Isisindo somzimba we-beaver singamakhilogremu angama-30, ubude bomzimba bufika ku-1-1,5 m, izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu ngosayizi abesilisa. I-rodent ine-muzzle ebuthuntu, izindlebe zincanyana, ama-paws amafushane, aqinile ngezandla ezinamandla. Uboya beaver buqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: ngaphezulu kunezinwele ezilukhuni zangaphandle-ezibomvu, futhi ngaphansi kukhona undercoat egrey grey evikela i-beaver kwi-hypothermia. Umsila awunalutho, umnyama, uthambile futhi ubanzi, umbozwe ngezikali. Eduze kwesisekelo somsila kunezindlala ezimbili ezikhiqiza into enephunga eyaziwa ngokuthi umfula we-beaver.
Izici Zokudla Kwe-Beaver
Ama-Beavers ayimicibisholo e-herbivorous. Ukudla kwabo kufaka amagxolo namahlumela ezihlahla (i-aspen, umondli, ibhungane), izinhlobo zezitshalo ezi-herbaceous (i-lily yamanzi, iqanda elincane, i-iris, ikhathalogi, umhlanga). Bangadla futhi i-hazel, i-linden, i-elm, i-bird cherry. Ama-acorn adla ngokuzithandela. Amazinyo amakhulu kanye nokulunywa okuqinile kusiza abenzi bokudla ukudla okuqinile kwesitshalo, kanye ne-microflora yethumbu lawo lokugaya ukudla okuhamba kahle kwe-cellulose.
Inani elidingekayo nsuku zonke lokudla lifinyelela ku-20% wesisindo se-beaver.
Ehlobo, ifolishi enotshani ibhekela ekudleni kwama-beaver; ekwindla, ama-rodents avuna ifolishi enokhuni ebusika. Umndeni ngamunye ugcina izinkuni ezingama-60-70 m3. Ama-beavers ashiya amasheya awo emanzini, lapho egcina khona izimfanelo zawo zokudla okunempilo kuze kube sekupheleni kobusika.
Ukusakazwa Kwe-Beaver
Kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, ama-beaever ayedlangile, kepha ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi, indawo yabo esanda kuncipha kakhulu. I-beaver ejwayelekile itholakala eYurophu, eRussia, eChina naseMongolia. Isihlobo sakhe esiseduze, i-beaver yaseCanada, sihlala eNyakatho Melika.
I-Common noma i-River Beaver (i-Castor fiber)
Ubude bomzimba bungu-1-1.3 m, ukuphakama kucishe kube ngu-35,5 cm, isisindo sisebangeni lama-30-32 kg. Umzimba u-squat, imilenze ifushane ngeminwe emihlanu, imilenze yangemuva inamandla kuneyangaphambili. Phakathi kweminwe kukhona ama-membranes okubhukuda. Amacala aqinile, ayicaba. Umsila ubunjiwe oar, uyisicaba, ufinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, ububanzi obuyi-10-13 cm. Umsila ubonakala kuphela esisekelweni, ngaphandle kwawo kufakwe izihlangu zophondo. Amehlo mancane, izindlebe zibanzi, zimfishane, ziveza kancane ngaphezulu kwejazi. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, izimbobo zezindlebe namakhala zivaliwe, kukhona ulwelwesi olukhethekile emehlweni. I-beaver ejwayelekile ihlukaniswa uboya bayo obuhle, abenziwe ngezinwele zangaphandle eziqhakazekile kanye nangaphansi kwasolwandle. Umbala wejazi usuka esifubeni esikhanyayo usiya kinsundu onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi umnyama. Umsila nemilenze imnyama. Ukuhlanza kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka.
Endaweni ye-anal kukhona indlala ebhangqiwe, i-wen ne-okuthiwa "yi-beaver river", iphunga laso liyisiqondisi sezinye izinto eziphathwayo, njengoba libika umngcele womndeni.
I-beaver ejwayelekile isakazekile eYurophu (amazwe aseScandinavia, eFrance, eJalimane, ePoland, eBelarus, e-Ukraine), eRussia, eMongolia naseChina.
ICanada Beaver (iCastor canadensis)
Ubude bomzimba 90-117 cm, isisindo cishe ama-32 kg. Umzimba uyindilinga, isifuba sibanzi, inhloko imfushane ngezindlebe ezinkulu ezimnyama namehlo aqinile. Umbala wejazi ubomvu noma onsundu onsundu. Ubude bomsila buyi-20-25 cm, ububanzi buyi-13-15 cm, ukwakheka ku-oval, ukuphela kukhonjisiwe, ingaphezulu limbozwe ngezihlangu ezimnyama ze-horny.
