Emhlabeni | |||
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Ukuphendulwa komhlaba ngomhlaba | |||
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
Isizinda: | Emhlabeni |
Emhlabeni noma izibungu zemvula (lat. Lumbricina) - isizinda sezikelemu ezincane-bristle kusuka ku-oda I-Haplotaxida. Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, nokho, zinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ekuqaleni ezazinohlu olubanzi: ukusatshalaliswa kwabameleli abaningi kwenzeka ngenxa yokwaziswa komuntu. Izikelemu ezaziwa kakhulu zaseYurophu zingomndeni I-Lumbricidae.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala yezinyoni zomhlaba
Lezi zidalwa zithathwa njengezibungu eziphansi. Umzimba womhlaba inobude obuhluke kakhulu. Isuka ku-2 cm iye ku-3 m. Izigaba zingasukela ku-80 ziye ku-300. Isakhiwo se-Earthworm oyingqayizivele futhi uyathakazelisa.
Bashukunyiswa kusetshenziswa ama-bristles amafushane. Zikhona kuzo zonke izingxenye. Okuhlukile kuphela koku ngaphambili; akukho zibuko kubo. Inani lama-bristles nalo alihlukile, kukhona ayisishiyagalombili noma ngaphezulu, isibalo sifinyelela emashumini ambalwa. Ama-bristles angaphezulu kokushisa.
Ngokuqondene nesistimu yokujikeleza kwe-earthworms, ivaliwe futhi yathuthukiswa kahle. Umbala wegazi labo ubomvu. Lezi zidalwa ziphefumula ngenxa yokuzwela kwamaseli abo esikhumba.
Esikhunjeni, khona lapho kunombungu okhethekile wokuzivikela. Ukupheka kwabo okubucayi akutholakali ngokuphelele. Abanayo ngokuphelele izitho zombono. Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona iseli esikhethekile esikhunjeni esiphendula ukukhanya.
Ezindaweni ezifanayo kukhona nezokunambitha izinambuzane, iphunga nokuthinta. Izibungu zinamandla akhule kahle okwenza kabusha. Bangakwazi ukubuyisa kalula imizimba yabo yasemuva ngemuva komonakalo.
Emndenini omkhulu wezibungu, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200 zithintekile. Emhlabeni Kunezinhlobo ezimbili. Zinezici ezihlukile. Konke kuncike kwindlela yokuphila nasezimilweni zezinto eziphilayo. Isigaba sokuqala sifaka izikelesi zomhlaba ezithola ukudla emhlabathini. Owesibili uthola ukudla kwawo kuwo.
Amagciwane athola okwawo ukudla ngaphansi komhlaba abizwa ngokuthi udoti futhi angaphansi kwenhlabathi angajulile kune-10 cm futhi awajuli ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zokubandwa noma ukomiswa komhlabathi. Izikelemu zenhlabathi ngomunye isigaba sezibungu. Lezi zidalwa zingacwila zijule kancane kunezangaphambili, ngo-20 cm.
Ukondla izikelemu ngaphansi komhlabathi, ukujula okuphezulu kuqala kusuka kumitha eyi-1 kuya ekujuleni. Izikelemu ezivuthayo ngokuvamile kunzima ukuzibona ebusweni. Bacishe bangabonakali lapho. Noma esezikhuliseni noma edla, azikhiphi ngokuphelele izibilini zazo.
Impilo yasemhlabeni ukumba ngokuphelele kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni kudlula ngaphansi komhlaba wokulima. Ama-Earthworms angatholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo ze-Arctic. Izikelemu ezilahlayo nezingcolile zikhululekile emhlabathini onamanzi.
Zitholakala ogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi, ezindaweni ezinamathushana nasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwendawo enesimo sezulu esishisayo. Izikelemu ezilahlayo nangomhlabathi ziyayithanda i-taiga ne-tundra. Umhlabathi ungcono kakhulu kuma-steppe chernozems.
Kuzo zonke izindawo bangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, kodwa bazizwa bekhululekile kakhulu izinhlwayi emhlabathini ama-coniferous-wideleafhlathi. Ehlobo, zihlala eduze kobuso bomhlaba, futhi ebusika ziya zijula.
Ukwakha
Ubude bomzimba abamele izinhlobo ezahlukene buhlukahluka kusuka ku-2 cm (uhlobo Dichogasterkufika ku-3 m (Megascolides australis) Inani lezigaba nalo liyahluka: kusuka ku-80 kuye ku-300. Lapho unyakaza, iminyundu yasemhlabeni ithembele kumabhulethi amafushane akhiwe engxenyeni ngayinye ngaphandle kwangaphambili. Inani lama-bristles liyahluka lisuka ku-8 liya emashumini ambalwa (kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo).
Isistimu yokujikeleza kwezibungu ivaliwe, yathuthukiswa kahle, igazi linombala obomvu. I-Earthworm inemithambo yegazi emibili eyinhloko: i-dorsal, lapho igazi lihamba lisuka emuva liye emuva, nesisu, lapho igazi lihamba lisuka phambili liye emuva. Le mikhumbi emibili ixhumene nemithambo ye-annular engxenyeni ngayinye, ezinye zazo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izinhliziyo", zingaba nesivumelwano, ukuhlinzeka ukuhamba kwegazi. Izitsha zegatsha zibe ama-capillaries amancane. Ukuphefumula kwenziwa ngesikhumba esicebile emangqamuzaneni abucayi, ambozwe nge-mucus evikela. I-Mucus igcwele inani elikhulu lama-enzyme angama-antiseptics. Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwe-Earthworms luqukethe ubuchopho obungakhuli kahle (izinzwa ezimbili) kanye nexhaxha lesisu. Banamandla okuthuthuka kabusha.
Ama-Earthworms ama-hermaphrodites, umuntu ngamunye ovuthiwe ocansini unesistimu yokuzala yowesifazane nowesilisa (i-synchronous hermaphroditism). Bakhiqiza kabusha ubulili besebenzisa umanyolo wesiphambano. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngebhande, ngaphakathi lapho amaqanda ahlanganiswa khona futhi akhule. Ibhande linezingxenye ezimbalwa zangaphambili zesibungu, ziqhelelene nalo lonke umzimba. Ukuphuma kusuka ebhande lezikelemu ezincane kwenzeka ngemuva kwamasonto angama-2-4 ngesimo sekhukhunathi, kuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3-4 zikhule zifinyelele kubukhulu babadala.
Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila yesibungu somhlaba
Iningi lempilo yalaba bantu abangasho lutho ihamba ngaphansi komhlaba. Kungani Earthworms zivame ukutholakala lapho? Lokhu kubanikeza ukuphepha. Amanethiwekhi wamakhorasi ezindaweni ezijulile ahlukahlukene akhiwa ngaphansi kwalezi zidalwa.
Banombuso ongaphansi komhlaba wonke lapho. Isilayidi sibasiza ukuba bahambe ngisho nasenhlabathini enzima kakhulu. Abakwazi ukuba ngaphansi kwelanga isikhathi eside, kubo kufana nokufa ngoba banesendlalelo sesikhumba esincanyana kakhulu. I-Ultraviolet iyingozi yangempela kubona, ngakho-ke, ngokwezinga elikhulu, izibungu zingaphansi komhlaba futhi kuphela esimeni sezulu esinamafu esingene emhlabeni.
Izikelemu zikhetha ukuziphilela impilo yasebusuku. Kusebusuku lapho ungahlangana nenani elikhulu labo ebusweni bomhlaba. Ekuqaleni izinhlwayi emhlabathini bashiya ingxenye yomzimba wabo ukuze bahlole isimo bese kuthi kuphela uma isikhala esiseduze singabesabisi, kancane kancane baphumele ngaphandle ukuze bazitholele ukudla kwabo.
Imizimba yabo ingelula kalula. Inani elikhulu lama-worm bristles liyagoba emuva, elivikela kwizakhi zangaphandle. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukhiphe isibungu sonke ukuze ungasikhiphi ngoba, ukuze uzivikele, ubopha izingalo zawo odongeni lwe-mink.
Izikelemu zomhlaba ngesinye isikhathi zifinyelela osayizi abakhulu impela
Sekuke kwathiwa indima yeminyundu kubantu nje kumnandi kakhulu. Abagcini nje ngokufaka inhlabathi futhi bawugcwalise ngezinto eziwusizo, kodwa futhi bayawuthukulula, futhi lokhu kuyasiza ukwanelisa inhlabathi nge-oxygen. Ubusika, ukuze baphile emakhazeni, kufanele bajule kakhulu ukuze bangabi nesithwathwa futhi bawele ekubandakanyeni ubusika.
