Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
I-Subtype: | Ama-vertebrates |
Ibanga: | Omama |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Isigcawu: | Isimilo |
Isizinda: | Psoobraznye |
Umndeni: | Kutholwe izimpawu |
Kutholwe izimpawu (Otariidae) Ingabe umndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo, ezihlukaniswe ngokwemibono yesimanje ngokulandelana kwezilwane ezidla izitha, futhi kanye ne-walrus kanye nemindeni ebeletha eyakha imfino ye-pf-superfamily psi-like. Phambilini, izindikimba zangaphambilini, kanye nezimpawu zangempela, zaziculwa njengephini elizimele. Lo mndeni uthole igama lawo lesayensi ngo-1825 kusuka kudokotela wezilwane waseBrithani uJohn Edward Grey. Usayizi nesisindoIzilwane ezinkulu ezinobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo: isisindo kusuka ku-150 kuya ku-1100 kg. I-dimorphism yezocansi iyisici: abesilisa abadala baphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1,4,4 kunabesifazane. Izingonyama zasolwandle zabesilisa New Zealand zifinyelela kubukhulu obungamamitha ayi-2,5, kanti ubude bomzimba bezinsikazi zezimpawu zoboya baseGalapagos buyi-1 m kuphela. Isisindo siyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo nobulili. WoolNgokwezinye izibonakaliso, izihlambi zamanzi ezinamathele zaphambuka zaya ngezinga elincane kunezinye izikhonkwane ezivela eqenjini lokhokho bazo - amabhubhu endulo. Baye bagcina ama-auricles amancane we-cartilaginous (enikeza igama lomndeni), embozwe izinwele. Umugqa wezinwele ulungele ukuhlangana emabhubesini olwandle nasezindongeni eziwugqinsi ezinswinini zoboya. Umbala, njengomthetho, unombala onsundu, ngaphandle kwemicu kanye namanye amamaki ahlukile. Umzimba wezimpawu zamanzi ezinamaphiko uyacile, uphakeme, unomsila omfushane nentamo emude yemisipha. Umele ukuxhumanaUngawuhlukanisa kanjani uphawu oluyimpunga ku-ringed seal? Ngemuva kwakho konke, abaningi basabadida. Ngeke kube yicala ukubiza uphawu ngophawu, kepha ochwepheshe abakuncomi ukubiza ngophawu ngokuthi uphawu. Noma kunjalo, yingxenye encane yezilwane ezinamachashazi ahlala olwandle, amachibi nolwandle lomhlaba wethu omelwe esifundeni saseBaltic. Sikutshela ukuthi kungani igama elithi "i-pinnipeds" lingekho, ukuthi izimpawu zamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zehluka kanjani kweziyangempela, nokuthi zingaki ingqikithi yezimpawu ezihlala eRussia. Izikhonkwane ziphelelwe yisikhathi! Kuyiqiniso, ngaphandle komkhuba, sonke izilwane ezinamaphiko esikhundleni se-paws zibizwa ngokuthi ama-pinnipeds - ama-fur seals, ama-grey seal, ngisho nama-walruses. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi isikhathi eside abayikhiphi le yunithi ekuhlukanisweni kwesimanje. Ngokomqondo wanamuhla, lezi zilwane zinamadlozi ahlukahlukene. Izimpawu zomzimba ezivulekile kanye nama-walruses asondele kakhulu amabhere - kusuka lapho kuvela inhloko encane, uboya obunsundu obunzima, kanye nama-auricles amancane. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zilwane zangena emanzini oLwandle iPacific, yize kutholakale izinsalela zokuqala zophawu lwentaba-mlilo eFrance, esisekelweni se-Atlantic. Futhi izihlobo eziseduzane zalezi zimpawu yi-cunyi. Ukusuka lapho, umzimba ophakeme obunjwebu kanye nemilenze emifushane maqondana nomzimba. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uphawu lwangempela lwehlela emanzini enyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean. Amanzi ezinhlamvu zamanzi zangempela nezamaqanda, kanye nama-walruses, akhule ngokufana - ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo: phela, ama-paws ezilwane ezizingela emanzini awekho lula kakhulu. Kukubumbano lwamaphetshana lapho izindikimba ze-eared zihlukile kwezangempela. Ezokugcina azikwazi ukuma emaflipini angasemuva, futhi lapho zihamba emhlabeni zimane zihudule. Kepha izingulube zasolwandle zaseSteller - ezibizwa nangokuthi umndeni we-eared - ziwela ngokufudumele amafulethi ngasogwini: izitho zazo zomlenze ziguqisiwe phambili esithendeni sihlanganyele futhi zibukeka njengomlenze ophoqiwe! Zihlala kuphi izindikimba? ENyakatho Nenkabazwe, izimpawu zasolwandle zihlala kuphela oLwandle iPacific. Futhi eningizimu - atholakala empumalanga eseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, nangasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia oLwandle i-Indian. Ama-Walrus ahlala kuphela e-Arctic Ocean nasezindaweni ezisondelene nolwandle lwePacific ne-Atlantic - ngokuvamile, azungeze iNorth Pole. Izimpawu zangempela zibuye zithande amanzi abandayo - ezindaweni ezinamakhaza noma ezindaweni ezifudumele. Okuwukuphela kwento eyinqaba yophawu oludumile lwe-monk. Imibhalo engezansi yalesi silwane ihlala oLwandle Olumnyama nolwandlekazi iPacific eduze neziqhingi zaseHawaii. Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpawu zamanzi ahlanzekile, kanti ezimbili zazo zihlala endaweni yaseRussia. Lesi yi-Baikal seal kanye ne-Ladoga subspecies yesimbambo esinezintambo. Olwesithathu uphawu lwamanzi amnandi luyi-Saimaa ringed seal, okuwukuphela kwezifo zezilwane ezincelisayo eFinland. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukuphindiselwa emanzini ahlanzekile kwenzeka ngengozi, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokubuyela emuva kweqhwa. Phambilini, izimpawu zasolwandle zazihlala olwandle, kwathi lapho iqhwa lihamba, zahlukaniswa phakathi kwamanzi olwandle. Futhi ivumelane namanzi amasha. Ngendlela, ochwepheshe bathi yi-Baikal seal kuphela engabhekwa njengophawu lwangempela lwamanzi. Futhi izihlambi zamanzi zaseSaimaa naseLadoga zimane nje ziyizinkomba zamanzi amsulwa asolwandle olwandle. Yini izimpawu? Umndeni wezimpawu zaselwandle ufaka i-7 genera futhi, ngokuya ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene, zinhlobo eziyi-14 noma eziyi-15. Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala eRussia - ibhubesi lasolwandle, noma ibhubesi lasolwandle lasenyakatho, ne-North fur seal. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe kuzo zombili iRussia ne-International Red Book. Ibhubesi lasolwandle libhekwa njengelisengozini, kanti i-fur fur seal iyisilwane esisengcupheni, ngokusho kwesigaba se-IUCN. Emndenini wezimpawu zangempela - Uhlobo lwe-13 futhi kusuka ezinhlotsheni eziyi-18 kuye kwezingama-24, ngokwezigaba ezahlukahlukene. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-9 eRussia - i-largha, noma uphawu olubonakalayo, uphawu olimpunga, noma i-tevak, uphawu olunemigqa, uphawu lweCaspian, uphawu lweBaikal, i-sea hare, noma i-lakhtak. Izimpawu zamakhonkco eMonki, ezazisahlala oLwandle Olumnyama ngobuningi ikhulu nesigamu edlule eceleni kogu lweCaucasus neCrimea, manje azitholakali emanzini aseRussia nasemazweni e-CIS. Cishe zonke izindikimba zibhalwe kwiRussian Red Book. Kuvunyelwe ukubamba kuphela hares yasolwandle, uphawu lwehabhu, uphawu lweBaikal kanye ne-larg. IzimbotshanaAmaphethethi mikhulu, ayinalutho (olungenaboya) futhi aqeda ngentambo yesikhumba engashisi yesikhumba, eqinisa umphetho wayo futhi yenyuse indawo yokuqaqa. Imicibisholo yezinsikazi ihlome ngozipho, ikakhulukazi ezakhiwe kahle emilenzeni ephakathi. Azikho izigqebhe emaphepheni angaphambili noma asesezinsaneni. Amapheshana angaphambili akhulu kakhulu: ubude bawo abungaphansi kuka-25% wobude bomzimba. Emhlabeni, izindandatho zangaphambili zisekela umzimba, zigoba ngakwesokunene ezandleni. Ngokungafani nezimpawu zamanzi zangempela, ezinqamlezweni zamatshe, iziqeshana ezingemuva, lapho uhamba endaweni enzima, ugoba nesithende ngokuhlanganyela, usekela umzimba. Emanzini, izandulelo zangaphambili zisebenza njengezitho ze-locomotor, izitho zomlenze wasemuva ikakhulukazi zisetshenziswa njengezimbambo. UkubhebhethekaKusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinomoya ezifudumele zombili lezi zivunguzungu. E-hemisphere esenyakatho, atholakala kuLwandlekazi lwePacific kuphela, ogwini olusenyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Asia (ukusuka eBering Sea kuya eKorea), ukusuka eNew Zealand nezinye iziqhingi eziningi, kufaka phakathi iGalapagos. E-Southern Hemisphere, atholakala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika (South Atlantic) naseNingizimu Melika-Australia (Indian Ocean). Umsuka wokubuka nencazeloIsithombe: Seal Seal Izingonyama zasolwandle zikaSteller, noma izimpawu zasolwandle ezidliwayo, ziyizilwane ezidliwayo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezingomndeni wama-walrus (OTARIIDAE) wesidumbu se-pinnipeds. Izimpawu zasendle ziyisilwane sasendulo. Umndeni wama-seal waphakama ngesikhathi seLower Miocene. Inani labantu lisuka ogwini lolwandle lwasePacific eNyakatho Afrika. Ngalezo zinsuku, izilwane zazinkulu ngandlela thile kunangesikhathi sokuphila. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezilwane, izilwane zashintsha. Umndeni wezimpawu zaselwandle waqanjwa ngo-1825 sibonga udokotela wezilwane odumile waseBrithani uJohn Edward Gray ofunda lolu hlobo. Umndeni omkhulu wezimpawu zasolwandle ufaka izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-7 zofuzo nezinhlobo eziyi-14. Ukubukeka nezimpawuPhoto: Ngabe sinjani isigaxa se-eyred? Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zihlukile kwezinye izikhonkwane ngokubakhona kwama-auricles. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe ezinomzimba we-vertebral. Esikhundleni sama-paws, izindikimba zinamaphiko emilenzeni eyisihlanu, izingwegwe ezithweni zeminwe. Iminwe ifakwe ulwelwesi omncane wokubhukuda, okuvumela ukuthi ubhukude ngokushesha emanzini. Izimpawu zivala kalula amachaphaza emanzini futhi zihambe amabanga amade ngokushesha. Izimpawu zinesistimu yamazinyo ethuthukisiwe. Emhlathini ophansi kunama-molars ayi-5, ama-2 incisors ne-canine. Emhlathini ongenhla wesilwane kunama-molars ayi-5, ama-incisors ama-3 ne-canine eyi-1. Kunamazinyo angama-34 abukhali emihlathini yezimpawu zamanzi. Izimpawu ezinamazinyo obisi ziyazalwa, emva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zithathelwa indawo ngamazinyo ezimpande ngenxa yokuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezingadla izinhlanzi, ukuququda nokugaya amathambo namagobolondo. Isibalo sezimpawu zomzimba zimfushane, ugebhezi lwophawu lufana kakhulu nesigebhe sebhere. Ubuso bunobukhulu obuyindilinga obude obuncane, intamo yinde. Izindlebe ezimbili zitholakala ekhanda lezimpawu zamanzi ezibunjiwe. Yini ehlukanisa lolu hlobo ezinswinini ezijwayelekile. Ividiyo: Seal SealWool. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, izimpawu zinezinwele ezimhlophe ezi-fluffy, ezishintsha kamuva zibe nsundu. Esikhathini sezinwele zezimpawu kukhona indawo ngaphansi kaphansi. Okuvumela izindikimba ukuthi zihlale zifudumele ngisho nalapho kunamazinga okushisa aphansi angajwayelekile. Ijazi uqobo lomuntu omdala liqinile futhi linobukhulu. Umbala wejazi onsundu. Akukho zimpawu zemibala noma imivimbo ijazi. Umzimba wezimpawu zamanzi ezikhululekile, ubude bezicubu zomzimba futhi buthambile ngentamo ende nomsila omncane. Yize esemhlabeni izindikimba zibukeka zingahambi kahle kanti uphawu olungamanga lubukeka njengesaka, emanzini babhukuda kahle nangomusa. Ijubane le-Seal ngesikhathi sokubhukuda lifinyelela amakhilomitha ayi-17 ngehora. Isichizi ezintanjeni ziyahlekisa, isilwane esihamba emhlabathini, siphakamisa umzimba siphezulu, njengokungathi sidonsa ngamatshe ngokungadingekile. Emanzini, izindikimba zidonswa ngemicibisholo ehambisa umkhawulo ongemuva womzimba njengesigelekeqe. Izimpawu eziyizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu. Isidoda esidala se-eyred seal sinokuphakama komuntu nesigamu kuya kumamitha ama-3 futhi isisindo somuntu omdala singafinyelela ithoni eli-1, kuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Abesifazane bavame kaningana amahlandla ambalwa kunabesilisa. Isilinganiso sokuphila okulindelekile kwezimpawu zamanzi ezakhiwe kusuka eminyakeni engama-24 kuye kwengama-30, kuya ngohlobo uhlobo lomuntu othile nendawo akuyo. Indlela yokuphilaIzimpawu ezivuthiwe ziyizilwane zomhlambi ezinesithembu. Ayizichilo ezivamile, ama-rookeries (amaqhude) ngenkathi yokuzalanisa nokuncibilika kuphela ogwini. I-Ice iyagwenywa. Bahlehla olwandle. Iyasebenza ebusuku nemini. Bondla izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopods, futhi okungajwayelekile kuma-crustaceans. Ukubhukuda okuhle kakhulu: ijubane lokubhukuda ibhubesi lasolwandle laseCalifornia elingaphansi kwamanzi lingafinyelela ku-17 km / h, uphawu olusenyakatho loboya - 26 km / h. Emhlabeni, ziba ngaphezu kokuxinana, ziyashukuma, zincike kuwo wonke amalungu futhi ziguqa intamo yazo ngamandla emuva naphambili. Izimpawu zoboya baseNyakatho nezaseningizimu zibonakala ngokufuduka okujwayelekile. Kwabaningi, isithembu siyimpawu. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa bavela kuma-rookeries ngaphambili kunabesifazane futhi bahlukanisa insimu ngenkani. Abesifazane bafika ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi bahlukaniswe ngama-harems ukusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabangu-40, ubukhulu be-harem buxhomeke kumandla nosayizi weduna. Ogwini, insikazi izala amawundlu kusukela esikhathini sokuzala sangaphambilini futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva kungena i-estrus. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokufakwa kweqanda lisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-250 kuye kwezingama-365. Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhulisweni kwamawundlu. Ukwelashwa kwabesifazane kuvame ukuhlala izinyanga ezi-3-4. Ngabe uhlala kuphi umsila we-eared?Photo: Long-eared seal, ibhubesi lolwandle Indawo yokuhlala yezimpawu zamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo inkulu kakhulu. Lolu ugu lwe-Arctic Ocean, uLwandle i-Indian. Ama-rookeries ama-Seal abonakala nasezindaweni ezisogwini zaseNingizimu Melika. Izimpawu zasolwandle zihlala ngamanani amakhulu ogwini lwe-Atlantic. Ama-roalies e-Seal nawo atholakala eSt. Helena Island, eIsta Island eCosta Rica naseHawaii. Kunezimpawu eziyisithupha ezivakashelwa engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNew Zealand. Amanzi e-Seal ancitshiswa yizimo zemvelo. Iqhwa elintantayo alinakunqotshwa ngezimpawu eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Ngokunjalo, kwizimpawu zamanzi, isikhala esingenakunqotshwa sokudla. Emhlabeni wanamuhla, olwandle, inani lezinhlanzi lehlile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izilwandle nolwandle emhlabeni wonke zisheshe zingcoliswe futhi izinhlanzi zimane nje zife. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlanzi eziningi ezibanjiwe ngabantu futhi imvamisa izimpawu azinakho ukudla okusele ukuze zizondle. Ngakho-ke, izimpawu zamanzi zihlala lapho zingathola khona ukudla. Uphawu luyisilwane sasolwandle, uphawu luyazingela emanzini. Ngemuva kokuzingela, izimpawu zasolwandle ziya ngasogwini bese zisungula ama-rookeries. UmsocoEzinhlotsheni eziningi zezimpawu zamanzi ezibunjiwe, umthamo wokudla ubanzi. Okuhlukile yizimpawu zoboya base-Antarctic, okudla okucishe kube ngokuphelele kuqukethe i-krill. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukudla, njengomthetho, kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane zesikole, ama-squid, kanye nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhubesi asolwandle zidla izinyoni, njengamapengu noma ukukhula okuncane kwezinye izihlambi. Futhi, amatshe aginyiwe kwesinye isikhathi aqhamuka esiswini sezimpawu zamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo, inhloso yawo engakacaci. Ngokwenye inguqulo, basebenza njenge-ballast, evumela ukuthi ingabonakali isikhathi eside, futhi ngokusho kwenye, bavikela umgudu wokugaya ukudla kwizikelemu zokuhlanza. Yini edliwe yisithunzi?Isithombe: Seal Seal Ukudla kwezimpawu zamanzi ezinhlobonhlobo kubaluleke kakhulu. Le yinhlanzi ehlukahlukene yezinhlobo ezincane, ama-squid nama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks e-plankton ahlukahlukene. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zoboya zingayijabulela inyoni.Kunamacala owaziwayo wokuhlaselwa kwamapengu amancane, kodwa kuyaqabukela. Izimpawu zomsuka zohlobo lwe-Atlantic zingenye yabamele abamhlophe kakhulu bale nhlobo bathanda kuphela ukudla oku-krill. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngenxa yendlala, ezinye izinhlobo zamanzi asolwandle ahlasela ama-penguin, yize lokhu kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Kuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi amatshe amancane atholakala esiswini sezimpawu ezifile; akaziwa ukuthi kungani futhi kungani amasimba egwinya amatshe. Ekuzingeleni, izimpawu zasolwandle zibhukuda emanzini bese zibamba izinhlanzi. Akunzima ukudoba ngophawu. Ngosizo lwezinduna zabo, ama-vibro-seals ayakwazi ukubona izinhlanzi ezingaphansi. Isigaxa ngobuqili sizwa umoya wenhlanzi obesefihlwe ekujuleni kolwandle esihlabathini. Lokhu akukholeki, kodwa ukuthola i-flounder egqitshwe esihlabathini phansi kwephawu, imizuzwana embalwa yanele. Isilwane esikhulu kangaka sidinga ukudla okuningi, ngakho-ke uphawu luchitha isikhathi salo esiningi lufuna ukudla. Ingozi yokuqothulwaYize abantu kusukela ekuqaleni komlando babezingela izimbali zoboya nezingonyama, usongo lokuqothulwa lwabonakala kuphela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Ngenkathi ukunyamalala ngokushesha kwezimpawu zamazwe aseNingizimu Melika kwaqala ngekhulu le-16, kepha ukubhujiswa okuhleliwe kwamakholoni onke kwaqala ngekhulu le-18. Phakathi konyaka we-1786 nowe-1867, kwabulawa izimbambo zoMhlanga zohlobo oluthile ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-2,5, kuyilapho izimbotshana zohlobo lwe-Antarctic zacishe zacekelwa phansi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 esiQhingini sasePribylov oLwandle iBering. Ibhubesi lasolwandle laseJapan (Zalophus) libhekwa njengelingasekho. Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphilaPhoto: Big Eared Seal Izimpawu zihola indlela yokuphila ezolile. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zisebenzisa isikhathi esiningi emanzini lapho, zizingela futhi kwesinye isikhathi zize zilale. Izimpawu zokulala zilala emanzini ngamaphayipthi asakazeka, uphawu lubanjwa ebusweni bamanzi ngenxa yamafutha angaphansi. Kwesinye isikhathi uphawu lungalala ekujuleni kwamamitha amaningana ngezikhathi ezithile, lintengantenga ngezikhathi ezithile, kuthathe umoya omningi futhi luzule emuva. Kulokhu, lesi silwane asivuki neze. Izimpawu ziyizilwane ezolile nezinokuthula. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, ama-walruses cishe awanazitha nabaqhudelanayo, futhi akukho lutho angazikhathaza ngalo. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela nezimpawu zokuncibilikisa uya ogwini. Ngokungafani nama-walruses, izimpawu zasolwandle ezigwema iqhwa futhi zihlele ukuzulazula kwabo ogwini. Izimpawu ziyasebenza kokubili emini nasebusuku. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe ziyizilwane ezinesithembu. Bayazithanda izizukulwane zabo, ziyakwazi ukwenza izinto ngokubambisana nezinye izimpawu.Ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa bahlukanisa insimu, bayivikele ekungeneni kwabantu abangabazi kule ndima. Izimpawu ezivulekile cishe zihlala zizolile, futhi zibonisa ubudlova kuphela lapho kunosongo lokuhlaselwa kubo noma ngamawundlu abo. Ngokuqondene nabantu, izimpawu zamanzi eziphephile ziphephile. Izimpawu azihlaseli abantu, ngisho namacala ayaziwa ukuthi izimpawu zivimbe isigqila emikhunjini, ngaphandle kokuthinta noma ukushaya abantu. Kodwa-ke, lesi silwane esikhulu singalimaza noma sichoboze umuntu, noma isilwane esiseduze. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo zoboya nezimpawu zaselwandle ziyakwazi ukuqeqeshwa futhi zihambisane kalula nabantu. Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzalaPhoto: Baby Eared Seal Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, izimpawu zomhlobiso we-ered zingumhlambi wezilwane ezinesithembu. Imvamisa bahlala emhlanjini omkhulu wokuhlela ama-rookeries ogwini ngesikhathi sokuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuncibilikisa. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa baya ngasogwini ngaphambi kwezinsikazi, bahlukanisa insimu futhi bayivikele. Ngemuva kokuba izintokazi zifike ogwini. Ensimini, abesilisa baphuka izidumbu ezingafani nalutho, lapho kungabakhona abesifazane abathathu kuya kwabangu-40. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zifinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba eneminyaka emithathu kuya kwengu-7, kuye ngohlobo lomuntu okulo. Izimpawu zokuzalwa zizalwa ogwini. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka. Izimpawu zinesikhathi eside kakhulu sokumitha esihlala cishe unyaka wonke. Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, kwesinye isikhathi insikazi izalwa eyodwa, kwesinye isikhathi ibe ngamazinyane amabili. Izimpawu ezincanyana zokuzalwa zizalwa zimbozwe kusuka ekhanda kuye ezinzwaneni nge-emhlophe emhlophe ngezinye izikhathi ngokuxinana okuncane noboya obuthuthukile. Umama wondla abancane ngobisi. Ukuqunjelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezintathu, ngemuva kokuba umama efundise izingane ukudoba. Lapho kuzalwa, uphawu lwezingane lunesethi eyodwa yamazinyo ezinsana, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amazinyo ezinsana ayaphuma futhi kuvela izingqini ezibukhali endaweni yazo. Okungakudla izinhlanzi kanye nemifantu. Yinsikazi kuphela ebandakanyekayo ekukhuliseni inzalo. Ubaba namanye amalungu epakethe abahlanganyeli ekukhulisweni kwezingane. Kodwa-ke, abesilisa, ngenkathi bondla amawundlu abesifazane, gada insimu futhi bangavumeli abanye abesilisa ukuba bangene esifundeni sabo. Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zamatshePhoto: Eared seal, noma Steller sea lion Njengoba izimpawu zomqheqhe ziyisilwane esikhulu, zinezitha ezimbalwa, kodwa zisekhona. Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zamanzi ezikhona zifaka:
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhloboPhoto: Ngabe sinjani isigaxa se-eyred? Izinsimbi ezifakiwe zibhalwe ku-Red Book futhi zinesimo se- "Species enezinombolo eziwohlokayo ezindaweni eziningi". Izilwane zivikelwe ikakhulukazi kanti ukuzingela kuyenqatshelwe. Izimpawu zokubamba iqhaza zinendima ebalulekile ezintweni eziphila olwandle. Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo zezilwane kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukwahlukahlukana kwemvelo. Lolu hlobo luvikelwe eKoryaksky, Komandorsky, eKronetsnorsky reservation. Ukucekelwa phansi kwezilwane kushushiswa eRussia Federation nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Inhlawulo enkulu inikezwa ekubambeni nasekubambeni uphawu lwezwired. Kuvikelwe Kokuvikelwa KokuzivalelaIsithombe: Isigaxa sombala obomvu Izinyathelo zokuvikela le zinhlobo zifaka:
Kuvaliwe uphawu - Lesi isimangaliso sangempela semvelo. Imidondoshiya emikhulu enezilo zasolwandle ezimbalwa kakhulu. Isintu kufanele siqaphele ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nale nhlobo yemvelo ngoba zimbalwa kakhulu izinsalela zamehlo ezisele. Sonke kufanele siqaphele indawo yokuhlala kwezilwane. Musa ukungcolisa ulwandle namachibi ukuze ulondoloze imvelo ezizukulwaneni ezihlaselayo. Incazelo nezici zesibonakaliso esidalwe ngamehloKuvaliwe uphawu Ihlanganisa konke isihloko izinhlobo eziningana zezipinki. Isici esibonisa ukwahlukanisa lezi izilwane ezincelisayo kwezinye zezimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ukuba khona kwezindlebe ezincane. Umndeni wezimpawu zaselwandle uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-9 zezimpawu zoboya, izinhlobo ezi-4 zamabhubesi olwandle namabhubesi olwandle. Sekukonke umndeni we-ered seal Kungena izinhlobo eziyi-14 zezilwane. Bonke abameleli balezi zinhlobo bangabahlaseli. Ukudla kutholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho besebenzisa khona amakhono amahle kakhulu wabazingeli. Emhlabeni, izindikimba azilukhuni, zihamba kancane. Babonisa umsebenzi ofanayo ebusuku nantambama. Umbala ucacile, ngaphandle kwezici ezihlukile. Kufakwe uphawu loboya Inombala ompunga ne-brown tint, azikho izimpawu zomzimba emzimbeni. Uboya bungaba bushelelezi futhi bube nobukhulu, lokhu kufana nezimpawu zoboya, kodwa, kunalokho, kunamathela esikhunjeni, ukudala isembozo esiqhubekayo, lesi sici singesezimpawu zoboya. Zonke izimpawu zomsindo zikhulu impela. Iduna lihlala likhulu kaningana kunowesifazane. Isisindo somuntu omdala, kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, singasukela ku-200 kuye ku-1800 kg. Ubude bomzimba buyehluka futhi bube ngamasentimitha ayi-100 kuye kwangama-400. Umzimba unesimo esidlulile ngomsila omfishane nentamo enkulu ende. Amafulethi angaphambili athuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe, ngosizo lwezilwane zawo ukuhamba emhlabeni. Ayizikhulu kangako futhi ziyasebenza izitho zomzimba ezingemuva, kepha ifakwe izigqoko eziqinile. Azikho izigqoko ku-forelimbs, noma kunalokho, zihlala esigabeni se-primordia. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, izimpondo zangaphambili zidlala indima eyinhloko, kanti izitho zomzimba wasemuva ziyasebenza ukulungisa indlela. Imihlathi yezimpawu zamanzi iyakhiwa, inani lamazinyo liyi-34-38, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Isigaxa sezingane sizalwa sinamazinyo obisi, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-3-4 ziyakhutshwa bese kuthi ikhula ezinamandla endaweni yazo. Ukuzalela nokuphila isikhathi eside kwesibonakaliso se-eyredNgaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalela, izindikimba ezinama-ered kungenzeka zingaphumi isikhathi eside ziye ezweni, kepha zihlale zisemanzini. Lapho, bayazondla futhi balungiselela ukuqala kokuzalela. Lapho isikhathi sifika, abesilisa bangabokuqala ukufika emhlabeni bese begijimela endaweni lapho bezalwa khona okokuqala. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, abantu abadliwayo baqala ukuzilwela indawo enhle nolwandle ngobukhulu. Ngokusho kocwaningo, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi njalo ngonyaka izindikimba zivame ukuthatha indawo eyodwa eseyivele ijwayelekile. Ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa komhlaba, lapho owesilisa ngamunye ezitholela indawo, izinsikazi ziqala ukubonakala emhlabathini. Izimpawu ziyazama ukuqoqa izinsikazi eziningi endaweni enqunyiwe ngangokunokwenzeka, kaningi ngosizo lwaphoqa ukuthi zidonsele insikazi entweni yazo. Lapho ukhetha izintokazi, izindikimba ezinama-eyred ziyizitha zezimbangi zazo. Kwesinye isikhathi ezimpini zabesifazane, insikazi uqobo ingahlupheka. Ngokwesahlukaniso esinjalo, kuze kufinyelele kwabesifazane abangafika kwabangu-50 eweni lesilisa lowesilisa. Ngokudabukisayo, iningi labesifazane abanqobile lisakhulelwe, ngemuva kwesizini yokugcina yokukhwelana. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-250 kuye kwangama-365. Ngemuva kokubeletha, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-4, insikazi futhi isilungele ukuzala. I-Eared seal cub Ukuzalwa kwengane kuyashesha, kuvamile, inqubo yemvelo ayidluli imizuzu eyi-10-15. Izimpawu ezivuthiwe zizala ingane eyodwa ngonyaka. Isiphandla esincane sizalwa ngejazi elimnyama, cishe elimnyama,. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-2-2,5, ijazi loboya lishintsha umbala ube lula. Isonto ngemuva kokuzalwa, wonke amawundlu ahlangana futhi achithe cishe sonke isikhathi ngale ndlela, omama bangazondla ngokuphepha futhi bashiye izingane. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokondliwa, uphawu lwensikazi, ngephunga, lithola ingane yalo, luyondle ngobisi, liphinde lishiya phakathi kwamanye amawundlu. Ngokwesilinganiso, izinsikazi zondla izingane izinyanga ezi-3-4. Masinyane ngemuva kokukhulelwa, owesilisa akakhombisi intshalo kuzalo lowesifazane nowesikhathi esizayo. Umama ukhulisa amawundlu eyedwa, ubaba akahlanganyeli ekukhulisweni. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuphaka ukudla, amatywina asemancane angakwazi ukubhukuda yedwa futhi ashiye indawo yokuhambahamba ukuze abuyele lapha ngonyaka olandelayo. Isilinganiso sobude bempilo yezimpawu zeminyaka yiminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-30, izinsikazi zalezi zilwane ziphila isikhathi eside ngeminyaka engu-5-6. Kwaqoshwa icala lapho owesilisa ompunga behlala ekudingisweni iminyaka engama-41, kodwa lesi simo simvamisa kakhulu. Iminyaka ejwayelekile yokuphila kwezimpawu zasendlini ibhekwa njengeyiminyaka engama-45-50, kepha ayiphileli kuze kube yilesi sikhathi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinto ezihlobene: imvelo, izifo ezahlukahlukene, kanye nokuba khona kwezinsongo zangaphandle. Ahlala kuphi ama-pinnipeds?Ama-Pinnipeds asatshalaliswa ikakhulu emanzini abandayo nashubisayo ase-Atlantic nase-Pacific Oceans, e-Arctic Ocean nase olwandle lwe-Antarctic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlala emanzini angamanzi angenasisekelo (iLake Baikal, i-Onega, iLadoga, iSaimaa), kanjalo nasoline (olwandle iCaspian). Kuncane ngokuningana ngezinhlobo zamanzi afudumele ogwini lwase-Afrika, Australia, South America, oLwandle iMedithera. Ngokuvamile, abameleli banamuhla bama-pinnipeds oda ancishiswe kakhulu emanzini akhiqizwa kakhulu olwandle, lapho izinga lokushisa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka lingabi ngaphezu kwama-20 ° С. Cishe abekho esifundeni sase-Indo-Malay, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi liphezulu kakhulu. Abamele uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwamapinipidi abahlali emanzini abandayo - lokhu kuyizimpawu zamanzi ezindela. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlotsheni ezintathu ezaziwayo zalolu uphawu, inani lezinhlobo ezimbili (iMedithera neHawaii) njengamanje liphansi kakhulu, kanti uhlobo lwesithathu, uphawu lwe-monk seal yaseCaribbean, seluphelile eminyakeni engama-50 edlule. Izimpawu zangempelaUmndeni wasePhocidae ubandakanya izinhlobo eziyi-18 zezimpawu zamanzi nezimpawu zomzimba. Abamele lo mndeni kulula ukuwahlukanisa: izimbambo zazo zangemuva (amafliphu) awaguqi emzimbeni nasekunyakazeni komhlaba, kanye nasekunyakazeni kweqhwa, awabambi iqhaza. I-Clumsy emhlabeni, izimpawu zangempela zigugile kakhulu emanzini. Zibuye zishoda nama-auricles. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke lezi zinhlaka zinobubanzi obukhulu bamafutha angaphansi. Ama-Weddell seal abeka esikebheni esinamadwala. Le ningizimu eseningizimu kakhulu yazo zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu zasendle inamaphiko amade, abanzi, abonakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zaseningizimu zangempela. Ama-WalrusesUmndeni wakwa-Odobenidae ufaka uhlobo olulodwa - ama-walrus. Lo mmeleli weqembu eliphiniwe uhlanganisa izici zezimpawu zamandla zangempela nezikagwayi. I-walrus inezicucu ezimise okonxantathu (njengezimpawu zangempela zamatshe) futhi zingazisonta phambili (njengezimpawu zamatshe). I-walrus yesifazane ene-cub Njengezimpawu zamanzi zangempela, i-walrus ayinayo i-auricle. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izikhonkwane, lolu hlobo lwendalo alunaso isembozo soboya, esinciphise ezinweleni ezihlakazekile emzimbeni wonke. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane banefangs (amanhloko). Izici zokubukeka nesakhiwo sezipinkiZonke izikhonkwane zinezimo zomzimba eziqondwe kahle. Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu impela. Ubude bezilwane zabantu abadala bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene busukela kumamitha ayi-1,2 kuye kwayi-6.5, nesisindo sisuka ku-35 kg kuye ku-6.5 amathani. Emincane kunazo zonke yizimpawu zoboya, kanti ezinkulu kunazo zonke yizindlovu zaseningizimu. Izingalo zamaphinifa ziyimifino emihlanu enezihlakala ezineminwe ekhuliswe kahle exhumeke ngama-membranes okubhukuda, aguqulwa abe ngama-fins-fins. Umsila umfushane kakhulu, futhi kuma-walruses awubonwa nakancane. I-hairline yabantu abadala imfishane, iminyene, ibushelelezi. Izinwele zilukhuni, zihlukaniswe kancane zibe umgogodla nangaphansi (ngaphandle kwezimpawu). Izimpawu eziningi ezisanda kuzalwa zimbozwe izinwele ezinde futhi ezixakile. Umbala wezinwele uhluka kakhulu. Isigaxa sigcotshwe ngendlela ebheke phezulu, imidwebo ye-zygomatic ihlukaniswe kabanzi, ingxenye yangaphambili ifinyeziwe. Ubuchopho bukhulu impela, i-hemisphere enama-concolutions amaningi, cishe imboze ngokuphelele i-cerebellum. Amandla obuchopho okubonisa ingqondo nomsebenzi wokuqonda uphakeme kakhulu. Amazinyo ahlukaniswe ama-incisors, ama-canines kanye nama-molars futhi asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukubamba nokubamba inyamazane. Kwabanye abamele (ama-walruses), amafangs angenhla athuthukile kakhulu futhi aphenduka ama-tusks. Amazinyo agcinwe kahle, ikakhulukazi kulezo zimiso ezidla izinhlanzi. Ezinhlotsheni ezifanayo ezidliwayo yizakhi ze-benthic, amazinyo asheshe aphele futhi aphumele ngaphandle. Inani lamazinyo lisukela ku-19 liye ku-36. Iningi labamele ama-pinnipeds abonakala ngokuba khona kwamadiphozithi anamandla wamafutha angaphansi, enza umsebenzi wokufakelwa okushisayo. Ukuqina kwamafutha angashintshashintshi phakathi nesikhathi sokukhuluphala kakhulu kwezilwane kungafinyelela ku-8-10 cm. Ukuqunjelwa kongqimba lwamafutha kwenzeka ikakhulu ngesikhathi sokudla kakhulu. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinguquko ze-pinnipeds empilweni yasolwandle kwakuwukushintsha kwezitho zemizwa. Ezikhulile kakhulu ezincelisayo, ziye zashintshwa ukuze zisetshenziswe emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, izimo zokuphila zamaphawu zazidinga ukuthi izitho zemizwa zisebenze ngokufanayo emoyeni nangaphansi kwamanzi. Ukuhlukahluka okuningana kwemvelo kwakudingeka ukwanelisa lezi zidingo ezingqubuzanayo. Umthombo wolwazi obaluleke kakhulu wezimpawu zamanzi ezingamehlo. Amehlo abo makhulu nge-cornea eyisicaba nelensi enkulu eyindilinga, ekhulisa izici ezigxile iso. Umbono muhle, ikakhulukazi emanzini, ngoba umdlandla uyakwazi ukunwebeka okukhulu. Isigaxa esakhiwe ngaphandle kwamehlo sivikela izingxenye zangaphakathi ezintekenteke. Ihlala ixubene ne-fluid fluid ekhishwa yi-lacrimal gland futhi ivikele amehlo esihlabathini nasosawoti. Amehlo wezipinki futhi agcine isibalo esincane sezigaxa, ezibhekele ukubona okuyilo kombala ngokukhanya okukhanyayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunobufakazi obuthile bokuthi izindikimba nama-walruse anombala wombala olinganiselwe. Amehlo we-pinnipeds afanelekela ukuthungatha inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi Ama-auricles angaphandle awekho ezinhlotsheni eziningi, kepha-ke, lokhu akubathinti ubuqili bemicabango yokuzwa. Ukuzwa kwezipinki kugculisa impela, futhi bezwa kangcono emanzini kunasemhlabeni. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, izimbobo zezindlebe zivaliwe ngokusikwa kwemisipha yokulandela. Onke ama-pinnipeds anezimbobo ezikhuliswe kahle - i-vibrissae, ezihlelwe ngemigqa evundlile ngokuhlangana kwezinhlangothi zombili ze-muzzle futhi zihluka kakhulu ngenombolo, ubude nesimo. I-Vibrissas yenza umsebenzi onobuhlakani. Ibhubesi laseLwandle libonisa i-vibrissa yalo. Amadevu ngalinye liku-follicle elizungezwe yikhompiyutha ehlangeneyo exhunywe kuma-nerve fibers. Izikhungo zokugcotshwa kobuchopho bezimpawu ezincane zincane, noma kunjalo, iphunga lidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yabo yenhlalo. Isibonelo, ezinye izikhonkwane zibona inzalo yazo kuphela ngephunga. Emanzini, emakhaleni kuvalwe ngokuqinile, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi umuzwa wokuhogela ulahlekelwa umsebenzi wawo. Share
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