Izinhlobo zivame eNyakatho Melika, e-Alaska, eCanada, e-USA, eMexico. Yaziswa emazweni aseScandinavia naseRussia.
Ukuziphatha Beaver
Ama-beaver ngokuvamile ahlala ngasogwini lwemifula yehlathi, imifudlana namachibi. Azihlali emifuleni ebanzi nesheshayo, kanye namachibi okugcina aqanda aze afike phansi ebusika. Kulezi zidondolo, izimila ezidonsa izihlahla ngasogwini lwamachibi, kanye nobuningi bezitshalo zasemanzini zasogwini nezasolwandle zibalulekile. Ezindaweni ezifanele, bakha amadamu ezihlahleni eziwile, bakha imisele, bancibilikisa izingodo baye edamini.
Ama-Beaver anezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlu: umhosha nendlwana. Ama-huts abukeka njengeziqhingi ezintantayo zenhlanganisela ye-brawwood nodaka, ukuphakama kwawo kungamamitha angama-1-3, ububanzi kuze kufike ku-10 m, umnyango ungene ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ezindlini ezinjengalezi, ama-bea achitha ubusuku, enza ukudla ebusika, acashe kwizinyamazane.
Imisele ibiwa ngemisele emabhange asezingeni futhi emaweni; lawa amalebhu ayinkimbinkimbi anama-4-5 ukungena. Izindonga nezinga lophahla kanye nethampulu. Ngaphakathi, igumbi lokuhlala kuze kufike ku-1 ububanzi nangu-40-50 cm ukuphakama kumiswa ngokujula kwamamitha ayi 1. Iphansi lingama-20 cm ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi.
I-Beavers ibhukuda futhi iwele shona ngokuphelele, ngaphansi kwamanzi kungaba yimizuzu eyi-10-15, futhi ukubhukuda ngalesi sikhathi kuze kufike ku-750 m.
Ama-Beavers ahlala omabili ngasikhathi sinye nemindeni yabantu abangu-5-8. Umndeni ofanayo usuneminyaka eminingi uthatha umhlaba wawo. Ama-beaver awahambi ngamamitha ayi-200 ukusuka emanzini.Imicibisholo imingcele yendawo inomfula we-beaver.
Izikhathi eziphambili zomsebenzi we-beaver ubusuku nobusuku.
Ukuzalanisa i-Beaver
Ama-beavers ayimicibisholo eyindida. Ukuzalela kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuzalela siqala maphakathi noJanuwari futhi siqhubeka kuze kube kuphela uFebhuwari. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-105-77. Kwisibalo esisodwa, amazinyane angama-1-6 azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Izingane zizalwa zinamehlo okumbona, ama-pubescent kahle, isisindo sazo singama-0.45 kg. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa sezivele zibhukuda. Owesifazane uzobafundisa ukubhukuda, ebakhiphele ngaphandle kwendlu bangene ephaseji elingaphansi kwamanzi. Emavikini angama-3-4, ama-beavers aqala ukuzondla ngamaqabunga neziqu zamakhambi, aze afike ezinyangeni ezi-3, umama ubondla ngobisi. Ukukhula okuncane kuhlala nabazali kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, ngemuva kwalokho kufinyelela ebusheni bese kuqala impilo yokuzimela.
Ekuthunjweni, ama-beavers anesikhathi sokuphila esibalelwa eminyakeni engama-35, ngokwemvelo sineminyaka eyi-10-16.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngegundane:
- I-beaver ejwayelekile i-rodent enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwe-capybara.
- Igama elithi "beaver" livela olimini lwe-Indo-European futhi liphindwe kabili lingaphelele igama elithi brown.
- Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, uboya beaver bebuthandwa kakhulu eMelika, eYurophu naseRussia, okwenze ukuthi kwehle inani labantu balezi zilwane: abantu abayi-6-8 abasele bodwa kubantu abayi-1200 basala. Ukuze ulondoloze ukubukeka, ukuzingela kwama-beaver kwakuvinjelwe. Manje i-beaver ejwayelekile inesimo esincane sengozi, futhi usongo olukhulu kuyo yizindlela zokubuyiselwa komhlaba, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nezitshalo zamandla kagesi.
- Ngokungezelela eboyeni obuhle futhi obuqinile, ama-beaver angumthombo wokugeleza kwe-beaver, osetshenziselwa amakha kanye nezokwelapha. Inyama ye-Beaver nayo iyadliwa, kepha ingaqukatha amagciwane we-salmonellosis. Ngokusho kwemibhalo yesonto kubhekwa njengento emnandi.
