ithela ezintabeni zaseCrimea, mhlawumbe kwezinye izindawo kodwa osebeni lomfula oLwandle i-Azov neSivash, eNyakatho neCaucasus naseSouth Urals. Ngokusho kuka-A. I. Ivanov, idatha yangaphambilini yokuthola isidleke emaphethelweni aphansi eDon, eVolga, Oka, Sura, Sviyaga ayilona iqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho empumalanga kuhlala izidleke eMugodzhary, Mangyshlak, esifundeni saseKarkaralinsk, eChingiztau naseKalbinskosh Altai. Empumalanga naseningizimu yeKazakhstan, kwesinye isikhathi kuvame ngezigaba ezifanelekile ethafeni nasezintabeni eziphansi. Ngaphakathi kwe-Asia Ephakathi, isatshalaliswa kabanzi ukusuka eNtshonalanga Turkmenistan iye emingceleni yamaphamusi ePamirs kuze kufike ku-2500-2700 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. izilwandle. Ukuzala eTranscaucasia. Amakoloni amancane ayekhona emaphethelweni amaYenisei. Esimweni se-synanthropic, isatshalaliswa kabanzi ukusuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya ogwini olusempumalanga yeLake Baikal kanye nePrim Pryeorye kanye naseMurmansk naseSalekhard enyakatho.

Umdwebo 19. Ububanzi bejuba elimpunga eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia
indawo - izidleke

Ngaphandle kwaseMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia: eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-Afrika, eningizimu-ntshonalanga nase-Asia Ephakathi. Uhlala uzinze ebusika, wenza ukuzulazula okuncane ezintabeni (Ivanov, 1976).

Umdwebo 20. Indawo yokusabalalisa yejuba elimpunga
umngcele wobubanzi bokuzalela, b - umngcele ocacisiwe ngokungafanele wobubanzi bokuzalela. Ukucatshangelwa: 1 - UColumba livia livia, 2 - C. l. atlantis, 3 - C. l. i-canadensis, 4 - C. l. gaddi, 5 - C. l. i-palaestinae, 6 - C. l. i-schimperi, 7 - C. l. tagria, 8 - C. l. dakhiae, 9 - C. l. butteri, 10 - C. l. umthambo wokuzivocavoca, 11 - C. l. Iividior, 12 - C. l. peglecta, 13 - C. l. i-intermedia, 14 - C. 1. ama-nigricans

Inombolo

Ijuba eliluhlaza sasendle aliliningi futhi alakhi amaqembu amakhulu. Izinhlobo ngokuzalwa ngazimbili, kwesinye isikhathi zakha amakoloni amancane anamba ayi-2-3 ngababili. Isithombe esinjalo siyabonakala yonke indawo engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezindawo zokuhlala ezintabeni. Engxenyeni esempumalanga yebanga, ijuba lasendle likhulu futhi livame kakhulu eTarbagatai.

Eminyakeni engu-5- 7 eyedlule, kuye kwehla kakhulu inani lamajuba asendle ogwini lweCrimea ephansi ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulu kwabavakashi. Into yokukhathazeka iholela ekuqhekekeni kwamakholoni amakhulu aminyene nasekuguqukeni kokudlekwa ngamaqembu amancane namabili ngababili. Iqoqo elikhulu kunazo zonke izidleke kuze kube ngu-1970 kuya ku-1973. kufinyelela izidleke ezifika ku-250-300.

Amakoloni amajuba asempunga eCrimea adinga ukuvikelwa njengoba cishe iyodwa imindeni yezilwane zasendle yalesi zinhlobo engxenyeni yaseYurophu (Kosgin, 1983).

Uhlobo lwejuba le-synanthropic njengamanje livela ezindaweni eziningi ze-Volga-Kama Territory. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamajuba emadolobheni amakhulu kunqunywa ikakhulu ngokuba khona kwezindawo zokudlela nokudla. Amashumu abantu abayi-500 kuye kwangama-800 ajwayelekile lapha. Amajuba lapha ngokusobala afinyelela umkhawulo wawo wobuningi (Gorshkov, 1977).

