- IQINISO EBALULEKILE
- Isikhathi sokuphila nendawo yokuhlala (inkathi): Jurassic - Izikhathi zeCretaceous (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200-85 edlule)
- Kutholakele: ngo-1871, eNdiya
- UMbuso: Izilwane
- I-Era: Mesozoic
- Uhlobo: Chordates
- Iqembu: I-Lizard-pelvic
- Isigaba: Izilwane ezihuquzelayo
- Eqenjini le-Infa: iZauropods
Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-dinosaurs ahamba emilenzeni eyi-4 futhi adla imifino. Leli qembu lifaka izinhlobo ezicishe zibe yi-130, imindeni eyi-13 kanye nohlobo lwangama-68. Abadume kakhulu kunabo bonke yi-diplodocus ne-brachiosaurus.
Isikhathi esithile, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi la ma-dinosaurs ahlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Kepha lapho sebefunde kabanzi ukwakheka komzimba, bafinyelela esiphethweni esijwayelekile sokuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka.
Imininingwane yesakhiwo somzimba
Umzimba nesisindo sako bekukukhulu. Amathambo wama-sauropods ayenamandla futhi enamandla amakhulu, ngoba kwakufanele asekele sonke isisindo. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo cishe zazingafani komunye nomunye ekwakhekeni komzimba. Umsila wazo wawumude futhi unamandla, idinosaur yayingabhekana kalula nanoma yimuphi umhlaseli.
Ikhanda
Ikhanda lazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane lalicishe lilingane, lalingelikhulu, ikakhulukazi maqondana nosayizi womzimba. Imihlathi yabantu abathile yathuthukiswa ngokujwayelekile, i.e. zazikhululekile ukuhlafuna amaqabunga, kodwa kwezinye zazisamele zigwinye amatshe ukuze zigaye amaqabunga lawo esiswini.
Ama-Paleontologists ahlole indima yentamo ekuziphendukeleni kwama-dinosaurs
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi amandla amakhulu okuhola ngemuva kokuvela kwama-dinosaurs e-herbivorous yi-sauropod. Ngemuva kokunwebeka, izitho zomzimba ezisele nazo zashintsha.
Lokhu kushiwo embhalweni ososayensi baseBrithani abavela eNyuvesi yaseLiverpool, abashicilelwe ephephabhukwini iRoyal Society Open Science.
Ama-Zauropod ama-dinosaurs ama-herbivorous amade abonakala ekugcineni kwe-Triassic futhi anyamalala ekujikeni kweCretaceous, kanye namanye amadina. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-vertebrate amakhulu kunabo bonke abake baphila emhlabeni.
Kwavela ukuthi isici esibalulekile ekudalekeni kwe-sauropod ukuguquka kwaba maphakathi nendawo namandla adonsela phansi omzimba. Okhokho bama-sauropods, ababehamba ngemilenze emibili, njengama-dinosaurs ase -ropod, babenesikhungo sokudonsa eduzane nomsila, kepha kancane kancane bathuthele phambili komzimba.
Ukufuduswa kwesikhungo sokudonsa ngamandla bekuqinile ikakhulukazi ekugcineni kweJurassic eqenjini leTitanosauriformes - iqembu elidumile laseDeninosaurus, idinosaur enkulu eyaziwayo. Isizinda samandla adonsela phansi sashintsha kuwo ngaphansi kwethonya lentamo ende, futhi ukuphakama kwaso kwandulela konke okunye ukuguqulwa.
Ngokusho kososayensi, ukwelula kuphela intamo, ama-dinosaurs aqala "ukucabanga" ngezinye izitho zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, kwakudingeka baqinise izandulelo zangaphambili futhi bashintshe i-gait yabo - uma ngesikhathi se-Jurassic ama-sauropods, ahlulela ngamathrekhi abo, engazange asakaze imilenze yabo ebanzi, khona-ke ngesikhathi se-Cretaceous ama-Titanosauriformes amade amade asakaza imilenze yawo ngaphandle komzimba.
Ngakho-ke, into eyinhloko yokuvela kwe-sauropod kwakuwukushintsha kokusebenza kwensomotor. Kepha intamo ende yayingacishe ibe nomphumela ekudleni kwabo - phakathi kwama-sauropods amade, kunezinhlobo ezinamazinyo anamandla aguqulwe ukugaya izimila ezinzima, nezinhlobo ezinamazinyo abuthakathaka. Isimo esifanayo siyabonakala ezihlotsheni zabo ezifushane.
Idayinasi enkulu yayingumnikazi wemilenze emincane
Izazi zesimo sezulu ziye zathola eArgentina unyawo lwenye yezidayidayi ezinkulu emlandweni. Kwavela ukuthi lesi silwane siqoshwe ngeminwe emifushane emilenzeni yaso yangasemva.
I-Zauropod Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi Incazelo yokutholwa eyenziwe ososayensi baseMelika nabaseArgentina, eshicilelwe ephephabhukwini Lesayensi Imibiko.
Sekukonke, izinsalela zama-sauropods amabili, amadinosaurs aselukhuni we-herbivorous awela ezandleni zososayensi - ama-humerus kanye ne-vertebrae basinda komunye wabo, unyawo lomlenze wangemuva nesiqeshana somsila kwesinye. Abaphenyi bathi ama-dinosaurs ngenhlobo entsha yeNotocolossus gonzalezparejasi, okungeqembu le-titanosaurs.
Ama-Titanosaurs ayanda kakhulu ekugcineni kwe-Cretaceous in the Southern Hemisphere (ama-duckbill dinosaurs ayebuswa ngaleso sikhathi eNyakatho Nenkabazwe). Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni weplanethi angawama-titanosaurs - ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka ka-2014 e-Argentina, kutholakale isigaxa esicishe sibe ngokuphelele se-titanosaurus Dreadnoughtus, ubude baso ukusuka ekhanda kuye esiqongweni somsila waso sasingamamitha ayi-26.
Ngosayizi, i-Notocolossus ayinciphisi ku-Dreadnoughtus. Ukwahlulela nge-humerus yakhe (amamitha ayi-1.76), ubude bomzimba walolu hlobo lwaluyimitha engama-25-28, nesisindo - amathani angama-66. Ukuze ingehli ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo, iNotocolossus kwadingeka ukuthi ifinyeze unyawo lwayo: kuma-sauropods amadala, inani lama-phalanges ezinzwaneni zemilenze yangemuva laliyi-3-4, kepha esiqeshini sase-Argentina lancishiswa laba ngu-2. Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani lama-phalanges, iminwe yedayinaso yaba namandla okuqina.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukuthambekela kokunciphisa iminwe kwaqapheleka kusesaopop kanye nasemilenzeni engaphambili. Kodwa-ke, izinyawo zalezi ziphulu zitholakala kakhulu, ngakho-ke akukenzeki ukuthi zilande imvelo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ososayensi balinganisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba lama-dinosaurs
Ososayensi okokuqala balinganisa ngokunembile izinga lokushisa lomzimba lama-dinosaurs ngokwakhiwa kwe-isotopic igobolondo lamaqanda abo. Kwavela ukuthi okungenani ezinye zazo zingaba negazi elifudumele.