- Ngo-2006, isithombe esibunjiweyo satholakala edolobheni laseBobruisk (Belarus). Futhi, imifanekiso ebunjiwe yaleli pende ise-Alpine Zoo (Innsbruck, Austria).
Beaver: yini?
Abamele kakhulu bamagundane asenyakatho ye-hemisphere bangama-beaver. Lezi yizilwane ezihlukile, buza kungani? Manje sizokutshela ...
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zibalelwa ekwakhiweni kwamadamu adumile. Kungani bezakha, futhi kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlaka?
Lapha umbono ukabili: inzuzo - kuya ngokuthi ngobani. "Abaklami" ngokwabo, vele, izinzuzo zikhona, kepha kubantu kunzima. Kepha okokuqala, ake sifunde kabanzi ngezinhlobo ze-beaver emvelweni nokuthi zibukeka kanjani.
I-Beaver (uCastor).
Futhi kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zalezi zilwane emhlabeni: i-beaver yaseCanada nesihlobo sayo saseYurophu. Bobabili abameleli bomndeni we-beaver bafinyelela osayizi abakhulu: ubude bomzimba bungamamitha owodwa, futhi lesi silwane esihlale sikhahlamezwe sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30. Kokubili ama-beavers ase-Europe nawaseCanada aguqulwa ngokuphelele asuka emvelweni aye empilweni yasemanzini: abhukuda ngokuphelele, anezici ezikhethekile emilenzeni yazo yangasemuva, anesixhobo somlomo esihlelwe ngokukhethekile (esivimba i-beaver ukuba ingajahi, noma ngabe ivula umlomo wayo ngaphansi amanzi), futhi kukhona ne-undercoat eyindilinga evimbela isikhumba ukuba singamanzi ngokuphelele. Nansi imfihlo ekwakhiweni ngempumelelo kwamadamu: i-beaver ayesabi ngokuphelele amanzi!
ICanada Beaver (iCastor canadensis).
Izindawo zokuhlala kwama-beaver aseCanada yizindawo zaseNyakatho Melika. Isihlobo saseYurophu saseNyakatho Melika sahlala ezwenikazi lase-Yurobiya (eYurophu nase-Asia). Ukuze ube nokuphila okuntofontofo, i-beaver ikhetha kuphela ogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi: imifudlana, amachibi amancanyana, amanzi apholile abuya emuva, imifula emincane ehamba kancane. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ashisayo. Kepha isici esinqumayo lapho ukhetha indawo yokuhlala ye-beaver kuseyikhona kwezihlahla ezikhula eduze kwamanzi, futhi kungcono kakhulu uma iziqu zazo zishiswe ngokuphelele emanzini.
Beaver lapho ufuna ikhaya.
Lapho esezinzile ogwini, i-beaver iphila impilo yokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ekhethiwe lapho ingahlala khona ingasebenza njengekhaya lezizukulwane eziningana zokuthwalwa. Ngendlela, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zithanda ukuhlala ngambili noma imindeni, hhayi ukuhlangana nazo ngazinye.
Umuntu ophuzayo uya ekhaya lakhe ngendlela eshaywayo.
Manje mayelana nesidingo sokwakha amadamu ... lezi izindondolo zakha ukwakhiwa okunjalo okuhle kakhulu ukuze kuliwe nokwehla kwezinga lamanzi ehlobo. Kusukela ekuhlukaniseni okwenziwe ngodaka nodaka (abalusabalalisa endaweni engeyona ichibi), ama-beaver akha isisekelo 'sodonga' lwawo. Ngemuva kwalokho babeka okuthile okufana nohlaka lwezingodo zabo ezinkulu, bayiqinisa ngamagatsha amancane, ngodaka nangezingcezu zobumba. Ngakho-ke “amafemu okugcina amanzi, avimba umbhede womfula. Ngenye indlela ibizwa ngokuthi idamu le-beaver. Ubude bedamu busuka kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-30, kepha kube nezimo lapho leli nani lifinyelela amamitha angama-700!
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa idamu.
Umsebenzi we-Beaver uzibonakalisa ebusuku. Ngokuqala kobumnyama, lamagundane ahamba eyofuna ukudla, nawo akha amadamu - ebusuku. Ukuhlangana nalesi silwane phakathi kwemini kuyinto eyejwayelekile.
