Akuwona ubufakazi benjabulo yesiphepho sendawo eyatholakala lapho ihlaselwa isisulu, kepha kubonisa nje isici somzimba - isigaba somuntu somlomo. Kamuva, ngendlela, kubukeka sengathi i-mamba ihlala ihlafuna i-blueberries, uyigeza ngoyinki. Umlomo, hhayi umbala wezikali, wanikeza igama lalenyoka. Ukusongela, i-mamba ivula umlomo wayo kabanzi, ezinhlakeni lapho umuntu onomqondo osukhulile alibona kalula ibhokisi.
Ingxenye yokuqala yegama lesayensi elithi Dendroaspis polylepis ilandisa ngokuthanda kwezitshalo ezinamahlahla, lapho inyoka ihlala khona, okwesibili - ikhumbula isilinganiso sayo esikhulayo.
Lesi isilwanyana esidliwayo esithambile esivela emndenini we-aspid, yize simelele kakhulu kunezihlobo zaso eziseduze - sinamakhanda amancanyana futhi aluhlaza.
Amapharamitha aphakathi we-mamba emnyama: amamitha ama-3 ubude kanye nama-2 kg wesisindo. Ama-Herpetologists akholelwa ukuthi ezinyoka zabantu abadala ze-vivo zibonisa osayizi abahlaba umxhwele - amamitha ayi-4,5 ngesisindo esingu-3 kg.
Noma kunjalo, i-mamba emnyama ayifinyeleli ubude be-cobra yasebukhosini engakaze iboniswe, kepha ingaphambi kwayo (njengawo wonke ama-aspid) ngokuya ngosayizi wamazinyo anobuthi, ikhule ibe yi-22-23 mm.
Esikhathini sobusha, i-reptile inombala okhanyayo - isiliva noma umnqumo. Ikhula, inyoka iba mnyama, iba ngumnqumo omnyama, impunga ngethayi yensimbi, iluhlaza womnqumo, kodwa ingabi mnyama!
Qopha ukubamba phakathi kwezinyoka
I-Dendroaspis polylepis - umnikazi ongagunyaziwe izihloko eziningana ezishaqisayo:
- Inyoka enobuthi kunazo zonke e-Afrika (kanye nenye enobuthi kakhulu emhlabeni).
- Inyoka ende kunazo zonke efudumele e-Afrika.
- Umkhiqizi wephutha lenyoka eshesha kakhulu.
- Inyoka enobuthi eshesha kakhulu emhlabeni.
Isihloko sokugcina siqinisekiswe yiGuinness Book of Record, ethi ibangana elifushane linyuka lifinyelela ku-16-19 km / h.
Kuliqiniso, embhalweni orekhodwe ngokusemthethweni we-1906, kuboniswa izibalo ezivinjelwe ngaphezulu: 11 km / h engxenyeni yamamitha angama-43 kwenye yezindawo ezigcinwe eMpumalanga Afrika.
Ngaphezu kwengxenye esempumalanga yezwekazi, iMamba emnyama itholakala ngobuningi ezifundeni zayo ezisendaweni ephakathi neyomile.
Ububanzi buhlanganisa i-Angola, iBurkina Faso, iBotswana, iCentral African Republic, iSenegal, i-Eritrea, iGuinea, iMali, iGuinea-Bissau, i-Ethiopia, iCameroon, iCote d'Ivoire, iMalawi, Kenya, neMozambiki, iNingizimu Afrika, iNamibia, iSomalia, neTanzania. , Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Republic of Congo kanye neZimbabwe.
Inyoka ihlala emahlathini, emathafeni, ezigodini zemifula enezihlahla ezomile nemithambeka enamadwala. Umuthi noma isihlahlana sisebenza njengosihlalo wompheme wokumiswa kwe-mamba elangeni, kepha, njengomthetho, ukhetha umhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba, unyamalale phakathi kwezitshalo.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, inyoka ingena ezindunduma ezindala noma ezindlekweni zezihlahla.
Indlela Emnyama Yokuphila
Ama-laurels aphayona eDendroaspis polylepis angawesazi se-herpetologist esidumile u-Albert Gunther. Wathola ukutholwa kwakhe ngo-1864, wanikela kuphela imigqa engu-7 encazelweni yenyoka. Esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu nesigamu, ulwazi lwesintu ngalesi silwane esibulalayo lucebisiwe kakhulu.