Amaqanda ama-dinosaur Lokhu kuvezwe esihlokweni esenziwe ngabaphengululi bamaMelika abavela eYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eLos Angeles, eshicilelwe ephephabhukwini i-Nature Communications.
Njengoba kwaziwa kahle, kube nenkulumompikiswano phakathi kososayensi isikhathi esingaphezulu kweshumi ngokuthi ngabe ama-dinosaurs ayenegazi elifudumele, elibandayo, noma ngabe ayenesikhundla esiphakathi kwalawa makamu amabili, ekwazi ukuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba ngaphezu kokushisa okukhona, kepha ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukuzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo, abacwaningi phambilini basebenze ikakhulukazi ngamathambo namazinyo ama-dinosaurs, bebala inani labo lokukhula - ezilwaneni ezinegazi elibandayo lihlala lincane kunalabo abanegazi elifudumele.
Kodwa-ke, ababhali balesi sihloko banquma ukuthatha indlela ehlukile - bagxila ekulinganisweni kwama-isotopes we-carbon-13 no-oxygen-18 egobolondweni lamaqanda edayinaso. Ngokwe-theoret, lesi sikhombisi kufanele sincike ekushiseni komzimba kowesifazane ngaleso sikhathi amaqanda akha ama-oviducts akhe.
Ekuqaleni, ososayensi bakhombisile ukuthi izinga lokushisa langempela lezinhlobo zezinyoni eziyi-13 nezinhlobo eziyi-9 ezihuquzelayo ngempela lingabalwa kusukela ekwakhiweni kwama-isotopic kwamagobolondo amaqanda - leli phutha likumaphakathi okungenani kwama-degree ayi-1-2.
Ngemuva kwalokho, besebenzisa inqubo efanayo, ababhali babala izinga lokushisa lomzimba lama-sauropods eqenjini lama-titanosaurs - idinosaur enkulu ye-herbivorous, amaqanda ayo (ngenani le-6) atholakala e-Argentina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, balinganisa izinga lokushisa le-oviraptor encane amaqanda ayo (ayi-13 ewonke) aqhamuka eMongolia. Womabili la ma-dinosaurs aphile ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous.
Kwavela ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-sauropod lalingama-37 plus noma ama-minus 2 degrees, futhi izinga lokushisa le-oviraptor lali-32 plus noma lokususa ama-degree angu-3. Lokhu kusho ukuthi owokuqala ekushiseni komzimba wasondela ezinyoni zanamuhla ezinamagazi afudumele, kanti owesibili - ezihubhweni ezinamakhaza ezinamakhaza. Noma kunjalo, ukwahlulela ukwakheka kwe-isotopic kwezingcezwana zamatshe amatshe aseduze kwesidleke se-oviraptor, imvelo yayibanda kakhulu kunaye, ngakho-ke ngandlela thile lo dayinaso wayesakwazi ukushisa.
Ngokusho kososayensi, ukutholwa kufakazela ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ahlukile angalandela amasu ahlukile we-thermoregulation.
Ama-Paleontologists abuyisele igama lakhe ku-brontosaurus
Ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, izazi ze-paleontologists zathola ukuthi i-brontosaurus eyaziwayo yehluthwe igama layo ngokungafanele. Eqinisweni, luhlobo oluhlukile futhi lufanelwe igama elihlukile.
I-Brontosaurus Lokhu kushiwo embhalweni wabachwepheshe basePortugal abavela eNyuvesi entsha yaseLisbon, ekhishwe kumagazini i-PeerJ.
I-Brontosaurus luhlobo lwama-dinosaurs e-herbivorous eqenjini le-sauropod, elingelomndeni iDiplodocidae, eyayihlala engxenyeni yesibili yenkathi yeJurassic. Ummeleli wokuqala we-brontosaurus wachazwa yisazi se-paleontologist saseMelika uCharles Marsh ngonyaka we-1879 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Brontosaurus extelsus.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-1903, ososayensi banquma ukuthi le nhlobo ingeyohlobo oluhlukile, ngakho yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Apatosaurus extelsus, futhi igama elithi "brontosaurus" uqobo lwaphela ukuqina (kuvumelekile) ngokwemigomo yokuqanjwa kwezilwane. Kodwa-ke, izilaleli zakhumbula lesi sikhulu esinezindebe ezinde ngaphansi kwalelo gama, kangangokuba ngisho naseMelika Museum of Natural History, isibonakaliso ngaphansi kwesikebhe se-brontosaurus eyaziwa kabusha sahlala sinjalo.
Kwavela ukuthi yize kukhona ukufana okukhulu, amathambo abameleli be-Apatosaurus akhulu kakhulu kunalawo ama-Brontosaurs, ikakhulukazi, anentamo ebanzi. Ngokusho kososayensi, ngaphezu kwe-B. exelsus, ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili, ezazibhalwe phansi kulolo hlobo lwe-Apatosaurus, kufanele zithiwa ngama-brontosaurs.
Bobabili i-Apatosaurus neBrontosaurus baqhamuka emalini ebunjwe eNorth American Morrison - kuyo yonke, cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 zama-sauropods atholakala lapho. Khumbula, muva nje, ososayensi bakhombisile ukuthi ukuhlinzekelwa okuthile ekudleni kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila kunciphisa ukuncintisana phakathi kwalezi zikhulu, ukuze kube khona ngaphandle kwezinkinga esimisweni esifanayo semvelo.
Udrako wegirare utholakala eChina
Uhlobo olusha lwama-dinosaurs e-sauropod angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-15 ubude latholakala yiCanadaologists yaseCanada eChina. I-dinosaur ehlala isikhathi se-Jurassic yayinentamo ende, eyayicishe ibe yingxenye yobude bayo bonke. Manje ososayensi bayazibuza ngezizathu zokuhleleka okungaka kwesilwane.
UMamenchizaur - Uprofesa waseQijianglong guokr University wase-Alberta uPhilip Curry kanye nabafundi bakhe abaphothulile uTetsuo Miyashita noLida Sin bachaze uhlobo olusha lwe-mummychisaur - Qijianglong guokr. Njengoba isikhule cishe ngamamitha ayi-15 ubude, idayinaso yayihlala ekugcineni kwenkathi yeJurassic, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-160 edlule. Izidumbu zakhona zatholakala endaweni yaseQijiang eChongqing.
Le ndawo yokungcwaba yedayosaur yathola udumo ngo-2006, ngesikhathi sokwakha kuyo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto zokutholwa, i-paleontologists ithole ugebhezi oluncane olunentamo ende. Ukwembiwa okwengeziwe kukhombisile ukuthi ithambo lesikhumba le-axial lesilwane laligcinwe cishe ngokuphelele, futhi kwasala amathambo asakazekile kuphela kusuka emaqhugwaneni. Isigaxa sonakaliswa ngesikhathi se-Jurassic, kepha isicucu sobuchopho kanye ne-cranial lid kusekhona nanamuhla sisesimweni esihle kakhulu, kunikeza ososayensi ithuba lokufunda ngesakhiwo sobuchopho esasingaziwa ngaphambili sama-mamaenosaurs.
"I-Qijianglong iyisidalwa esijabulisayo. Cabanga isilwane esikhulu esingenantamo futhi uzobona ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungadala izinto ezingafani nalutho," kusho uMiyashita. "Akuvamile ukuthi sikwazi ukuthola ikhanda nentamo ye-sauropod ndawonye, ngoba amakhanda abo mncane kakhulu kangangokuba ihlukana kalula nje ngemuva kokufa kwesilwane. "
AmaMamenchisaurs avelele ezihlotsheni zawo ngentambo ende ende. Imvamisa, i-sauropod yayinentamo engaba yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba, futhi, njengoba kuvela, kuma-mammychisaurs yayingafinyelela phakathi. Ngokuphikisana nohlobo lwangaphambili olwalusaziwa ngeMamenchisaurus, i-Qijianglong cervical vertebrae yayiyize, eyayisiza kakhulu umthwalo emthanjeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intamo yedayinaso igobeke kahle ibheke phezulu, okubuye kungahambi kakhulu ngesauropod.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ama-mamaenchisaurs ayiqoqo lama-dinosaurs ase-Asia kuphela, futhi izinsalela zawo azitholakali kwamanye amazwekazi. NgokukaProfessor Curry, izinhlobo zamaShayina ezindala ziyaxaka, ziyachuma endaweni ethile eyodwa. Isibonelo, kungenzeka inqunywe emhlabeni wonke olwandle, izintaba noma ugwadule olungenakudlula. Ngakho-ke, i-basal Mamenchisauridae ayikwazanga ukusabalala kabanzi, futhi kamuva, lapho ukwahlukaniswa kwabo kuhlanganiswa nezinye izifunda, izinhlobo ezintsha ezihlaselayo zangena esikhundleni sabo kulo mncintiswano.
Njengamanje, ithambo lamadayinaso amasha liyabonakala eMnyuziyamu waseQijiang. "IChina ilikhaya lezinganekwane zasendulo," kusho uMiyashita. Mhlawumbe amaShayina asendulo lapho ethola amathambo amadayinaso amade afana neQijianglong ezweni, eza nalezi zidalwa ezinganekwane. "
Indlela ama-sauropods amakhulu abelane ngayo ngokuchithwa
Ama-dinosaurs amakhulu ama-sauropod afana neDiplodocus neBrachiosaurus ayehlala ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ezindaweni ezifanayo. Ngamunye wabo wayedinga inani elikhulu lokudla kwezitshalo. Ukuthi ama-sauropods abelana kanjani ngezinsizakusebenza zokudla, izazi zezimbali zaseBrithani zathola kanjani.
Isigaxa seCamarasaurus Isibonelo esivelele kunazo zonke sokudotshwa kwama-sauropods ahlukahlukene iLate Jurassic Morrison - ukulandelana kwamadwala adukayo atholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-USA aqukethe izinsalela zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-10 zalaba bantu abakhulu. Lesi simo sadida ososayensi isikhathi eside, ngoba namuhla ngisho nemvelo ekhiqiza kakhulu e-Afrika ikwazi ukusekela ukuba khona koyedwa wommeleli we-macro fauna - indlovu. Kepha ukwahlulela ngemininingwane yokwakheka komhlaba, imali ebekiwe ekwakhiweni kweMorrison iqongelelwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zelomhlaba, ikunciphisa kakhulu ukukhula kwezimbali.
U-University of Bristol paleontologist uDavid Button nozakwabo basebenzise imodeli yamakhompiyutha ukuthola umehluko enqubweni enomsoco yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-sauropods. Ngemuva kokulinganisa ngokucophelela ugebhezi lweCamarasaurus, bayifaka ngaphansi kwe-Finite Element Analysis (FEA), esetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela ekwakheni imishini nezinqubo. Uhlelo "lwanda" amathambo edayinaso yasendulo enemisipha ebonakalayo futhi yabala umthwalo nokusatshalaliswa kwemizimba kuyo yonke igebhezi le-camarasaurus. Ngemuva kwalokho, imininingwane etholakele yayiqhathaniswa nesethi efanayo yezinombolo ezatholakala ngaphambili kugebhezi lwe-diplodocus, ngoba leli bhangqwana lama-giants latholakala ndawonye ezindaweni eziningi.
"Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi yize kungekho noyedwa owakwazanga ukuhlafuna, izigaxa zazo zombili izibankwakazi ziyizindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuluma," kusho uButton. "Ugebhezi lweCamarasaurus lwalunamandla, futhi ukulunywa kwakuqinile, okwakuvumela ukuba kudle ngamaqabunga namagatsha anzima. igebhezi elincanyana nokulimala okubuthakathaka kwe-diplodocus kunqunyelwe ekudleni kwakhe kuma-ferns kanye nezinye izitshalo ezithambile, kuyilapho idiplodocus ingasebenzisa imisipha yentamo eqinile lapho iklebhula izimila, okubonisa umehluko omkhulu ekudleni kwama-dinosaurs amabili, okudala u-olyali bazohlalisana nabo. "
Ngokuqhathanisa ukubalwa kwe-biomechanical okwenzelwe ezinye izinhlobo ze-sauropod, iqembu labacwaningi lafika esiphethweni sokuthi bonke babehluke kakhulu emkhakheni wokushintshwa kokudla, okusho ukuthi basebenzise uhla olunhlobonhlobo lokudla.
"Emiphakathini yanamuhla yezilwane, ukungafani kwemenyu okunjengalokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ama-trophic niches. Vumela izinhlobo eziningi ezisondelene ukuthi zinciphise ukuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza zokudla," kusho umlobi osebenza naye ocwaningweni u-Emily Rayfield, uprofesa we-paleobiology eBristol University. ubufakazi bokuthi le nto ibikhona futhi ikhona emiphakathini yamandulo. "
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ezenziwa ngabasebenza ngama-paleontologists baseBrithani basiza ukukucabanga kangcono ukuvela kokuziphatha kokudla kwama-sauropods amakhulu, aphoqwa ukuthi kudlule inani elikhulu le-roughage ngekhanda elincane nentamo ende ende. Ngokusobala, abameli bokuqala baleli qembu bakwazile ukudla izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, kodwa ezigabeni zakamuva zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwadingeka balandele indlela yobuchwepheshe bokudla okujulile.
I-bulletproof vest yesiqhwaga. Kungani ama-titanosaurs adinga izembatho zempi zamathambo?
Izazi ze-paleontologists zaseSpain zibuyise imininingwane ehlelekile yezembatho zesikhumba zama-titanosaurs - ama-dinosaurs okugcina omlando emlandweni woMhlaba. Ngokusho kwabo, lezi zilwane ezinkulu zazimbozwe ngemigqa eminingana yamathambo, zimboze umhlane wazo kanye nezinhlangothi.
I-TitanosaurusUkwakhiwa kabusha: UMauricio Anton Jose Luis Sans noDaniel Vidal abavela e-Autonomous University of Madrid esihlokweni sabo babiza ama-dinanursurs "amancane aphethe izikhali". Ngokubambisana noFrancisco Ortega weNational University of Mbali Learning, basanda kuchaza ukutholwa okusha kwe-osteoderm - izinto zezembatho zesikhumba zama-titanosaurs atholakala esifundazweni saseSpain eCuenca.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-titanosaurs cishe ama-sauropod kuphela anama-amadivaysi anjalo. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zamadermine ziyaziwa kolunye lwezinhlobo ezintsha ze-diplodocus, kepha azikachazwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho ama-titanosaurs ahlala ehlukile ngohlobo lwawo. Inhloso yalawa ma-scute nokukhula kuthakazelisa kakhulu abacwaningi, ngoba ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ama-titanosaurs cishe awesabi izinyamazane. Ngokusho komqondo othile osanda kwenziwa, ama-osteoderms abesebenza njengendawo egcina amaminerali.
Izivikelo ezi-bony ze-titanosaurs zingukutholakala okuqabukela. Kuze kube manje, emhlabeni wonke kuqoqwe okungaphezulu kwekhulu kwalezi zinto. EYurophu, atholakala ikakhulukazi eFrance (ayisishiyagalombili) naseSpain (ayisikhombisa). Umsebenzi omusha wezazi zaseSpain paleontologists uchaza ngokushesha eziyisikhombisa nezinhlamvu eziyi-11 ezilondolozwe ezingxenyeni eziyishumi nanye ezivela endaweni iLo Hueco.
Yonke iYurophu ithola, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ingeyohlobo lwe-bulb kanye nohlobo lwempande (i-bulb kanye nezimpande). Noma zitholakala ngaphakathi kwezinsalela zokucabanga komuntu oyedwa, zihlukile ngokubukeka, ngakho-ke ama-paleontologists abheka lokhu njengokubonakaliswa kokuhlukahluka kwe-intraspecific ngisho nomuntu ngamunye. Leli iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe indlela ye-osteoderm njengesici sokuxilonga ekunqumeni itekisi elithile elake laxoxwa ngaphambilini.
Ngeshwa, izazi ze-paleont namanje azazi ukuthi ama-plaque atholakala kanjani emzimbeni wesilwane. Ngokusho kwemidwebo ehlukahlukene, badlulela esifundeni se-dorsal-oblial, noma endaweni yokubuna, noma behlela ezinhlangothini. Ngokusho kukaSans, uVidal no-Ortega, eqinisweni, kwakukhona amathambo amakhulu ngemuva kwama-dinosaurs emigqeni emibili efanayo, isuka ekhanda iya emsileni. Cishe ngendlela efanayo, ngokusho kokuphinda kwakhiwe kabusha, izihlangu zamathambo ezidumile zama-stegosaurs ziyakhula. Kulesi simo, ama-osteoderms amakhulu ama-titanosaurs atholakala ngokulingana nomgogodla, futhi imikhondo emincane yayingabekwa eceleni kwama-rosette alowo nalowo kulezi zinkundla.
Ukufakwa kwesikhumba sombungu we-titanosaurus otholakala endaweni ka-Auca Mahuevo kwagqugquzela irosette enjalo yezembatho zesikhumba zososayensi. Kodwa-ke, ababhali baphoqeleka ukuba benze ukubhuka ukuthi lokhu akuyona into edlula ukucabanga - empeleni, kubo bonke abasindile bezinkanyezi, izikhali zezikhumba zenziwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, futhi uma ama-titanosaurs enza okufanayo, khona-ke amaphrinta atholakala embungwini awahambisani nama-osteoderms.
Ngokomongo, ngeke kunqunywe ukuthi ukwakheka kwemikhakha yamathambo nakho kwakuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukumboza, ngaphezu emuva, ezinye izindawo zomzimba womzimba. Kepha kuleli cala, kuzodingeka i-osteoderm eningi kakhulu kunalokho okutholwe kulokhu kuvubukulwa.
AmaZauropod awele eziqhingini zaseYurophu
Amadayinaso asemuva okumangalisayo abethulwa odokotela bezimbali zasentabeni eJalimane lanamuhla. I-Europasaurus holgeri kwakuyi-gnomes yangempela uma iqhathaniswa nezihlobo zayo ze-titanic, ezaziwa njengezidalwa ezikhulukazi zomhlaba zesikhathi sonke.
I-Europasaurus holgeri. Ukwakhiwa kabusha: UGerhard Boeggemann Ubukhulu be-europast ende kwakungamamitha ayisithupha ngentamo nomsila omude, futhi isisindo asifikanga ngisho kuthani. Uma kuqhathaniswa namahhashi anamuhla nezintelezi, kubukeka kuqinile, kepha izihlobo eziseduzane kakhulu ze-Europasaurus - amanye ama-sauropods - zithathwa njengezakhamizi ezinde kakhulu futhi ezisindayo emhlabeni kuwo wonke umlando wazo futhi ngezinye izikhathi zidlula umzala wazo omfushane kuzo zonke izindlela.
Ngokumba izinsalela ze-Europasaurus okokuqala, ososayensi banquma ukuthi babhekana nezinsalela zentsha, hhayi izilwane ezindala. Kepha kusukela ngo-2006, lapho kutholakala i-Eurosaurus yokuqala enyakatho yeJalimane, imfucumfucu yabantu abangaphezu kuka-14 isivele ifundiwe, futhi abaningi babo baba ngabantu abadala impela. I-Microscopy yasiza ukucacisa iminyaka yomuntu yezidalwa ezanyamalala ezinde.
UMartin Sander, uprofesa we-paleontology eYunivesithi yaseBonn uthe, "I-micostosition isitshela ukuthi ama-Europasaurus amakhulu kakhulu asevele enziwe ngokuphelele," kusho uMartin Sander, uprofesa we-paleontology e-University of Bonn.
Lawa mapuleti acishe abe sobala futhi angahlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, abuke isimo sethambo sabantu abasha noma abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi bafunda ukwakheka kwamathambo e-skull, ehlukile esigabeni ngasinye se-patosisi. Ngokwenani lalaba balingisi, izinsalela eziningi zama-Eurosaurs zaphenduka ezabantu abadala, izilwane ezincane.
Ngokunokwenzeka, izazi zesayensi yemvelo zaseJalimane ziphakamisa ukuthi, sibhekene nokubizwa ngokuthi yi-Island dwarfism - ukugaya izilwane ezinkulu, inani labantu ababevaleleke esiqhingini esincane. Le nto ifundwe kahle ngesibonelo sabantu abaningi bezindlovu nemvubu yanamuhla ehlala eziqhingini eziqhelile. Iqiniso lezimo zesiqhingi ezazikhona ngalezozinsuku ensimini yeYurophu yanamuhla lisungulwa ngokuthembekile. Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-150 edlule, lezi zindawo zaziwulwandle olujulile, olufudumele olunama-archipelagos asakazeke kuyo yonke indawo.
Imvamisa, ukwehliswa kokukhula kwama dinosaur kungatholakala ngezindlela ezimbili, kusho uSander. Owokuqala ukumiswa kokukhula kwesilwane, lapho umuntu ojwayelekile ekhula, ngokwesibonelo, aze afike eminyakeni engama-20, kuthi umuntu omfushane akhule abe yisihlanu, emva kwalokho ukukhula kuyeke. Indlela yesibili ukunciphisa ijubane ngokwalo, lapho isikhathi sokuvuthwa lihlala lifana, kepha ijubane laso liyabonakala. Ngokusho kukaprofessor, odabeni lwe-Europasaurus holgeri zombili lezi zinqubo zenzeka, kepha akukaziwa ukuthi iyiphi kuzo eyinqobile.
Enye imfihlakalo yama-Europasaurs ukuhlukaniswa kwabo baba ngamaqembu amabili ngosayizi, elinye lawo lalicishe libe ngama-30 %-50% likhulu kunelinye. Lokhu kungaba wukubonakaliswa kwe-dimorphism yezocansi, noma ubufakazi bokuhlangana kwezindawo ezimbili ezahlukene ezindaweni ezisondelene nendawo, noma enye incazelo. Mhlawumbe kungekudala enye inhlobo yama-sauropod omfishane weJurassic izongezwa ku-Europasaurus holgeri.
IDiplodocus ifihlekile ekuqothulweni eSouth America
Inoveli edumile ka-Arthur Conan Doyle, ethi The Lost World, ibonakala inezizathu zangempela. Kunoma ikuphi, amanye ama-dinosaurs akwazi ukusinda ekuqothulweni kwezihlobo zawo, athole indawo yokuhlala ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika.
Ngosizo lomsila omude oqinile, i-leinkupal laticauda ingazivikela ekuhlaselweni yizilwane eziyingozi. Ukwakhiwa kabusha: UJorge Antonio Gonzalez Sikhuluma ngabamele abomndeni wakwaDiplodocidae - ama-sauropods amade amade futhi anomsila omude owakhe eYurophu, e-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika eJurassic. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi elandelayo yeCretaceous, lezi zilwane kwakucatshangwa ukuthi seziphelile yonke indawo. Kodwa-ke, izazi ze-Paleontologists zase-Argentina zathola izinsalela ezingathandabuzekiyo ze-diplodocus kuma-sediments aseLower Cretaceous aqala emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-140 edlule.
"Bekulindelekile ukuhlangana noDiplodocidae eSouth America, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola iTyrannosaurus rex ePatagonia," kusho isazi se-paleontologist uSebastian Apestigua waseYunivesithi yaseMaimonides, obexoxa naye ngemininingwane yokutholwa kwakhe. Phambilini ososayensi abatholanga zimpawu zokuthi kukhona idiplodocus nezihlobo zakhe kuleli zwekazi.
I-laticauda e-leinkupal yanquma ukuqamba leli lizard elisha. Igama lokuqala elihunyushwe lisuselwa olimini lwamaNdiya aseMapuche endawo lisho ukuthi "umndeni owanyamalalayo", kanti owesibili, isiLatini, uhumusha ngokuthi "umsila omkhulu". Endaweni lapho umsila ungene khona emzimbeni, i-dinosaur vertebrae yanda, yakha amalunga aqinile kakhulu. Ukuphumula okuseleyo kwakufane nazo zonke izihlobo zayo futhi yayinentamo ende nomsila ofanayo. Kodwa-ke, wayemncane futhi emuhle ukwedlula amanye ama-diplodocus, afinyelela ubude bamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela.
U-Apestigua uthe, "Ukungabinankinga kwakuyinsizwa encane kakhulu eqenjini leziqhwaga eziqashelwayo. Asazi kahle ukuthi wayesisindo esingakanani, kodwa ngoba iningi lamathambo akhe lalincane futhi alilula, futhi ubude bawo bomzimba babusentanyeni nomsila. "Isisindo sayo besingenakuhlaba umxhwele futhi besingaphezulu kakhulu kwendlovu yesimanje."
Bebehlala etindzaweni letinemandla laseningizimu nehlane lelikhulu, lebelikhona ngalezo zinsuku maphakathi neNingizimu Melika, kubhala iReuters. Izwekazi uqobo lwalo ngalesosikhathi lahlukaniswa ngokuphelele neNyakatho Melika, kanye neSouth Atlantic, eyaqala ukuziveza, nayo yayivalela kude ne-Afrika. Namuhla uLeinkupal laticauda ubhekwa njengommeleli omncane ka-Diplodocidae, osinde ezihlotsheni zakhe ngezigidi zeminyaka.
I-Cretaceous China yayiyindawo yokuthola ama-titanosaurs
Izidumbu ze-teolin elandelayo ye-prehistoric pangolin eyayiphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule futhi eyilungu leqembu lama-titanosaurs, yatholwa odokotela bezimbali baseMelika abasebenza eChina. Isikhumba esibonisiwe ngokusobala sasingeyona eyomuntu okhulile, kodwa eyinsizwa, kodwa yize lokhu, yafika cishe amamitha angama-20 ubude.
Amathambo asindile we-Yongjinglong datangi kanye nomdwebo we-silhouette yayo. Peter Dodson et al. Ubukhulu besiqephu esikalini buyi-600 mm. Iqembu lososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yasePennsylvania bakha imfucumfucu yokuqala yaseCansace Gansu futhi bakhubeka emthanjeni ongaphelele wesanopopod ongaziwa isayensi. I-Yongjinglong datangi yanquma ukuqamba lokho okutholakele, futhi ucwaningo lwayo oluningilizayo lwakhombisa ukuthi ngele-titanosaurs - iqembu elikhethekile lama-dinosaurs ezinezinyawo ezine, elihlanganisa izidalwa zomhlaba ezinkulu emlandweni woMhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maqondana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, uYongjinglong wayengomunye wabamele kakhulu kuleli qembu lase-Asia.
Eminye imininingwane ye-anatomical yenza i-Yongjinglong ihlobene ne-Chinese titanosaurus Euhelopus zdanskyi yokuqala yokuqala, eyatholakala emuva ngo-1929, kodwa kwezinye izindlela eziningi ihluke kakhulu kwezihlobo zayo. Ngakho-ke, amazinyo e-titanosaurus entsha afinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-15 futhi aphethe izimbotshana ezimbili zokuhlafuna, kanti, ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona kuphela ikamu elilodwa elinjalo emazinyweni e-Euhelopus.
I-vertebrae enkulu yaseYongjinglong yayinemizimba yomoya, eqinisekisa umbono osabalele wokuthi izidumbu zamanye amadayinas zangena ngemithambo yomoya, njengasezinyoni zesimanje. UPeter Dodson, onguprofesa e-University of Pennsylvania, ongomunye wababhali balolu cwaningo, uthe: "Lolu hlobo lunemithambo emikhulu ngokungajwayelekile."
Ama-scapulas amakhulu amakhulu i-Yongjinglong, afinyelela cishe amamitha amabili ubude, ayimangalisa. Amathambo amakhulu anjalo ayengalingani nobukhulu bomzimba wesigcikwane futhi ngokunokwenzeka ayengatholakali ngokuqondile noma ngokuqondile, njengamanye amadayinaso, kodwa ekhoneni elingaba ngama-degree angama-50 kuya enezingqimba.
Ngendlela, i-scapula ne-coracoid yesikebhe esitholakele azihlanganisiwe nomunye, okujwayelekile kwabasebasha, hhayi abantu abadala. Ngakho-ke, i-Yongjinglong esezingeni eliphakathi kungenzeka ukuthi yayinkulu kakhulu kunale ndlela yokuqagela eyi-18.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kuze kube muva nje, i-United States ibingumpetha womhlaba owaziwayo emkhakheni wezomnotho wedayinaso. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2007, iChina yaphoqa umholi wangaphambili kule podium. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kujikeleza kwaqhutshwa ukutholwa kwesilwane esicebile kakhulu sedayinaso esifundazweni saseGansu. Kwakulapho, ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-2007 kwatholakala khona amanye ama-titanosaurs amabili aseChina - uHuanghetitan liujiaxiaensis noDaxiatitan binglingi. Izidumbu zabo zatholakala njengekhilomitha ukusuka emthanjeni weYongjinglong.
UDodson uthe, "Muva nje, ngonyaka we-1997, kwakungamakhulu amadayinosaurs kuphela avela eGansu. Manje manje lesi ngesinye sezifunda ezihola phambili eChina. Lezi zidina zingumcebo ongokoqobo weGansu."
Ukuthola indawo yeYongjinglong esihlahleni somndeni seTitanosaurus, izazi zezimbali zayiqhathanisa nabanye abamele leli qembu, abavela e-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika nase-USA. "Sisebenzise amasu ajwayelekile we-paleontological, futhi imiphumela yethu iphakamisa ukuthi wayethuthuke kakhulu kune-Euhelopus, ekhumbula ezinye izinhlobo zaseNingizimu Melika," kusho uDodson.
Ukutholwa kwenqwaba yama-titanosaurs amasha ezimeni zaseCretaceous of China kwaphoqa ama-paleontologists ukuthi alahle umqondo owawukhona ngaphambili wokuthi i-sauropod heyday yayisesikhathini se-Jurassic, futhi nge-Cretaceous inani lawo nokubaluleka kwawo kwehla kakhulu. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwengxenye yezilwane zaseMelika, kepha kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, futhi ikakhulukazi e-Asia naseNingizimu Melika, la ma-dinosaurs aqhubeka nokuchuma futhi angabhekwa njengezingxenye zesibili zemiphakathi, u-EurekAlert ubhala!
Izimpaphe zama-dinosaurs zazihlukile ngaphandle komthetho
Izinyoni zaqhamuka kuma-dinosaurs, kanti izinsalela zezinsalela zakudala zivame ukuhambisana nezimpaphe zezimpaphe, futhi ezinye izazi zezimbali ziye zasikisela ukuthi izimpaphe kwakuyinto evamile yama-dinosaurs avele ekuqaleni komlando wokuvela kwaleli qembu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa okusha kwezimpaphe ze-dinosaur kukhombisile ukuthi le hypothesis efinyelela kude kungenzeka ilungile.
Ama-Triceratops ekugcineni kweCretaceous ayephakathi kwalawo angenazimpaphe. (Ukufanekiswa nguDe Agostini Photo Library / Getty Images.) Izazi zesimo sezulu sezazi iminyaka engamashumi amabili ukuthi i-theropods (isendlalelo esasihlanganisa i-tyrannosaurus ne-velociraptor nalapho izinyoni zesimanje zivela khona) zambozwa okuthile okufana nefluff. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkukhu-zisekelwa (ama-triceratops, ama-stegosaurs, ama-ankylosaurs, njll.) Kanye nama-sauropod amakhulu anentamo ende ayethathwa njenge-scaly, njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo zanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngonyaka we-2002, kutholakale izinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu ezinjengezintambo esikhunjeni. Lokhu kwaholela emcabangweni wokuthi izakhiwo ezinjengezimpaphe zaziphawuleka kokhokho bawo wonke amaqembu esidlozi.
Emzamweni wokufunda kabanzi, izazi zemvelo uPaul Barrett weLondon Museum of Natural History (UK) noDavid Evans weRoyal Ontario Museum (eCanada) bakha uhlu lwazo zonke izingwazi zesikhumba se-dinosaur ezaziwayo. Ngemuva kwalokho bazama ukuhlela ubudlelwane balezo zibankwa ezazinezimpaphe noma ukwakheka okufana nezimpaphe.
Imiphumela yocwaningo, eyethulwe nguMnu Barrett emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke weNhlangano ye-Vertebrate Paleontology eLos Angeles, iveza ukuthi yize ezinye izitshalo zezinkukhu (ikakhulukazi i-psittacosaurus ne-tianyulong) zazinezimpaphe noma izakhiwo ezinjengemicu. Phakathi kwama-sauropods, izikali nakho kwakuyinto evamile.
“Ngikulungele ukuya kude ngithi wonke amadinosaurs abenoluhlobo lofuzo oluvumela imicu, izinaliti kanye nezimpaphe ukuba ziphume esikhunjeni,” kusho uMnu Barrett. "Kodwa izikali zivame kakhulu kuyo yonke imigqa kubukeka sengathi kuyindlela yokhokho."
Njengoba isazi se-paleontologist uRichard Butler wase-University of Birmingham (UK) sibona, lesi yisifundo esihle kunoma ngubani owayejabule ngezinto ezitholwe muva nje futhi wasikisela ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ayizinyoni zokuqala. Noma kunjalo, uMnu Butler akaqiniseki ukuthi igama lokugcina selishiwo kulolu daba, ngoba kuze kube manje azikho izibonelo zama-dinosaurs asendulo avela eLate Triassic naseFirst Jurassic ebhange le-piggy yesayensi elizophila ngaphansi kwezimo ezisivumela ukuba nethemba lokuthola izindondo zesikhumba noma izimpaphe. Uma izinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo zisatholakala, isithombe sizoshintsha kakhulu.
Ama-Paleontologists abuyisele ukuhamba kwedayinaso enkulu kunazo zonke
Izakhamizi zomhlaba ezinkulu kakhulu zoMhlaba zazingama-dinosaurs e-sauropod kusukela esikhathini seCretaceous. Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, ososayensi bakwazile ukwakha kabusha ukuthandwa kwalezi zimidondoshiya.
I-Skeleton ye-argenitnosaurus Iqembu lezazi zomzimba e-University of Manchester laqala ukubuyisa umakhenikha nama-kinematics wokunyakaza kwama-dinosaurs asendulo. Imodeli yabo yokuqala kwakuyi-Argentinosaurus engamamitha angama-40 evela emimangweni yaseCretaceous yaseNingizimu Melika. Ngokusho kokuphinda kwakhiwe, isisindo salesi silwane safinyelela kumathani angama-80, kanti abanye ososayensi baze bangabaza ikhono lama-Argentinainsaurs ngokuzimela aqhubekele emhlabeni.
Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi owenziwe ngabacwaningi oholwa nguDkt. Bill Seller ukhombisile ukuthi ama-dinosaurs amakhulu hhayi nje kuphela angahamba, kodwa futhi akwenze ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokwezibalo zamakhompiyutha, ijubane le-Argentinosaur elisheshayo mayelana nebhizinisi layo lafika kumakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili ngehora.
"Sisebenzise uhlelo lwamakhompyutha olunamandla acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezingama-30 zamakhompiyutha ukuze iArgentinosaurus ikwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-94 edlule," kusho owabambe iqhaza kule projekthi uDkt Lee Margetts. Patagonia. "
Ukuze kutholakale, ososayensi kwadingeka ukuba bahlole i-laser ephelele yesigcilikisha, bese bakhe imodeli yayo ebonakalayo. "Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ama-dinosaurs ahamba kanjani, indlela engcono kunazo zonke ukulingisa nge-computer. Le kuphela kwendlela yokuhlanganisa yonke imicu yolwazi oluhlukahlukene esinayo ngama-dinosaurs," kuchaza uDkt Sellers.
Ukuze "uvuse" i-sauropod gait, ososayensi basebenzise isoftware yaseGaitsym yasekuqaleni, evumela ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe izici zokuhamba kwezilwane zesimanje nezisashabalala.
"Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-dinosaurs akafani nanoma yiziphi izilwane eziphila namuhla, ngakho-ke asikwazanga nje ukuzikopisha kusukela kubantu esiphila nabo," kusho Abadayisi. amalunga ukuqonda ukuthi asebenza kanjani, kuyadingeka ukuwaqhathanisa, futhi kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuqhathanisa ukubonakaliswa okwedlulele.I-Argentinosaurus yisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esake saphila ebusweni bomhlaba, futhi ukuqonda ukuthi kuhanjwa kanjani kuzositshela okuningi ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu kohlelo lwemisipha ye-vertebrates.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo izovumela esikhathini esizayo ukuklama nokwakha amarobhothi asebenza kangcono ngokwentuthuko, kubika i 4 News. Okwamanje, iqembu lososayensi ligxile ekubuyiselweni nasekufundeni kwe-gait yezinye izibankwakazi ezinkulu, ezinjenge-triceratops, brachiosaurus ne-tyrannosaurus.
Isihloko esithi "Mashi ka-Titans: Amandla we-Locomotor of Sauropod Dinosaurs" atholakala ku-PLOS ONE portal.
Kungani amadayinisthi amakhulu kangaka abe mkhulu kangaka
Kanye ne-Tyrannosaurus rex, i-sauropod “ejwayelekile” ingesinye sezilwane ezibonakala kuqala. Awukwazi ukudida noma yini ngesibalo sakhe esihle “ezinyaweni” ezine, umsila omude wemisipha futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, intamo enkulu enekhanda elincane.
Amathambo e-Argentina ama-dinosaur skeleton Lezi zidalwa zingafaniswa nemikhomo emikhulu ye-baleen (cishe amathani angama-85) futhi kulesi sikhombisi siphakeme kakhulu kunazo zonke ezinye izidalwa zomhlaba ezake zahamba emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile kuphakama umbuzo: kungani baba baba bakhulu kangaka?
Impendulo yaphakanyiswa yiqembu elibanzi lezinhlayiya zesayensi, elashicilela ama-athikili ayi-14 ngasikhathi sinye kumagazini we-inthanethi i-PLoS One.
Isibindi esikhulu sama-sauropods sichazwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kuvame ukuvela izinhlobo ezingafani kakhulu - kuze kufike ekutheni esikhathini se-Mesozoic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66-252 edlule) amandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba abengaphansi kwa manje. Ngaso leso sikhathi, inani elincane ngokumangazayo locwaningo lwesayensi ngalesi sihloko luyamangaza. Mhlawumbe iphuzu liyinkimbinkimbi ye-banal yenkinga kanye nesidingo sokunciphisa ngamathambo abuthaka.
Kepha noma yini ebangela lokhu budedengu, kuyinto yesikhathi esedlule: eminyakeni embalwa edlule uhulumeni waseJalimane wabela imali enkulu ukutadisha i-biology yama-sauropods, futhi ikakhulukazi umsuka we-gigantism yawo. UMartin Zander waseNyuvesi yaseBonn wengamela umsebenzi wamaqembu ayi-13 amele izinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zesayensi. Ishicilele imisebenzi engaphezu kwekhulu kanye nencwadi efingqa ngayo. Futhi manje - ingxenye entsha yeziphetho ngokuqondene nezici eziningana ze-sauropod biology, nokuthi imodeli yokuthuthuka kwe-gigantism yabo elungiswe yilabososayensi ihambelana kanjani nocwaningo lwamanje.
I-Evolutionary Cascade Model (ECM) ngumqondo ophambili waleli qembu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxube eyingqayizivele yezinhlamvu ezithuthukayo nezisakudala - izici zomzimba kanye nokusebenza-komzimba ezakhonjiswa amadlozi ama-sauropods - kuholele kumakhasethi ambalwa ezinguquko ezishintshileyo ezikhiqize ngempendulo enhle futhi ngaleyo ndlela zavumela ama-sauropods ukuba aphume onke ezinye izilwane zomhlaba.
Kwakuyini lokhu kuhlanganiswa? Ngamafuphi - izinga eliphakeme le-metabolic kanye nezinto zokuphefumula ezisetshenziselwa ukuphefumula, okungukuthi, ngokuhamba komoya okungenamikhawulo ngokusebenzisa amaphaphu (izimpawu eziqhubekayo), ezihlanganiswe nesizukulwane senani elikhulu lamawundlu amancane nokusebenza okubuthakathaka kakhulu kokudla emlonyeni (izimpawu zokuqala).
I-hypothesis ukuthi lezi zibonakaliso zithathwa njengembangela yokuqothuka kwemvelo kwemikhawulo emihlanu ethinta i-1) ukuzala, 2) umsoco, 3) ukwakheka kwekhanda nentamo, 4) amaphaphu kanye ne-5) metabolism.
Ukwenza isibonelo, ake sithathe izinguquko ezikhona empilweni.
Ake siqale ngesici sokuqala njengokungabikho kokuhlafuna okuphelele noma okucishe kube okuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-sauropods okuqala (khumbula, ayeyimifino eqinile) ayedla okuningi imizuzu embalwa, ngoba isikhathi esincane kakhulu sadlula phakathi kokuthola ukudla emlonyeni nokugwinya. Ngempela, emlandweni wama-sauropods, ukubhekelwa okuthile okuningana kuyabonakala ukuthi kufaka isandla ekuphuthumeni kokudla: ukuvuselelwa kwamazinyo okushesha kakhulu, ukunwetshwa kwemihlathi nokulahleka kwezihlathi - konke ukuze kukhiwe futhi kugwinye ngangokunokwenzeka. Abantu abanezimfanelo ezinjalo bathola inzuzo: esikhathini esithile esinikezwe, bathola amandla amaningi kunezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo, inqobo nje, ukuthi uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lungathola futhi lusebenze inani elinjalo lokudla okutshekwe kabi. Umphumela waba ukukhula komzimba okusheshayo.
Ukucacisa umbuzo wobudlelwano bama-cascade, ake sihlole ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingahlanganiswa kanjani nokuguqulwa kwekhanda nentamo. Njengoba kwakungekho kudingekile ukuhlafuna ukudla kahle, ama-sauropods awadingi iqoqo elifanele lemisipha. Isibonelo, ezincelweni zesimanje, izicubu ze-masticatory nosayizi wekhanda, okufanele uzithwale, zanda ngokuya ngosayizi womzimba. Futhi amaqhawekazi ethu aphunyuka ngenjabulo kulokhu ngokugcina ikhanda elincane, ukunyakaza kwalo kudinga amandla amancane. Lokhu kwavumela intamo ukuthi yande, futhi ama-sauropods aqala ukudla ukudla okuningana lapho, futhi ngaleyo ndlela athola amandla amaningi ngokwengeziwe ngemali ephansi. Ngakho-ke, umthamo wohlelo lokugaya umzimba lwaqhubeka lukhula, futhi nalo ngosayizi womzimba.
Lesi yisibonelo se-Cascade eyodwa kanye necascade eyodwa. Imodeli yonke, kunjalo, iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ifuna ukuchaza izinguquko eziningi ezigcina zidlule ekudalelweni kwama-sauropods nokuholele ekubukekeni kwamafudu nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Kungenzeka yini ukusho ukuthi ngokwenza lokhu, ososayensi bakwazi ukudweba isithombe esisodwa se-biology yama-sauropods? Ngeshwa, akunjalo.
Kukhona futhi ukungaboni ngaso linye kuleli qembu elimangalisayo lososayensi. Isibonelo, zihambelana ne-angle lapho ama-sauropods ayebambe khona izintamo zawo. Zonke iziphetho kule ndaba zivame ukulandela kusuka kumamodeli edijithali emthanjeni, lapho ithambo ngalinye lixhunywe kulo elingomakhelwane futhi lilungiswe ngendlela yokuthi izingxenye zobuso zihlangana kakhulu noma kancane. Lokhu kusetha uhla lokunyakaza (i-DD) kanye nesikhundla se-zero osteological (NOP), lapho indawo yokuhlangana ihlangana khona ngangokunokwenzeka futhi amathambo ahlangana ndawonye ngendlela elula kakhulu.
Ngabe ama-sauropods abambe ngempela intamo yawo kanjalo? (Image nguMark Witton.) Enye yalezo zihloko eziyishumi nane ithi ukwahlulela kwe-NOP, ama-sauropods ayegcina izintamo zawo ziqonde, kunokuba azibambe ngendlela yamasansane. I-DD ayivumelanga ikhanda ukuthi likhuphuke kakhulu, ngenkathi ukunyakaza okubanzi endizeni ethe xaxa kungenzeka, ngakho-ke ukuqhathanisa nendlulamthi akulungile.
Lutho lolohlobo, ozakwabo balabososayensi bathi kwesinye isihloko. Baqinisekile ukuthi i-NOP ayisho lutho mayelana nokuphakama kwekhanda, nokuthi zonke lezi zinhlobo azicabangi ngomphumela kuzo zombili izinkomba zezicubu ezithambile, kufaka phakathi i-articular cartilage and discvertebral disc.
I-Apatosaurus emgodini wokunisela (umfanekiso weWikimedia Commons). Kepha uma sifuna ukucacisa lesi simo ngesibindi sosopops, inkinga enkulu isalokhu isisindo sesisindo somzimba wezilwane ezanyamalala, okukhona kuzo kuphela amathambo, ngaphandle kwalokho okungahlali kuphelele. Umsebenzi unzima kakhulu. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulinganisa isisindo, okuholela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene.
Enye yezindatshana ezintsha ichaza omunye umzamo, nge-sauropod enkulu kunazo zonke, i-Argentinainosaurus, okugxilwe kuyo ukunakwa (bheka ividiyo ngezansi). Ngokwemiphumela yokuskena skeleton esigcwele, amathambo ayezungezwe yi-convex skeleton - le ngenye yezindlela ezilula zokuhlola ivolumu yedayinaso, bese kuba yisisindo. Indlela yahlolwa ezilwaneni zanamuhla futhi yanikeza imiphumela emihle. Mhlawumbe amathani angama-85 i-Argentinosaurus ayinikezwe ngalesi sikhathi, empeleni awekho kude neqiniso.
Ungakhohlwa nje ukuthi lesi skeleton uqobo singumfanekiso wasekhompyutheni wama-sauropod ahlukahlukene ahlobene nawo, ngoba i-Argentinosaurus yaziwa ngezinsalela zayo ezihlakazeke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho neyodwa i-sauropod enkulu ebilokhu ikhathaza ukuthumela ithambo eliphelele esikhathini sethu, ngakho-ke ukubala umkhawulo ophezulu wesisindo salezi dinosaurs kuhlala kuyinkinga.
Ungazama ukuzungeza ngokulinganisa umkhondo: kunethemba lokubala isisindo ngokuya ngamandla owadalile. Ngokungafani namathambo, iminonjana yama-sauropod amakhulu amakhulu ivezwe kahle kwirekhodi lamathambo. Ukuhlola indlela yezindlovu nakho kuye kwaba kuhle.
Kepha kuze kube manje lokhu akukwenziwanga, ngoba udinga ukwazi izakhiwo zento leyo dinosaur engena kuyo, nokuthi ikhubazeka kanjani ngaphansi komphumela onjalo. Hlobo luni lwento futhi lwalunjani kulesosikhathi akulula ukuthola kulitshe.
Njengoba ubona, imfihlakalo yenye yezibonakaliso ezivelele kakhulu ze-biioengineering ayikaze ixazululwe. Futhi, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza lokhu - ukubuyisela "izolo" kulokho okusele namuhla.