Lalela izwi eli-beaver
AbakwaBeavers baxoxa bodwa bekhala ngezwi elikhulu. Kepha kunesinye futhi iqhinga: uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, elinye lamalungu omndeni we-beaver lishaya kakhulu umsila walo emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela lixwayise abanye ukuthi isitha siseduze. Okwamanje, wonke umndeni usheshe ungene emanzini ulinde isikhashana endlini.
Izimbotshana zokuvuna ukudla kwasebusika.
Njengokudla, lezi zilwane zithanda amagatsha amancane, asetshenziswa kanye namahlamvu akhulayo kuzo. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuze kufinyelelwe umqhele oyigugu wesihlahla, ama-beaver kufanele nje aququde esiqwini sakhe asilahle.
Emvelweni, ama-beaver ayazingelwa, ngaphezu kwabantu, ngezilwane ezinjenge: wolf, coyote, lynx kanye nebhere.
I-pair of beavers yaseYurophu (iCastor fiber).
Mayelana nokuzalaniswa kwama-beavers ... lezi zilwane ezikhulu kakhulu zakha i-pair kube kanye empilweni. Ukutholwa ngesikhathi sokuzala (imvamisa phakathi nendawo nasekupheleni kobusika), insikazi ithwala ithole izinyanga ezingaba ngu-3,5. Ukuzalwa kwengane kwenzeka kwentwasahlobo. Abantu abasanda kuzalwa bayakwazi ukuzicwilisela emanzini bese bebhukuda ngosuku lwesibili ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Emvelweni, ama-beaver aphila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10, kepha ekudingisweni le nkathi inyuka yaba yiminyaka engama-35!
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Habitat
Ama-Beavers angamalungu omndeni wakwaCastaridae, okufaka okuwukuphela kohlobo lweCastor nezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela:
- i-beaver ejwayelekile (i-Castor fiber) (i-aka river noma i-empumalanga),
- I-Canada beaver (aka North American) (uCastor canadensis).
Namuhla, ama-beaver aseNyakatho Melika atholakala kulo lonke izwekazi, kusukela emlonyeni woMfula iMackenzie eCanada eningizimu kuya enyakatho neMexico. Kepha bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abantu baye bazingela lezi zilwane amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yenyama yabo, uboya, nomfudlana we-beaver. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inani labantu baseCanada laba lagxeka, futhi ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala zacishe zachithwa, ikakhulukazi empumalanga ye-United States. Izinhlangano zezemvelo zoMbuso nezendawo zakhala ngokuzwakalayo, futhi izilwane zaqala ukuthuthwa zivela kwezinye izindawo. Ayethulwa naseFinland, Russia, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseCentral Europe (Germany, Austria, Poland). Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zamagundane aseCanada namuhla ikhona eningizimu mpumalanga yeFinland.
Esikhathini esidlulileyo ama-beaver beaver ayehlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asiya, kepha akubona bonke abantu ababekwazi ukusinda eduze kwabantu. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, abantu abambalwa kuphela abangama -lici ama-replic nenani labantu abayi-1200 ababesindile eFrance, eNorway, eJalimane, eRussia, eBelarus, e-Ukraine, eChina naseMongolia.
Ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuphinda zikhiqize futhi ziphinde zisebenze, ezaqala ukusebenza engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lokugcina, inani lama-beaver ajwayelekile laqala ukukhula. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XXI, kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-500-600, futhi indawo ababehlala kuyo yandiswa zombili eYurophu nase-Asia.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zitholakala endaweni yaseRussia namuhla, yize i-beaver ingumhlali woqobo. Uhla lwayo luhlanganisa cishe yonke indawo yamahlathi eRussian Federation - ukusuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya esifundeni saseBaikal naseMongolia, nokusuka esifundeni saseMurmansk enyakatho kuya e-Astrakhan eningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo lwenziwe kabusha ePrimorye naseKamchatka.
I-Canada beaver beaver ezweni lethu yavela kuma-50s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, yahlala ngokuzimeleyo i-Karelia kanye ne-Leningrad Region kusuka ezingxenyeni ezingomakhelwane zeFinland, futhi ngeminyaka yama-70s lesi silo sangeniswa emgodini we-Amur River naseKamchatka.
Incazelo yeBeaver
Ukubonakala kwe-beaver kuhluke kakhulu ngokubonakala kwabanye abamele iqembu lama-rodent, elichazwa yindlela yokuphila ye-hero yethu yasemanzini. Ngokombono wesazi sezinto eziphilayo, izici eziphawuleka ngesilo yilezi zinto ezinkulu ezicijile, umsila ocwebezelayo kanye nemilenze yangemuva yangemuva enozipho olukhethekile olubunjiwe "ukuskena" emunweni wesibili, kanye nezici eziningi zesakhiwo se-pharynx nepheshana lokugaya ukudla.
I-Beavers yinduku enkulu kakhulu yezidalwa zoMhlaba Omdala kanye namagundane amakhulu wesibili ngemuva kwama-capybaras aseNingizimu Melika. Umzimba wesilwane ungumbethe, umdaka, unesimo sefusform, ingxenye engemuva layo inwebekile, kuphela empandeni yomsila iconsa kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba 80-80 cm.Abadala banesisindo esimaphakathi sama-20-30 kg, kuyaqabukela ukuthi isisindo singafinyelela ku-45 kg. Ubungako bezinhlobo zaseCanada bukhulu kancane kunokujwayelekile.
Ikhanda eliyindilinga elincane elincane elinentamo emnene nethambile cishe aliguquki. Amehlo mancane, enesibungu esime mpo nesikhumba esisobala (ukuvikela amehlo ngaphansi kwamanzi). Izindlebe zincane, azivelwanga lutho oluvela koboyeni. Ukuvuleka kwamadokhumenti angaphandle namakhala kunemisipha ekhethekile engena lapho icwiliswa emanzini. Izindebe eziphuma ezindebeni zingavala izikhala zokuzilimaza, zihlukanise umgogodla womlomo, ovumela abaluki ukuba baququne uhlaza ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuvula umlomo.
Amehlo ezilwane asabela cishe kuphela ekunyakazeni, ukungaboni ngamehlo ampofu kunesinxephezelo sokuzwa nokuhogela okuhle kakhulu, okuyizinto ezibalulekile emhlabeni.
Umsila uyisicaba, ufinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, u-13 cm ububanzi, futhi mfushane futhi ubanzi ku-beaver waseCanada. Ingxenye yomsila obunjiwe oar imbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ze-horny, phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-bristles angavamile.
Imilenze enezimpiko ezinhlanu efinyeziwe, inemisipha yokubhukuda eyenziwe kahle emilenzeni yangemuva (engxenyeni yangaphambili esekuncane kwabo). Imilenze yangaphambili ibuthakathaka kakhulu kunemilenze yangemuva futhi isetshenziswa yizilwane njengezandla - ngosizo lwazo, i-beaver idonsela izinto, imbe imigodi nezimbobo, isebenze ukudla. Isitho esiyinhloko sokuhamba kwezilwane yimilenze yangemuva. Esinzwaneni sesibili somlenze wangemuva kukhona uzipho olufihliwe, olunezingxenye ezimbili: amapuleti angaphezulu - akhombe futhi aphansi - abanzi, aqondekayo ahambelana. Lesi sikhali sisetshenziswa isilo ngezinhloso zokuhlanzeka - sihlanza futhi sihlanganise izinwele naso lapho sincibilikisiwe, futhi sisuse namaphara.
Uboya beaaver bunsundu okhanyayo bumnyama, buba nsundu kakhulu obomvana.Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala abantu abathile be-pinto abanezikhala zemithunzi ehlukile. Isikebhe esingaphansi simanzi, ngimpunga emnyama. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba yi-pubescent denser.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uhlobo olukhanyayo olunsundu lusendulo ngombala, lwalusinda ngenkathi yeqhwa, ngakho-ke ama-beavers anjalo avumelana kangcono nesimo sezulu esibandayo, kanti abantu abebala elimnyama bavame ukutholakala kubantu abaningi baseningizimu.
Indlela yokuphila
Ama-Beavers ahlala eduze kwamanzi. Izindawo zabo abazithandayo zinamachibi amahlathi agobekile, ageleza kancane noma amile. Isizathu esinqumayo sokuxazululwa kwendawo yokugcina etholakalayo ukutholakala kokudla - izimila zezihlahla ezinesihlahla. Ama-Willows nezihlahla ze-aspen zithandwa kakhulu yizilwane. I-rodent igwema imifula emikhulu enezikhukhula ezinkulu, ngoba indawo ehlala kuyo ingakhukhulwa.
Ama-Beavers aqala impilo yokuhlala. Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, ayasebenza phakathi kwehora lesibili ebusuku, ashiya izindawo zokukhosela ekushoneni kwelanga futhi abuyele ekuntweleni kokusa. Ebusika, eziqongweni ezisenyakatho, lapho amadamu embozwe yiqhwa, izilwane zihlala zihlala ezindlini noma ngaphansi kweqhwa, ngoba izinga lokushisa likhona cishe ngu-0 ° C, kuyilapho ingaphandle libanda kakhulu.