Manje sesiyazi ukuthi inyoka emnyama ye-mamba idla izibankwa, izinyoni, amasimu, ezinye izinyoka, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane: amagundane, amadamu (afanayo nezingulube ze-Guinea), izindlulamithi (kufana nolamula), izindlovukazi zezindlovu namalulwane.
Isilwane sasendle esidliwayo siyazingela phakathi nosuku, sihlasela kusukela kumqamekele futhi silume, kuze kube yilapho isisulu sikhipha umoya. Ukugaya ukukhiqizwa kuthatha usuku noma ngaphezulu.
Izitha zemvelo zingabalwa emunweni:
- ukhozi lwenyoka (krachun),
- i-mongoose (ngokwengxenye engenawo ubuthi),
- inyoka yenaliti (mehelya capensis), ene-immune immune immune.
Ama-mambas amnyama akhona kanye, kuze kufike isikhathi sokwenza inzalo.
Ukuzala
Entwasahlobo, umlingani uthola insikazi "ngephunga" lezimfihlo, ebheka ukuzala ... ngolimi oluhla emzimbeni wakhe ngokuphelele.
Ikakhulu abalingani bezocansi bavusa umbukiso phakathi kwabesilisa: bahlangana ngokwanga okuqinile, bezama ukugcina amakhanda abo ngaphezu kwekhanda lomphikisi. Amahloni ahlulekile akhasa.
Maphakathi nehlobo, imamba elinganyelwe libeka amaqanda (6-17), okuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2,5 ukuya ku-2, amachaphaza amnyama amnyama - kusukela ngokuzalwa "akhokhiswe" ubuthi bomndeni futhi akwazi ukuthola ukudla.
Iningi lamawundlu afa ngonyaka wokuqala kusuka ekuzingeleni inyamazane, izifo nezandla zabantu.
Ayikho imininingwane ngesilinganiso sokuphila kwe-mamba emnyama endle, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi ku-terrarium omunye wabameli balezinhlobo usinde iminyaka eyi-11.
Ukulunywa imnyama mamba
Uma ume ngendlela yakhe ungazi, uzokulimaza usohambeni, okungase kungaqapheleki ekuqaleni.
Cabanga ngokuziphatha okusongelayo kwenyoka njengesipho sokuphela (ukukhulisa i-hood, ukuphakamisa umzimba kanye nomlomo ovuleke kakhulu): kulokhu, unethuba lokubuyela emuva ngaphambi kokuphonswa inhlekelele.
Ngokukuluma, i-reptile ingadonsa kusuka ku-100 iye ku-400 mg we-toxin, i-10 mg yayo (lapho ingekho i-serum) inikeze umphumela obulalayo.
Kepha okokuqala, ogulayo uzohamba kuyo yonke imibuthano yesihogo ngobuhlungu obuvuthayo, ukuvuvukala kokugxila kokulunywa kanye necrosis eyenziwe yasekhaya yezicubu. Kube sekuvela ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile emlonyeni, ubuhlungu besisu, isicanucanu nokuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ubomvu bezimpawu zolwelwesi lwamehlo.
Ubuthi be-mamba emnyama bugcwele ngokweqile:
- ama-neurotoxins
- ama-cardiotoxins
- ama-dendrotoxins.
Futhi ezinye zithathwa njengezibulala kakhulu: zibangela ukukhubazeka kanye nokuboshwa kokuphefumula. Ukulahleka okuphelele kokulawula umzimba kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane (ukusuka engxenyeni yehora kuya emahoreni ambalwa).
Ngemuva kokulunywa, kufanele uthathe isinyathelo ngaso leso sikhathi - lowo owanikwa umuthi wokudambisa izidakamizwa futhi waxhunywa kwinto yokufakelwa yokuphefumula inethuba.
Kepha lezi ziguli azihlali zilondolozwa: ngokwezibalo ze-african I-10-15% yalabo abathole i -ididote ngesikhathi bayafa. Kepha uma kungekho-serum ekhona, ukufa kwesisulu akunakugwenywa.
Yebo, ama-mambas amnyama okwesabisayo awadalulwa hhayi ezindaweni zokugcina isimo kuphela: kukhona ongaxekile abagcina lezi zinyoka efulethini labo.
Elinye lamapheya wesibindi nawanolwazi kakhulu u-Arslan Valeev, olayisha ngokuqondile amavidiyo ku-YouTube ngokubamba iqhaza kwama-mambas akhe, weluleka ngokuqinile ngokumelene kubo ukuzalela ekhaya.
Ngokusho kukaValeev, umamba ophunyukile uzoshesha afune umnikazi ukuthi ambulale, futhi uzofunda ngokuphunyuka kwakhe ngokulunywa ngumbane emnyango wegumbi.
Umhlwayi wenyoka uxwayisa ngokuthi ukuguquka kwekhanda le-asp kungenzeka ngasikhathi sinye, bese incwadi ebhaliwe ngokuphelele (njengoba ubucabanga) izokhipha isigwebo kuwe bese usikhipha masinyane.
Ukulungiswa kweTerrarium
Uma lezi zingxabano zingazange zikukholise, khumbula ukuthi yini oyidingayo ukugcina ama-mambas amnyama ekhaya.
Okokuqala, i-voluminous terrarium ifakwe iminyango yangaphambili ebonakalayo ukubuka okwenzekayo ngaphakathi. Amapharamitha endawo yokuhlala inyoka nge-slide gate valve:
- ukuphakama kungabi ngaphansi kwemitha eyi-1,
- ukujula 0.6-0.8 m,
- ububanzi bamamitha ayi-2.
Okwesibili, ama-thensethi obukhulu (obukhoma noma owenziwe) kumaskandi namagatsha, okuzosiza izinyoka ukujwayela ukudingiswa. Amagatsha azophinda futhi avikele abantu abanolaka noma abanamahloni ngokulimala ngengozi.
Okwesithathu, noma yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa ngobuningi ezansi: ama-mambas amnyama ane-metabolism esheshayo, futhi iphephandaba ngeke liwahambele.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zijabule kalula ngokukhohlisa okuncane kakhulu kulokho kwazo, ngakho-ke kudingeka uhlanze i-terrarium ngamamambas ngokushesha okukhulu futhi njalo ngamagilavu akhethekile angamelana namazinyo wenyoka amade.
Umsoco
Ukondla ama-mambas kwenzeka njengokujwayelekile - amahlandla ama-3 ngesonto. Lokhu kuvama kubangelwa isikhathi sokumba esiphelele samahora angama-24-36.
Ukudla okukudingisiwe akunakuphikwa: inyoni (izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesonto) namagundane amancane.
Imamba ngokweqile izokukhafulela phezulu, ngakho-ke ungayidluli. Futhi isikhumbuzo esisodwa: ungondli inyoka ngama-tweezers - ihamba ngejubane lombani futhi ingaphuthelwa.
Ama-dendroaspis polylepis adinga ukufafazwa njalo. Uma uvila kakhulu ukwenza lokhu, beka ophuzayo. AmaMambas awaphuzi amanzi kaningi, esebenzisa isitsha sokuphuza njengendawo yokugcina amanzi, kepha amanzi kufanele asekhona.
Uma ungafuni ukukhipha izingcezwana zesikhumba esidala emsileni wezipho, qiniseka ukuthi ufafaza inyoka ngesikhathi sokuncibilika.
Ngingathenga kuphi
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uzothola umthengisi omnyama we-mamba emakethe yezinyoni noma esitolo sezilwane. Izinkundla zeTerrarium nezinkundla zokuxhumana nabantu ukukusiza. Ukuze ungangeni enkingeni, hlola ngokucophelela umthengisi (ikakhulukazi uma ehlala kwelinye idolobha) - buza abangane futhi uqiniseke ukuthi kukhona inyoka yangempela.
Kungcono uma uthatha okudingayo ngokwakho: kulokhu, uzokwazi ukuyihlola ukuze uthole izifo futhi ushiye isilwane esigulayo.
Okubi kakhulu, uma inyoka ibiza kusuka ku- $ 1 000 kuya ku- $ 10,000 ukuhamba kuwe ngephasela ngesitimela. Noma yini ingenzeka emgwaqweni, kufaka phakathi nokufa kwesilwane esihuga umzimba. Kepha ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbe le yindlela ikusasa eliyokuvikela ngayo ekuqabuleni okubulalayo kwe-mamba emnyama.
Kubukeka kanjani
Imamba emnyama sikhulu ngobukhulu futhi ifinyelela kubude obungu-2,5-3 m, isisindo esilinganiselwe esingu-1,6 kg. Ungowomndeni we-aspid. Ibhekwa njengeyinde kunazo zonke izinyoka ezinobuthi e-Afrika. Umsila wakhe mude. Umzimba uthwetshiwe ngenhla nangaphansi. Imbobo engaphakathi yomlomo ipendwe imnyama futhi inokusikwa okunikeza inyoka ukubukeka okumomotheka. Umbala onjalo womlomo uyadingeka ukuze izidalwa ezesabisayo zithuse izitha. Ubude bamazinyo anobuthi ngu-2,5 mm. Amehlo makhulu, amnyama.
