I-Pachycephalosaurus UBrown & Schlaikjer, ngo-1943 - UDracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
- Stenotholus Giffin et al. Ngo-1988
- ISygimoloch Galton & Sices, 1983
- UTylsteus Leidy, 1872
- Dracorex hogwartsi
Bakker et al. , 2006 - I-Dracorex hogwartsia
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Pachycephalosaurus gradors
UBrown & Schlaikjer, ngo-1943 - I-Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
UBrown & Schlaikjer, ngo-1943 - Stenotholus kohleri
UGiffin et al. Ngo-1988 - Stenotholus kohlerorum
UGiffin et al. Ngo-1988 - I-Troodon wyomingensis
UGilmore, ngo-1931 - I-Stygimoloch spinifer
IGalton & Sices, 1983 iminyaka eyisigidi | Isikhathi | Era | Aeon | 2,588 | Noma | Ka | F futhi n e R mayelana s mayelana th | 23,03 | Neogene | 66,0 | Paleogen | 145,5 | ucezu lwamakhodi | M e s mayelana s mayelana th | 199,6 | Yura | 251 | I-Triassic | 299 | I-Permian | P futhi l e mayelana s mayelana th | 359,2 | Ikhabhoni | 416 | Isi-Devonia | 443,7 | ISilur | 488,3 | I-Ordovician | 542 | IsiCambrian | 4570 | I-Precambrian | I-Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - uhlobo lwama-dinosaurs we-pachycephalosaurids, kufaka phakathi uhlobo olulodwa - I-Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. Okwakhiwe ngenkathi ye-Upper Cretaceous (iminyaka yamaMaastrichtian) endaweni yasenyakatho neNorth America. Kutholakale izinsalela zefosil pachycephalosaurus e-United States (Montana, South Dakota naseWyoming) naseCanada (Alberta). Ngokwesiko, i-pachycephalosaurus yayithathwa njenge-herbivorous, kepha ukutholwa kwesigebhezi sayo ngamazinyo agcinwe ngemuva kufana namazinyo ama-theopods amaningi aseMesozoic kukhombisa ukuthi kwakumangalisa, futhi ukudla kwayo kwashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile sonyaka, ngaleyo ndlela bekhumbula ukudliwa kwamabhere. Kungashiwo futhi ukuthi amanye amazinyo aqhelelene athiwa ama-theodods futhi atholakala ekwakhekeni lapho i-pachycephalosaurus ehlala khona nayo ingeyakhe. IPachycephalosaurus wayengomunye wabokugcina ngokungezona izindiza ngaphambi kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene. Njengamanye ama-pachycephalosaurids, i-pachycephalosaurus kwakuyisilwane esinophawundi (esinemibhobho) esinophahla obukhulu obukhulu kakhulu. Wayenesikhathi eside emuva nangemikhono emincane. IPachycephalosaurus wayengummeleli omkhulu owaziwayo weqembu elifanayo le-pachycephalosaurus. Ukuphakama okukhulu kwama-cranial dichi pachycephalosaurus kwaveza umbono wokuthi ama-pachycephalosaurs awasebenzise ezimpini ze-intraspecific. Phambilini, okuwukuphela kwento yabantu abadala okwabangelwa i-pachycephalosaurus, ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yayo yokukhula (i-inqubo yokukhula) yayingafundiswanga kahle, kepha kwase kutholakala ukuthi ifossil isalokhu kuthiwa yigreyidi I-Dracorex futhi I-Stygimoloch, empeleni, kungokwabantu abasebasha be-pachycephalosaurus, nokukhethwa kwalezi zinhlobo ngesisekelo sendawo ehlukile ye-bone dome futhi isikhundla nosayizi wezibongo akulungile, ngoba lezi zinto zashintsha kakhulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhula. Indaba yokutholwaI-pachycephalosaurus iyaziwa ngokuba ne-dome enkulu engaba amasentimitha angama-25 obukhulu esigaxeni sayo, esithobisa nokushaya okuthembayo. Ngemuva kwe-dome kwakuhlukaniswe yimithambo yethambo kanye nemifushane yamathambo ekhombisa ukunyuka phezulu isuka emhlolweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi izikhala zazinempepho kunokuba zibukhali. Isigaxa saso sasifushane futhi sinezinyawo ezinkulu eziyindilinga ezibheke phambili, okukhombisa ukuthi lesi silwane sasinamehlo amahle futhi sinamandla okubona nge-binocular. I-pachycephalosaurus yayinesifumbu esincane, esaphela ngoqhwaku olukhonjwa. Amazinyo ayemancane ngemqhele enamaqabunga. Ikhanda lalisekelwa yintamo ekwakhekeni kwe- "S" noma "U". Ebantwini abasha, ama-pachycephalosaurs ayenezicucu ezintofontofo ezinezimpondo ezinkulu eziphuma ngemuva kwesigebhezi. Lapho isilwane sikhula, izimpondo zazishwabana futhi zizindilinga, kanti amadome ayanda ngosayizi. I-pachycephalosaurus yayicwiyile (yaphendulwa ngesibhaxu) futhi yayiyi-pachycephalosaurus enkulu (idinosaurs enamakhanda amakhulu). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-pachycephalosaurus ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5 ubude futhi isisindo cishe ngamakhilogremu angama-450. Wayenentambo emfushane, eqinile, eyingqobelo emfushane, umzimba obukhulu obunamandla, imilenze emhlane ende nomsila osindayo, okungenzeka ukuthi wawunzima ku-tendon (ossified) tendon. Indaba yokutholwaImfucumfucu ye-pachycephalosaurus kungenzeka ukuthi yatholakala emuva ngawo-1850s. Ngokuchazwa kukaDonald Baird, ngonyaka we-1859 noma we-1860, uFerdinand Vandiver Hayden, owayeqoqisa izinto zasendulo ezivela eNyakatho Melika Ntshonalanga, waqoqa isiqeshana sethambo eduze komthombo woMthombo weMissouri, kulokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yiLance Fform eningizimu mpumalanga ye Montana. Lo mbala, manje owaziwa ngokuthi yi-ANSP 8568, wachazwa nguJoseph Lady ngo-1872 njengengubo yezempi yesilwane esihuquzelayo noma i-armadillo-like. Isampula labelwa uhlobo olusha. Tylosteus. Isimo saso sangempela asitholakalanga kuze kwaba yilapho uBaird eyihlaziya futhi ngemuva kweminyaka eyikhulu futhi eyihlonza njengethambo le-scaly (ithambo ngemuva kwesigebhezi) se-pachycephalosaurus, kufaka phakathi iqoqo le-protonyion ye-bony ehambelana naleyo etholakala kwamanye amasampula e-pachycephalosaurus. Kusukela igama Tylosteus kwandulelwa yigama I-Pachycephalosaurus, ngokuya nge-International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, igama lokuqala kufanele likhethwe. Ngo-1985, uBaird wacela ngempumelelo lokho Tylosteus igama elisetshenzisiwe I-Pachycephalosaurus, njengoba igama lokugcina selingasetshenziswanga isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, lisuselwa ezintweni zokuxilonga ezingekho emthethweni futhi lalinezikhundla ezingezona ezendawo nezendawo ezilinganayo. Lokhu kungenzeka kungabi ukuphela kwendaba, uRobert Sullivan waphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2006 ukuthi i-ANSP 8568 ifana nethambo elifanayo. I-Dracorexkunethambo le-pachycephalosaurus. Kodwa-ke, manje lo mbuzo ubalulekile ngokungacacile, njengoba izifundo ezengeziwe zikhombisile ukuthi izinsalela zamathambo zisalokhu kuthiwa I-Dracorex, ingeyabantu abasha be-pachycephalosaurus. I-Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis, uhlobo olujwayelekile nolukhona njengamanje okuwukuphela kwalo olusemthethweni lwe pachycephalosaurus, lwaqanjwa nguCharles Gilmore ngo-1931. Usebenzise leli gama ngecala elithile le-USNM 12031 kusuka eLance Fform eNyobrara County, Wyoming. UGilmore wathi uhlobo lwayo entsha yi-troodon, echaza njengokuthi I-Troodon wyomingensis . Ngaleso sikhathi, i-paleontologists