Bezwa ukufika kwentwasahlobo ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi efudumele namanzi emvula, aqala ukuzungeza ngemisele yabo. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo kuphume umhlonyane futhi uqala umsebenzi wakhe we-agrotechnical labour.
Inani elisetshenzisiwe
UCharles Darwin wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuveza ukubaluleka kwezimbungulu zomhlaba ngenkathi kusungulwa inhlabathi ngonyaka we-1882. Ama-Earthworms akha ama-minks enhlabathini (okungenani ama-60-80 cm ajulile, izinhlobo ezinkulu aze afike kumamitha ayi-8), enikela ekuvuseleleni kwawo, umswakama nokuxubana kwawo. Izikelemu zihamba emhlabathini, zisunduzela izinhlayiya zihlukane noma ziginye. Ngesikhathi semvula, izimpethu zomhlaba zifinyelela phezulu, njengoba zinokuphefumula kwesikhumba futhi ziqala ukuhlushwa ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo enhlabathini enamanzi.
Izikelemu zomhlaba zibuye zibe ngamaphakathi aphakathi kwama-pulmonary helminths ezingulube nezinye izinambuzane zezinyoni.
Kusetshenziswa abantu abancane njengezithiyo bukhoma ekudobeni ama-amateur.
Umlimi
Ukuzala ama-Earthworms (i-vermiculture) kukuvumela ukuthi ucubungule izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcola kwe-organic ube ngumanyolo osezingeni eliphezulu onemvelo - vermicompost. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yobucwathi bezikelemu, i-biomass yabo ingandiswa ukuze isetshenziswe njengezithasiselo zokudla ekudleni kwezilwane zasepulazini kanye nenkukhu. Okokuzalela izikelemu, umquba ulungiswa kusuka kumonakalisi ohlukahlukene wezinto eziphilayo: umquba, imisele yenkukhu, utshani, sawdust, amacembe awile, ukhula, amagatsha ezihlahla kanye nezihlahla, imfucumfucu evela embonini yokulungisa, izitolo zemifino, njll. , izibungu zixazululwe kumquba. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-3, izikelemu zokuzalela ziyasampulwa kusuka ku-biohumus ephumela obala.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, kwahlongozwa umkhuba wokusebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zama-worldworms zomquba e-United States, uGeorge Sheffield Oliver noThomas Barrett baba amaphayona kule ndawo. Lesi sakamuva senza ucwaningo kumaPulazi wakhe we-Earthmaster kusuka ngo-1937 kuya ku-1950 futhi wadlala indima enkulu ekukholiseni ozakwethu ngokubaluleka nokubaluleka okungaba khona kwezifo zasemhlabeni kubuchwepheshe bezolimo [ umthombo? ] .
Inani lomuntu
ENtshonalanga Yurophu, kwagcotshwa i-Earthworms noma i-powder kusuka kwizikelemu ezomile emanxebeni ukuze iphilise, ngesifo sofuba nomdlavuza, i-tincture yayisetshenziswa ku-powder, izinhlungu ezindlebeni zaphathwa ngomhluzi, izibungu ezaziphekwe ewayinini - i-jaundice, i-oyili eyayifakwa kwizikelemu - ezilwa ne-rheumatism. Udokotela waseJalimane uStahl (1734) wanquma i-powder kusuka kwizikelemu ezomisiwe zesithuthwane. I-powder yayisetshenziswa emithini yendabuko yaseChina njengengxenye yesidakamizwa ukuqeda i-atherosclerosis. Emithini yabomdabu baseRussia, uketshezi olunciphise kusuka kusawoti nokufudunyezwa komswakama lwafakwa emehlweni ngamehlo.
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zemisundu yomhlaba zidliwa ama-Aborigines ase-Australia kanye nabantu abathile base-Afrika.
EJapan, bekukholelwa ukuthi uma uchama ku-Earthworm, lapho-ke indawo ebusayo ingavuvukala.
Ngabe kuzokhula izibungu ezimbili zisuka ezingxenyeni ezimbili zanye?
Ama-Earthworms anamandla okwenza kabusha izingxenye ezilahlekile, kepha leli khono liyahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi kuya ngezinga lomonakalo.
UStephenson (1930) wanikeza lesi sahluko embhalweni wakhe wezithombe, ngenkathi uG.E. Gates echithe iminyaka engama-20 efunda kabusha ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, kepha "njengoba kwakukhona inzalo encane", uGates (1972) washicilela ezinye iziphetho zakhe, nokho okukhombisile ukuthi kungenzeka ngokomcabango kwezinye izinhlobo ukhule izikelemu ezimbili zohlobo oluthile kucashuncwana. Imibiko ye-Gates ifakiwe:
- I-Eisenia fetida (i-Savigny, 1826) ngokuvuselelwa kabusha kwekhanda ngaphambili kungabakhona ezingeni ngalinye lokuhlangana kuze kufinyelele ku-23/14 kufakiwe, kuyilapho imisila iphinde yenziwa kabusha kunoma yiliphi amazinga ngo-20/2001, isb. Izikelemu ezimbili zingakhula kusuka kwelilodwa .
- ILumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758, ithatha indawo yezindawo ezazingaphandle ekuqaleni kuka-13/14 no-16/17, kodwa ukutholwa kabusha komsila akuzange kutholakale.
- IPerionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872, yaziphinda zakha kabusha izingxenye zomzimba ezilahlekile, zaya phambili kusukela ngo-17/18 nasendleleni eya emuva yangama-20/21.
- Lampito mauritii kinberg, Ngo-1867 ngokuvuselelwa kabusha phambili kuwo wonke amazinga afinyelela ku-25/26 nokuvuselelwa kabusha komsila kusuka ku-30/31. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kwekhanda kubangelwa ukunqunywa kwangaphakathi okubangelwa ukutheleleka ngezibungu zeSarcophaga sp.
- Criodrilus lacuum hoffmeisterI-1845, futhi inamandla okwenza kabusha ngokubuyiselwa "kwenhloko", kuqala ngo-40/41.
I-Earthworm Nutrition
Lesi isihlokwana esingena spin. Ama-Earthworm Organs ahlelelwe ukuze agwinye inhlabathi enkulu. Kanye nalokhu, kusetshenziswa amaqabunga abolile, onke kodwa aphunga ngokuqinile futhi ngokungathandeki ngenxa yesibungu, kanye nezitshalo ezintsha.
Kulesi sibalo, ukwakheka komshobho womhlaba
Bahudula konke lokhu kudla ngaphansi komhlaba futhi sebeseqalile ukudla lapho. Izithelo zamaqabunga ezingazithandi, izibungu zisebenzisa kuphela ingxenye ethambile yeqabunga. Ama-Earthworms aziwa njengezidalwa ezinamandla.
Agcina amaqabunga ezincwabeni zawo, azibekele kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingabumba umgodi okhethekile wokulondolozwa. Bazalisa imbobo ngokudla futhi bayimboza ngenqwaba yomhlaba. Musa ukuya egumbini lakho eliphansi kuze kube yilapho uludinga.
Ukuzala kabusha kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwesibungu somhlaba
Lezi hermaphrodites ezingenabala. Bakhangwa iphunga. Bahlangana, baxhumane nolwelwesi lwama-mucous bese, bevundiswa, bedlulisa isidoda.
Igciwane lesibungu ligcinwa kukhukhunathi onamandla ebhande lomzali. Akadalulwa ngisho nezici ezinzima kakhulu zangaphandle. Ngokuvamile kuvela isibungu esisodwa. Baphila iminyaka engu-6-7.
Izici ze-Earthworm neHabitat
Umzimba womhlume womhlaba ungafinyelela amamitha amathathu ubude. Kodwa-ke, endaweni yaseRussia kukhona ikakhulukazi abantu ubude babo bomzimba abudluli amasentimitha angama-30. Ukuze unyakaze, isibungu sisebenzisa ama-bristles amancane atholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba. Ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, izingxenye zingasukela ku-100 ziye kuma-300. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe futhi lwenziwe kahle kakhulu. Siqukethe umthambo owodwa nomthambo ophakathi nendawo.
Ukwakheka komhlonyane wasemhlabeni akujwayelekile kakhulu. Ukuphefumula kutholakala ngosizo lwamaseli akhethekile we-hypersensitive. Isikhumba sikhiqiza ama-mucus wokuzivikela ngenani elanele lama-antiseptics wemvelo. Ukwakheka kobuchopho kuyinto yakudala futhi kufaka phakathi izinzwa ezimbili kuphela. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwelabhorethri, izidumbu zomhlaba ziye zaqinisekisa ikhono labo elihle lokuphinda benze kabusha. Umsila ohlukanisiwe ukhula emuva kwesikhathi esifushane.
Izitho zangasese zomhlonyane wasemhlabeni nazo zijwayelekile kakhulu. Umuntu ngamunye yi-hermaphrodite. Iphinde ibe nezitho zesilisa. Izici zezinto eziphilayo zazo zonke lezi zibungu zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amancane. Abamele omunye wabo bafuna ukudla ebusweni bokungena kwenhlabathi. Abanye basebenzisa inhlabathi uqobo njengokudla futhi kuyaqabukela kubonwe kusuka emhlabathini.
I-Earthworm luhlobo olunamaphiko. Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo sesikhumba uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwezicubu, oluqukethe izicubu zomumo ohlukahlukene. Ukuvula komlomo okuvela lapho ukudla kungena esophagus ngokusebenzisa i-pharynx kutholakala ngaphambili komzimba. Ukusuka lapho, kuhanjiswa endaweni ye-goiter enwetshiwe kanye nesisu esincane semisipha.
Izikelemu zomhlaba kanye nemfucumfucu zihlala ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi evundile nenomswakama. Kuthandwa kuqala inhlabathi enomswakama engaphansi komhlaba, umhlaba onamabhoshongo nasogwini lwezindawo zokugcina ezinhlobonhlobo. Izinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi zomhlonyane zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingama-steppe. Izinhlobo ze-litter zihlala e-taiga kanye nasehlathini-tundra. Ukuqoqwa okukhulu komuntu ngamunye kuqhosha ngokuvula imicu ye-striferous wide-leaved.
Ngabe uthanda muphi umhlonyane?
Kungani iminyundu yomoya ithembela inhlabathi nenhlabathi evundayo? Inhlabathi enjalo ibonakala nge-acidity ephansi, efaneleka kahle imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile. Izinga le-acid elingaphezulu kwe-pH 5.5 liyalimaza izidalwa zalaba bameleli bohlobo lwe-annular. Izinhlabathi ezimanzi zingenye yezidingo zokuqala zokwandisa inani labantu. Ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo, izibungu ziya ngokujulile ngaphansi komhlaba bese zilahlekelwa amandla okuzala.
Zisinda kanjani izibhedlela zomhlaba?
Ebusika, iningi labantu lizifihla. Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kungabulala ngokushesha izibungu, ngakho-ke bazama ukungcwaba kusengaphambili emhlabathini kuze kufike ekujuleni, imvamisa edlula imitha elilodwa. Ama-Earthworms emhlabathini enza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokuvuselelwa kwawo kwemvelo nokunothisa ngezinto ezahlukahlukene nezinto zokulandela umkhondo.
Zuza
Ngesikhathi sokugaywa kwamaqabunga anombala obomvu, umzimba wezibungu ukhiqiza ama-enzyme athile anomthelela esizukulwaneni esisebenzayo se-humic acid. Umhlabathi, odalulwe ngokukhinyabezeka kwemisundu yomhlabathi, ulungile kakhulu kubamele abahlukahlukene kakhulu embusweni wezitshalo. Uhlelo olubunjiwe lomhubhe luhlinzeka nge-aeration ephakeme kanye ne-ventilation ephakeme. Ngakho-ke, ukuhamba kwe-Earthworm kuyinto ebalulekile emsebenzini wokubuyisela izimfanelo zenhlabathi eziwusizo.
Empeleni i-Earthworm iwusizo kakhulu kubantu. Yenza izingqimba zenhlabathi zivunde futhi zizicebise ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezakhi. Kodwa-ke, isibalo sabantu bonke ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia sehle ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokwethulwa okungalawulwa kwemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, umanyolo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezimbiwa emhlabathini. Izinyoni eziningi, imvukuzane, namagundane ahlukahlukene inyamazane kuma-Earthworms.
Ngabe kudlani iminyundu?
Ebusuku, isibungu somhlaba sikhasa phezulu sidonsa izinsalela ezibolile zezitshalo bese sishiya indawo yaso. Futhi ekudleni kwakhe kufaka nenhlabathi enothile e-humus. Ummeleli munye wezinhlobo angacubungula kuze kufike uhhafu wegramu yenhlabathi ngosuku. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi abantu abafinyelela ezigidini eziningana bangatholakala ngasikhathi sinye endaweni eyihektha elilodwa, bayakwazi ukusebenza njengabaguquli bomhlaba abangenakuphindiselwa.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle
Umhlonyane, noma umhlonyane, unomzimba omude, obungamamitha ayi-10-16 ubude. Umzimba uyindilinga esigabeni sesiphambano, kepha, ngokungafani nama-circworms, uhlukaniswe yizingxenye zeminyaka ngezigaba eziyi-110-180.
Esiqeshini ngasinye se-8 setae ezincane ezinwebekayo zihlala. Cishe azibonakali, kepha uma ubamba iminwe yakho kusukela ekugcineni kwembungu kuya phambili, lapho-ke siyozwa ngokushesha. Ngalezi bristles, izibungu ziyahlala lapho zihamba emhlabathini ongalingani noma ezindongeni zesifundo. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kumhlonyane womhlaba kuchazwa kahle.
Udonga lomzimba
Uma sithatha isibungu ezandleni zethu, sizothola ukuthi udonga lomzimba lwalo lumanzi, lumbozwe umiyane. Lo mucus usiza ukuhamba kwesibungu emhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela odongeni olumanzi lomzimba lapho isibungu singena komoya-mpilo esidingekayo ukuze siphefumule.
Udonga lomzimba womswakama womhlaba, njengawo wonke ama-annelids, liqukethe i-cuticle emincane, egcotshwa yi-epithelium enesendlalelo esisodwa.
Habitat
Ntambama, izinhlayiyana zomhlaba zibamba inhlabathi, ukugoba kuhamba kuzo. Uma inhlabathi ithambile, khona-ke isibungu singena ngaphakathi kuyo ekugcineni komzimba. Ngasikhathi sinye, okokuqala ucindezela ukuphela kwangaphambi komzimba, ukuze kube mncane, bese kuyibhidliza phambili phakathi kwezixha zenhlabathi. Lapho-ke ukuphela kwangaphambi kokuqina, kusabalalisa inhlabathi, bese isibungu sidonsa emuva komzimba.
Emhlabathini ominyene, isibungu singadla ngendlela yaso ngokudlula emathunjini. Izikhala zomhlabathi zingabonakala ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi - zishiywe lapha yizibungu. Ngemuva kokugcwala kwemvula enkulu, izimungulu ziyaphoqeleka ukuba zingene zingene ebusweni benhlabathi (yingakho igama elithi imvula). Ehlobo, izibungu zihlala ezingqimbeni zenhlabathi, futhi ebusika zimba umgodi ongafika ku-2 m ukujula.
Uhlelo lokugaya
Umlomo utholakala ekugcineni komzimba womswakama womhlaba, i-anus ingemuva.
Umhlonyane usuthisa ngokubola imfucumfucu yesitshalo ewagwinya kanye nomhlaba. Ingadonsa futhi amaqabunga awele ebusweni. Ukudla kugwenywa ngenxa yokwehla kwezicubu ze pharynx. Lapho-ke ukudla kungena amathumbu. Izinsalela ezingatholakali kanye nomhlaba ziphonswa ngaphandle ngethambo ekugcineni komzimba.
Amathumbu azungezwe inethiwekhi yama-capillaries egazi, aqinisekisa ukufakwa kwezakhi zomzimba egazini.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza
Uhlelo lokujikeleza lukhona kuzo zonke izilwane ezineseli, luqale ngo-monelid. Ukuvela kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nendlela yokuphila yeselula (ngokuqhathaniswa nezibungu ezisicaba ne-msingi-cavity). Imisipha yezinsimbi ezisebenza ngokuzikhandla isebenza kakhulu ngakho-ke idinga izakhi zomzimba eziningi nomoya-mpilo, okulethwa yigazi.
I-Earthworm inemithambo yegazi emibili eyinhloko: i-dorsal, okuphuma kuyo igazi lisuka emaphethelweni angaphandle omzimba liye engaphandle, nesisu, okuphuma ngalo igazi liqonde ngaphesheya. Zombili lezi zikejana esigabeni ngasinye zixhunywe yimikhumbi yasesikhathini.
Imisipha emincane eyindandatho inemisipha, ngenxa yokuncipha kwayo, ukuhamba kwegazi kwenzeka. Imisipha yemisipha (“izinhliziyo”) etholakala ezingxenyeni ze-7 kuya ku-11 igcizelela igazi esitsheni sesisu. "Ezinhlizweni" nasemgqonyeni womgogodla, ama-valves avimbela ukuhamba kwegazi okubuyela emuva.
Ezikebheni eziphambili zimuka ngezicucu, bese zihlangana kumagalari amancane kakhulu. Kula ma-capillaries, umoya-mpilo ungena ngaphakathi emzimbeni, nezakhi ezivela emathunjini. Kusukela kuma-capillaries branching emisipha, kukhona ukubuya kwekhaboni diokhethi nemikhiqizo yokubola.
Igazi lihamba ngaso sonke isikhathi emithanjeni futhi alihlangani noketshezi lwe-cavity. Uhlelo olunjalo lokujikeleza lubizwa ngokuthi luvaliwe. Igazi liqukethe i-hemoglobin, ekwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo omningi, ibomvu.
Uhlelo lokuxolisa
Uhlelo lwe-excretory ku-Earthworm luyibhokisi lamashubhu engxenyeni ngayinye yomzimba (ngaphandle kwesiguli).
Ekupheleni kwethubhu ngalinye kunomhubhe ovula uwonke, ngawo imikhiqizo yokuphela komsebenzi obalulekile (omelelwe ikakhulukazi yi-ammonia) iyakhutshwa.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lomshobho womhlaba luhlobo oluvulekile, oluqukethe indandatho yezinzwa ye-peri-pharyngeal nerve.
Eketheni lezinzwa lesisu kukhona imicu yezinzwa emikhulu ethi, ngenxa yezimpawu, ibangele ukuqina kwemisipha yesibungu. Uhlelo olunjalo lwezinzwa luhlinzeka ngomsebenzi ohlelekile wezingqimba zemisipha ezihambisana nokuqunjelwa, motor, ukudla kanye nomsebenzi wobulili we-Earthworm.
Kungani izinhlwanyane zikhuphuka emva kwemvula?
Ngemuva kwemvula asphalt nangaphezulu kwenhlabathi ungabona inani elikhulu lezibungu, yini ebenza baphume ngaphandle? Ngisho negama elithi "Earthworms" libonisa ukuthi bathanda kakhulu umswakama futhi bacushiwe ngemuva kwemvula. Cabanga ngezizathu ezimbalwa ezingenzeka zokuthi kungani izinhlwanyane zikhuphuka emva kwemvula zingene emhlabeni.
Ukuntuleka komoya
Umbono wesithathu uchaza ukuthi emva kwemvula engxenyeni ephezulu yenhlabathi kukhona umoya-mpilo owengeziwe, ngakho-ke izibungu zikhuphuka kakhulu. Amanzi athulisa izingqimba zomhlaba ezingaphezulu nge-oxygen, kanti izinhlobo eziningi zezikelemu zithanda umswakama futhi zidinga umoya-mpilo owanele. Futhi ebusweni bomzimba, umoya-mpilo udonswa kahle kakhulu endaweni enomswakama.
Ukuhamba
Usosayensi waseBrithani uChris Lowe uphakamise ukuthi izikelemu zikhwela phezulu emhlabeni emvuleni ukuze kuthathe uhambo olude oluya endaweni entsha. Izikelemu zingena ngaphezu komhlaba ngaphandle komhlaba, futhi inhlabathi eyomile ibangela ukungakhululeki lapho ihamba, kudaleka ukuhilizisana okunamandla, izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zinamathele ebusweni besibungu, zilimaze. Futhi emva kwemvula, ubuso bomhlaba buswakeme kakhulu, obubavumela ukuba bahambe ngokukhululeka ezindaweni ezintsha zenhlabathi.
Ukuzala kabusha nentuthuko
Earthworms kukhona hermaphrodites. Ngenqubo yokuqanjwa kwabantu ababili, kuvela umquba, okuwukuthi, ukushintshana kwezidlakela zabesilisa, emva kwalokho abalingani bahlakazeka.
Ama-ovari nokuhlolwa kutholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ekugcineni komzimba. Ukutholakala kwesistimu yezitho zokuzala kukhonjiswe kuMdwebo 51. Ngemuva kokukopishwa, kwenziwa ibhande kuzungeze isibungu ngasinye - ishubhu eliminyene eligcina imfihlo yegobolondo.
Ikhukhunathi lithola izakhamzimba ezizokwondla imibungu kamuva. Njengomphumela wokunwetshwa kwezindandatho ezisendaweni engemva kwekhokhonathi, udonswa phambili ekugcineni kwekhanda.
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaqanda ayi-10-12 abekwa kukhukhunathi ngokuvula i-oviduct. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwecocoon, isidoda esivela kuma-seminal receptors atholakala komunye umuntu ngesikhathi sokukopishwa singena kuwo, bese kuba ngumanyolo.
Inani (indima) emvelweni
Ukwenza ukunyakaza emhlabathini, izibungu zomhlaba ziyawuthukulula futhi zihambise ukungena kwamanzi nomoya enhlabathini, okudingekayo ekuthuthukiseni izitshalo. Umuhlwa okhiqizwa yizimpethu unamathela ezinhlayiyeni ezincane zomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela uvimbele ukuhlakazeka kwawo nokuguguleka. Ukudonsa imfucumfucu yesitshalo enhlabathini, baba neqhaza ekubumbeni kwabo nasekwakheni inhlabathi evundile.
Amaqiniso ayi-17 athokozisayo mayelana no-annelids
- Ngokungafani nama-flatworms, awunawo amandla wokuphinda uvele futhi, futhi awukwazi ukubuyisela wonke umzimba esicucwini zawo (amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngama-flatworms).
- Ama-Earthworms, nawo ahlobene nama-annelids, asetshenziswa ngokuqinile ekudleni emazweni amaningi. Ngaphezu kwe-80% yesisindo sawo kungamaprotheni ahlanzekile.
- Uma umswakama wasemhlabeni usikiwe phakathi, kuyosinda ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yawo - leyo ikhanda elakhiwe kuwo.
- Ama-Annelids awanawo amaphaphu futhi awanalo uhlelo lokuphefumula ngese. Amunca umoya-mpilo esikhunjeni sonke.
- Isibungu eside kunazo zonke esidlula sonke esake satholwa kwakuyimodeli ebude bamamitha ayi-6.7 etholakala eNingizimu Afrika (amaqiniso athakazisayo ngeNingizimu Afrika).
- E-Australia kunomnyuziyamu wesikelemu wasemhlabeni, owenziwe ngesibungu esingamamitha ayi-100. Izivakashi zigqugquzelwa ukuthi zizulazule lesi sibungu ngaphakathi, kwesinye isikhathi zize zikhambe.
- Inqubo yokuzalelisa kwezinye izibungu ezihlasimulisayo ingaba yinde kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izimpethu zomhlaba zingahlangana amahora amaningi zilandelana.
- Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-18,000 zezinhlobo zemihlaba emhlabeni.
- Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ezinye izikelemu eziphuma emanzini zangena emanzini zazijwayeza impilo ezindaweni ezishisayo. Lokhu kufaka ezinye izinhlobo zezinkulumo ezitholakala emazweni ashisayo.
- Kumamitha ayi-cubic enhlabathi evundile, kungahle kube khona izinhlokomo zomhlaba eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa.
- Ama-Amazon leeches ahlala emanzini ase-Amazon, nawo angama-ringworms, afinyelela ubude bamasentimitha angama-45. Baze bahlasele ama-anacondas nama-caimans, futhi bangabulala kalula, ngokwesibonelo, inkomo noma umuntu (amaqiniso athakazisayo nge-Amazon).
- Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-500 zohlobo lwama-annelids ezingezicholo.
- AmaMongol amaningi akholelwa ukuthi ihlane laseGobi liyikhaya le-worm olga-horha kagesi, ebulala izisulu ngokuthuthumela kukagesi. Ama-Cryptozoologists athi lesi sidalwa esidumile singama-annelids. Kuliqiniso, abukabutholakali ubufakazi bokuthi u-Olga-Horkhoi ukhona.
- Njengoba inhlekelele edume kakhulu yesikhala esishiwoyo iColumbia ikhombisile, ama-annelids angaphila ngokulayisha okungaphezulu kwe-2500g. Labo abasemabhokisini akhethekile basinda lapho kubhujiswa i-shuttle, eyabulala lonke iqembu.
- Izikelemu eziningi ezisesabekayo ziyasaba ilanga, njengoba ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuyingozi kuzo.
- Izazi zebhayoloji zithi ama-annelids nama-mollusks izigidi zeminyaka edlule ayenokhokho abajwayelekile.
- Ama-Annelids ngokuvamile anenhliziyo engaphezu kweyodwa. Umhlonyane ungaba nezingcezu ezi-9.
Inhlabathi ibonakala ngokuba khona kuyo imithambo egcwele umoya, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-porosity (noma i-porosity) yenhlabathi.
Ama-pores angenza ingxenye ebalulekile yomthamo wenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, emazweni atshaliwe, umthamo wemigodi ungafika kuma-30- 40%, futhi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu ufike kuma-60% wevolumu yenhlabathi. Lapho kukhulu ukwanda, izimo ezinhle zokuphila emhlabathini. Ama-pores amakhulu, acishe abe ngu-0,3 mm ubukhulu, angaqukatha amanzi, kanti ngasikhathi sinye anikezela ukungena komoya wasemhlabeni ungene emhlabathini, isb., Umoya omncane kanye nokuphefumula kwabakhileyo enhlabathini. Ama-pores amancane (0,03-0,03,3 mm) nawo adlala indima ehlukile: enza uhlelo olubaluleke kakhulu lwama-capillaries enhlabathini, lapho amanzi asemhlabathini adonswa kusuka ngezansi angena ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi. Uhlelo lwezindawo ezinqenqema emhlabathini lubamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokunikezela ngamanzi, luhlinzeka izingqimba zenhlabathi ngenhla ngamanzi ngenxa yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kwesinye isikhathi atholakala ekujuleni okuhle. Ezindaweni ezomile, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abahlala enhlabathini. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ze-steppe, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi asemhlabathini ngamandla we-capillary kungaba nemiphumela emibi: ngale ndlela, izingqimba zenhlabathi eziphezulu zicetshiswe ngosawoti, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi enosawoti kanye nemishayo kasawoti. Ama-pores amancane, ikakhulukazi amasayizi amancane kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-0.003 mm), abaluleke kakhulu ngoba ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kwenzeka kancane kuwo. Ngakho-ke, angasebenzela izinto ezincane zomhlaba njengezindawo zokugcina amanzi, okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sesomiso. Amatshe asemhlabathini, njengoba sizobona kamuva, yindawo yokuhlala yezitshalo ezinkudlwana kanye nezilwane zenhlabathi. Inhlabathi enobuncane obuphansi, njengesihlabathi sasemabheleni, ayimpofu kubantu bezilwane.
Ngale ndlela uhlelo lwezikhala neziteshi emhlabathini ngokwengxenye okuhlala kuyo amanzi, ngokwengxenye yomoya edingekayo ekuphefumuleni kwezilwane zomhlaba. Ukwakheka komoya womhlabathi kwehluka komoya wasemkhathini ngenani eliphansi le-oxygen futhi ikakhulukazi inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kungenxa yokufakwa komoya-mpilo yizakhi zomhlabathi ezingaphansi kwama-oxid, ukuphefumula kwezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kusawoti we-carbonic wenhlabathi ngaphansi kwethonya le-asidi yenhlabathi. Inani le-oxygen ne-carbon dioxide kuncike kuhlobo lomhlabathi kanye nokujula kwengqimba yenhlabathi. Inani le-carbon dioxide landa ngokujula kanye nokwehla kwe-porosity. Ngakho-ke, impilo yenhlabathi yazo zonke izidalwa eziphefumula umoya (isb., Yazo zonke izilwane nezitshalo, ngaphandle kwamagciwane we-anaerobic), kufanele igxile kakhulu ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi ezingaphezulu. Kuyo yonke inhlabathi, lokhu kuyabonakala. Iqhaza elibalulekile kulokhu kusatshalaliswa kwempilo yenhlabathi emi mpilweni ayidlalwanga kangako ngokuncipha kwesibalo se-oksijini ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi, njengomphumela onobuthi wekhabhoni dioksijeni, okhula ngokwemvelo ngokugxila kwayo.
Inani lomoya-mpilo kanye ne-carbon dioxide emhlabathini nakho kuyehluka ngesizini. Ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zenhlabathi, inani le-oksijini lihlala njalo unyaka wonke, kodwa ezingqimbeni zalo ezijulile lehla kakhulu ebusika, futhi kusukela ngoMeyi likhuphuka kancane, lifinyelela phezulu kuphela ngo-Agasti. Inani le-carbon dioxide nalo lehla kancane ebusika.
Ukuze uthole umbono wezimo zokuphila zenhlabathi, kufanele uzijwayeze ngokujwayelekile isimo sezulu senhlabathi. Kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngamanzi kanye namazinga okushisa enhlabathi. Inhlabathi iyafudumala emini bese iphola ebusuku. Ukupholisa inhlabathi kwenzeka ngokushesha, kulapho kuqukethe khona umswakama. Izilinganiso ezifanayo zibonwa ekushintsheni kwesizini ekushiseni kwenhlabathi. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwenhlabathi lehla, ngenxa yalokho, lapho kuthambeka kalula, ungqimba lwalo olungaphezulu luyakhanya nokuphila okukulo kuyaphazamiseka isikhathi esithile. Zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali enhlabathini kanye nokuhamba kwamanzi okuwo kuyaphazamiseka. Kepha izingqimba ezijulile zenhlabathi zipholile kancane, azigcini lapho, futhi izinga lokushisa kuzo ligcinwa njalo unyaka wonke. Ekude nasenyakatho, kufushane isikhathi lapho impilo esebenzayo enhlabathini kungenzeka, futhi ngenxa yalokho inqubo yokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi. Enyakatho ekude, ngesikhathi sasehlobo esifushane, umhlaba awusenaso isikhathi sokuncipha futhi ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kucishe kungabikho.
U-fig. 39. Ukuhluka kwansuku zonke lokushisa ehlobo ehlobo. (Kusuka kuN.P. Remezov).
1 ebusweni, 2 - ekujuleni kwe-5 cm, 3 - ekujuleni kwe-10 cm, 4 - ekujuleni kuka-15 cm, b - ekujuleni okungama-20 cm.
Ukushisa kwenhlabathi kuncike kwimifino nekhava yeqhwa. Umhlaba ombozwe ngotshani, futhi ikakhulukazi uhlaza olunamahlahla, luyafudumala futhi luphole kancane ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu komhlaba, isb. Ithanga lesitshalo liyinto ezomisa isimo sezulu somhlabathi maqondana nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa kwansuku zonke nonyaka. Njengoba kwaziwa, ikhava leqhwa nalo lidlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ekuqandeni okujulile kwenhlabathi ebusika.
Kungabonakala kulokhu okungenhla ukuthi izimo zokuphila nobusuku, uma ziqhathaniswa nezasemhlabeni, yize zinzima kakhulu maqondana nokunikezwa komoya, zihlala njalo. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi ebusika futhi ukhonza njengesisebenzi uyisiphephelo izilwane eziningi
Asikaze sisho ingxenye enkulu yomhlabathi, okuyi-humus, noma i-humus. I-humus iyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, izinto zokwakheka kwazo eziyizinxenye zezitshalo ezifayo, izidumbu zezilwane nezidumbu ze-nx. Yayaziwa Lomonosov, ubani encwadini yakhe "On the Izinhla Zomhlaba" (1763) wabhala: "Akunakungatshazwa ukuthi abamnyama nasemhlabathini kodwa ndaba primordial, kodwa sivela nok- sogni- kwezilwane nemizimba ezikhulayo" (okwandisa umzimba - kuba Yiqiniso, rastepiya )
Njengamanje, kuyaziwa ukuthi amagciwane enhlabathi, isikhunta nabanye abaningi badlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-humus. bespozvopochnyh izilwane. Ukwakheka kweHumus kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali, izakhi zazo ezingagcini nje ukubola kwamamolekyuli e-organic, kodwa futhi nokwakheka kwazo kusuka kumakhompiyutha alula. Njengoba wazi, ngezimpande zezitshalo, izinto eziphilayo ngokwazo cishe azifinyeleleki futhi zithola kuphela izixazululo zikasawoti wamaminerali. Noma kunjalo, kuba khona humus is kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko ukuvundisa inhlabathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-organic udaba lomhlabathi iyisigcawu sokuphila, umthombo wokudla wezitshalo ezingenakubalwa nezilwane. Kusebenzisa umhlabathi we-humus ukuthola izondlamzimba, izidalwa zenhlabathi ziyaqhubeka nokubhujiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, ezazikade ziyingxenye yomzimba wezinye izinto eziphilayo. Imikhiqizo yokugcina zokuwohloka ayizakhi wezinto ezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lokondleka nokudla kwezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-mineralization of compact organic kwenzeka. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukumiswa kwamaminerali we-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ezitshalweni eziphakeme. Iqhaza main ekugcineni inhlabathi amagciwane kule nqubo play zvepyah kwesinye, ngoba lonke inqubo ukuguqulwa of udaba eziphilayo enhlabathini bese indima eside kungokwalabo izilwane.
Uma sikhumbula ukuthi izimpande zezitshalo zingadonsa i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ekwakheni imizimba yazo, kuphela ngesimo sezixazululo kasawoti wamaminerali, khona-ke iqhaza lokudalwa kwezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi kumjikelezo omkhulu wezinto eziqhubeka njalo phezu kobuso bomhlaba zizobonakala . Kulokhu inhlabathi ekugcineni mpilo izinto eziphilayo, njengoba athuthukiswe ungcono ku ubuso bayo izimila, lesi sitshalo izinsalela kakhudlwana futhi futhi ingena emhlabathini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma inqubo yokulungiswa kokumbiwa phansi kwe-humus ibambezelekile, khona-ke ukweqisa kwayo kuholela ekunciphiseni kokuzala kwenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi lapho igcwala bese iphenduka ibe-peat enomswakama obedlulele.
Ukugqama kwendawo enomhlaba kanye nezici zayo ze-morphological kuzakhiwo ezahlukahlukene kuhluke kakhulu. Ngokucaca, isikimu elandelayo inganikelwa ukuncishiselwa mpo enhlabathini. Ngaphezulu, umkhathi uhlukaniswe yizimila; ngaphansi kwawo kukhona ungqimba lwamaqabunga afile futhi agqume phezu kwenhlabathi. Ngezansi kukhona i-turf kanye nesendlalelo se-humus (ungqimba lwe-humus of Horon L). Lokhu umkhathizwe, abacebe inhlabathi izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kulandelwa i-horon B, lapho inani le-humus lehla ngokushesha ngokujula. Impilo lapha igxiliwe ikakhulu emfucumfucwini, kumashubhu asele kusuka ezingxenyeni ezifile zezitshalo, nasekuhambeni kwe-earthworms. Lesi sendlalelo kancane kancane siguqulelwa idwala (umkhathizwe B), umhlabathi ecashile.
Ake sibheke ngokushesha ukwehlukahlukana kwenhlabathi yomhlaba ukuze kucaciswe indawo namandla athile adonswa phansi asetshenziswa yi-Earthworms kuwo.
Okokuqala, lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezinkulu zamagciwane kanye nesikhunta, okuthi kuwo wonke izikhala phakathi kwamayunithi omhlabathi, kuya kokuncane. Amagciwane nesikhunta yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kuzo zonke izindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yezilwane zomhlaba, emelelwa kuwo wonke amamitha ayi-cubic kwenhlabathi ngenani elikhulu kakhulu labantu. Izimbotshana aqukethe emoyeni, abakuthola esiningi ezindongeni zabo zimbozwe ifilimu amanzi. Esilula kunazo zonke, okungukuthi, izilwane ezinama-microscopic unicellular, nazo zihlala kula mafilimu. Zimelelwa yi-amoeba yenhlabathi, ama-rhizopods, ama-ciliates, nama-flagellate athile. Izakhamuzi Ngaphezu kwalokho lenyama yamanzi inhlabathi namafilimu ketshezi esigubuzele inhlabathi ahlukene
U-fig. 40. Uhlelo lwesigaba somhlabathi wehlathi ngezinsimbi. (Ngu-Fork).
imigqa Black - ihamba nemisundu eminingi. I-A0 ungqimba lwamahlamvu abolile, At inhlabathi egcwele in humus, B is a subsoil ngaphandle kwamatshe, B iyindawo engaphansi ngamatshe, kanti uC uyigwebu lentaba.
Eqinisweni, kukhona ezinye izibungu ezingaphansi (ama-rotifers, nematode) namanye amaqembu ama-invertebrates. Ezingqimbeni engenhla kwenhlabathi kanye ebolile amahlamvu amafilimu yamanzi ugcwale nematodes eziningi zitholakala endaweni efanayo kanye nezikelemu ciliated.
Izakhamizi zezikhala zomoya ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi zingama-mollusks ezingena emifantwini yenhlabathi, kanye nama-arthropods ahlukahlukene: izinkukhu zamapulangwe (kusuka kuma-crustaceans), amakha omgibe, izinhlobo eziningi zemikhaza (kusuka kuma-arachnids), imilozi nezinambuzane.
Kamuva, izinambuzane eziphansi ezingenamaphiko ziningi kakhulu, amasayizi omzimba avamile awo angedluli ku-1-2 mm, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane eziphakemeyo, okuvela kuzo izintuthwane, izibungu zamabhungane nezimpukane, amacimbi agqamile. Ekugcineni, izinambuzane eziningi overwinter emhlabathini. Ngokuya kwezibalo zama-entomologists, cishe ama-95% azo zonke izinambuzane zinoku noma okuhlobene nenhlabathi.
Iqembu elikhethekile lezakhamizi zenhlabathi ukumba izilwane. Ngaphezu kwama-Earthworms, lokhu kufaka phakathi izibungu ezingokwesigaba esifanayo - ama-enchitreids, amaningi kakhulu kuyo yonke inhlabathi. Lezi yizikelemu ezincane ezimhlophe, kuyaqabukela kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1.5 cm ubude, kuvame ukuba ngaphansi. Lapha kusuka izinambuzane zihlanganisa izinyendle imvukuzane, yenza isikhathi eside futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, imigudu ezijulile enhlabathini, izibungu mabhungane kanye nezinye izinambuzane eziningi, kanye ezinye izicabucabu kanye woodlice. Kuma-vertebrates, izilwane ezivame kakhulu ezihlakazayo yi-moles. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane ezincelisayo eziningi ezenza izimbobo enhlabathini, ikakhulukazi izinduku (squirrels, baybaks, hamsters, izidumbu, njll.), Yize zichitha ingxenye yempilo yazo emhlabathini, zisabaluleke kakhulu ekuguqulweni kwenhlabathi.
Ezinye umqondo yobuningi isihlobo bezinhlanga ezahlukene kwezilwane, izakhamuzi inhlabathi, kungenziwa axoshwe abaningana ngayinye decimeter intilibathwa nenhlabathi kutshalwa eYurophu Ephakathi (Fran, 1950).
Umsindo wemvula
Omunye usosayensi, uprofesa uJoseph Gorris wase-USA, uphakamise ukuthi imbandezelo yasemhlabeni isatshiswe ngumsindo wemvula, ngoba umsindo owudalayo uyafana nomsindo wokusondela esitheni sabo esikhulu - imvukuzane. Lokho sika kungani abadobi abathile ukusetshenziswa reception ngecala lokukhwabanisa lolo kwamanzi: ufakwa induku phansi, safaka yensimbi ishidi phezu ambuyisela ke ukuze adale vibration, whiling kude kuzodluliselwa emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa induku. Ukwesaba, izibungu ziya ebusweni bomhlaba futhi zibe yisisulu sabadobi abanolwazi.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezinyonyane zomhlaba
I okusasibungu kuyinto hermaphrodite. Inezitho zangasese zabesifazane nabesilisa. Kodwa-ke, ayikwazi ukuzicelela. Njengoba sekunama adingekayo izimo zezulu ukukhiqizwa kabusha efudumele isifanekiso amasilayidi ngazimbili, isicelo nomunye endaweni besisu futhi ukukhiqiza exchange imbewu ehlukile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuhlangana kuguqulwa kube yikhukhunathi, lapho amaqanda akhula khona.
Ezinye izinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngokuzala kwe-asexual. Umzimba worm ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili, nomunye ingxenye ke regenerates phambili ekupheleni, futhi enye - ezingemuva. Kukhona nezinhlobo zezikelemu ezizalela ngaphandle kwembewu ngokubeka ama-spermatophores. Isikhathi sokuphila sezibungu singadlula iminyaka eyishumi.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Izithombe: Earthworm
Ama-lumbricina angaphansi kwesikhwanyana sezimpethu ezinamakhanda amancane futhi angamalungu we-Haplotaxida ye-oda. Izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zase-Europe ezomndeni weLumbricidae, ezinezinhlobo ezingama-200. Yomusa nemisundu eminingi e 1882 okokuqala waphawula IsiZulu semvelo uCharles Darwin.
Ngesikhathi semvula, izinkimbinkimbi zezinhlokomo zasemhlabeni zigcwele amanzi futhi ziyaphoqeleka ukuba zinwebekele phezulu ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya. Ngakho-ke igama lezilwane. Isakhiwo phansi hlala endaweni kubaluleke kakhulu, kucebisa inhlabathi humus, ngokugcwalisa umoya-mpilo, kakhulu okwandisa umkhiqizo.
Ividiyo: Umhlaba
ENtshonalanga Yurophu, izibungu ezomile zacutshungulwa zaba yi-powder futhi zafakwa emanxebeni ukuze kwelashwe ngokushesha. Tincture isetshenziselwa wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza kanye nesifo sofuba. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi umhluzi usiza ngobuhlungu ezindlebeni. Abangenalutho, abaphekwe ewayinini, baphathwa i-jaundice, nangosizo lwamafutha, begcizelelwa kuma-invertebrates, balwa nokuhlasela kwama-rheumatism.
Ngo udokotela ngekhulu le-18 kusuka e-Germany Stahl ukwelapha iziguli nesifo sokuwa kusukela powder wageza izimpethu nepepper. Emithini yakhona yendabuko yaseChinese, kwakusetshenziswa umuthi ukulwa ne-atherossteosis. Umuthi wendabuko waseRussia wenza ukwelashwa kwezibuko ngosizo lokudonsa uketshezi kusuka kwizikelemu ezinosawoti. Yena bemba emehlweni akhe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Aborigine base-Australia basadla izinhlobo ezinkulu zezikelemu, futhi eJapan bakholelwa ukuthi uma uchama ku-Earthworm, indawo ye-causative izoshwabana.
Ama-invertebrates angahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezintathu zemvelo, ngokuya ngokuziphatha kwabo endaweni yemvelo:
- epigeic - musa bambe Burrows futhi bukhoma in the upper inhlabathi ungqimba,
- i-endogeic - ibukhoma ngemisele evundlile enamagatsha,
- i-anecic - faka izinto eziphilayo ezigayiwe, gaya izimbobo ezima mpo.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Earthworm emhlabeni
Ubude bomzimba buxhomeke ezinhlotsheni futhi bungahluka kusuka kumasentimitha amabili kuya kwamamitha amathathu. Inani lezigaba ngu-80-300, ngalinye linamabhulokhi amafushane. Inombolo yabo kungaba kusukela ngomhlaka 8 kuya amashumi amaningana. Ama -orms ancike kuwo lapho ehamba.
Ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe:
- kunamaqoqo amangqamuzana esikhumba
- imisipha emide
- uketshezi lwesisu
- imisipha isiyingi,
- setae.
Imisipha ithuthukiswe kahle. Ukwakha cindezela alternately futhi wandise muscle longitudinal futhi isiyingi. Ngenxa yenkontileka, ayikwazi nje ukukhasa eceleni kwezimbobo, kodwa futhi nokunweba izimbobo, icindezela inhlabathi ezinhlangothini. Izilwane ziphefumula ngamaseli wesikhumba abucayi. I epithelium limbozwa slime zokuzivikela, okuyinto ligcwele yokusetha isinqandakuvunda enzyme.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe, lwakhiwe kahle. Igazi libomvu. Ezilwane ezingenamgogodla imikhumbi emibili emikhulu kuyigazi; ngempela amaphiko futhi ventral. Baxhunywe yimikhumbi ejwayelekile. Abanye babo banenkinga futhi bayadonsa, beshayela igazi lisuka emgogodleni liye emithanjeni yesisu. Imikhumbi azikhandle ku-capillary.
Uhlelo lokugaya luqukethe ukuvula umlomo, lapho ukudla kungena khona i-pharynx, bese kungena esophagus, kwi-goiter ekhulisiwe, bese kungena esiswini semisipha. Esibelethweni esiphakathi, ukudla kugaywa futhi kufakwe. Izinsalela ngokusebenzisa ingquza ukunweba olubonakalayo. Uhlelo lwezinzwa luqukethe uchungechunge lwesisu nezindawo ezimbili zezinzwa. Iketango lezinzwa lesisu liqala ngendandatho ye-periopharyngeal. It amangqamuzana amaningi ezinzwa aqala ukusebenza. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuzimela kwezigaba nokuvumelana kwazo zonke izitho.
Izitho zokwethulwa zivezwa ngesimo samashubhu amancane agobile, elinye umkhawulo lize liye emzimbeni, elinye lingaphandle. Metanephridia futhi ikhule ezimbotsheni excretory ukuba usizo ukususa ubuthi emzimbeni ukuze imvelo bangaphandle, lapho ithola kakhulu. Azikho izitho zombono. Kepha esikhunjeni kukhona amaseli akhethekile anomuzwa wokuthi kukhona ukukhanya. Nazi izitho touch, iphunga, ukunambitheka efihlekile. Amandla okuvuselela kabusha amathuba amahle okubuyisela ingxenye elahlekile yomzimba ngemuva kokulimala.
Ngabe uhlala kuphi lomhlonyane?
Photo: Earthworm eRussia
Abangenalutho bahlukaniswe yilaba abazitholela ukudla ngaphansi komhlaba, nalabo abafuna ukudla kukho. Ezangaphambili zibizwa ngokuthi zingcolile futhi azimbhuli izimbobo ezijule ngamasentimitha ayi-10, ngisho nangezikhathi zokuqandeka noma ukomiswa komhlabathi. Inhlabathi kanye udoti kungaba makehle ejulile ngokucela 20 amasentimitha.
Izikelemu zomhlume zehla zijule kumitha eyodwa. Lolu hlobo alubonwa kakhulu ebusweni, ngoba empeleni azivuki. Ngisho e inqubo kokuzalela ezingenamgogodla hhayi aphume ashone ngokuphelele kusukela izimbobo.
Ungabona iminyundu yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziqandayo zase-Arctic. Izigaba zokuhlanza nezombhede zizizwa zizinhle enhlabathini enamanzi. Bona ingatholakala amachibi, emaxhaphozini, futhi ezindaweni kunomswakama. Inhlabathi efana ne-steppe chernozems, udoti kanye nodoti womhlabathi - i-tundra ne-taiga.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ekuqaleni, zazimbalwa kuphela izinhlobo zezilwane ezazisakazekile. Ukunwetshwa kwendawo okwenzeka mathupha izingeniso uphenyo.
Ama-invertebrates azivumelanisa kalula nanoma iyiphi insimu nesimo sezulu, kodwa azizwa ekhululekile kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamahlathi anobuhlakani obanzi. Ehlobo zitholakala eduze kobuso, kepha ngesikhathi sebusika ziya zijula.
Yini udla okusasibungu?
Photo: Big Earthworm
Izilwane zidla izinsalela zezitshalo ezibolile ezingena emithonjeni yomlomo kanye nomhlaba. Phakathi nokuwela kwawo umhlabathi midgut exutshwe izinto eziphilayo. Ukwembiwa kwama-invertebrates kuqukethe i-nitrogen ephindwe kahlanu, iphosphorus ephindwe kasikhombisa, i-potassium ephindwe kayishumi kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi.
Ukudla kwama-earthworms kufaka ukubola kwezinsalela zezilwane, ulethisi, umquba, izinambuzane, amakhasi we-watermelon. izinto Alkali futhi acid ukugwenywa. Ukunambitheka kwesibungu kuthinta nokukhetha ukunambitheka. Abantu abahamba ebusuku, bechaza igama labo, bafuna ukudla sekumnyama. Emithanjeni kwesokunxele, ukudla uginindela ishidi kuphela.
Ngemuva kokuthola ukudla, izilwane ziqala ukumba inhlabathi, zibambe okutholayo emlonyeni wazo. Bancamela ukuxuba ukudla nenhlabathi. Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi, ezifana worm obomvu ukucinga ukudla ubuthi phezu. Lapho okuqukethwe yento yezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini kuncipha, abantu ngamunye aqala ukubheka izimo zokuhlala ezifanele futhi athuthe ukuze aphile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Usuku oluthile, umhlonyane udla ngokwanele.
Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane yayo abantu abanayo isikhathi ukuncela izimila phezu, ngakho ahudulela ngaphakathi ukudla, yokumatisa eziphilayo, futhi lapho zigcinwa, bavumela izelamani ukuba ulidle. Abanye abantu bmba isitolo esihlukile sokudla futhi, uma kunesidingo, vakashela lapho. Ngenxa yemithambo enjengezinyo esiswini, ukudla kudonswa ngaphakathi kube izinhlayiya ezincane.
amahlamvu spineless isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ukudla kodwa futhi ukumboza yokungena kwabo isidleke. Ukuze benze lokhu, bahudula izimbali ezicijile, iziqu, izimpaphe, iziqeshana zamaphepha, izixha zoboya eziya emnyango. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-petioles avela emaqabunga noma izimpaphe angangena ngaphandle kokungena.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: okusasibungu Red
Earthworms ikakhulukazi izilwane komhlaba. Okokuqala, kunikeza ukuphepha. Dala mba Burrows emhlabathini a ka 80 amasentimitha ukujula. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zidabula imigudu efinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 ukujula, ngenxa yokuthi inhlabathi ixubene, inyiswe. Izinhlayiya zezilwane zenhlabathi zidonswa emaceleni noma zigwinywe.
Ngosizo ezingenamgogodla isikhwehlela ezihambayo, ngisho phansi kanzima. Akufanele babe ngaphansi kwelanga isikhathi eside, ngoba lokhu kusongela izibungu ngokufa. Isikhumba saso sithambile futhi somile ngokushesha. Ultraviolet nethonya elilimazayo nemigubuzelo, ngakho ungabona izilwane kuphela sezulu esinamafu.
I-subcontract ithanda ukuhola indlela yokuphila ebusuku. Ebumnyameni, ungathola amaqoqo ezidalwa emhlabeni. Ukuncika phandle, yingxenye yomzimba, abafuni ukuzibopha uma komhlaba scouting imvelo. Uma kungekho okubasabisayo, izidalwa zikhethwe ngokuphelele emhlabathini futhi zifuna ukudla.
Umzimba wama-invertebrates uthambekele ukwelulwa kahle. Amabhulashi amaningi aguqa, avikela umzimba emathonyeni angaphandle. Kunzima kakhulu ukukhipha isibungu sonke kusuka ku-mink. Isilwane siyasivikela futhi sinamathele ngamabhulashi siye emaphethelweni e-mink, ngakho-ke kulula ukuklebhula.
Kunzima ukwedlula zonke izinzuzo zeminyonyane yasemhlabeni. Ebusika, ukuze zingazifihli, ziwela phansi komhlaba. Lapho kuqala intwasahlobo, inhlabathi iyafudumala futhi abantu baqale ukujikeleza ngokumba okumbiwe. Ngezinsuku zokuqala ezifudumele ziqala umsebenzi wazo wezisebenzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Earthworms esizeni
Izilwane ama-hermaphrodites. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ocansini, umanyolo wesiphambano. Umuntu ngamunye ofinyelele ebusheni unezitho zangasese zowesifazane nowesilisa. Izibungu zixhunywe ulwelwesi lwama-mucous nesidoda sokushintshana.
Iqiniso elihehayo: I-mating invertebrates ingahlala amahora amathathu ngokulandelana. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, abantu bakhuphuka bangene emibhedeni yomunye nomunye futhi amahlandla ayi-17 ngokulandelana. Ucansi ngalunye luhlala okungenani imizuzu engama-60.
Uhlelo lokuzala luphambi komzimba. Amaseli wesidoda akhona kuma-testicles. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, umquba uvuselwa engxenyeni yama-32 yeseli, eyakha kamuva ikhukhukhu leqanda, elondliwa ngoketshezi lwamaprotheni kumbungu. Ukukhishwa kuguqulwa kube yisikhwama se-mucous.
Amaqanda angenaphilisi alala kuwo. Imibungu izalwa ngemuva kwamasonto angama-2-2 futhi igcinwa kukhukhunathi, ivikelwe ngokuthembekile kunoma yiliphi ithonya. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3-4, zikhula zibe ngosayizi abadala. Imvamisa, kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-6-7.
Izinhlobo zaseTaiwan Amynthas catenus ezinqubweni zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zalahlekelwa izitho zangasese zazo futhi zizala ngokusebenzisa i-parthenogenesis. Ngakho-ke zidlulisela ezizukulwaneni zazo 100 zofuzo lwazo, ngenxa yalokho izazi ezifanayo zizalwa - ama-clones. Ngakho-ke umzali usebenza endimeni yobaba nobaba.
Izitha zemvelo zombungu womhlaba
Photo: Earthworm emvelweni
Ngaphezu kwemicimbi yesimo sezulu ephazamisa impilo ejwayelekile yezilwane ngenxa yezikhukhula, isithwathwa, isomiso kanye nezinye izehlakalo ezifanayo, izinyamazane nezilwane ezihlaselayo kuholela ekunciphiseni kwabantu.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
Amabhungane adla iminyonyane eminingi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi emiseleni yabo bahlanganisa ubusika, futhi ikakhulukazi baba nezimbungulu zomhlaba. Izidukeli ziluma ikhanda elingenantambo noma zilimaze kakhulu ukuze zingakhasa kuze kube yilapho le ngxenye idwenguliwe iphinde yenziwa kabusha. Okumnandi kakhulu ngemisipha isibungu esikhulu esibomvu.
Izimvukuzane ziyingozi ikakhulukazi kuma-invertebrates. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zizingela izikelemu. Amaxoxo ayizidlakudla abukela umuntu ngamunye ezimpondweni zawo futhi ahlasele ebusuku, lapho nje ikhanda livela ngaphezulu komhlaba. Izinyoni zenza umonakalo omkhulu ezinombolweni.
Ngenxa yombono wabo obukhali, bangenza iziphetho zezimpethu ezinamathele emiseleni. Njalo ekuseni, enezinwele ezifuna ukudla, azidonsela amanzi ngomsele ngemilomo yazo ebukhali. Izinyoni azondli nje kuphela kubantu abadala, kodwa futhi zikha ukhukhunathi ngamaqanda.
Izimbambo zamahhashi, ezitholakala emizimbeni ehlukahlukene yamanzi, kufaka phakathi izimbotshana, azihlaseli abantu noma izilwane ezinkulu ngenxa yemihlathi evuthayo. Ngeke zikulume ngesikhumba esinsimbi, kepha zingaginya kalula isibungu. Ekuqothulweni kwe-autopsy, izinsalela ezingaphendulwanga zezikelemu zazisesiswini sabazingeli.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Earthworm
Emhlabathini ojwayelekile ongabhalwanga emapulazini alimekayo angaba yizinkulungwane eziyikhulu kuya kweziyodwa. Isisindo sabo sisonke singasukela kumakilo ayikhulu kuya kwewaka ngehektha elilodwa lomhlaba. Abalimi be-Vermiculture bakhulisa ezabo izinhlanga ukuze kuvundiswe inhlabathi enkulu.
Ama-Worms asiza ukucubungula imfucuza ye-organic ibe yi-vermicompost, okuyi-Umanyolo osezingeni. Abalimi bakhulisa isisindo sama-invertebrates ukuze babondle ngokudla kwezilwane zasepulazini nezinyoni. Ukonyusa isibalo sezibungu, umquba ulungiswa ngokudonswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Abadobi basebenzisa izinhlanzi ezingenasici ukubamba izinhlanzi.
Ekutadisheni kwe-chernozem evamile, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlwanyamanzi zomhlaba: i-Dendrobaena octaedra, i-Eisenia nordenskioldi, kanye ne-E. fetida. Esokuqala esilinganisweni samamitha omhlabathi oyizintombi kwakuyiyunithi engama-42, umhlaba olimekayo - 13. I-Eisenia fetida ayitholakalanga emhlabathini oyintombi nto, emhlabeni olimekayo - ngesilinganiso somuntu oyedwa.
Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, amanani ahluka kakhulu. Ezithangeni zezikhukhula zedolobha lasePerm, kutholakale abangu-150 ind./m2. Ehlathini elixubile lesifunda Ivanovo - 12,221 ind./m2. Ihlathi eliphakeme lesifunda seBryansk - 1696 ind./m2. Emahlathini asezintabeni ase-Altai Krai ngo-1950 kwakukhona amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350 m2 ngamunye.
Ukuvikelwa Komhlaba
Photo: Red Book Earthworm
Izinhlobo eziyi-11 ezilandelayo zibhalwe kwi-Red Book of Russia:
- I-Allolobofora-inekhanda eliluhlaza,
- I-Allolobofora-enomthunzi othanda,
- I-Allolobophora inyoka,
- U-Eisenia Gordeeva,
- U-Eisenia Mugan,
- I-Eisenia imnandi
- I-Eisenia Malevich,
- U-Eisenia Salair,
- I-Eisenia Altai,
- I-Eisenia Transcaucasian,
- I-Dendroben yi-pharyngeal.
Abantu bazibandakanye ekwakheni kabusha izibungu kulezo zindawo lapho zingenele khona. Izilwane zihlangabezana ngempumelelo nokuqashelwa. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi yi-zoological land reclamation futhi ayivumeli ukulondolozwa kuphela, kepha futhi nokwandisa inani lezidalwa.
Ezindaweni lapho ubuningi buphansi kakhulu, kunconywa ukunciphisa umkhawulo wemisebenzi yezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo kanye nama-pesticides kuthinta kabi ukuzala, kanye nokugawulwa kwezihlahla, amadlelo. Abalimi bengeza izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini, lithuthukisa isimo sokuphila kwama-invertebrates.
Earthworm iyisilwane esihlangene futhi ixhumana ngokuthinta. Ngakho-ke umhlambi unquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhambisa ngalinye lamalungu alo. Lokhu okutholwe kukhombisa ubungane bezimpethu. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthatha isibungu futhi usidlulisela kwenye indawo, kungenzeka ukuthi usabelana ngayo nezihlobo noma nabangane.