Esifundeni saseLeningrad, ijuba elimpunga liyinyoni enkulu. Ekwindla, imihlambi yezinyoni ezingama-500 kuya kwengu-1 000 ijwayelekile edolobheni. Izinyoni ezingashadile namaqembu abo amancane zitholakala njalo km 10-15 ukusuka edolobhaneni eliseduze, ngisho nasendaweni eyihlathi (Noskov et al., 1981).

ECentral Asia, ngokusho kukaR.N. Meklenburtsev (1951), inani lejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeminyaka yama-50 lehle kakhulu futhi imihlambi yamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinyoni ingatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu. Okwamanje ayikho imininingwane ngobuningi bejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ngokusobala, ijuba elimpunga lasendle, elihlala ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo, alikaze labumba imihlambi emikhulu, nalo lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nokuqongelela kwezinyoni kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-50 nangaphezulu (i-Zarudny, 1888) ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zobubanzi zingezindlela ze-synanthropic zensuba eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amaphakethe ahlanganisiwe awokuqala nawesibili.

Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla nokudla ezweni eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, inani lejuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngama-50s lehle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngama-70s, amanani ayo ayesebuyile, futhi emadolobheni amakhulu yaze yalawulwa.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha

Ijuba elimpunga libonisa indlela yokuphila yansuku zonke. Isikhathi somsebenzi waso ezimweni zemvelo sinqunywa ubude bokukhanya kwemini. Ezimweni zasemadolobheni, amanye amapulangwe amajuba asebenza kusihlwa ngenxa yokukhanya kwemigwaqo, iziteshi, izingqimba zamabhilidi, imidwebo yamakamelo, njll. Ezindaweni ezibekwe kahle emigwaqweni yedolobha, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka avame ukudla kusihlwa. Bahlala ebusika ezakhiweni ezinkulu, ezikhanyiswe kahle (iziteshi, izindawo zokugcina izinto, amakhethini ahlukahlukene, njll.), Bazama nokuzalela ezindaweni ezinjalo.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke wamajuba asempunga ngezikhathi ezingezona izidleke ancishiselwa kwezinye izikhathi zokuphaka nokuphumula. Esikhathini sekwindla nobusika, bachitha ekondleni nasekuphumuleni kwemini ngokwesilinganiso esingu-31% wesikhathi, ekuphumuleni ebusuku - 35%, kanye nesikhathi esilingana ne-3% yesikhathi esichithwa ezindizeni ebusuku.

Esikhathini sokudlekwa kwempilo, izinyoni zisebenzisa isikhathi esingu-34% wesikhathi sokuphumula sasemini, ama-30% ekondleni nasekuniseleni (kufaka phakathi ukondla nokunakekela amachwane), i-10% ekule ndawo nasekuvikeleni indawo yezidleke, nama-26% ngesikhathi sokuphumula kobusuku.

Ngenkathi yokuncibilikisa, amajuba ampunga aba ngaphansi kweselula futhi umsebenzi wawo wansuku zonke empeleni wehla kuze kuguqulwe izikhathi zokudla nokuphumula. Bachitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yamahora esikhathi semini bephumula futhi benakekela izimpaphe ezikhulayo ngesikhathi sokuncibilika okukhulu (Septhemba - Okthoba). Izinyoni zasendle zigcina njalo izindiza zasekuseni nakusihlwa zokudla nokokunisela. Amajuba asemgwaqweni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aqoqa ukudla edolobheni, achitha isikhathi esithe xaxa esesimweni sokuhlala.