Uyini ubungozi be-mamba ubuthi kubantu
Njengoba wazi, ubuthi benyoka buhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili zokuchayeka kubantu: i-neurotoxic ne-hemavasotoxic. Isihlungu se-Mamba sinomphumela we-neurotoxic, ngenxa yalokho ukuhanjiswa kwe-neuromuscular kuvinjiwe futhi ukukhubazeka komzimba kwenzeka. Kulokhu, ukusabela kwendawo ngesimo sokubomvu kwesikhumba endaweni yokulunywa, i-edema empeleni ayenzeki. Kukhona ukucindezeleka okusheshayo kohlelo lwezinzwa futhi isikhungo sokuphefumula sikhubazekile, okuholela ekufeni. Umuntu uzwa izinhlungu ezivuthayo endaweni okulunywe kuyo, ukuduma ezindebeni, ukubona kabili, ukunambitheka okuthile emlonyeni, uqala ukugabha, uhudo, izinhlungu ezibukhali zesisu ziyabonakala. Ukushisa komzimba kuyenyuka, ukulahleka kokuhlangana kokunyakaza kwenzeka.
Isikhathi esiyi-1, le nyoka iyakwazi ukukhipha ubuthi be-400 mg, ngokwesilinganiso - 100-120 mg. Akakwazi ukulimaza hhayi ukulunywa okuningana, kepha kunokwahluka okuningi. Umthamo obulalayo kumuntu oyedwa ngu-10-15 mg. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela ukulunywa yimamba. Ngokuluma emunweni, ukufa kwenzeka kungakapheli amahora ama-4, ukulunywa ebusweni - ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-15 ukuya kwengama-20.
Ukusindiswa kuphela kungafika ngesikhathi, kungakapheli imizuzu engama-20, i-serum ejoziwe (esimweni sokulunywa emthanjeni - imizuzu embalwa). Ezinye izindlela zendabuko ezisetshenziselwa ukuluma izinyoka, njengokuncela ubuthi, ukuqinisa imilenze nezinyawo, ukuthatha ama-antihistamines, njll., Azisebenzi. Ukufa komphumela lapho i-serum ingemukelwa kungu-100%.
Imamba emnyama yethulwe emakethe yezilwane ezihlukile futhi kubiza cishe ama- $ 160. Ubhekwe kakhulu phakathi kwabaqoqi. Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umuntu ofisa ukuthi azi ukuthi ziziphatha kanjani izinyoka nokuthi yini edingekayo ekunakekelweni kwazo, angathola lo muthi omnyama nomhlophe.
Ukondla
UMamba kufanele ondliwe kabili noma kathathu ngesonto. Ekhaya, bamnika izinyoni namagundane amancane. Lapho usuthisa inyoka ngezinsimbi ezinobuthi ukudla okuhleliwe, umnikazi wayo uzodinga ukuyinika isesimweni esifile.
Uma umkhiqizo uqandisiwe, kufanele uncibilikiswe ngaphambi kokondla. Ukuthola umthamo ophelele wamavithamini, izithasiselo kufanele zilethwe ekudleni kwezinyoka, isibonelo:
- I-Reptal
- ReptoKala
- I-ReptoLife.
Izinyathelo Zokuphatha Izinyoka
Lapho ugcina izidumbu endlini, kufanele unakekele izindlela zokuphepha:
- Kuyadingeka kuphela ukuhlanza i-terrarium ngamagilavu akhethekile noma ngokususa i-reptile kuyo.
- Uma kungenzeka, ungayithatheli inyoka noma uyenze ngamagilavu akhethekile.
- Iba ne-serum yokulwa nenyoka endlini futhi ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa.
- Iba nethuba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sokubonisana nodokotela oyi-herpetologist nodokotela.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi i-terrarium ayinalutho futhi ivaliwe ngokuphephile.
- Uma kungenzeka, susa izindlala ezinobuthi.
- Ungafaki izinyoka emindenini enezingane.
Ngakho-ke, i-mamba emnyama ingenye yezakhamizi eziyingozi kakhulu kule planethi ezilunywe ngabantu. Noma kunjalo, abathandi bezinto ezivamile zokuyiqala ekhaya. Uma ungomunye we-daredevils enjalo, lapho-ke kufanele wazi ukuthi inyoka iyiphi impilo uma uphila futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uzijwayeze nezindlela zokuphepha lapho uyisingatha. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi okuqukethwe yisilwane esidliwayo esinobuthi kubeka umthwalo omkhulu umthwalo kumnikazi waso.
Izinyosi Zokuphefumula Zenyoka
Ngabe izinyoka ziphefumula ngenkathi zidla? Bawubamba kanjani umoya wabo ngaphansi kwamanzi? Izimpendulo zale mibuzo neminye ngokuphefumula kwenyoka kulokhu okuthunyelwe.
Isistimu yokuphefumula yezinyoka inezikhala zangaphandle (impumulo esesithombeni), emakhaleni angaphakathi, umgodi wamakhala, glottis, trachea, bronchi kanye namaphaphu elilodwa noma amabili. Akukho kudaya izinyoka, ukuphefumula kuyenziwa ngenxa yomsebenzi wezicubu ezitholakala phakathi kwezimbambo. I-inhalation inqubo esebenzayo edinga ukungezwani kwemisipha ukuze ikhule. Ukuphefumula kuyinqubo engenzi lutho, eyenziwa ngenxa yokuvuselela izicubu zomzimba.
Kulesi sithombe esingenhla, i-nasal cavity (yebo, ngqo emlonyeni) etholakala phakathi kwemigqa yesibili yamazinyo ibonakala kahle. Amakhala angaphakathi axhumeke kwangaphandle aphumela kuwo. Lapho umlomo wenyoka uvaliwe, umthambo uxhunyaniswa ne-glottis, lapho izinyoka ziphefumula khona.
Ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo, i-glottis yenyoka ivaliwe ngokuzenzakalelayo (njengasesithombeni esingenhla), ivulwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. I-trachea eyilandelayo iyiselula impela, evumela izinyoka ukuba ziphefumule ngenkathi zidla, zishintshela phambili i-glottis noma eceleni kwendlela.
Izingoma ezidumile zezinyoka ngesikhathi somoya obukhali zichazwa ngokudlidliza kwenqubo encane ye-cartilaginous etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-glottis.
Ezingeni lenhliziyo, i-trachea igcwala futhi idlule kuyi-bronchi, exhuma kwiphaphu elilodwa noma amabili.
Ukwakheka kwamaphaphu wezinyoka kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo. Amaphaphu asobunxele ahlala ancishiswa, kungenzeka ukuthi awekho noma awudluli ngama-85% kasayizi wamaphaphu angakwesokudla. Iphaphu elilungile liyasebenza futhi likhona phakathi kwenhliziyo nezinso. Ingxenye yayo yangaphambili ingena ngemikhumbi futhi ibamba iqhaza ekushintshisaneni ngegesi (L), kanti ingxenye engemuva yenza umsebenzi wesikhwama somoya (AS), kuya ngosayizi lapho izinyoka zingabamba umoya wazo isikhathi esithile (izinhlobo zezinto zasemanzini zingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingangehora).
Ngiyabonga ngokufunda, manje usazi okwengeziwe ngomhlaba ezungeze :)
Isithwali sokufa noma ubheke ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho! Ingxenye III
Ingxenye yokugcina mayelana nezinyoka eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni.
* Ngaphambi kokuthatha konke lokhu okungenhla, thintana nodokotela oyi-herpetologist *
I-Picon ebanzi futhi (Python reticulatus)
Umlingisi weLousy namazinyo abukhali.
I-python ephinde yabonwa inyoka ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Uma ekwazi ukuphakamisa umzimba wakhe njenge-cobra yenkosi, wayezobheka efulethini elisesitezi sesibili. I-python inombala ozifihlayo wombala wezinkuni ngephethini le-mesh noma elimhlophe ngomhlobiso ophuzi.
Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bungamamitha ayi-7, kepha kutholakale isampula yemitha eyishumi.
I-reticised python ihlala emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu naseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia, izizwa ikhululekile ezindaweni ezinomswakama eduze nemifula namachibi. Uhamba emhlabeni nasemanzini, akhuphuke izihlahla, aphumule emihumeni futhi angene ezindaweni zabantu. I-python ingabulala inyamazane, ibambe ingwenya, idle izingulube zasendle, idonse imfuyo futhi igqibe umuntu ohlangothini olungavumi.
Ubuthi be-python ebuyiselwayo akufanele buqabule.Unemihlathi eqinile enamazinyo abukhali okushiya isilonda esikhihlekile, nomzimba oqinile wokunciphiza ohlukunyeziwe.
Uma i-anaconda ingawi ngenxa yokubulawa kwabantu, i-python net ikwazile ukwenza umsindo. Okokuqala, unolaka futhi ugcina ngamandla okubulala umuntu. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kwatholakala imininingwane mayelana nezingane ezibulewe, intsha kanye nabantu abadala. Icala linye lavela ngo-1998 esiqhingini saseMindoro, ePhilippines. Umuntu olahlekile watholakala ngaphakathi kwethanga elikhulu elalijwayiwe. Isigameko esifanayo siphinde senzeka eSulawesi Island, e-Indonesia, lapho kutholakala khona indoda elahlekile ngaphakathi kwethongo.
I-Cobra emnyama engenamuntu (Naja nigricollis)
Wayefuna ukukukhafulela.
I-cobra emnyama emnyama yinyoka eye yabona ukuthi izitha azikwazi ukulunywa kuphela. Unombala omnyama ngekhola emnyama nomugqa wewolintshi obonakalayo esiswini.
Imidanso ye-cobra emnyama enamathambo ngobuhle bayo kulo lonke elase-Afrika. Idla izinduku, izibankwakazi, amaqanda nezinyoka, uma ingaphenduki isisulu sabanye abantu abazidlayo. Ayinxephezeli ubuthi obunamandla kakhulu ngekhono elikhethekile: itshaya ngawo. Ngokushesha nje lapho ezwa usongo, i-cobra ikhuphuka phakathi kwe-rack, ikhuphule i-hood, ithola iso bese iconsa ibanga le-3 m. Ngokuqondile.
«Uma uthintana namehlo, hlambulula ngamanzi amaningi"Bese ngithi sawubona ngamehlo! Esimweni esibi kakhulu, ubumpumputhe yisigaba sokugcina sokulimala komzimba, ngaphandle kobuhlungu obukhulu, ukucasuka kwesikhumba nokulahleka kokuxhumana endaweni. Kepha cishe abaze bafe ngokulunywa.
Minyaka yonke, ama-cobras amancanyana amnyama aqhubeka ehlangana nabantu. Umhlaba wezolimo uhlala ukhula, yingakho inyoka isendaweni yezindawo zokuhlala. Kunezimo ezivame lapho izisebenzi zikhubeka kwi-cobra, zimane zigunda utshani bese zithola amathe anobuthi emehlweni azo.
I-Tiger Snake (I-Notechis scutatus)
Omunye umgadli ovela e-Australia. Ungigqugquzele ihlaya.
Lapho nje zingena emgqonyeni weTiger, Tiger shark neTiger inyoka. Umbhali uthi:
"Ake ume kancane, kepha azikho izingwe e-Australia!"
Poof, ihlosi liyanyamalala.
"Oshaka abakwazi ukuhamba!"
Poof, ushaka uyanyamalala.
Umuntu oyibhilidi ubheka inyoka, inyoka imbheke bese ithi:
Isibhamu sizoba usizo lapho sihlangana naye. Uma inyoka iluma ukusuka ezikhungweni zezokwelapha, kulula kakhulu ukudubula ngokwakho. Kulula ukuqaphela ngombala wayo: kusuka kokuphuzi kuya kokumnyama, ngephethini yezinhlamvu. Iwela ngaphansi kwezinyawo ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezidumbu zamanzi amnandi. Lapho, inyoka idla amalulwane, izibankwa, amasele, amaphuphu nezinye izinyoka.
Inyoka yenyoka inolaka. Lapho esongelwa, uphakamisa intamo yakhe, imenze abonakale eshukunyiswa yibhayisekili. Uma leliqhinga lingasizi, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka alikho, liyahlasela. Ubuthi bayo yingxube yama-neurotoxins, ama-coagulants nama-hemolysins. Isimiso sokusebenza siyaziwa: sikhubazeka umsebenzi wesistimu yezinzwa, sicasule ukopha okuningi kwangaphakathi, ukukhubazeka kanye ne-asphyxiation. Ukufa kwenzeka ngamaphesenti angama-60. Uma uluma, udinga usizo ngokuphuthumayo futhi ufake i-antidote ngaphambi kokukhubazeka. Ngaphandle kwalokho ukufa.
Nayi ividiyo ebonisa usuku olujwayelekile lwase-Australia. Uyazi, ngalo mzuzu uma uphuma kumpheme wendlu ukuphefumula umoya omusha, cabanga okungapheli, futhi lapho inyoka enemibala emnyama ilwa nehlosi.
I-Boomslang (i-Dispholidus typus)
"Inyoka yesilo kaBoomslang ebulalayo ikwenza ukhiphe igazi kusuka kuzo zonke izimbobo zakho uze ufe," kusho iGoogle Google.
I-Boomslang inyoka ye-ninja eye yaphosa amandla okuhlangana nemvelo, yoma isikhathi eside endaweni eyodwa futhi yahlasela ngejubane lombani. Izinsikazi zinsundu futhi zimnyama, zithanda ukulingisa amagatsha. Abesilisa, luhlaza okotshani, bathanda ukucasha ngamahlamvu. I-Boomslang inamehlo amakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoka nokubukeka okumangalisayo. Ubona esithombeni esinezinhlangothi ezintathu futhi akwazi ukubala engela kokuhlaselwa kwesisulu.
UBoomslang uhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, ezihlahleni nezihlahla. Idla izingulube zokhuni, izinyoni futhi ikakhulukazi amabhele. Ubamba impukane empukane, aphonse umphambili womzimba ohlangothini lwawo.
Phambilini, lokho ukuthi, kuze kube uSepthemba 26, 1957, akubonwa njengezinhlobo ezinobuthi ezinobuthi. Konke kushintshe lapho uBoomslang eluma isithupha sikadokotela wezimbali owaziwayo u-Karl P. Schmidt. USchmidt wayeqiniseka ukuthi inyoka, ngenkathi ilunywa, ayizange ilethe umthamo onobuthi nokuthi ngeke ibe nalutho. Futhi wafa.
Ubuthi bukaBoomslang buyindida, njengoba izimpawu zobuthi zibonakala lapho sekwephuze kakhulu ukusindiswa. AmaHemotoxins aqothula amaseli abomvu egazi, aphazamise inqubo yokuqina kwegazi futhi acasule ukopha ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngemuva kokulimala ekhanda, isicanucanu nokuxineka, izinsini, impumulo kanye nezinye izimbobo ziqala ukopha. Cishe zonke izitho zomzimba ziyahluleka, futhi uyafa.
I-Titanoboa (Titanoboa cerrejonensis)
Lo ungunkulunkulu wazo zonke izinyoka. Ngokusho kwemininingwane esemthethweni, ushonile, kepha ukuzalwa kwezintombi izinyoka sekuvele, ngakho-ke, ngolunye usuku uzobuya. I-Titanoboa ibukeka njengokuvumelana phakathi kwe-anaconda evela ku-Anaconda ye-movie ne-basilisk evela kwifilimu uHarry Potter neChamber of Secrets. U-Anaconda wakhululwa ngonyaka we-1997, kanti izinsalela zeTitanoboa zatholakala kuphela ngonyaka we-2009.
Konke kuqale eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-58 eyedlule. Ngaphambi kokuthi umhlaba uphefumule ngemuva kokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs, izilwane ezasala lapho zahlala. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi isimo sezulu esifudumele nokungabikhona kwezitha zemvelo kwavumela i-titanoboa ukuba ikhule ibe sikhulu. Futhi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, banyamalala.
Izithombe ezigcwele usayizi we-titanoba ziboniswa eMnyuziyamu waseSmithsonian Museum Museum Wezemvelo eWashington. Ngokusho kososayensi, ifinyelele kubude obungamamitha ayi-15 enesisindo ngethani ngalinye futhi yancipha egxalabeni uGigantofisa, osele izidumbu zakhe zatholakala ngekhulu leminyaka edlule. I-Titanoboa yinguqulo eyandisiwe ye-anaconda. Uchithe isikhathi sakhe esiningi emanzini, lapho akwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu nokusebenza kahle. Wayezingela izingwenya ezinkulu, izimfudu nezinhlanzi.
Kungaba yingozi yini kubantu? Umbuzo wokuqamba. I-Titanoboa kwakuwubude besakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu nesisindo seToyota Selika (ton). Ngokusho kososayensi, i-15 m akuyona umkhawulo. I-Titanoboa ngokusemthethweni inyoka enkulu kunazo zonke, ende kunazo zonke futhi eyingozi kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona emhlabeni.
Zingaki izindlela zokufa ngephutha lalesi sikhulu ongazi nazo?
2. Wawa phezu kwakho.
3. Ukukweqe njenge-SUV.
4. Ukulethe ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo ekubukeni okukodwa.
6. Ubone isikhwama sakho sokudla.
7. Wachoboza uvemvane.
Lezi zinyoka zingenye eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni, yize uhlu lungekho lapho. Ungaqhubeka. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kukhona umama okhathalelayo oyingozi kunazo zonke - i-rattlesnake yaseTexas, amangwevu amade kunawo onke - inyoka yaseGabon, omakhelwane abangenabo ubungane kakhulu - inyoka enomsindo ne-efa enesihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, maqondana nezinyoka ezinobuthi, leli zwi lizofika lisebenza: uma ungazi kangcono, kulapho ulala kangcono.
"Ukubona" kwe-infrared kuzinyoka
Wake wakucabanga ngenhloso yemigodi ebusweni babanye abameleli bemindeni uPython (Pythonidae), wamanga-onemilenze (uBoidae) ne-subfamily Pit-ekhanda (Crotalinae)?
Carpet Python Harrisoni, Morelia spilota Harrisoni
Inhloko ye-boa ekhanda lezinja, uCorallus caninus
Kufiy Vogel, Trimeresurus Vogeli
Lokhu akuyona imikhala eyengeziwe futhi hhayi okungajwayelekile kokuhlobisa kwemvelo. Lesi isitho esikhethekile esithobela ukushisa esivumela izinyoka (ngisho nezimpumputhe!) "Ukubona" inyamazane nezinyamazane ebumnyameni. Endabeni yezinyoka zomgodi, ubamba iqhaza futhi kwi-thermoregulation, ekhomba izindawo ezinezimo ezifanele kakhulu. Lokhu kwadalulwa ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwelebhu eyakhiwe njengo-Y, lapho ngakolunye uhlangothi kwaba khona izinga lokushisa lezinyoka, ngakolunye uhlangothi izinga lokushisa laliphezulu kakhulu. Bonke abameleli be-pitheads abakhethelwe lokho kuhlolwa basheshe bathola indawo ekhululekile, ngenkathi abamele i-Viperinae bengahambisani nalo msebenzi (Kumele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi izinyoka zingahlupheki kahle zizwa izinga lokushisa emzimbeni womuntu, okuyimbangela evamile yokushiswa uma izinyoka zingagcinwanga kahle ezindaweni zokulwa).
Umehluko phakathi kwezitho ezisekelweni lomgodi kanye nama-pythons ane-boas awasebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi u-anatomical. Ama-pitheads ane-fossa eyodwa ebhekisisa ukushisa phakathi kweso nekhala emaceleni womabili ekhanda, kuyilapho ama-pythons nama-boas enamakhanda amathathu efossae encane ebekwe phezulu kanye / noma ezindebeni eziphansi. Imbobo ngayinye yiphakethe elijulile elinolwelwe olukwazi ukukha amagagasi kusuka kumakhompiyutha angama-5 kuye kwangama-30 ubude ukusuka ebangeni le-1 imitha. Ngama-pythons kanye nama-boas, ulwelwesi luhlanganisa umgodi ngaphakathi, ngenkathi izinyoka zomgodi, ulwelwesi seluliwe, futhi ngemuva kwalo kuyindawo egcwele umoya. I-membrane iqukethe imithambo yegazi eminingi namaseli wezinzwa; emgodini wekhanda, ama-receptor nawo atholakala kuwo, okuyingxenye ye-nerge ye-trigeminal nerve.
Okokuqala, imicu yezinzwa ithola ububanzi bokushisa obungathathi hlangothi, obunqunywa ngemisebe yokushisa esezingeni lezinto ezizungezile. Lapho nje kuvela into eduze kwenyoka, izinga lokushisa lakhona lidlula umkhawulo ophezulu wobubanzi obungathathi hlangothi (okunembile kuya kwenkulungwane ye-degree Celsius), imicu yezinzwa yolwelwesi ibamba imisebe ekhuphukayo futhi yandise izinga lokushisa kwayo, ithumele isibonakaliso ebuchosheni. Lapho isivuseleli sishiya "insimu yombono" wenyoka, ulwelwesi luphekela ekushiseni okungathathi hlangothi ngenxa yemithambo yegazi kuma-millimecond angama-50-150.
Isithombe esidwetshwa ama-receptors sicacisiwe kakhulu, sinquma indawo esidla inyama nebanga kuyo futhi ivumela inyoka ingene ezingxenyeni ezisengozini kakhulu yomzimba (ikhanda, intamo, umzimba ophezulu).