yayikholelwa ukuthi i-troodon, eyaziwa kuphela ngamazinyo ayo, ifana Ama-Stegocameraowayenamazinyo afanayo. Ngakho-ke, lezo zinhlobo zezizukulwane manje ezihlukaniswa ngokuthi i-pachycephalosaurids bezingezomndeni wama-troodontid, okuwumbono oyiphutha, walungiswa ngo-1945 nguCharles Sternberg. Ngo-1943, uBarnum Brown no-Erich Maren Schleikier bachaza uhlobo olusebenzisa impahla entsha ephelele. I-Pachycephalosaurus. Baqamba izinhlobo ezimbili: Pachycephalosaurus gradors, izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-genus pachycephalosaurus kanye I-Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. gradors ibisuselwa kusampula ye-AMNH 1696, okuyigebhezi elicishe liphelele kusuka kwi-Hell Creek Fform e-Ekalaka, eCarter County, eMontana. P. Refheimeri ibisuselwa kusampula i-DMNH 469, emelelwa yi-dome nezinto ezithile ezihlobene nayo ezivela kuLance Fform eCorson County, eSouth Dakota. Futhi babenombono wakudala weTroodon. wyomingensis emndenini wakhe omusha. Izinhlobo zazo ezimbili ezintsha zibhekwa njengamagama amancane. P. wyomingensis kusukela ngo-1983 Umusa I-Stygimolochlapho ukuphela kwezinhlobo zabelwa khona - I-Stygimoloch spinifer, wachazwa yisazi saseBrithani i-vertebrate paleontologist uPeter Galton nodokotela oyi-paleontologist waseJalimane uHans-Dieter Sue wase-National Museum of Natural History ngo-1983. Kwakukholelwa lokho I-Stygimoloch ebonakala ngeziqu zameva ngemuva kwekhanda, lapho uphondo olude oluphakathi luzungezwe izimpondo ezincane ezi-2, kanye nedomeyi emincane ephakeme. Kwabonakala futhi ukuthi wonke amasampula abelwe wona I-Stygimolochezazoba pachycephalosaurs cishe ezivuthiwe, futhi I-Stygimoloch, ngokulandelana, isichazamazwi esincane se pachycephalosaurus. Igama elejwayelekile I-Stygimoloch Yakheka igama elithi uMfula iStxx, okwakukhona kuwo izinganekwane zasendulo zamaGrikhi, ogeleza endaweni engaphansi komhlaba, ngokubhekisele ekwakhekeni kweHell Creek, futhi egameni likaMoloch, unkulunkulu waseKhanani ohambisana nomhlatshelo wezingane, okhethiwe maqondana nokubukeka okumangazayo kwesilwane. Buka igama isiponji ihumusha ngokuthi "prickly". Igama eliphelele lezinhlobo, Ngakho-ke, lisho ukuthi "uDeveli onobuqili ovela eMfuleni iStyx." Abantu abasebasha be-pachycephalosaurus baziwa kusukela kwesinye isicishe sishe (TCMI 2004.17.1) kanye ne-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho (i-Atlanta, yesithathu, yesishiyagalombili neyesishiyagalolunye). Batholakale eHell Creek Plateau eSouth Dakota ngabaphaphi abathathu bezengqondo baseSioux City, e-Iowa. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngonyaka we-2004, lesi siga sadluliselwa eMnyuziyamu Wezingane wase-Indianapolis ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. Ekuqaleni, izinsalela zazingamaqhezu amancane, aqhekekile. Ababuyisele emuva basebenze ngokufaka ushukela kugebhezi lweminyaka emibili. NgoMeyi 22, 2006 umnyuziyamu wamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuvuma kwawo lokhu kwachazwa (umcimbi wabekelwa isikhathi ukuze uhambisane nokuvulwa kwengqungquthela yeFederal on Fossils). Ukutholwa kwabe sekuchazwa ngokusemthethweni nguRobert Bob Backer noRobert Sullivan ngonyaka we-2006 njengohlobo olusha. I-Dracorex . Kanye ne I-Stygimoloch, I-Dracorex yaqashelwa njengegama elifanayo elincane kakhulu elithi pachycephalosaurus. IncazeloI-pachycephalosaurus iyaziwa ngokuba ne-dome enkulu engaba amasentimitha angama-25 obukhulu