Ekwindla sekwephuzile nasebusika, izinyoni zivame ukushiya izindawo zazo zokudlela futhi ziqoqane emhlambini omkhulu eduze kwezindawo ezondlayo. Eminye imibhangqwana ngalesi sikhathi ibuyela ebusuku ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala, kodwa izinyoni eziningi zichitha ubusuku budebuduze nezindawo ezondlayo. Esikhathini sokudleka, insikazi ilala ubusuku esidlekeni, kuthi eyeduna - isendaweni eseceleni eseduze nesidleke. Izinyoni zilele, ziyahleka, zigxaza uqhwaku lwazo emapulini ohlobo lwenyosi.

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Izitha eziyinhloko zamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezindaweni zemvelo nezamasiko zingamakhonya ezinemibala evela emindenini yama-hawk, i-falcon negwababa. Ingozi enkulu kakhulu yamajuba yi-goshawk, okuyiminyaka yamuva ibilokhu isebenzisa amajuba asempunga futhi agcinwe ezindaweni eziningi zezwe. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi i-goshawk ihlasela amajuba ampunga ngaleso sikhathi sokudla izidleke (ngoJuni - Julayi). Umndeni wama-goshawks, oqukethe amachwane amathathu asekhulile nezinyoni ezimbili ezindala, udla kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-3 amajuba ngosuku. I-goshawk endala idla ijuba elilodwa ngokwesilinganiso izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ehlobo nezinsuku 1.5-2 ebusika. Imvamisa i-goshawk ihlasela amajuba ama-synanthropic anezinwele ezigrey futhi ezifuywayo ngo-Agasti - Septhemba phakathi nokufuduka kwawo ekwindla kanye nobusika, lapho amajuba eba yisisulu sawo esikhulu ngemuva kokuhamba kwezinye izinyoni. Ama-goshawks amaningi asebusika athuthela ekwindla aya ezindaweni zokuhlala, lapho, ebhubhisa ingxenye ethile yamajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inani lawo lilinganiselwe.

Ukwabiza izigwaca okuncane kakhulu kungenzeka kuhlasele amajuba ampunga. Kodwa-ke, ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuhamba emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, ondlunkulu besifazane bavame ukuzingela amajuba asempunga nasekhaya.

Kulezi zinsuku ezingandile, ama-falcons amakhulu (i-peregrine falcon, i-saker) kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela amajuba ampunga futhi aphethwe ekhaya. Ama-peregrine falcons ahlala ezakhiweni ezinde emadolobheni amakhulu futhi phakathi nesikhathi sokudlekwa kwawo azingela kuphela amajuba. Ngesinye isikhathi, izinsikazi zama-derbniks zihlasela amajuba ampunga.

Umonakalo omkhulu kunawo wonke amajuba ampunga emadolobheni amakhulu ubangelwa amagwababa amnyama namnyama. Emadolobheni amakhulu ase-Europe, kufaka phakathi iMoscow neSt. Petersburg, amagwababa ngesikhathi sokudlekwa komhlaba aqothula inqwaba yezidleke zamakhoba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ehlola ngokucophelela ama-attic ezakhiwo, ama-niches ezindongeni, emakholini nakwezinye izindawo ezifanele lapho amajuba angahlala khona. Emadolobheni aseSiberia, amakhwela amnyama ahlasela kancane, kepha kuyabonakala ukuthi kulimaza amajuba ompunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje iqembu elihlaseli (izinyoni ezi-3-5) lokuhlasela kwezingulube ezimpunga nezimnyama kumajuba “ukuya” liye labonwa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela okunjalo, inyamazane egwinya imvamisa ayihlali ibe amachwane kuphela, kodwa futhi ibe nezinyoni ezindala.

Ngokungajwayelekile, imichilo yezidleke kanye nezidleke kubhubhisa izibungu namadada, kanye namachilo, okuthi ezindaweni zasemakhaya nangaphandle kwamadolobha kuvame ukuqala ukundiza ngaphakathi emagcekeni lapho amajuba ompunga kanye nezinye izidleke zezinkukhu (izinkukhu, amahansi, amadada, njll.). Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, phakathi kwamadwala namawa, izidleke zohlobo lwasendle ezingwevu zichithwe yiziqhude, amagwababa grey namantongomane.

