I-PECHORKY COAL Pool - Itholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Komi ACCP neNenets Autonomous Okrug yesiFunda sase-Arkhangelsk se-RSFSR. Le ndawo icishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingama-90 km 2. Itholakala endaweni ye-permafrost ezigodini ze-tundra kanye namahlathi-tundra.
Imininingwane yokuqala ephathelene nokuba khona kwamalahle emgodini wokuhlanza iqala ngo-1828. Ngo-1919, umzingeli uV. Ya. UPopov wenza isicelo sokutholwa kwamalahle esisekelweni somfula iVorkuta. I-geological tarisation, eholwa ngu-A. A. Chernov, isithako samalahle sasePechora satholakala ngonyaka we-1924, izimayini zamalahle kusukela ngo-1934. Izimali nemithombo yezinsizakalo ingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-265 (1986), lapho kuye kwahlolwa amathani ayizigidi ezingama-23,9 (ibhalansi eyi-13.7 , iphepha elingasasebenzi - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10.2). Eminyakeni yama-70s. umsebenzi wokuma komhlaba wandise insimu yesifunda samalahle sasePechora ukuya emingceleni yesifundazwe saseTiman-Ural ("Big Pechora"). Isigaxa samalahle sase-Pechora sitholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba nezindawo ezilinganayo zomkhombe we-Ural marginal. Ubukhulu be-Permian carboniferous deposits banda ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga ngokuqonde komkhombe ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-7 km. Ukwakheka kwamalahle kuhlukaniswe (kusuka phansi kuya phezulu) kuyiVorkuta (Lekvorkutskaya and Suinskaya suites) and Pechora (Seydinskaya and Talbeyskaya suites). I-Lekvorkut Formation inikezwe I-Lower Permian, i-Intinsky Suite ne-Pechora Series kwi-Upper Permian. E-Lekvorkut suite, izindlela zeRudnitskaya ne-Ayachyagin ziyahlukaniswa.
Amadiphozi akhiqizayo enziwa yizakhiwo ezinkulu ezingezinhle (ukucindezelwa): IKosyu-Rogovskaya neKorotaikhinsky, kanye neVerkhneadzvinsky, iziqiwi zeKara zamafolda amancane. I-Halmeryu, Yunyaginskoe, Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, idiphozi yase-Intinskoye ihlolwa ephikweni olusempumalanga lweKorotaikhinskaya nasezakhiweni zesekondari (i-brachisynclines) engxenyeni ephakathi yokudangala Kosyu-Rogovskaya; phakathi. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kwezimboni kukhona ama-Mines kanye ne-Intinsky Formation. I-Rudnitskaya sub-form iqukethe ukwakheka okungu-10 kokusebenza kwesakhiwo esilula, ukushuba okuyisilinganiso (1,3-3,5 m) kanye nomzimba omncane (0.5-1.2 m), okufanekiselwa ngumlotha ophansi naphakathi (12-18%), ongaphansi kwesibabule kufika ku-1.0%), amalahle aphansi (afinyelela ku-0,02%) ngamacebo aphakathi. Lawa ngamalahle asezingeni eliphakeme wesikebhe samalahle sasePechora. E-Intinsky suite, kuze kufinyelele ku-15 umugqa wobukhulu obuqinile nobuphakathi besakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, sakhiwa i-high-ash (16-30%), omuncu (1.5-4.0%) kanye namalahle aqinile. Ochungechungeni lwe-Pechora, ukwakheka kobukhulu obuphakathi, okunamandla okukodwa (kuze kufike ku-30 m), isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amalahle aphezulu-umlotha (20-40%), okunzima ukugxila. Amalahle wesikebhe angama-humus, ahlanganisiwe, futhi ukwakheka kwe-material-petrographic ikakhulukazi kuvezwa ngama-70-85% we-microcomptures weqembu le-vitrinite. Ukwakheka kwe-vintage kusuka ku-brown kuye ku-anthracite (imephu). Amalahle amamaki B no-D predominate (50-60%), ekuphekeni amalahle isisindo esikhulu senziwa ngamalahle ebanga Zh. Izinkomba zekhwalithi ephakeme yamalahle akhiqizwe aluhlaza (%): ibanga D (Idiphozi le-Intinsky) - W r = 11.0, A d = 28.7, St d = 3.0, V daf = 39.0, Oi r = 18.1 MJ / kg, ibanga le-Zh (Vorkutinsky) - W r = 5.0, A d = 14.8, Si d = 0.8, V def = 32.0, Oi r = 26.7 MJ / kg.
Ukukhangisa
Ukumbiwa kwamalahle kwenziwa ngaphansi komhlaba, ukujula kwentuthuko kwidiphozi yaseVorkuta kungama-300-900 m, iVorgashorskoye - 180-350 m, Intinskoye - 150-600 m.Izimo zezokumbiwa kanye nezindawo zejubane ziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemibhede, i-permafrost ebanzi, okuqukethwe kwe-methane ephezulu. Izimayini ziyingozi othulini negesi. Ukuqina kwemisipha yamalahle kukhuphuka ngokujula kwawo kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-33 m 3 / t. Isilinganiso sokungenela okuyisilinganiso esiphakeme minyaka yonke ezimayini yi-70-800 m 3 / h, i-coeff kukwana yokuhamba kwamanzi ingu-0.3-6.0 m 3 / t. Izimayini zamalahle zenziwa izinhlangano zokukhiqiza iVorkutaugol (izimayini eziyi-13) kanye ne-Intaugol (izimayini ezi-5) ikakhulu ezinezikhala ezinde ezitelekeni. Umthamo wokukhiqiza wezimayini usukela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-0,5 kuya kwezi-4,8 ngonyaka. Izimayini amathani ayizigidi ezingama-30,2 (1986). Izikhungo zezimayini yiVorkuta ne-Inta. Abathengi abahamba phambili yizitshalo zensimbi zaseCherepovets kanye neNovolipetsk, izitshalo zaseMoscow naseKaliningrad coke nezitshalo zegesi nezitshalo ze-coke e-Ukraine. Amalahle we-Steam asetshenziselwa izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo nezidingo ezifuywayo. Indlela yokuhambisa ukuthunyelwa kwamalahle iyitimela i-Vorkuta-Kotlas.
Izindawo zamalahle
Amaminerali kulo lonke ibheshi le-Pechora anezinsimbi ezinkulu. E-Intinsky naseVorkutinsky idiphozithi, kufakwa imibhede yamalahle avuthayo. I-Yunyaginskoye ne-Vorgashorskoye idiphozithi ecebile ngokubamba amalahle. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukugcotshwa kwaleli bheshi ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-344,5 wamalahle. Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, khona-ke kukhona inani elikhulu lamalahle anamafutha, kukhona amadevu omlilo.
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Amalahle ala madiphozi ajulile ngokwanele. Ngokwesilinganiso, i-mineral strata yenzeka ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-470, kepha kwezinye izindawo zitholakala ezingeni lamamitha ayi-900. Leli tshe libonakala ngokuqukethwe komlotha okungu-4-6% nokuqukethwe komswakama okungu-6-11%. Ubuye abe ne-calorific value ephezulu kanye ne-calorific value.
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Ukumbiwa kwamatshe
E-Pechora basin, amalahle afakwa ezimayini ezihlukahlukene ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kudinga imishini ekhethekile. Inqubo yezokumbiwa phansi ihlanganiswa nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nezimo ze-permafrost. Njengoba amalahle ejulile, kudinga imali eyengeziwe kimi kunakwamanye amadiphozi. Lokhu kuchaza izindleko eziphakeme zezinsizakusebenza.
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Ngokuvamile, isifunda sase-Pechora sisathuthuka, kanti izimayini zamalahle zanda kuphela. Inani ledwala elicitshwayo lanele ukuxhasa isifunda. Amalahle awambiwa ngamanani amakhulu, ngoba ubheshi ukude nezikhungo zezimboni futhi kunzima ukuwuhambisa kwamanye amadolobha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhishwa kwezinsiza kuhamba kancane kancane minyaka yonke.
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Ukuthengisa Kwamalahle
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwehla kwesibalo sokudingeka kwamalahle emakethe yomhlaba nasekhaya. Isibonelo, cishe zonke izindlu nezindawo zokusebenza zishintshelelwa ugesi negesi, ngakho-ke bezingasawadingi amalahle.
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Ngokuqondene nokuthengiswa kwamalahle, ukuthunyelwa kwalo mthombo kumane kukhula, ngakho-ke, amalahle avinjelwe esihlanjeni se-Pechora athuthelwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, olwandle nangololiwe. Ezindlini, kunesidingo esikhulu impela samandla nelahleko yokufuya. Izinto zokwenziwa ezisezingeni eliphakeme zifunwa izitshalo eziningi zensimbi. Amalahle omusi asetshenziswa yinkimbinkimbi yezolimo.
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Isimo semvelo
Njenganoma yisiphi isikhungo sezimboni, izimayini zamalahle zithinta kabi imvelo. Okokuqala, kunokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphezulu kwalesifunda. Okwesibili, ukuqothuka kwenhlabathi kuyaphawulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlayiya eziyingozi zingena emoyeni. Ukunciphisa umthelela omubi wokumbiwa phansi kwezimayini, kuthathwa uchungechunge lwezindlela zokuhlanza ukusiza isimo salesi sifunda silulame. Ngakho-ke, umcengezi wamalahle wase-Pechora uhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezimayini, ezomnotho kanye nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yezemvelo.
Indawo
Isikhundla sedamu asisiyona inzuzo enkulu. Itholakala eRiphabhulikhi yaseKomi naseNenets Autonomous Okrug (ingxenye yesifunda sase-Arkhangelsk). Iningi lendawo yalo itholakala ngaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle, eduze kwethafa elisentshonalanga kwePolar Urals nePai Khoi. Yonke imali yediphozi yamalahle isemkhakheni wokuthuthukiswa kwe-permafrost.
Isimo Sachibi
Ukutholwa kwamanani wediphozi amalahle aqala ngo-1924, amalahle okuqala amiswa ngonyaka we-1934. Izindawo zamalahle zingaphezulu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-344, ubheshi unendawo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezingama-90 km km 2. Amalahle okwakheka okuhlukile - ukunqotshwa ngamatshe, kukhona ansundu kanye nokungaxuthi. Inani elikhethekile lokulondolozwa kwamalahle ukuba khona kwamalahle e-coking.
- I-Vorkutinsky - amalahle e-energy and coking awethulwa,
- I-Vorgashorskoye - amalahle abalulekile wokupheka,
- I-Yunyaginskoe - uhlobo olufanayo,
- Intinsky - amalahle ashukumisayo.
Izimayini zamalahle zenziwa yizimayini iVorgashorskaya, Vorkutinskaya, Komsomolskaya, Zapolyarnaya ne-Yunyaginsky. Ukudepha kwezimayini kusuka ku-150 kuye ku-1100 m.
U-fig. 1. Imayini yamalahle emayini, iVorkuta.
Izinkinga ezinkulu zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba zingukuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-methane ku-seams, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezingqimba ezikhiqizayo, ukuhamba kwezinsimbi zamalahle, isidingo sokumpompela amanzi njalo kusuka ezimayini, konke lokhu kukhulisa izindleko zamalahle we-Pechora.
Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesikebhe, iziza eziyi-14 ezinokugcotshwa kwamalahle okulungele ukugebha ngazo ziyahlungwa.
U-fig. 2. Imayini yamalahle, iVorkuta.
Abasebenzisi
Amalahle we-Pechora anikezwa izifunda zezomnotho ze-European North neCentral.
E-metallurgy, i-coke iyadingeka ekushiseni kwensimbi nensimbi yensimbi. Inikezwa izikhungo zokukhiqiza i-coke ezifakiwe kwizakhiwo zensimbi. Abathengi abahamba phambili yiCherepovets neNovolipetsk Metallological Combines.
Izinhlobo zamandla zamalahle zithengwa izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, ezinye zithengwa yisintu ngezidingo zomuntu.
Amalahle ahanjiswa kubathengi yiNorthern Railway.
U-fig. 3. Ukuhamba ngamalahle.
Izinkinga zemvelo
Izinkinga zemvelo zivamile ezimbizeni zamalahle - izinqwaba eziningi, ukungcoliswa komoya kusuka othulini lwamalahle ezindaweni ezinamatshe nasezindaweni lapho amalahle elayisha khona ezitimeleni, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi amasha ukukhiqiza ukugxilwa kwamalahle.
Ngokuphuculwa kwezimayini nokusebenza kwezitshalo, iningi lezinto ezingezinhle lingancishiswa noma liqedwe, ngaphandle kokwenza izinqwaba. Ezimweni ze-Arctic, ukubuyiselwa kwamagquma okwenziwe ngamatshe angamadwala akunakwenzeka.
Yini esiyifundile?
Sifunde ukuthi indawo ye-Pechora besin, imaphi amaminerali lapho. Ezintweni zesikebhe sase-Pechora, sifunde ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokumbiwa phansi, yiziphi izinkinga ezikhona ngendlela yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba. Amalahle we-Pechora adingeka ngamabhizinisi asengxenyeni yezwe yaseYurophu, lapho ehamba khona ngojantshi. Ukuchazwa kwezinkinga zemvelo kanye nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kunqotshwe kunikezwa.
Umlando wentuthuko
Ukuba khona komgodi wamalahle wase-Pechora kwabikezelwa ngu-A. A. Chernov. Ehlobo lika-1930, lapho enyuka uMfula iVorkuta, isazi sokuma komhlaba uG. A. Chernov sathola amalahle e-coking, aphakeme kakhulu. Imayini ibilokhu iqhubeka kusukela ngo-1931.
Ngo-1970, uNgqongqoshe weGeology A. V. Sidorenko wanikeza uG. A. Chernov idiploma kanye nebheji elithi “Disepure of the depositre”. Ngo-2007, uVladimir V. Putin wasayina isimemezelo ngokunikeza uG. A. Chernov i-Order of Merit for the Fatherland, i-4th degree.
Amabhizinisi wamayini wamalahle kanye nokusebenza ngokuhlanganiswa ahlanganiswa kuVorkutaugol.
Izici Zamachibi
Inezinhlobo ezimbili zamalahle: i-coking ne-anthracite. Itholakala esifundeni sezomnotho esenyakatho, ingxenye yaso itholakala ngaphandle kwe-Arctic Circle. Izindawo zamalahle cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-344,5, indawo eyisisekelo icishe ibe izinkulungwane ezingama-90 km². Ubukhulu bezendlalelo bufika kumamitha ayi-1.5. Ukuhamba kwenziwa kuzo zonke izitimela ezisenyakatho. Izimo zokukhiqiza ziyinkimbinkimbi: ukwakheka kwe-sag, ukugoba, ukuqhekeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindleko zamalahle ziphakeme.
Amasheya
Inqwaba yezindawo zamalahle ezigxile ku-Intinsky (amalahle anjengesikebhe), iVorkutinsky (ikhekhe kanye namalahle omusi), amadiphozithi eVorgashorskoye naseYunyaginsky (okokufaka amalahle). Inqwaba yamalahle avuthiwe iyacetshiswa. Ukuthuthukiswa kokufakwa kwamadepho ase-Pechora kuqhubeke kusukela ngo-1930.
Ukusuka ngonyaka we-2014, zizonke izinqolobane zemvelo ezingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-344,5, izinqolobane zemikhakha yezigaba A, B, C kumabhizinisi akhona ezimayini zamalahle zifinyelela kumathani ayisigidi ezingama-810, izinqolobane ezinamalahle (51%) namalahle amade (35.4%).
Ngokuvamile, isitokhwe sephepha lokulinganisa lamamaki abaluleke ngokukhethekile emayini yaseVorkuta ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-40.3 noma angu-326.3. Kuzo zonke izinsizakusebenza, isabelo samalahle ansundu singama-33.2%, i-anthracite - 0,4%, cishe ingxenye yamalahle ingeyohlobo lwe-D4.
Isabelo samalahle alungele i-coking cishe ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40,7, amalahle ezishisayo - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300,5 (kuwo aqukethe - amathani ayizigidigidi ezingama-209,5). Ama-51% ezinsizakusebenza zemvelo yamalahle etholakala esifundeni seNenets National District (70% yawo inemibandela). Inqwaba yezindawo ezisetshenzisiwe zokuhlola ibhalansi zamalahle wamalahle we-Pechora zitholakala endaweni yeRiphabhlikhi yaseKomi.