esigaxeni sayo, esithobisa nokushaya okuthembayo. Ngemuva kwe-dome kwakuhlukaniswe yimithambo yethambo kanye nemifushane yamathambo ekhombisa ukunyuka phezulu isuka emhlolweni. Kungenzeka ukuthi izikhala zazinempepho kunokuba zibukhali. Isigaxa saso sasifushane futhi sinezinyawo ezinkulu eziyindilinga ezibheke phambili, okukhombisa ukuthi lesi silwane sasinamehlo amahle futhi sinamandla okubona nge-binocular. I-pachycephalosaurus yayinesifumbu esincane, esaphela ngoqhwaku olukhonjwa. Amazinyo ayemancane ngemqhele enamaqabunga. Ikhanda lalisekelwa yintamo ekwakhekeni kwe- "S" noma "U". Ebantwini abasha, ama-pachycephalosaurs ayenezicucu ezintofontofo ezinezimpondo ezinkulu eziphuma ngemuva kwesigebhezi. Lapho isilwane sikhula, izimpondo zazishwabana futhi zizindilinga, kanti amadome ayanda ngosayizi. I-pachycephalosaurus yayicwiyile (ibe ngophayiphambili) futhi yayiyi-pachycephalosaurus enkulu (dinosaur enamakhanda amakhulu). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-pachycephalosaurus ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5 ubude futhi isisindo cishe ngamakhilogremu angama-450. Wayenentambo emfushane, eqinile, eyingqobelo emfushane, umzimba obukhulu obunamandla, imilenze emhlane ende nomsila osindayo, okungenzeka ukuthi wawunzima ku-tendon (ossified) tendon. UkudlaNgamazinyo amancane kakhulu anobambo, ama-pachycephalosaurs akakwazanga ukuhlafuna izitshalo ezilukhuni ngokuqinile njengezinye izibankwakazi zesikhathi esifanayo. Amazinyo abukhali anamazinyo angasebenza kakhulu ekugayeni izitshalo, okusikisela ukuthi pachycephalosaurs adla amaqabunga, imbewu nezithelo. Futhi, ngokusobala, idayinaso yayihlanganisa inyama ekudleni kwayo. Umhlathi wokugcwala ophelele uveza ukuthi wayenamazinyo angaphandle, afana namabala, afana namazinyo ama-theropods angenasici se-avian. Ngokusobala, ngaphezu kokutshala ukudla, ama-pachycephalosaurs futhi adla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, i-shellless, i-scaly, futhi mhlawumbe nama-dinosaurs amancane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi, njengokudla kwamabhele wesimanje, ukudla kwawo kuguqukile kusuka kwisizini kuye kwisizini. Mhlawumbe amanye amazinyo akhethekile anikezwe ama-theodods kungenzeka abe nge-pachycephalosaurus. UkuhlukaniswaI-Pachycephalosaurus yanikeza igama layo pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), iqembu lezihlambi zezinkukhu ezihlala ama-herbivorous dinosaurs ezazihlala ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Naphezu kwesikhundla sakhe sokugcina amanzi, wayehlobene kakhulu nama-ceratops kune-ornithopods. Ngezansi kwe-Evans cladogram et al., 2013 . I-OntogeneisAmasampula abelwe ngephutha uhlobo lwawo I-Dracorex futhi I-Stygimolochnjengoba okunye ukuqhubeka kwesifundo kubonisile, kungokwalabo abasebasha be-pachycephalosaurs, lapho, ngenxa yobudala babo, i-dome nezimpondo bezingakhiwa kahle. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kwasekelwa emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-Vertebrate Paleontology Society. UJack Horner waseNyuvesi yaseMontana wethulwa, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwegebhezi, okuwukuphela kokuqagela okukhona okubikwa ukuthi I-Dracorexubufakazi bokuthi le dinosaur kungenzeka ibe yifomu encane I-Stygimoloch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wethule imininingwane ekhombisa lokho futhi I-Stygimoloch, futhi I-Dracorex zingaba izinhlobo ezincane ze pachycephalosaurus, ezaqinisekiswa futhi. U-Horner no-M.B. UGoodwin ushicilele imiphumela yabo ngonyaka we-2009, okukhombisa ukuthi amathambo wezipikili / izigaxa zomzimba kanye nemisipha yesigaxa sazo zonke lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zinokuziphatha okubi kakhulu nokuthi zombili lezi zinhlobo I-Dracorexkanjalo I-Stygimoloch baziwa kuphela ngezinhlobo zabantu abasha, kuyilapho i-pachycephalosaurus yaziwa kuphela ngemifanekiso yabantu abadala. Lokhu kucashunwa, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zahlala ngasikhathi sinye futhi endaweni efanayo, kwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi I-Dracorex futhi I-Stygimoloch ayengama-pachycephalosaurs amancanyana nje, aphulukana nemikhakha yawo ngeminyaka, futhi nosayizi wemisebenzi yawo yanda. Kulokhu, isampula okukhulunywa ngayo I-Dracorexwayemncane kunamasampula I-Stygimoloch, ngenkathi owesibili wayesesondele ekuvuthweni. Ukutholwa kwezigebhezi ezingama-cubes kufakwe i-pachycephalosaurus, okwachazwa ngonyaka we-2016 kusuka ezingxenyeni ezimbili zamathambo zokwakheka kweHell Creek, kwethulwe njengobufakazi obengeziwe bale mqondo. Izinsalela zamathambo, njengoba kuchazwe nguDavid Evans, uMark Goodwin noColegmie, ziyefana kuzo zozithathu izizukulwane okusolwa ukuthi zisezakhiweni zamalambu agqamile emigqonyeni yazo, futhi ngenxa yalokho izici ezihlukile I-Stygimoloch futhi I-Dracorex esikhundleni salokho, yizimpawu ezingaguquki kwezokuziphatha emgqondweni wokukhula we pachycephalosaurus. Lokhu kucwaningwa okwengeziwe kwezigebenga ezahlukahlukene zabantu asebekhulile kuphakamise ukuthi izibonakaliso ezikhona kugebhezi zibonakale zisencane kakhulu empilweni ye-dinosaur, ngenkathi ikhanda lehlelo eline-dome lakhula kamuva. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguNick Longreach nozakwabo ngo-2010 nalo luqinisekisile umbono wokuthi wonke ama-pachycephalosaurs ase-flat-cranial ayengabancane, aphakamisa ukuthi amafomu abushelelezi, njenge-flat-cranial I-Goyocephale kanye ne-genalocephalus, ngabantu abasebasha, futhi abantu abadala balezi zinhlobo zama-craneal domes. NgokwesikoIPachycephalosaurus isiphenduke umlingisi ezincwadini, amanoveli eqanjiwe yesayensi no-cinema. Ukubonakala okukhethekile kwe-pachycephalosaurus kwakuyifilimu ethi "Jurassic Park: Umhlaba Wolahlekile" kanye namakhathuni ochungechunge oluthi "Umhlaba Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi." Kwifilimu ethi "Jurassic World 2" kuvela i-stygimoloch Stiggy. Kuyi-Franchise, i-pachycephalosaurus ne-stigimoloch yizilwane ezimbili ezihlukene, futhi yize umxhumanisi wesayensi we-franchise, uJack Horner, eveze ukuba khona kwe-stigimoloch embhalweni njengephutha futhi wacela ukubuyisa esikhundleni se-pachycephalosaurus, lokhu akukaze kwenziwe. Ngo-2009, i-pachycephalosaurus encane, eqanjwe kwifilimu I-Dracorex, uvele ochungechungeni lwesikhombisa lwesizini yesithathu ochungechungeni oluthi "Jurassic Portal". Ngasikhathi sinye, wanikezwa izici zikadrako - izimpondo zakhe zandiswa, ukwakheka kwemishini yemihlathi kwaguqulwa, kwengezwa ukuphuma kwesibili ngemuva. Konke lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi, kule ndaba, i-pachycephalosaurus ihlangana ne-knight yesikhathi esiphakathi eyamthatha njengedrako futhi iwele esikhathini sanamuhla, esaphenduka isibonelo sendatshana ye-knight yokujaha udrako nokuya esihogweni.
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