Ezintweni ezingezinhle zamajuba asekhaya nasendle empunga, ukungabikhona kokudla eminyakeni ethile ebusika obunzima kufanele kuqapheleke okokuqala. Eminyakeni enjalo, amajuba asendle azulazula esuka ezintabeni aya ezigodini, eduzane nasezindlini zabantu, lapho, kuhlangene khona amajuba e-synanthropic, kuba lula ebusika.

Ngokuhlwitha okukhulu emadolobheni amakhulu namadolobhana, lapho amajuba engawenzi umsebenzi wokuzivikela wokuhlanzeka, amajuba ngokuvamile abulawa yizifo. Ukulimala kwamakhemikhali ezitshalweni nakumanyolo kungaletha ukulimala okubonakalayo emajuba. Ukuluma okusanhlamvu okufakwe emasimini noma ukugwinya umanyolo njengama-gastrolite, amajuba ngokuvamile anobuthi futhi afe.

Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa

Ijuba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwalo okubanzi nezinamba ezinkulu, alilona isigaba sezilwane ezivikelwe futhi kunalokho kudingeka kulawulwe. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu, kuba yinto yokuzingela ezemidlalo, yize izingelwa njalo futhi kuze kube manje ayinakubhekwa njengenyoni yendabuko yokuzingela ezemidlalo.

Entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ukuqoqa imbewu yokusanhlamvu, angalimaza ezolimo. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi yehlobo-ekwindla, zidla emasimini ngezinhlamvu eziwile kanye nembewu yezitshalo zasendle, ngaleyo ndlela zibe nomthelela ekuhlanzweni kwamasimu kusuka kukhula. Zithola emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezinkulu, amajuba aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka angaba abathwali bezifo ezithathelanayo zezilwane ezifuywayo nabantu. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe iqhaza legijuba elimpunga njengento yokucwaninga kwelabhoratri nokubaluleka kwalo emkhakheni wokufuya izinhlobo zezinja ezifuywayo.

Izimpawu zokuphaka

Le nyoni idla amajikijolo, imbewu yezitshalo. Ujwayela umuntu futhi usebenzisa imfucuza yokudla okusanhlamvu okudumile. Ayifuni ekukhetheni okuphakelayo. Eqinisweni, udla okulula ukukuthola. Ukudla kuya endaweni yokuhlala kasista. Inqubo yokuphuza ihlukanisa usawoti kwezinye izinyoni. Bonke abantu baphonsa amakhanda emuva futhi bagwinye umoya, kepha i-cesar imunca ngaphakathi.

Isikhathi eside, izinyoni ezindiza ziyofuna ukudla. Uma umuntu ebondla, khona-ke bashesha bakujwayele. Amaqembu athuthela endaweni yokondla. Ukuyalela inyoni ekhaya ekhaya kulula.

Kunombono ngenxa yokuthi izimpunga zaba ngukhokho wazo zonke izidalwa ezalandela, ezazithonywe ngokuwela. Ngemuva kokubusa, izinyoni zakhuliswa futhi zisetshenziswa njengenyama. Lapho-ke kwatholakala amakhono abo ahlukile wokukwazi ukuma esikhaleni, futhi aqala ukusetshenziswa njengabaposi.

Ukuzalaniswa kwe-bluish kuholele ekukhiqizweni kwezinyoni ngezindlela ezihlukile:

• amajuba ethwala
• amajuba enyama
• zokuhlobisa
• indiza.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwenyoni njenge-scout lapho uNowa ekhipha ijuba ukuthola uMhlaba. Emva kwalokho, le nyoni yaba uphawu lokuthula. Kuyo yonke iminyaka, amajuba asho okuthile okuhle nenomusa. Lokhu kugcizelela ubukhona obude balo muntu emhlabeni. Ukuzalanisa ngempumelelo amajuba, kuyadingeka ukwakha indlu yamajuba futhi uwanikeze imenyu elinganiselayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinyoni zikhethile futhi zingadla konke, lokhu akusho ukuthi zinganikezwa noma yini. Ukuze ukukhula komzimba kube nempilo kahle, inyoni idinga ukunikezwa amavithamini kanye namaminerali. Ukugoma kungavimba ukuvela kwezifo eziningi okukhona kulo muntu.