Izimayini zamalahle
Izimayini zamalahle zenziwa ezimayini ezijulile, ngaphansi komhlaba, ngokuyinhloko eVorkuta.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-deposits kwenziwa ezimweni ezinzima ze-permafrost, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ingozi yokushaywa ngamatshe, igesi nokuqhuma kothuli.
Lezi zimo zombhede zinquma izindleko eziphakeme zokukhishwa nokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Izindleko eziphakeme zamalahle ezifakwa emgodini we-Pechora, kanye nokude kude nezikhungo zezimboni ezinkulu, kunomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwezimayini esifundeni.
Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2011, inani lokukhiqizwa nokucutshungulwa ezimayini zase-Inta naseVorkuta belilokhu lehla. Ngo-2014, ukuwa kuka-15% kulindeleke futhi ngokuqhathaniswa nokwangonyaka odlule. Ezimayini zesichibi kunokukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi okuphezulu - kweqa isilinganiso somkhakha ngo-25-30%. Kodwa-ke, kube nokuthambekela kokuthi kwehle kusuka ngo-2010 ku-Int kanti kusukela ngo-2014 eVorkuta.
Izimakethe zokuthengisa
Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2013, izindlela ezimbi zingaqondwa embonini yamalahle aseRussia, izizathu zokuthi kungani kulele ekuwa kwezidingo zamalahle ezimakethe zomhlaba kanye nokwehla kwesidingo emakethe yasekhaya. Ngenxa yokwenziwa kwegesi kwezifunda, izidingo zamalahle zemisebenzi yezindlu nezomphakathi ziyawa, ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle ngensimbi eyindilinga kuyancipha, kufaka nokubhekela ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha bekhiqiza insimbi.
Amalahle ahanjiswa yiNorthway Railway.
Okwezwe
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthunyelwa kwamalahle kusakhula ngesivinini esikhulu. Ikakhulu, ngonyaka we-2013 lafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-140, njengoba lase likhuphuke ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-8 uma liqhathaniswa nango-2012. Ngokusobala, lapho sibhekene nokwehla kwesidingo sasekhaya samalahle, ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinkampani zamalahle ezimakethe zokuthengisa kuyakhula.
IsiRussia
Izimakethe zesifunda zokubamba amalahle okuphekela nokudla okotini wamalahle wamalahle we-Pechora zitholakala ikakhulu esifundeni sama-macro, okubandakanya ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia kanye ne-Urals. Ukuthumela amalahle kusuka esifundeni, kusetshenziswa i-Northern Railway.
Amalahle okupheka avela ePechora Coal Basin anikezwa amabhizinisi akwaSeverstal Group namuhla.
Ikakhulu, eCherepovets Metallological Plant, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines, Leningrad Industrial Center, e-Ural, Central and Central Black Earth Economic Regions, Nosta OJSC, Mechel OJSC, eMoses Coke nasegesi.
Amalahle we-Steam ahlinzeka ngezidingo zabathengi bezolimo nezimboni zezolimo nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi weRiphabhlikhi yaseKomi nakwezinye izifunda, amabhizinisi amaphepha nezindawo ezinamahlathi anikezwa iRAO UES yaseRussia, RAO Russian Railways. Isidingo sesiFunda Sezomnotho saseNyakatho sivaliwe ngokuphelele, ama-45% esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga kanye nesifunda saseKaliningrad, kanye nama-20% ezifundeni zaseVolga-Vyatka naseCentral Chernozem.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukumaketha kwezimakethe zokuthengisa kwamalahle kwesikebhe sase-Pechora, kuphuthuma kakhulu umsebenzi wokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle esifundeni sase Federal North.
Imibono eminye echibini
Ekuthuthukisweni okuhlala isikhathi eside kwesisekelo samalahle we-Pechora kanye nomkhakha wamalahle weRiphabhlikhi yaseKomi, kudingeka amalungiselelo okuqala kanye nokufakwa kwemali emisha kwamalahle kanye nezinto zokuhlola komhlaba.
Izindleko zokuthuthuka kwezinto zokuhamba nokuhamba ngamalahle emgudwini wokuhamba we-Kuzbass-Northwest kuzodinga ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-230. Isixazululo senkinga ukuthuthuka okunamandla okuthe xaxa kwesizinda samalahle sase-Pechora ngentengo yokuhambisa amamaki wamalahle atholakalayo nawokubamba.
Amabhizinisi wamalahle aseVorkuta ahamba ngendlela efanele, futhi asika izindleko ngokuhlelekile, ngoba eminyakeni emithathu edlule amalahle awo ehle ngamanani ngamaphesenti angama-40 ezimakethe.
Enye futhi yamabhizinisi weKomi ukukhiqizwa kwesimanjemanje, ukutshala imali empahleni ebekiwe kukhula njalo, ngokungafani nezinye izifunda zaseRussia, futhi ngonyaka ka-2013 wokugcina bekufika cishe kuma-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili.
Amasu lawo afaka nokukhuphuka kwevolumu yokukhiqiza, kufaka phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kwamadiphozithi amasha. Okuthembisa kakhulu kuKomi yiSyryaginsky nePaemboyskoye - bahlose ukukhiqiza amamaki wamalahle anqabile lapho, isidingo sawo sihlala sizinzile, hhayi eRussia kuphela.
Isimo semvelo
Isidingo esibaluleke kakhulu sokusebenza nokusebenza komkhakha wamalahle ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwaso kwemvelo, sinciphise ukulimala emsebenzini futhi sithuthukise izimo zokusebenza. Lezi zingqinamba zibalulekile zombili embonini iyonke nakuwo umgodi wePechora, ngoba amalahle aqhutshelwa ezimayini ezijulile.
Ensimini yesikebhe samalahle sase-Pechora, isimo esinzima sendawo: Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe eziphelelwe yisikhathi ukukhishwa, ukucubungula kanye nokushiswa kwamalahle yile:
- ukuncipha kwemithombo yamanzi kubhasi,
- ukwephulwa kombuso we-hydrological komhlaba nangaphansi komhlaba, inkinga yokungcoliswa kwamanzi,
- ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba wokudliwa komhlaba wemvelo,
- ukwephulwa komhlaba okuyinkimbinkimbi,
- ukwehla kokuqukethwe komoya-mpilo kanye nokwanda kwe-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide emoyeni,
- ukubonakala kwamagesi alimazayo nothuli lwamalahle emkhathini.
Ingozi yemvelo iqhubeka ngemuva kokugcwala kwezimayini ezingasetshenziswanga.
Imisebenzi ehlose ukuqinisa isimo sendalo
Ukwenza ngcono isimo semvelo esifundeni:
- Ukwelashwa okugcwele kwamanzi okwenziwa yimayini, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydromechanical filtration kanye nezinqubo zokumba.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphuza kuyancishiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa komgodi ovulekile kanye nowami wezobuchwepheshe nowasekhaya kuyanda.
- I-methane yamalahle yamalahle isetshenziswa njengezinto zamakhemikhali ezingavuthiwe nophethiloli, kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi.
Ukuphepha Emsebenzini Nempilo
Iqembu elisebenzayo elisebenza ngokukhethekile likahulumeni waseRussia lifaka iziphakamiso zokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwemithetho yombuso emkhakheni wezokuphepha kwezemisebenzi nokuvikelwa kwabasebenzi, ukwenza ngcono uhlelo lokuvuselela amakhono ezokwelapha nezenhlalo labasebenzi nabantu abathinteke ezingozini kanye nezifo zasemsebenzini. Emkhakheni wamalahle walesi sifunda, ukuphathwa kwengozi okusebenzayo kuyenziwa kucatshangelwa isipiliyoni.
Sekukonke, kuhlelwe ukuthi kufinyelelwe ezingeni lamazwe athuthukile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwezimboni ngonyaka ka-2030, kanye nokulahla ubuchwepheshe obunamandla obunobungozi bezimayini zamalahle.
(Azikho izilinganiso okwamanje)