Emhlabeni, i-beaver inikeza umbono wesilwane esihamba kancane nesixakile, lapho bezulazula bezungeza, bethembela emilenzeni emikhulu yangemuva yeklabhu enezinyawo nangemikhono emifushane yangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, uphonsa amanzi.
Kuzo zonke izinduku, iqhawe lethu likufanelekela kakhulu ukuhamba emanzini. Isidumbu saso esinjenge-torpedo sishintshiwe, noboya abudlulisi amanzi. Ubhukuda kancane eduze nangamachibi, aqhubeke kancane kancane ngezikhala zakhe, kanti umsila usebenza njengohlobo lwamasondo okuhamba kuye. Lapho igxuma noma ibhukuda ngejubane elikhulu, i-rodent icijisa kakhulu umsila wayo bese iya phansi futhi ngasikhathi sinye irowu ngemilenze yangemuva kwayo.
Njengembazo ye-ligsjack, i-enamel yangaphambili yamazinyo anamandla iqiniswa ikakhulukazi. Indawo engemuva ethambile igaya ngokushesha, yakhela onqenqemeni olubukhali lwe-chisel, okwenza kube lula ukusika izihlahla. Isilo ngezinsimbi zalo ezibukhali singagona ukugoba phansi size sihle emthini size sibe yimitha eyodwa. Njengawo wonke amagundane, ama-beaver anezifiso ezinkulu, ezikhula ngejubane elifanayo agaya ngazo.
Esithombeni, i-beaver ibonisa iziqukathi zayo ezihlukile.
Yilokho i-rodent engenza ngezihlahla
Amadamu nezindlu
Mhlawumbe wonke umuntu uzwile ngamathalente wokwakha amangalisayo alezi zilwane. Ngenxa yokungakhathali kwabo, abahloli bezilwanyane bafunda ukuvumelanisa imvelo nezidingo zabo. Amadamu awadalayo anda ukwehlukahlukana kwemvelo, andise izindawo zamanzi, andise umthamo nekhwalithi yamanzi, futhi ashintshe isimo sendawo. Ngokwesisekelo sedamu, isihlahla esiwele phesheya komfula kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukusetshenziswa. Ligcwele ngamagatsha, izingxenye zeziqu zemithi, ngamatshe, ngomhlaba, ngezimila, kuze kube yilapho idamu lifinyelela amamitha ayi-100 (imiphetho yedamu inwebeka kude kakhulu kwesiteshi), futhi ukuphakama kuvame ukufika kumamitha amathathu. Kulokhu, umehluko wezinga lamanzi ufinyelela kumamitha amabili. Kwenzeka ukuthi umndeni wakhe amadamu amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka wonke amachibi amachibi. Izindwangu zishiseka kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamadamu entwasahlobo nasekwindla, yize umsebenzi ungaqhubeka unyaka wonke.
I-Beaver Dam
Ama-Beavers angabavubukuli abanamakhono. Imvamisa, bmba izimbobo eziningi endaweni ephethwe ngumndeni, okungaba yimigudu elula noma ama-labyrinths wonke aholela ogwini lomfula noma edamini liye kwelinye noma ngaphezulu amakamelo. Kuma-biotypes amaningi, lamagundane asebenzisa imisele njengezindawo zokukhosela eziyinhloko.
Kubukeka ngathi yindlu yohudo
Enye inketho yekhaya lasogwini yindlwana. Izindebe zabo zakha kulezo zindawo lapho ukuhlelwa kwezimbobo kungenakwenzeka khona. Izilwane zisebenzisa isiqu esidala, ugu oluphansi noma i-rafting njengesisekelo sendawo. Ngaphandle, indlu enjalo iyinqwaba enkulu yamahlumela, izingcezu zeziqu zezinkuni, ezihlanganiswe ngumhlaba, usilika, imfucumfucu yesitshalo. Ngaphakathi, kuhlelwa ikamelo lokudlela, kusuka lapho kunendlu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ububanzi bendawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3-4. Izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinamagumbi amaningana emazingeni ahlukene. Ama-huts angaba okwesikhashana futhi abe unomphela, asetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi. Lezi zokugcina ziqedwa njalo futhi zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-14 ububanzi kanye namamitha angaphezu kwamabili ukuphakama.
Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi yokwakha i-beaver, ukumba imisele kunobunzima obuncane. Ngamehlo abo angaphambili, bathwebula usilika nokungcola okuvela phansi kwemifudlana emincane nezindlela eziyizimbotshana, bazilahle kude nendlela yabo. Iziteshi ezivelayo zivumela izilwane ukuba zihlale emanzini, zihamba phakathi kwamadamu noma ezindaweni zokuphakela. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinduku zenza lokhu ehlobo, lapho izinga lamanzi liphansi.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-beaver aseCanada angabakhi abakhuthele futhi abakhuthele kunabaphansi. Izakhiwo zabo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, ngoba basebenza kakhulu amatshe ekwakheni.
Ukudla
Ama-Beavers ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous kuphela. Ukwakheka kokudla kwabo kungahluka ngonyaka. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, isisekelo sokudla kwabo sakhiwa ngamaqabunga, izimpande, amakhambi, i-algae. Ngokwindla, bashintshela kumagatsha acishe abe yizihlahla nezihlahla, bakhetha i-aspen, umcamelo noma i-alder.
Kusukela maphakathi no-Okthoba, izinduku ziqala ukuvuna ukudla kwezinkuni ebusika. Kungaba ngamagatsha awugqinsi ngisho nezingxenye zeziqu zemithi yama-aspen, u-willow, i-bird cherry, i-alder, i-birch, kanye nenani elincane le-conifers. Izihlahla ezigawuliwe zigawulwa zibe yizicucwana ezincane yizilwane futhi zigcinwe ngaphansi kwamanzi ezindaweni ezijulile eduze kwemisele kanye nendawo yokulala. Ama-Beavers angabhukuda aye kuwo ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokushiya idamu eliphephile.
Uma kungekho kudla kwenkuni okwanele, izilwane zineliswa uhlaza olunamanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlaselwa ezingadini ezisondelene nezingadi zemifino kungenzeka.
Ama-beaver amaningi ase-Europe awaqoqi ubusika. Esikhundleni salokho, baya ngasosebeni ebusika beyofuna ukudla.
Ukusakaza kwe-Beaver
Isici esibonakalayo sezilwane ukuba khona “komfula we-beaver” okhiqizwa yizinduna ezikhethekile. Yinto eyinkimbinkimbi enezakhi zamakhulu, kufaka phakathi ama-alcohols, ama-phenols, i-salicylaldehyde ne-castoramine. Igama lesayensi lale nto yi-castoreum.
Kudala kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izindawo zokuphilisa zaphezulu ziye zabizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver river. Emakhulwini eminyaka we-Y-IY BC UHippocrates noHerodotus baphawula ukusebenza kwawo ekwelapheni izifo ezithile. Futhi namhlanje le nto ithole ukusetshenziswa emithini yabantu, kepha isetshenziswa ikakhulu kumakha.
I-beaver ngokwayo isebenzisa imfihlo yayo enamakha ngezinhloso zokumaka. Ama-tag amakha angenye yezindlela ama-heroes ethu ashintshana ngayo imininingwane. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zaseCanada nezasemfuleni zishiya uphawu lwephunga kuzindunduma ezakhiwe eduze namanzi avela kusilika nezitshalo ezikhulwe ngaphansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi.
Ubuhlobo bomndeni
Imvamisa, aba-beaver bahlala emaqenjini emindeni (amakoloni), kepha kunabantu abathanda indlela yokuphila bebodwa. Ngezizathu zokudla ezingezinhle, isilinganiso sezilwane ezizodwa singafinyelela ku-40%.
Lo mndeni uqukethe umbhangqwana osukhulile, amawundlu alo nyaka, amawundlu wonyaka odlule, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ulutsha olulodwa noma olungaphezulu olusuka kwilitha eyedlule. Ubukhulu bomndeni bungafinyelela abantu abangama-10-12.
Izikhundla ezikoloni zakhiwa ngokuya ngemigomo yobudala, ngesikhundla esiphambili sombhangqwana osukhulile. Ukubonakaliswa kobudlova bomzimba akuvamile, kepha izibazi ezisesiswini zingabonakala ezinkungwini eziningi zama-beavers. Lokhu kungumphumela wokulwa nabantu ongabazi eduze kwemingcele yezwe.
Amabhuthi kulezi zintambo ahlala njalo futhi eqhubeka impilo yonke yabalingani. Iqembu lomndeni lizinzile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuzala. Ziletha izinyane elilodwa ngonyaka, kulo lisuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 cubs ku-beaver ejwayelekile, ekuzalweni kweCanada kuphezulu - kufinyelela kumawundlu ayi-8. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa kakhulu esifweni kukhona amazinyane angama-2-3.
Umjaho uqala ngoJanuwari (eningizimu yebanga) futhi uqhubeka kuze kube uMashi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-103-110.
Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezinamehlo, ama-pubescent, aqukethe iziqhumane eziphansi. Umama usuthisa izingane ngobisi (olunamafutha amahlandla amane kunobisi lwenkomo) cishe amasonto angama-6-8, yize eseneminyaka emibili amasonto, ama-beavers eqala ukunambitha amaqabunga ethenda alethwe ngabazali bawo. Eminyakeni engu-1 ubudala, isizukulwane esincane siqala ukushiya kancane isidleke sidle sodwa.
Ngenkathi izingane zincane kakhulu, ubaba uchitha isikhathi esiningi evikela uzungu lomndeni: ukuhamba emngceleni nokushiya amamaki anephunga. Owesifazane ngalesi sikhathi umatasa ukondla izingane futhi ezinakekela. Izingane zikhula ngokushesha, kepha zidinga izinyanga eziningi zokuzijwayeza kahle amakhono okwakha amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala. Abazali babafundise ukubamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izindaba zomndeni, kubandakanya nokwakha.
Imvamisa, abantu abasha bashiya imindeni yabo bahambe bayofuna umhlaba wabo wesikhathi esizayo osele ngonyaka wabo wesibili bese bephila impilo yokuba yodwa kuze kube yilapho sebethola umbhangqwana.
Ukuthomba kwe-Beaver kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kepha abesifazane bavame ukuqala ukuzala eminyakeni engu-3-5 yokuphila.
Isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu se-beaver ejwayelekile endalweni yiminyaka engu-17-18, eCanada - iminyaka engama-20. Kodwa-ke, kuma-vivo akuvamile ukuthi baphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Isilinganiso seminyaka ephezulu salawa makhulu aqoshiwe e-nursery afinyelela eminyakeni engama-30.
Ezokuxhumana
Ngaphezu kokumaka insimu, ama-beaver axhumana nomunye ngosizo lokushaya umsila wawo emanzini. Lokhu kuvame ukuthi abantu abadala batshele abantu abangabazi ukuthi baboniwe. I-rodent ehlasele insimu okuhlalwa kuyo ihlasela izimpendulo, imvumela ukuthi ahlole ukungathi sína kwezinjongo zakhe kanye nokuthi usongela kangakanani.
Enye indlela yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, kanye namaphimbo: izilwane ziyakwazi ukukhononda futhi zikhala.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwama-beavers
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-beaver ayaziwa ngokulangazelela kwawo ukwakhiwa: ukuhlomisa izindawo abahlala kuzo, bakha amadamu abalawula izinga lamanzi emizimbeni yamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, amanzi angakhukhula izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi futhi azicekele phansi. Amagagasi nemigwaqo ingahlupheka.
Iphuzu lesibili elingelibi ukuthi amadamu akhula kakhulu ezimeni zokudalwa kwezinhlanzi, okuyisithiyo esivimba i-grey, i-whitefish, i-salmon kanye ne-trout fish ukuba ziphume imifula emincane.
Manje ake sibheke ukusebenza kwalezi zilwane kusuka kolunye uhlangothi. Esikhathini eside, umqhudelwano wamadamu wamabhishi akhona phezu komfula uyancibilika namanzi esiphepho, futhi lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuthi kube nezikhukhula ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, kunciphisa ukuguguleka komhlaba kanye nokugudla ugu, kufinyeze isikhathi samanzi aphansi ehlobo, futhi kusize ukubuyisa uhlelo lweziphethu nemifudlana eyacekeleka phansi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Konke lokhu kwenza ihlathi elihlalwa yizilwane lingabi yindawo eyomile, futhi ngenxa yalokho lihlaselwe kakhulu yimililo yehlathi.
Yehlisa inani lokugeleza komfula, amadamu athuthukisa ukunqwabelana kokudilika, akha uhlelo lokuhlunga okungokwemvelo olususa ukungcola okuyingozi emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zamanzi ezivelayo zidala ezinye izinzuzo, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwehlukahlukana kwemvelo.
Ama-Beavers abuye athuthukise ukulethwa kokudla kwama-hares, inyamazane, ukondla "emfucumfucwini" yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha amadamu, futhi lokhu, kuheha izilwane ezizingelayo.
Ngakho-ke, la makhulu adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi aseduze, futhi umuntu anganwebisa ulwazi lwakhe ngezidingo zabo zemvelo futhi aqhamuke namasu angavumela bobabili abantu nabapheki bokubuka ubuhle bendawo.