Kunezifo eziningi ezingathanjiswa ngamajuba, futhi eziningi zazo ziyingozi kubantu. Amanye abulala ngengozi. Kwenziwe amalungiselelo akuvumela ukuthi uqinise amasosha omzimba amajuba. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhlanze njalo endlini yejuba uphinde ungene umoya. Ngakho-ke, uzovikela izinyoni ezifweni ezithathelwanayo. Igumbi kufanele libe nokushisa okuphezulu nomswakama, okulungele ukuthuthukiswa okujwayelekile kwamajuba.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi amajuba akwazi ukufinyelela emgwaqweni. Kubalulekile ukuthi bazimele ngaphandle futhi bandize emuva. Ijuba elinamaphiko aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aliyona inyoni efunwayo. Izimo ezilula zokuthuthuka okujwayelekile zanele kuye.

Uhlelo lokuzala lwejuba elimpunga

Ijuba elinamaphiko aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lifuna umngane womshado impilo yonke. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu izalela njalo, enyakatho - kuphela ngenkathi efudumele. Isikhathi sokuzalela inyoni sisho isikhathi sokuqomisana lapho owesilisa ekhokha isikhathi esiningi nokunaka isithandwa sakhe esincane. Uhlala njalo nowesifazane, uphakamisa intamo yakhe, welulele amaphiko akhe, enze imisindo engajwayelekile. Imvamisa ume ngemilenze emibili perpendicular kuze kube yilapho esakaza izimpaphe emsila.

Yonke iminyakazo yakhe ihambisana nokuzwakala. Lapho inqubo isiqediwe, insikazi iwela ngaphansi kokupela kowesilisa, bahlanza izimpaphe zomunye nomunye futhi baqhubeke nokuhlala. Lapho inqubo yokuzalela iphela, owesilisa ukhuphuka phezulu esibhakabhakeni, eshaya amaphiko akhe ngomsindo.

Endle, zona ngokwazo zakha izidleke ezindaweni ezingenakufinyelela kuzo umhlaseli.Edolobheni, izidleke zivame ukutholakala ekuvulekeni kwezakhiwo, kuma-attic, ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu. Isidleke sakhiwa kusuka emagatsheni notshani. Owesilisa ufuna amagatsha namahlamvu otshani, insikazi idala isidleke kuwo. Bangakwazi ukusebenzisa isokhethi kaningana. Owesifazane uphethe ukubeka kweqanda amahlandla ama-8. Hatching kwenziwa ngokulandelana, kodwa ijuba Hatch isikhathi esithe xaxa.

Ijuba livame ukuthatha indawo yalo umlingani walo, liyinike ithuba lokuphumula futhi lithole okudliwayo. Uma insikazi inyamalala endaweni ethile isikhathi eside, khona-ke ijuba liqala ukumbiza, lenze imisindo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12, kuvela amachwane. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, abazali abancane bayashintshana ukubondla ngobisi lwe-goiter. Le ngxube yobisi inezakhi ezidingekayo namavithamini wentuthuko yokuqala. Ngemuva kwalokho, abazali bafuna imbewu bese ibanikeza kanye nobisi.

Uma ijuba lidonsa enye ithebhu, owesilisa wondla inzalo yangaphambili. Ngemuva kwenyanga, amachwane aqala ukundiza. Ukulungela ukuzala kuvela kwabesilisa abaseminyakeni engu-5 ubudala, kwabesifazane lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu.